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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Non-attribution

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Academic literature on the topic 'Non-attribution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Non-attribution"

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Müller, Misha-Laura. "Non-propositional meanings and commitment attribution." Journal of Argumentation in Context 9, no. 1 (2020): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.00011.mul.

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Abstract In this paper, I elaborate on the cognitive pragmatic approaches of commitment attribution. I argue that non-propositional meanings (Sperber and Wilson 2015) play a role in the reconstruction of arguments (see Oswald 2016) and I underline that this constitutes a further argument in favor of a cognitive approach to the study of commitment attribution. I focus on an authentic example of a straw man fallacy consisting in (a) an implicit misattribution of commitments to the speaker with the form “Excuse me for having done p” and (b) a refutation of the attributed position by means of non-propositional effects (in this case, the refutation is implicitly conveyed through an ironical utterance). I conclude that non-propositional effects can serve as a criterion to distinguish a mere false attribution of commitments from a full-fledged straw man fallacy.

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Aydın, Murat, Michael H. Herzog, and Haluk Öğmen. "Barrier effects in non-retinotopic feature attribution." Vision Research 51, no. 16 (2011): 1861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2011.06.016.

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Ogmen, H., M. Herzog, and M. Aydin. "Barrier effects in non-retinotopic feature attribution." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (2011): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.1042.

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Bogumil, David Daniel. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ATTRIBUTION STATES: THE COVALENT SECURITY ATTRIBUTION MODEL." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, no. 2 (2002): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.2.127.

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The attribution of the causality regarding the quality of life in a community and the security within a community differs between user and non-user groups of illegal drugs. An attribution theoretical model based on intergroup relations presents a new conceptualization of dyadic relations as the Covalent Security Attribution model. The Covalent Security Attribution model of user and non-user intergroup dynamics provides an exegesis of group cognitive consistency and the attribution process. This inquiry provides a heuristic examination of the Covalent Security Attribution model of adolescent substance abuse.

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Kuchar, A., P. Sacha, J. Miksovsky, and P. Pisoft. "Solar cycle in current reanalyses: (non)linear attribution study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 22 (2014): 30879–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-30879-2014.

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Abstract. This study focusses on the variability of temperature, ozone and circulation characteristics in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere with regard to the influence of the 11 year solar cycle. It is based on attribution analysis using multiple nonlinear techniques (Support Vector Regression, Neural Networks) besides the traditional linear approach. The analysis was applied to several current reanalysis datasets for the 1979–2013 period, including MERRA, ERA-Interim and JRA-55, with the aim to compare how this type of data resolves especially the double-peaked solar response in temperature and ozone variables and the consequent changes induced by these anomalies. Equatorial temperature signals in the lower and upper stratosphere were found to be sufficiently robust and in qualitative agreement with previous observational studies. The analysis also pointed to the solar signal in the ozone datasets (i.e. MERRA and ERA-Interim) not being consistent with the observed double-peaked ozone anomaly extracted from satellite measurements. Consequently the results obtained by linear regression were confirmed by the nonlinear approach through all datasets, suggesting that linear regression is a relevant tool to sufficiently resolve the solar signal in the middle atmosphere. Furthermore, the seasonal dependence of the solar response was also discussed, mainly as a source of dynamical causalities in the wave propagation characteristics in the zonal wind and the induced meridional circulation in the winter hemispheres. The hypothetical mechanism of a weaker Brewer Dobson circulation was reviewed together with discussion of polar vortex stability.

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Hosseini, Morteza Darvish Morshedi, and Matthias Kirchner. "Unsupervised Image Manipulation Localization With Non-Binary Label Attribution." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 26, no. 7 (2019): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2913530.

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Idisis, Yael, and Alice Edoute. "Attribution of blame to rape victims and offenders, and attribution of severity in rape cases." International Review of Victimology 23, no. 3 (2017): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017711980.

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This article examines Wolf’s hypothesis of modular judgment in the context of rape myths and attribution of blame to rape victims. Modular judgment was operationalized using blame schemata suited to judgment of everyday aggression. Each of 88 female participants, of whom 29 were sexual trauma survivor therapists, 29 were sex offender therapists and 30 were non-therapists, was presented with written descriptions of 16 rapes, which included information regarding the victim’s behaviors before (her prior sexual experience), during (the kind and the degree of the resistance she exhibited) and after the rape (meeting or not meeting with the attacker). Dependent variables were attribution of blame to the survivor, attribution of blame to the attacker and judgments regarding severity of the rape. As expected, the therapists attributed less blame to the survivors and more blame to the attacker, and judged the rapes as slightly more severe than did non-therapist participants. For all participants in this study, the survivor’s behavior after the rape carried the greatest weight regarding attribution of responsibility to her. These results are discussed in terms of the theories of modular judgment and defensive attribution, and the just world theory. We recommend further investigations with regard to the perceived connection between survivors’ behaviors after a rape and blame attribution.

