Books: 'Non histone protein'

1

Chen, Hsiao Ying. Molecular studies of a non-histone chromatin protein B2. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.

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2

Ciavolella, Paul Edward. The purification and characterization of a developmentally regulated myocardial non-histone nuclear protein and the isolation of a cDNA clone of unknown function which is developmentally expressed. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.

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3

Non più servi, non più signori. Roma: Elleu multimedia, 2005.

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4

Fraters, Erica. Réfractaires à la guerre d'Algérie, 1959-1963: Avec l'action civique non violence. Paris: Syllepse, 2005.

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5

Fraters, Erica. Refractaires a la guerre d'Algerie, 1959-1963: Avec l'action civique non violence. Paris: Syllepse, 2005.

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6

Kahn, Jean-François. Les rebelles: Celles et ceux qui ont dit non. [Paris]: Plon, 2001.

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7

Pour avoir dit non: Actes de refus dans la guerre d'Algérie, 1954-1962. Paris: Paris-Méditerranée, 2003.

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8

Pepino, Livio. Non solo un treno--: La democrazia alla prova della Val Susa. Torino: Gruppo Abele, 2012.

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9

Non solo pane: I perché di un '89 arabo. [Arezzo, Italy]: Fuorionda, 2011.

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10

Esercizi di memoria: Il '68 visto dal basso : sussidio didattico per chi non c'era : cronologie 1967-1975. Trieste: Asterios, 2008.

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11

La settimana rossa 7-14 giugno 1914: La libertà non si vota, si strappa. Cesena: Società editrice "Il Ponte Vecchio,", 2014.

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12

Eligio, Resta, ed. Marciare per la pace: Il mondo non violento di Aldo Capitini : la marcia della pace per la fratellanza dei popoli Perugia-Assisi del 24 settembre 1961. Pisa: PLUS-Pisa University Press, 2007.

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13

Marini, Alarico Mariani. Marciare per la pace: Il mondo non violento di Aldo Capitini : la marcia della pace per la fratellanza dei popoli Perugia-Assisi del 24 settembre 1961. Pisa: PLUS-Pisa University Press, 2007.

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14

Gene, Sharp, ed. Nonviolent action: A research guide. New York: Garland Pub., 1997.

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15

General ot infanterii N.N. I︠U︡denich v gody obshchenat︠s︡ionalʹnogo krizisa v Rossii, 1914-1920 gg: Monograficheskoe issledovanie. Samara: PGATI, 2005.

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16

Long, Michael G., ed. We the Resistance: Documenting a History of Nonviolent Protest in the United States. San Francisco, USA: City Lights Books, 2019.

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17

Political protest and cultural revolution: Nonviolent direct action in the 1970s and 1980s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

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18

Isaac, Bekhor, Mirell Carol J, and Liew C. C, eds. Progress in nonhistone protein research. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1985.

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19

Lehn, Donald Andrew. The non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-I(Y) and its interactions with nucleic acids. 1989.

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20

Emery, Alan E. H., and Marcia L. H. Emery. The history of muscular dystrophy: a unique story. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199591473.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 discusses the history of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a serious condition and the second most common genetic disorder in many countries. Its cause was unknown until relatively recently and there has been no effective treatment. However, the responsible gene and its protein product have now been identified and gene therapy is under serious consideration.

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21

Lucchesi, John C. Epigenetics, Nuclear Organization & Gene Function. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831204.001.0001.

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Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes, consisting principally of DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, maintain and modulate the initial impact of regulatory factors that recognize and associate with particular genomic sequences. This book’s primary goal is to establish a framework that can be used to understand the basis of epigenetic regulation and to appreciate both its derivation from genetics and its interdependence with genetic mechanisms. A further aim is to highlight the role played by the three-dimensional organization of the genetic material itself (the complex of DNA, histones and non-histone proteins referred to as chromatin) and its distribution within a functionally compartmentalized nucleus. Dysfunctions at any level of genetic regulation have the potential to result in an increased susceptibility to disease or actually give rise to overt pathologies. As illustrated in this book, research is continuously uncovering the role of epigenetics in a variety of human disorders, providing new avenues for therapeutic interventions and advances in regenerative medicine.