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Öğmen, Haluk, Thomas U. Otto, and Michael H. Herzog. "Perceptual grouping induces non-retinotopic feature attribution in human vision." Vision Research 46, no. 19 (2006): 3234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.04.007.

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JANSSEN, I., D. VERSMISSEN, J. À. CAMPO, I. MYIN-GERMEYS, J. VAN OS, and L. KRABBENDAM. "Attribution style and psychosis: evidence for an externalizing bias in patients but not in individuals at high risk." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 6 (2006): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706007422.

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Background. The aims of the study were to investigate whether (i) patients with lifetime presence of non-affective psychosis show an external-personal attribution bias for negative events, (ii) this attribution style can also be detected in first-degree relatives of patients with psychosis and subjects with subclinical psychotic experiences, and (iii) this attribution style is related to the presence of psychotic symptoms, in particular delusions.Method. Participants were 23 patients with lifetime presence of non-affective psychosis, a high- risk group of 36 first-degree relatives of patients with non-affective psychosis, a high-risk group of 31 subjects with subclinical psychotic experiences and 46 normal controls. Attribution style was measured by the Internal, Personal and Situational Attribution Questionnaire. Positive symptoms were assessed with the Present State Examination (PSE) and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS).Results. Relative to the controls, an externalizing bias was apparent in the patient group (β=0·20, p=0·03) but not in the two high-risk groups. There was a dose–response association between externalizing bias and the delusions subscale of the PSE (relative to lowest level: highest level of delusions: β=0·53, p=0·04; intermediate levels of delusions: β=0·23, p=0·35). No significant differences were found in personalizing bias between the four groups.Conclusions. Patients with psychosis tend to use an externalizing bias in their explanations of negative social events, and this bias is associated with the presence of positive psychotic symptoms, in particular delusions. A deviant attribution style is not part of the vulnerability to psychosis.

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Spinedi, M. "On the Non-Attribution of the Bosnian Serbs' Conduct to Serbia." Journal of International Criminal Justice 5, no. 4 (2007): 829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqm050.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-attribution"

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Sari, Yunita. "Neural and non-neural approaches to authorship attribution." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21415/.

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Alhumoud, Mohammad T. "Photo Response Non-Uniformity De-Convolution for Stabilized Video Source Attribution." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1607957939305537.

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Gettu, Nikita. "Cross Cultural Predictors of Blame Attribution in Marital and Non- Marital Rape." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/445.

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Victim blaming is one of the most prevalent obstacles in the recovery of sexual assault victims, especially in cases of marital rape. Given the media coverage of the Delhi rape case of December 2012, there has been an increase in international discourse regarding the impact of ethnic differences on rape culture, victim blaming, and gender equality. Indians, Indian Americans, and European Americans completed an online questionnaire that aimed to identify the potential effect of ethnicity and several other predictors on the attribution of blame in cases of marital and non- marital rape. Indian Americans were studied in order to investigate the possible effect of bicultural identity on blame attribution in rape cases. As hypothesized, Indian Americans scored between Indians and European Americans in almost all predictors of perpetrator, victim, and circumstance blame. Also consistent with study hypotheses, there were ethnic differences in blame attribution such that Indians blamed the victim and circumstance the most and blamed the perpetrator the least. There were no significant differences in blame behavior between Indian Americans and European Americans except for in cases of victim blame. As hypothesized, individualism, collectivism, rape myth acceptance, and system justification were significant predictors of victim, perpetrator, and circumstance blame. Additionally, there were significant correlations between types of blame, rape myth acceptance (RMA), and sexism. Also consistent with the hypothesis, perpetrators were blamed more in cases of non- marital rape than in cases of marital rape.

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Mossberg, Sofia. "Self-Defence Against Non-State Cyber Attacks : The Attribution Problem in Cyberspace." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411823.

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Goldberg, Michael. "The Sense of Agency: Underlying Neurocognitive Mechanisms and its Attribution to Human and Non-Human Co-Actors." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19116.

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Das Gefühl der Kontrolle über die eigenen körperlichen Handlungen, und dadurch über die externe Umwelt ist einer der Grundpfeiler unserer menschlichen Existenz. Dieser fundamentale Aspekt der Identität ist bekannt als ‘Sense of Agency’ (SoA). Innerhalb der Neurowissenschaften begann die intensive Untersuchung dieses faszinierenden Konzepts erst innerhalb der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte. Das vorliegende Forschungsprojekt befasst sich mit zwei zentralen Aspekten des Sense of Agency. Zum einen wurden die zwei zugrundeliegenden neurokognitiven Mechanismen ‘Vorhersage’ und ‘Retrospektive Inferenz’ untersucht. Zum anderen wurde die Zuschreibung von Agency bei weiteren Ko-Akteuren, mit denen eine gemeinsame Aufgabe bewältigt werden musste untersucht. Das durchgeführte Forschungsprojekt trägt somit zu einem tieferen Verständnis menschlicher Agency auf individueller Ebene und im sozialen Kontext bei. Außerdem liefert es Implikationen für die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion und die Verbesserung zukünftiger Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstellen.<br>The seamless feeling of control over one’s own bodily actions, and through them, over the external environment is one of the cornerstones of our existence as human beings. This fundamental aspect of personal identity has been termed the sense of agency (SoA). It is only within the last two decades that this intriguing concept has begun to be intensively studied in the cognitive neurosciences. In the current research project we addressed two central aspects of the sense of agency. First, we investigated its underlying neurocognitive mechanisms: prediction and retrospective inference. Second, we looked into the attribution of agency to other co-actors when cooperating in a joint task. Overall, the current research project has made a step towards a better and deeper understanding of human agency in the individual as well as the social contexts. Additionally, the findings presented in this work inform the field of human-computerinteraction and contribute to the improvement of future interface designs.