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22

Meretik, Gabriel. Noc Generała. 1989.

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23

Sharp, Gene, Ronald M. McCarthy, and Brad Bennett. Nonviolent Action: A Research Guide. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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24

Egreteau, Pierre-Yves, and Jean-Michel Boles. Assessing nutritional status in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0204.

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Decreased nutrient intake, increased body requirements, and/or altered nutrient utilization are frequently combined in critically-ill patients. The initial nutritional status and the extent of the disease-related catabolism are the main risk factors for nutrition- related complications. Many complications are related to protein energy malnutrition, which is frequent in the ICU setting. Assessing nutritional status pursues several different goals. Nutritional assessment is required for patients presenting with clinical evidence of malnutrition, with chronic diseases, with acute conditions accompanied by a high catabolic rate, and elderly patients. Recording the patient’s history, nutrient intake, and physical examination, and subjective global assessment allows classification of nutritional status. All the traditional markers of malnutrition, anthropometric measurements and plasma proteins, lose their specificity in the sick adult as each may be affected by a number of non-nutritional factors. Muscle function evaluated by hand-grip strength in cooperative patients and serum albumin provide an objective risk assessment. Several nutritional indices have been validated in specific groups of patients to identify patients at risk of nutritionally-mediated complications and, therefore, the need for nutritional support. A strong suspicion remains the best way of uncovering potentially harmful nutritional deficiencies.

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25

Alpaugh, Micah. Non-Violence and the French Revolution: Political Demonstrations in Paris, 1787-1795. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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26

Dale, Elizabeth. The Role of Popular Justice in U.S. History. Edited by Paul Knepper and Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.28.

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This essay argues that popular justice must be understood as an integral (and disturbing) part of the legal and constitutional history of the United States. To explore that idea, this essay examines popular justice as a process that occurs whenever people take the law into their own hands. Viewing popular justice as a process of judging and punishing tells us several key things about the concept. First, it suggests that while popular justice may be violent, it need not be; gossip may punish as effectively as tarring and feathering. Second, it implies that popular justice need not always be carried out by a collective; individuals can take the law into their own hands in defense of person or property, or to protest perceived injustice. Third, it reminds us that there is a constitutional aspect to popular justice: it is “popular” because it is carried out by non-state actors.

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27

Kruchinin, A. Istoricheskie portrety. A.V. Kolchak, N.N. Yudenich, G.M. Semenov (Beloe dvizhenie). AST, 2004.

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28

Puntis, John. Food allergy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0019.

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Food allergy is an immune response to food that can be classified as immunoglobulin (Ig)-E and non-IgE mediated. Milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts, and fish are among the most prevalent causes of food allergy. Mild reactions can include itchy rash, watering eyes, and nasal congestion while a severe reaction results in anaphylaxis. A detailed clinical history is essential when making a diagnosis, and skin prick testing and quantitative measurement of food-specific IgE antibodies can be helpful. Cow milk protein allergy causes a plethora of symptoms and frequently resolves spontaneously over the first 2 years of life; diagnosis is based mainly on clinical history. Food challenges have a pivotal role in the diagnosis of food allergy. Introduction of ‘allergic’ foods at 3–6 months alongside continuing breastfeeding may prevent allergy.

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29

Moseley, Mason W. Tracing the Roots of the Protest State in Argentina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0005.

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The fifth chapter introduces the case of Argentina, a country where protest has taken root as a common characteristic of everyday political life over the past two decades. The chapter begins by analyzing the history of protest from Carlos Menem’s election in 1989 to the current Fernández de Kirchner government, arguing that it has indeed crystallized as a routine form of political participation in this regime. I attribute this trend to the weakness of political institutions and strength of Argentine civil society: the two pillars of the protest state. I then proceed to utilize survey data and protest events count data to support this argument, demonstrating that not only has protest become more common over the past two decades, but that it has consolidated as a common mode of political voice for Argentine citizens across demographic groups and the political spectrum.

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30

Chess, Andrew, and Schahram Akbarian. The Human Brain and its Epigenomes. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0003.

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Conventional psychopharmacology elicits an insufficient therapeutic response in more than one half of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, or related disorders. This underscores the need to further explore the neurobiology and molecular pathology of mental disorders in order to develop novel treatment strategies of higher efficacy. One promising avenue of research is epigenetics.Deeper understanding of genome organization and function in normal and diseased human brain will require comprehensive charting of neuronal and glial epigenomes. This includes DNA cytosine and adenine methylation, hundred(s) of residue-specific post-translational histone modifications and histone variants, transcription factor occupancies, and chromosomal conformations and loopings. Epigenome mappings provide an important avenue to assign function to many risk-associated DNA variants and mutations that do not affect protein-coding sequences. Powerful novel single cell technologies offer the opportunity to understand genome function in context of the vastly complex cellular heterogeneity and neuroanatomical diversity of the human brain.

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31

Mandala, Elias. Food, Time, and History. Edited by Jeffrey M. Pilcher. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199729937.013.0020.

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In the African countryside, food has a social biography which is both linear and cyclical. According to the golden-age theory, every member of the community deserves access to food, while the alternative perspective argues that not all members enjoy those rights. Both theories fall within what Stephen J. Gould called "time's cycle" or "the intelligibility of timeless order and lawlike structure." As components of time's cycle, the alternative vision and the golden-age theory address the problem of order and represent peasants' collective protest against what Mircea Eliade termed "terror of history," which refers to terrifying events such as famine. The linear nature of the social biography of food is part of Gould's "time's arrow." The old Mang'anja of Malawi referred to famine, a one-time event, as chaola, or moment of rottenness, which is different from recurrent hunger or njala. The history of Malawi's food system represents a story about irreversible change and about days and seasons.

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32

Mills, K., and D. Karp. Human Rights Protection in Global Politics: Responsibilities of States and Non-State Actors. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

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33

Human Rights Protection in Global Politics: Responsibilities of States and Non-State Actors. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

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34

Thakur, Ramesh. Rwanda, Kosovo, and the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.6.

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Examining the cases of Rwanda and Kosovo, this chapter explores the recent history, legality, and legitimacy of the normative architecture of a new, consensus-based, world order that seeks to bridge the divide between the competing norms of non-intervention and armed intervention. It begins by describing the default policy setting of non-intervention of the 1990s, and then discusses the policy challenge posed both by no action and unilateral action when faced with mass atrocities. After reviewing the controversy provoked by the claim of an emerging new norm of humanitarian intervention, the final section concludes with the successful effort of ICISS to reconcile, in R2P, the humanitarian imperative to protect civilians from atrocities with the normative prohibition on the use of force inside sovereign jurisdictions by external actors.

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35

Machado, Pedro M. Inclusion body myositis. Edited by Hector Chinoy and Robert Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754121.003.0011.

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Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an acquired muscle disorder associated with ageing, for which there is no effective treatment. It is characterized by a typical early clinical phenotype with (often asymmetric) weakness of the knee extensors and finger flexors, potential involvement of pharyngeal and upper-oesophageal muscles (which may contribute to malnutrition and aspiration), and progressive and slow deterioration, which may lead to severe disability and loss of quality of life. Muscle biopsy shows chronic myopathic features, lymphocytic infiltration with invasion of non-necrotic fibres, rimmed vacuoles, mitochondrial changes, and pathological accumulation of proteins in the muscle tissue. It remains uncertain whether IBM is primarily an immune-mediated inflammatory myopathy or a degenerative myopathy with an associated inflammatory component. This chapter will describe the clinical features, natural history, investigations, current pathogenic concepts, outcome measures, and therapeutic approaches in IBM. Despite recent clues, in many respects IBM remains an unsolved mystery.