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Goldberg, Michael [Verfasser], Niko [Gutachter] Busch, and Dorit [Gutachter] Wenke. "The Sense of Agency: Underlying Neurocognitive Mechanisms and its Attribution to Human and Non-Human Co-Actors / Michael Goldberg ; Gutachter: Niko Busch, Dorit Wenke." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1185496262/34.

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Alnervik, Tilda, and Gerui Ma. "Success factors in an introductory programming course in a non-CS major." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Datateknik och informatik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48217.

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Purpose – The contradiction of the increased demand for IT specialists and the decrease of the enrollment in programming courses at universities worldwide has been discussed over the years. To tackle the problem, researchers and teachers in computing education have investigated various success factors in introductory programming courses, mostly within the context of computer science. This paper focuses on the investigation of success factors for students that are not majoring in computer science (non-CS) in an introductory programming course, to report on the results of student's performance and analysis of the most relevant success factors, also provide suggestions that could be considered for the course design and teaching method. Method – The methods used to carry out the study are a survey with 36 participants, conducted before the start of an introductory programming course, and qualitative interviews conducted with twelve students after the end of the course. The interviews were then analysed thematically to find common patterns for five success factors between the students with different grades. The success factors that were examined are math background, previous programming experience, comfort level, motivation and attribution to success. Findings – Math background could not be proved as a success factor in this study due to the lack of a standardized assessment of the students’ math levels. Previous programming experience could be regarded as a success factor but not as dominant as the success factor motivation, which has shown clear patterns in the data. Comfort level could be seen as one of the success factors as well, as most of the data in this study support this conclusion. Lastly, attribution to success as a success factor could not be supported by this study; the qualitative data showed variety which makes it hard to draw a conclusion directly. Implications – The study suggest increasing the motivation for the non-CS students in introductory programming by combining programming with other subjects in the programme. The lecturer could customize the course for students with different interests so they could select a path and adapt the knowledge to their needs. Bridging courses and various forms of mentoring are also recommended to offer. Limitations – The time frame of the study limited the amount of data that could be collected. The study was conducted with students from only one university and one non-CS programme, with a small data sample for analysis, which is limiting in the way the results can be generalized.

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Gascoigne, Catherine Elizabeth. "Causation in the law of the World Trade Organization." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284910.

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The law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) both explicitly and implicitly requires that a determination of causation be made at a number of points. In several of the WTO covered agreements, an important part of making a determination about causation involves separating those factors that are causative from those that are immaterial to the outcome in question (this process of separation is known as a 'non-attribution analysis'). This thesis argues that there are six parts of the law of the WTO that require, either explicitly or implicitly, that a causation and non-attribution analysis be undertaken. These are: (1) Safeguard Measures (Articles 2.1 and 4.2(a) and (b) of the Agreement on Safeguards ); (2) Anti-Dumping measures (Articles 3.1 and 3.5 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement ); (3) Countervailing Duties (Article 15.5 of the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement (SCM Agreement)); (4) Serious prejudice (Articles 5(c) and 6.3 of the SCM Agreement); (5) the relationship between a measure and its policy objective (Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and Article XIV of the General Agreement on Trade in Services ); and (6) the relationship between a responding Member's failure to comply with a DSB ruling and the complainant Member's level of nullification and impairment (Articles 22.6 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes and 4.10 of the SCM Agreement). This thesis will first examine the current approach in the jurisprudence to analysing causation and non-attribution in these parts of the law of the WTO. To that end, it will suggest that there is a trend in the current jurisprudence to attempt to make an a priori inference about the effects of a cause from the nature of the cause itself. This thesis will suggest that this approach reflects a misconception of causation, and it will propose an alternative, three-part methodology for interrogating causation based on the use of econometric analysis, which has been developed from guidance given by the Appellate Body in US-Wheat Gluten.

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SALZMAN, MICHAEL BRUCE. "THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERCULTURAL SENSITIZER FOR TRAINING NON-NAVAJO PERSONNEL." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184096.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a Navajo Intercultural Sensitizer. It is an attempt to sensitize non-Navajo educational personnel who have come to work in the Navajo Nation to the attributional system of the Navajo culture. The assimilationist, culturally destructive educational policies of the past have been an objective failure. This effort attempts to build on the cultural strengths of Navajo people by promoting the acknowledgement, respect, and understanding of cultural differences. The method used is based on the identification of critical incidents that produce misunderstanding, confusion, or bad feelings between Anglo and Navajo people. The construction of the Navajo Intercultural Sensitizer involves four phases: episode generation, episode selection and construction, attribution elicitation, and attribution selection. Critical incidents (87) were gathered from Navajo students, teachers, and teachers' aides at two Reservation sites. Fifty-six of the incidents were selected by an eight person bilingual and bicultural panel of Navajos who were community and educational leaders. Attributions were elicited in response to the incidents and questions posed. An Anglo sample was drawn from students who were entering the fields of education, educational psychology, counseling, and clinical psychology. Attributions were elicited from them upon presentation of each episode and associated questions concerning the thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the Navajo participant in the incident. An empirical test, consisting of 56 incidents and the question associated with each episode, was administered to a sample of Navajos (n = 70) from two Reservation sites and the Anglo group (n = 56). Each question was followed by four choices. Forty-six of the incidents yielded significant (p < .05) differences in the attributions chosen by the two cultural groups in a chi-square test of significance. These incidents, plus two more, were used in the development of the Navajo Intercultural Sensitizer. The ICS is in a programmed instructional format. The learner is presented with the incident, the question and four plausible attributions. The task of the learner is to learn how the Navajos tended to attribute meaning to the incident.

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Khlaifi, Faical. "Les étudiants étrangers non institutionnels en France : des "oubliés" qui analysent leur échec universitaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0067.

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Bien que les recherches sur l'échec universitaire ne cessent de se multiplier, très peu se sont penchées sur celui des étudiants étrangers en France. C’est pourquoi la présente thèse vise à analyser les causes évoquées par ces étudiants pour expliquer leur échec ainsi que l’éventuel impact de leur culture d’origine sur leurs démarches attributionnelles. Pour répondre à cette interrogation, nous nous sommes inscrit dans le champ de la psychologie sociale, notamment avec la théorie de l'attribution causale. Cette dernière, qui constituera notre principale référence théorique, nous permettra d’appréhender la problématique de l'échec universitaire de ces étudiants. En outre, nous en avons étudié la genèse et l’évolution conceptuelle et paradigmatique en nous inspirant, pour des raisons épistémologiques et méthodologiques, du modèle attributionnel de Heider (1958) ainsi que de celui de Weiner (1986, 1992, 1994). Conscient à la fois de la complexité d’une démarche psychosociale en dehors d’une situation expérimentale et de l’importance de donner la parole aux acteurs, nous avons décidé d’entreprendre ce travail en nous basant sur des faits réels, à travers des entretiens avec des étudiants étrangers en situation d’échec universitaire<br>Although research on academic failure continues to grow, very few studies have been conducted on foreign students in France. Therefore this thesis aims at analyzing the reasons the students gave to explain their failure and the potential impact of culture on their attributional approaches. To answer this question, we relied on a theoretical framework by considering psychosocial obedience, including the theory of causal attribution. The latter, which will be our main theoretical reference, will allow us to cast light on these students’ academic failure. Furthermore we studied the genesis and conceptual and pragmatical evolution of this theory by basing ourselves for epistemological and methodological reasons on Heider’s attribution theory (1958) as well Weiner’s (1986, 1992, 1994). Aware of both the complexity of a psychosocial approach outside of an experimental situation and the importance of giving a voice to those directly concerned we decided to use factual information rely on real-life cases through interviews with foreign students experiencing academic failure

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Books on the topic "Non-attribution"

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Thomas, Alex W. Affecting causal attribution in human subjects by applying complex paterns of low level non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 1995.

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Sainsbury, Mark. A Display Theory of Attitude Attribution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803348.003.0004.

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This is the central chapter in the book. It describes and defends display theory, a theory of attitude attribution according to which the words in the complement put concepts on display rather than using them in the normal attributive way. Attributions are true if the displayed concepts match the concepts subjects exercise in their intentional states. Display theory explains various features of intensionality. For example, there is no reason why a displayed concept in a true attribution need be true of some real entity: all that matters is whether the subject exercised it, not what, if anything, it refers to. A use of superscripts is developed which enables us to state with precision different ways in which attitude attributions can be true. The theory is extended to apply to non-conceptual intentional states.

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Dunlop, Katherine. Understanding Non-Conceptual Representation of Objects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724957.003.0003.