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36

Snell, Jamey, and Thomas J. Mancuso. Cystic Fibrosis. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0023.

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited, autosomal recessive, multisystem disease. Dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) in epithelial cells is the primary defect in CF. Defects in CFTR are the cause for lung disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and failure, male infertility, and liver disease. CF can present with a variety of respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, including meconium ileus in the newborn period, hypernatremic dehydration, pulmonary insufficiency, nasal polyps, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. As affected children grow, dysfunction in CFTR leads to chronic and progressive lung disease, characterized by suppurative infection and the development of bronchiectasis. CFTR dysfunction also affects exocrine function, leading to pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, and growth failure. In the past, history and physical exam with sweat chloride testing were the cornerstones of diagnosis. Diagnosis is now made with the newborn screening test for immunoreactive trypsinogen.

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37

Hardiman, David. The Nonviolent Struggle for Indian Freedom, 1905-19. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190920678.001.0001.

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Much of the recent surge in writing about the practice of nonviolent forms of resistance has focused on movements that occurred after the end of the Second World War, many of which have been extremely successful. Although the fact that such a method of civil resistance was developed in its modern form by Indians is acknowledged in this writing, there has not until now been an authoritative history of the role of Indians in the evolution of the phenomenon.The book argues that while nonviolence is associated above all with the towering figure of Mahatma Gandhi, 'passive resistance' was already being practiced as a form of civil protest by nationalists in British-ruled India, though there was no principled commitment to nonviolence as such. The emphasis was on efficacy, rather than the ethics of such protest. It was Gandhi, first in South Africa and then in India, who evolved a technique that he called 'satyagraha'. He envisaged this as primarily a moral stance, though it had a highly practical impact. From 1915 onwards, he sought to root his practice in terms of the concept of ahimsa, a Sanskrit term that he translated as ‘nonviolence’. His endeavors saw 'nonviolence' forged as both a new word in the English language, and as a new political concept. This book conveys in vivid detail exactly what such nonviolence entailed, and the formidable difficulties that the pioneers of such resistance encountered in the years 1905-19.

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38

Muthukumar, Thangamani, Darshana Dadhania, Choli Hartono, and Manikkam Suthanthiran. Immunology, sensitization, and histocompatibility. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0279.

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Allograft rejection of the histo-incompatible allograft involves a highly orchestrated action of multiple cell types and mediators, with lymphocytes responsible for the identification of the foreignness of the allograft. The immune response directed against the donor is primarily, but not exclusively, directed at the donor’s major histocompatibility complex region class I and class II proteins. This chapter describes the immunobiology of the T cell and the role of human leucocyte antigens in clinical transplantation, thus identifying the targets for manipulation of the immune response by immune suppressants and through strategies designed to create a state of tolerance of the allograft.

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39

Dean, Michael, and Karobi Moitra. Biology of Neoplasia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0002.

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The term “cancer” encompasses a large heterogeneous group of diseases that involve uncontrolled cell growth, division, and survival, culminating in local invasion and/or distant metastases. Cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease at the cellular level. Tumors occur because clones of abnormal cells acquire multiple lesions in DNA, nearly always involving mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and extensive alteration of the epigenome. Up to 10% of cancers also involve inherited germline mutations that are moderately to highly penetrant. Cancers begin as localized growths or premalignant lesions that may regress or disappear spontaneously, or progress to a malignant primary tumor. The somatic changes that drive abnormal growth involve activating mutations of specific oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and/or disruption of epigenetic controls. The latter can result from methylation or the modification of histones and other proteins that affect the remodeling of chromosomes. Numerous non-inherited factors can cause cancer by accelerating these events.