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This chapter endorses Lucy Allais’s attribution of a non-conceptualist view to Kant and her methodology of appealing to contemporary cognitive science. In particular, it agrees with Allais that intuition should be understood as the result of cognitive processing (rather than as brutely given). But the chapter argues that Allais’s choice of ‘binding’ as an empirical model (for the generation of intuition) is not apt, proposing instead that the processing that generates intuition should be taken to implement empirically-identified ‘principles of object perception’. It is argued that representation conforming to these principles need not qualify as conceptual by Kant’s standards.

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Guitton, Clement. Standards of Proof. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0004.

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When can we consider that an attack is attributed, if attribution is not dependent on court proceedings? Do we need "appropriate" standards for the attribution of cyber attacks? What would such standards look like? This chapter starts by noting that there is a mismatch between how attribution functions, and how the law operates. Attribution is not contingent on legal proceedings, and can occur despite a lack of condemnation by a court. This lack of reliance on strict standards of evidence leads us to consider the following argument: that attribution is easily malleable. On top of the reliance of attribution on judgment, two factors notably underpin this malleability: an apparent lack of scrutiny for the evidence presented in cases of cyber attacks, and the use of non-conclusive criteria that are nevertheless presented as decisive. This malleability can be of great help to officials who seek to convince an audience of their attribution claims.

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Guitton, Clement. Inside the Enemy's Computer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.001.0001.

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Attribution — tracing those responsible for a cyber attack — is of primary importance when classifying it as a criminal act, an act of war, or an act of terrorism. Three assumptions dominate current thinking: attribution is a technical problem; it is unsolvable; and it is unique. Approaching attribution as a problem forces us to consider it either as solved or unsolved. Yet attribution is far more nuanced, and is best approached as a process in constant flux, driven by judicial and political pressures. In the criminal context, courts must assess the guilt of criminals, mainly based on technical evidence. In the national security context, decision-makers must analyze unreliable and mainly non-technical information in order to identify an enemy of the state. Attribution in both contexts is political: in criminal cases, laws reflect society’s prevailing norms and powers; in national security cases, attribution reflects a state’s will to maintain, increase or assert its power. However, both processes differ on many levels. The constraints, which reflect common aspects of many other political issues, constitute the structure of the book: the need for judgment calls, the role of private companies, the standards of evidence, the role of time, and the plausible deniability of attacks.

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Sainsbury, Mark. Attitudes on Display. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0010.

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Intentional states are representational states, involving the exercise of conceptual structures, which are vehicles of representation. Structures evaluable as true or false are called “thoughts”. We can describe two categories of intentional states: those involving thoughts, call them “propositional attitudes”, and those not involving thoughts, call them “objectual attitudes”. We can distinguish among attributions of attitudes between those that involve full sentential complements, like “She believes that it will rain today” (call these “sentential attributions”), and those like “She wants rain” which do not (call these “non-sentential attributions”). Are the kinds of attribution fundamentally different? The main claim of the chapter is that they are not. In both kinds of attribution a conceptual structure is put on display, and the attribution is correct just if the displayed structure is suitably related to the structure in the intentional state of the subject of the attribution.

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Trapp, Kimberley. Can Non-State Actors Mount an Armed Attack? Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0031.

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Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits the use of force between States. In so doing, it addresses itself to a strictly interstate context and does not speak to the phenomenon of uses of force by non-state actors (NSAs). The question examined in this chapter is whether the exception to that prohibition—the right to use force in self-defence—is nevertheless responsive to the war-making capacity of NSAs. Otherwise put, is the definition of ‘armed attack’ in Article 51 of the UN Charter (and related customary international law) conditioned on the attacker being a state? In exploring this question, the chapter considers whether attribution is a necessary condition (in ratione personae terms) for the applicability of Article 51 by assessing the language of the Charter (including its travaux préparatoires), jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, and state practice.

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Cutter, David, and Martin Scott-Brown. Presentations in suspected cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0323.

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Malignant neoplastic disease includes a vast range of conditions that can originate from and can directly or indirectly affect virtually every organ system of the body. As a consequence of this, the presentation of malignancy can be similarly varied. While a diagnosis of malignancy may be clinically obvious in some cases, in others diagnosis and investigation may be delayed due to non-specific presentations and the attribution of symptoms to non-malignant conditions. Early diagnosis of cancer has an impact on the success of subsequent treatment and overall survival. It is therefore vital to maintain an appropriate level of clinical suspicion when deciding whether and how much to investigate patients with symptoms that could be secondary to an underlying malignancy.

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Streib, Heinz, and Constantin Klein. Religion and Spirituality. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.5.

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An enormous change in the semantic field of religion has occurred, by which ‘spirituality’ has emerged as a serious competitor for ‘religion.’ This chapter presents selected results of a recently completed research project about the semantics and psychology of spirituality. Regarding the semantics of spirituality, this research has identified ten components of ‘spirituality’ that characterize a variety of rather contradictory meanings: While ‘spirituality’ can be associated with a theistic worldview for some, it is associated with a non-theistic worldview by others; some understand ‘spirituality’ as lived religion, while others associate it with opposition to religion. The chapter concludes with a discussion of whether spirituality should be a concept in the scientific study of religion. While spirituality should not be established as a scientific concept (to compete with or replace ‘religion’), spirituality as self-attribution of the people on the street needs to be studied.