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40

Ralph, Jason. The International Criminal Court. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.34.

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The responsibility to protect and the International Criminal Court share a recent history and a similar normative structure. The responsibilities to protect and prosecute reside first and foremost in the state and both normative regimes insist that a residual responsibility rests with international society. Yet R2P has not sought to allocate residual responsibility to an institution that notionally transcends power politics. For some critics, R2P should follow the ICC’s lead and delegate decision-making on humanitarian intervention to a supranational body. By focusing on the continuing politicization of international criminal justice under the ICC this chapter illustrates how R2P’s difficulties cannot be fixed by simply creating independent judicial bodies. A more consistent approach to R2P is contingent on a changed conception of P5 responsibility. Changing legal frameworks without changing this political reality will simply add to the disappointment of those who lament the compromises made in the World Summit Outcome Document.

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41

Adams, Simon. Libya. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.41.

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In March 2011, for the first time in its history, the responsibility to protect (R2P) principle was invoked by the UN Security Council while imposing coercive military measures against a UN Member State without its consent. However, neither the ferocity of the subsequent diplomatic debate around R2P, nor the intensity of the current crisis in post-Gadhafi Libya, should distract us from the fact that Resolutions 1970 and 1973 constituted an appropriate response to a complex mass atrocity situation. The problem was in the disputed implementation of the civilian protection mandate. This chapter argues that when prevention fails, most future R2P cases needing coercive responses, including military force, will continue to require both coercion and consent, with legal authorization of the Security Council and active dialogue about how a state can best uphold its responsibility to protect and how the international community can both assist and compel them to do so.

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42

Aquino, Frederick D., and Benjamin J. King. Introduction. Edited by Frederick D. Aquino and Benjamin J. King. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718284.013.30.

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This Handbook seeks to explore John Henry Newman with critical appreciation and to assess the large amount of secondary literature. In so doing, it does not intend to protect his legacy but to examine his life, writings, thought, and significance from the different perspectives and disciplines of philosophy, theology, history, education, and literature. Newman himself thought that the attempt to acquire a deeper understanding of things called for more than a single disciplinary perspective. Although a scholar in any particular field works within her boundaries, it is engagement across those boundaries that the present volume seeks to promote while at the same time providing a critical engagement with current scholarship in specific fields. The Handbook does not seek to merge incommensurable readings of Newman into a governing viewpoint and no particular school of thought is privileged. Instead, the volume reflects a broad range of perspectives and methodological assumptions to move all towards deeper understanding.

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43

Simon, Gleeson, and Guynn Randall. Part III The EU Resolution Regime, 10 Direct Bail-in in the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199698011.003.0010.

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This chapter describes how the EU regime permits bail-in to be implemented directly by varying the terms of the obligations of the institution in resolution. Bail-in, by definition, is a process which applies to some but not all of the senior creditors of an institution—not all, since the object of the process is to protect some of these creditors. The primary appeal of the bail-in structure is the fact that there is no necessity to establish a new entity and transfer assets to it. As FDIC’s history of resolution demonstrates, this is a relatively straightforward process where the assets are all in one country and governed by the laws of that country. The chapter considers the basic mechanics of a direct bail-in, its impact on the pricing of the debt of the bank concerned, the interaction of the regime with private recapitalization, with subordinated and contingent capital and asset transfers.

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44

Abhishek, Abhishek, and Michael Doherty. Investigations of calcium pyrophosphate deposition. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0051.