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Beebe, James R., and Jake Monaghan. Epistemic Closure in Folk Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0003.

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This chapter reports the results of four empirical studies that investigate the extent to which an epistemic closure principle for knowledge is reflected in folk epistemology. Previous work by Turri (2015a) suggested our shared epistemic practices may only include a closure principle that applies to perceptual beliefs but not to inferential beliefs. The chapter argues that the results of these studies provide reason for thinking individuals are making a performance error when their knowledge attributions and denials conflict with the closure principle. When the chapter authors used research materials that overcome proposed difficulties with Turri’s original materials, they found that participants did not reject closure. Furthermore, when they presented Turri’s original materials to non-philosophers with expertise in deductive reasoning, they endorsed closure for both perceptual and inferential beliefs. These results suggest that an unrestricted closure principle provides a better model of folk patterns of knowledge attribution than a source-relative one.

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Book chapters on the topic "Non-attribution"

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Yadagiri, Meghanath Macha, Shiv Kumar Saini, and Ritwik Sinha. "A Non-parametric Approach to the Multi-channel Attribution Problem." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26190-4_23.

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Delerue, François. "Attribution to State of Cyber Operations Conducted by Non-State Actors." In Use and Misuse of New Technologies. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05648-3_12.

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Van Nieuwenhuyse, Karel. "Between Non-human and Individual Agents: The Attribution of Agency in Chapters on the Cold War in Flemish History Textbooks." In The Cold War in the Classroom. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11999-7_8.

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Tylusinska-Kowalska, Anna. "Commento alla traduzione. Traduttori non sempre traditori." In Traduzione di A presença dos dias / La presenza dei giorni. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-138-9.04.

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Starting from a statement of Pirandello concerning the art of translation, the essay aims to reflect on the concept of translator and on the frequent false attribution of traitor. In addition to this, the essay focuses on the Italian translation of the literary work of Adalberto Alves A presença dos dias / La presenza dei giorni.

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Jackson, Miles. "State Complicity, Non-State Actors, and Attribution." In Complicity in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198736936.003.0008.

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Bently, L., B. Sherman, D. Gangjee, and P. Johnson. "10. Moral rights." In Intellectual Property Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198769958.003.0010.

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This chapter focuses on moral rights conferred by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 on the authors of certain works to protect their non-pecuniary or non-economic interests. It begins by looking at a number of criticisms made about moral rights, followed by a discussion on examples of moral rights, namely: right of attribution or right of paternity, right to object to false attribution, and right of integrity. The issue of copyright infringement in relation to these rights is also considered.

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Bracic, Ana. "Contact." In Breaking the Exclusion Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190050672.003.0005.

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Chapter 5, the second empirical chapter, explores the non-Roma parts of the exclusion cycle. It introduces the second Slovenian research site, Murska Sobota, which closely matches the first site, Novo mesto, in all relevant characteristics but one: the Roma-led NGO in Murska Sobota focuses on promoting intergroup contact, while its counterpart in Novo mesto provides goods and services to local Roma. In contrast to non-Roma from Novo mesto, non-Roma from Murska Sobota do not discriminate against the Roma. This is particularly true of non-Roma who are familiar with the contact-promoting Roma NGO or attend its events. Further, although non-Roma from both towns express anti- Roma sentiment and commit attribution errors, non-Roma from Novo mesto do so to a greater extent. In that town, non-Roma who express anti-Roma sentiment are more likely to discriminate against the Roma in the videogame. Overall, these results suggest that NGO-promoted intergroup contact can help reduce discrimination.

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Orany, Ezzat. "Probleme de la Predication." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia1998364.

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Some scholars have found the dealing of the problem of predication, or attribution, in the Sophist (251a-e), a "digression," or a treatment of "a trivial question" and "an insignificant example." We propose to reconsider the importance of Plato’s doctrine on the subject from the point of view of the epistemology- ontology relationship in Plato. This leads to a replacement of the passage inside the whole dialogue. Beginning with the definition of the sophist, Plato goes on to treat the "mimetic" art and finds himself confronting a perplexing difficulty: how to understand falsehood, either in thought or in discourse. This is an epistemological difficulty, which raises the central difficulty of how to attribute non-being to being. So, the heart of the matter is the possibility of predication, as Plato states very clearly (238a). The solution arises from the doctrine of the community of species, making possible any attribution of one thing to another. In looking carefully to the dialogue as a whole, we find that the passage 251a-e, dealing with the general problem of predication, occupies a central position, in all meanings, even numerically (between 236e and 264a).

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"14 Beyond Attribution: Responsibility of Armed Non-State Actors for Reparations in Northern Ireland, Colombia and Uganda." In Responsibilities of the Non-State Actor in Armed Conflict and the Market Place. Brill | Nijhoff, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004293632_017.

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"Attribution of Conduct of Non-State Armed Groups to States under the Current Regime of State Responsibility." In State Responsibility for Support of Armed Groups in the Commission of International Crimes. Brill | Nijhoff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004408456_004.

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Conference papers on the topic "Non-attribution"

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Ophoff, Jacques, and Karen Renaud. "Revealing the Cyber Security Non-Compliance “Attribution Gulf”." In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2021.552.

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Thellman, Sam, Asenia Giagtzidou, Annika Silvervarg, and Tom Ziemke. "An Implicit, Non-Verbal Measure of Belief Attribution to Robots." In HRI '20: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3371382.3378346.

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Vipperla, Ravichander, Jurgen T. Geiger, Simon Bozonnet, et al. "Speech overlap detection and attribution using convolutive non-negative sparse coding." In ICASSP 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2012.6288840.

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Terada, Kazunori, Takashi Shamoto, Akira Ito, and Haiying Mei. "Reactive movements of non-humanoid robots cause intention attribution in humans." In 2007 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2007.4399429.

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Dines, Nikhil, Alan Lee, Eleni Miltsakaki, Rashmi Prasad, Aravind Joshi, and Bonnie Webber. "Attribution and the (non-)alignment of syntactic and discourse arguments of connectives." In the Workshop. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1608829.1608834.

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Peck, Sarah Marie, Mohammad Maifi Hasan Khan, Md Abdullah Al Fahim, Emil N. Coman, Theodore Jensen, and Yusuf Albayram. "Who Would Bob Blame? Factors in Blame Attribution in Cyberattacks Among the Non-Adopting Population in the Context of 2FA." In 2020 IEEE 44th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compsac48688.2020.0-166.

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Pan, Deng, Xin Li, and Dongxiao Zhu. "Explaining Deep Neural Network Models with Adversarial Gradient Integration." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/396.

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Deep neural networks (DNNs) have became one of the most high performing tools in a broad range of machine learning areas. However, the multilayer non-linearity of the network architectures prevent us from gaining a better understanding of the models’ predictions. Gradient based attribution methods (e.g., Integrated Gradient (IG)) that decipher input features’ contribution to the prediction task have been shown to be highly effective yet requiring a reference input as the anchor for explaining model’s output. The performance of DNN model interpretation can be quite inconsistent with regard to the choice of references. Here we propose an Adversarial Gradient Integration (AGI) method that integrates the gradients from adversarial examples to the target example along the curve of steepest ascent to calculate the resulting contributions from all input features. Our method doesn’t rely on the choice of references, hence can avoid the ambiguity and inconsistency sourced from the reference selection. We demonstrate the performance of our AGI method and compare with competing methods in explaining image classification results. Code is available from https://github.com/pd90506/AGI.

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Micó Romero, Noelia. "Problèmes de terminologie dans « Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan/ Plan d’urgence de bord contre la pollution par les hydrocarbures » sur la Méditerranée à partir d’une traduction de l’anglais vers le français." In XXV Coloquio AFUE. Palabras e imaginarios del agua. Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/xxvcoloquioafue.2016.3058.

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Dans notre communication nous essayons de décrire comment les langues (en l’occurrence l’anglais, le français et de forme subsidiaire l’espagnol) appréhendent une petite parcelle de la réalité : la pollution des hydrocarbures. Notre cadre conceptuel s’aligne avec la sémantique cognitive, centrée sur la perception expérientielle du sujet parlant, tout en dépassant ainsi le modèle des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes (CNS) initié par Aristote et celui de la sémantique compositionnelle du structuralisme. Par contre, la sémantique cognitive (Rosch, Putnam, Kleiber) se base sur la « Embodied Cognition Thesis », la « Thèse de la cognition incarnée », selon laquelle notre corps influe sur notre langage, notre pensée, nos concepts. Cette approche introduit la théorie du prototype où Kleiber (1990) traite la catégorisation à partir du « meilleur exemplaire » et de la notion de « ressemblance de famille ». Dans notre étude, nous analysons comment l’anglais, le français et l’espagnol catégorisent la même réalité à partir du texte « Plan d’urgence de bord contre la pollution par les hydrocarbures », traduit de l’anglais. Dans un premier temps, nous aborderons des questions générales sur les caractéristiques des textes techniques tant en anglais comme en français et dans un deuxième temps, nous commenterons les différentes traductions en les groupant par domaines ou champs sémantiques (i.e. parties du bateau, équipage,…) En somme, des termes techniques qui ne seront pas analogues et dont les différences s’expliquent non seulement par la diversité des langues (aspects morphosyntaxiques, attribution, détermination etc.) mais aussi par des questions d’ordre différent que nous essayons de justifier à travers d’exemples tirés de notre corpus.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/XXVColloqueAFUE.2016.3058

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Johnson, Bruce, William Lasher, Matt Erdman, Jan Miles, and Bill Curry. "Uncertainties In The Wind-Heel Analysis For Traditional Sailing Vessels: The Challenges It Presents For Forensic Analysis Of Sailing Vessel Incidents." In SNAME 21st Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. SNAME, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/csys-2013-008.