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Joint aspiration and microscopic examination of the aspirated synovial fluid remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD). If synovial fluid aspiration is not feasible, plain radiography and/or ultrasound scanning may be used to detect chondrocalcinosis (CC) which predominantly occurs due to calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals, and this can be used as a diagnostic surrogate for CPPD as suggested by the EULAR Task Force. Acute CPP crystal arthritis often associates with a brisk acute phase response (elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), plasma viscosity) and neutrophilia. A mildly raised CRP and/or ESR may be present in chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. On the contrary, asymptomatic CC, or CPPD with osteoarthritis does not cause raised acute phase reactants. As CPPD most commonly occurs due to increasing age and osteoarthritis, investigations to screen for underlying metabolic abnormalities should be carried out in those with early-onset CPPD (under 55 years), or in those with florid polyarticular CC. As hyperparathyroidism gets more common with ageing its presence should be specifically sought in all age groups. Tests for other predisposing metabolic conditions should only be carried out in the presence of specific clinical features. Genotyping for mutations, especially in the ANKH gene, may be warranted in those with a family history of premature CPPD and no evidence of inherited metabolic predisposition, but such testing is unavailable to most clinicians.

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45

von der Goltz, Anna. The Other '68ers. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849520.001.0001.

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This is the first book about West German centre-right students in 1968, a major moment of political and cultural contestation in the Federal Republic and indeed across much of the globe. Based on interviews with former activists and a wealth of new archival sources, it examines the ideas, experiences, and repertoires of activists we do not normally associate with 1968. Writing them back into the history of 1968 and its afterlives, as this book does, reveals that the protest movement of these years was a broader, more politically versatile, and, ultimately, even more consequential phenomenon than the traditionally narrower focus on left-wing radicals allows. Many of the protagonists of this book would later play major roles in Christian Democratic politics, especially during the era of Helmut Kohl. By tracing their influence on German political culture, this study helps us to understand why the age of Christian Democracy was interrupted but never really ended in the Federal Republic—at least until now.

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46

Kurt T, Lash. The Lost History of the Ninth Amendment. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372618.001.0001.

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The Ninth Amendment has had a remarkably robust history, playing a role in almost every significant constitutional debate in American history, including the controversy over the Alien and Sedition Acts, the struggle over slavery, and the constitutionality of the New Deal. Until very recently, however, this history has been almost completely lost due to a combination of historical accident, mistaken assumptions, and misplaced historical documents. Drawing upon a wide range of primary sources, most never before included in any book on the Ninth Amendment or the Bill of Rights, this book recovers the lost history of the Ninth Amendment and explores how its original understanding can be applied to protect the people's retained rights today. The most important aspect of this book is its presentation of newly uncovered historical evidence which calls into question the currently presumed meaning and application of the Ninth Amendment. The evidence not only challenges the traditional view regarding the original meaning of the Ninth Amendment, it also falsifies the common assumption that the Amendment lay dormant prior to the Supreme Court's “discovery” of the clause in Griswold v. Connecticut . As a history of the Ninth Amendment, the book recapitulates the history of federalism in America and the idea that local self-government is a right retained by the people. This issue has particular contemporary salience as the Supreme Court considers whether states have the right to authorize medicinal use of marijuana, refuse to assist the enforcement of national laws like the Patriot Act, or regulate physician-assisted suicide. The meaning of the Ninth Amendment has played a key role in past Senate confirmation hearings for Supreme Court justices and the current divide on the Court regarding the meaning of the Ninth Amendment makes it likely the subject will come up again during the next set of hearings.

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47

Demshuk, Andrew. The Buildup to Detonation in 1968. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645120.003.0005.

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The final progression toward demolishing the University Church in 1968 reveals a regime that not only veiled the whole affair in secrecy, but strove to more effectively terrify and divide its opponents through vain promises and active intimidation. But the State had underestimated public resilience. Using a lively and diverse series of protest letters, interview transcripts, and on-site accounts, the coming pages exhibit how pending demolition of Leipzig’s University Church prompted the largest case of unrest in East German history between the 1953 Uprising and 1989 Revolution. Fear of the public ultimately prompted frantic preparations toward demolition in mere days, leading to even greater trauma and loss.

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48

Daniel, Wallace L., Roy R. Robson, and Archpriest Aleksandr Men. Women of the Catacombs. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501753657.001.0001.

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The memoirs presented in this book offer a rare close-up account of the underground Orthodox community and its priests during some of the most difficult years in Russian history. The catacomb church in the Soviet Union came into existence in the 1920s and played a significant part in Russian national life for nearly fifty years. Adherents to the Orthodox faith often referred to the catacomb church as the “light shining in the dark.” The book provides a first-hand portrait of lived religion in its social, familial, and cultural setting during this tragic period. Until now, scholars have had only brief, scattered fragments of information about Russia's illegal church organization that claimed to protect the purity of the Orthodox tradition. Vera Iakovlevna Vasilevskaia and Elena Semenovna Men, who joined the church as young women, offer evidence on how Russian Orthodoxy remained a viable, alternative presence in Soviet society, when all political, educational, and cultural institutions attempted to indoctrinate Soviet citizens with an atheistic perspective. The book's translation not only sheds light on Russia's religious and political history, but also shows how two educated women maintained their personal integrity in times when prevailing political and social headwinds moved in an opposite direction.

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49

Joanne, Foakes, and Denza Eileen. Book II Diplomatic and Consular Relations, 8 The Appointment and Functions of Consuls. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses the appointment and functions of consuls. Consuls have over recent decades become closely assimilated to diplomats in the manner of their appointment and in many of the functions they perform, though not in the methods whereby they carry out these functions. The origins and history of consuls and consular posts are however quite distinct from those of diplomats and diplomatic missions. In modern practice, consuls are appointed by the government of a State to protect the practical, legal, and commercial interests of its own nationals in another State. Their contacts for this purpose with the host State are with regional, local, or police authorities rather than with the ministry of foreign affairs or other departments of central government.

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Compston, Alastair. Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0871.

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The oligodendrocyte–myelin unit subserves saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse in the healthy central nervous system. At one time, many disease processes were thought exclusively to target the structure and function of myelin. Therefore, they were designated ‘demyelinating diseases’. But recent analyses, based mainly on pathological and imaging studies, (re)emphasize that axons are also directly involved in these disorders during both the acute and chronic phases. Another ambiguity is the extent to which these are inflammatory conditions. Here, distinctions should be made between inflammation, as a generic process, and autoimmunity in which rather a specific set of aetiological and mechanistic conditions pertain. And there are differences between disorders that are driven primarily by immune processes and those in which inflammation occurs in response to pre-existing tissue damage.With these provisos, the pathological processes of demyelination and associated axonal dysfunction often account for episodic neurological symptoms and signs referable to white matter tracts of the brain, optic nerves, or spinal cord when these occur in young people. This is the clinical context in which the possibility of ‘demyelinating disease’ is usually considered by physicians and, increasingly, the informed patient. Neurologists will, with appropriate cautions, also be prepared to diagnose demyelinating disease in older patients presenting with progressive symptoms implicating these same pathways even when there is no suggestive past history. Both in its typical and atypical forms multiple sclerosis remains by far the commonest demyelinating disease. But acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, the leucodystrophies, and central pontine myelinolysis also need to be considered in particular circumstances; and multiple sclerosis itself has a differential diagnosis in which the relapsing-remitting course is mimicked by conditions not associated with direct injury to the axon–glial unit. Since our understanding of the cause, pathogenesis and features of demyelinating disease remains incomplete, classification combines aspects of the aetiology, clinical features, pathology, and laboratory components. Whether the designation ‘multiple sclerosis’ encapsulates one or more conditions is now much debated. We anticipate that a major part of future studies in demyelinating disease will be further to resolve this question of disease heterogeneity leading to a new taxonomy based on mechanisms rather than clinical empiricism. But, for now, the variable ages of onset, unpredictable clinical course, protean clinical manifestations, and non-specific laboratory investigations continue to make demyelinating disease one of the more challenging diagnostic areas in clinical neurology.

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