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There are many uncertainties in the interpretation of full-scale sailing vessel data taken under dynamic conditions, and even more uncertainties when forensic analysis is attempted based only on survivor’s recollections. Frequently, the analysis is based on static equilibrium assumptions, sometimes modified to steady-state motions of the wind and heeling response of the vessel. Dynamic conditions are generally non-deterministic and statistical methods must be used. Even more complicated is the non-stationary random process nature of most accidents. In the wind-heel research carried out on Pride II, it has been shown that wave action frequently adds uncertainty to the correct attribution of contributions to establishing the cause of the resulting heeling action. The best data are found in steady 10 to 20 knot wind strengths in minimum waves found in the lee of a shoreline. This criteria can be interpreted as minimizing the uncertainties in characterizing the wind-heel performance of a given sail combination at normal angles of heel. Examples of quasi steady-state response are presented in the paper as characterized by the Wind Heel Stiffness Ratio (WHSR), which is equal to the square of the apparent wind velocity in knots divided by the resulting heel angle in degrees. WHSR is not non-dimensional but is independent of the system of units, (SI vs. EG). The WHSR for each sail combination is most easily established by a maneuver the crew of Pride II has deemed “The Crazy Ivan.” However, it is uncertain whether this concept can make useful predictions at heel angles higher than those beyond GZmax in the absence of any good data taken during these conditions. CFD studies of various sail combinations provide very good agreement between the recorded wind-heel responses of the vessel up to deck edge submergence. The corresponding CFD predictions provide a method of predicting the normal wind heel responses of a traditional sailing vessel during the design process. The paper discusses operational guidance uncertainties that appear as a “fork in the road” decision, with bearing away as one path and heading up as the other. The paper examines the tradeoffs in the decision making process relative to the type of vessel involved and the observable wind and sea conditions at the time. Recent attempts to re-analyze the dismasting of Pride II in 2005 and the sinking of the SV Concordia off Brazil in 2010 are also included. Lastly, the possible downward lift force involving square sails at high angles of heel needs to be investigated in wind tunnels since full scale testing of this concept is virtually impossible.

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Rocha, George, and Carla Rodriguez. "Avaliação da usabilidade do CalcTouch: Sistema de Calculadora Inteligente para Dispositivos Móveis." In XVIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/ihc.2019.8397.

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Durante muito tempo acreditou-se que o uso de calculadoras em sala de aula tornaria o aprendizado de matemática menos eficiente, com o argumento de que a calculadora pensaria pelo aluno. Essa concepção vem mudando, e essa mudança pode ser observada com o surgimento de sistemas computacionais e aplicativos móveis que têm o intuito de apoiar estudantes no aprendizado de conteúdos da área de exatas [2][4][6]. Tradicionalmente aplicativos voltados às ciências exatas possuem, cada um, ferramentas exclusivas que contemplam uma parcela dessa área, não sendo encontrados, até o momento, todos os recursos necessários reunidos em uma só aplicação. Com base nessa problemática, e na visão de especialistas da área de tecnologias aplicada à educação sobre o potencial dos recursos e ferramentas digitais como auxílio no aprendizado de estudantes da matemática e afins [1][7], foi desenvolvido um protótipo de aplicativo, denominado CalcTouch, que simula uma calculadora inteligente. O CalcTouch reúne em um único sistema algumas ferramentas encontradas em outros aplicativos e conta com alguns acessórios não encontrados, até o momento, em outras aplicações. Para avaliar a usabilidade do protótipo do aplicativo foi realizada uma inspeção, com base no checklist de heurísticas definidas para avaliação da usabilidade de aplicativos para celulares touchscreen MATCH checklist [3]. 1∗Permission to reproduce or distribute, in whole or in part, material extracted from this work, verbatim, adapted or remixed, as well as the creation or production from the content of such work, is granted without fee for non-commercial use, provided that the original work is properly credited. IHC 2019 - TRILHA PÔSTERES E DEMONSTRAÇÕES, Outubro 21–25, 2019, Vitória, Brasil. In Anais Estendidos do XVIII Simpósio Brasileiro sobre Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais. Porto Alegre: SBC. © 2019 by the author(s), in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC 4.0 Os resultados apontam que o CalcTouch possui um grau elevado de usabilidade no que diz respeito à correspondência com o mundo real; consistência e padrões; flexibilidade e eficiência de uso; estética e design minimalista; interação física e ergonomia e; de legibilidade e layout. Entretanto, ainda necessita de ajustes nos elementos relacionados à visibilidade do status do sistema e de liberdade e controle do usuário.

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Reports on the topic "Non-attribution"

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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.

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