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Journal articles on the topic 'Open and closed aperture Z scan'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Edziah, Raymond. "High Repetition-Rate Laser Z-Scan Measurements: Criterion for Recognizing Adverse Thermal Effects." Applied Physics Research 11, no. 2 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v11n2p73.

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This study reports z-scan measurements in which high-repetition-rate and reduced repetition-rate (pulse-picked) laser beams were employed using a standard sample, carbon disulfide (CS2) contained in supposedly high damage-threshold spectroscopic-grade pristine fused-quartz cuvettes. The results suggest that at reduced repetition rates, the closed aperture z-scan profile for CS2 displays the expected configuration. However, at high repetition-rates the closed aperture z-scans are distinctly different resulting in unexpectedly large nonlinear refractive index of CS2 due to thermal effects that resulted in below-threshold laser-induced damage of the cuvettes. Normaski microscope images confirm the damage and open aperture z-scan study of the damaged fused-quartz cuvettes yielded about two orders of magnitude enhancement in the nonlinear absorption coefficient of silica. Based on these findings, the necessary criterion for recognizing below-threshold laser-induced damage in any high-repetition-rate laser z-scan measurement has been formulated in order to help avoid erroneous interpretation of the origin and strength of nonlinear response in such studies.

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Nguyen, Lam Thanh, Nghia Tran Hong, Cam Tu Bui Thi, and Anh Quynh Le. "The numerical methods for analyzing the Z-scan data." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 23, no. 02 (2014): 1450020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863514500209.

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In this paper, we are dedicated to exemplifying a two parameter curve fitting method and developing a Matlab-based simulation program to extract the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient from closed-aperture Z-scan or R(z) data without the need for performing open-aperture Z-scan measurement. It should be noted, however, that both approaches can only be applicable to a case for which the on-axis phase shift at the focus is small. In this way, we not only determine the nonlinear parameters quickly with reasonable accuracy, as well as save time, efforts and equipment in the process of Z-scan implementation, but also obtain an initial estimate in order to compare with the results of the open-aperture Z-scan measurement when needed.

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Hadi, Mahasin F., Eman Mohi Alwaan, and Wafaa Hameed Abass. "Nonlinear Optical Characteristics of Crystal VioletDye Doped Polystyrene Films by Using Z-Scan Technique." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 27, no. 5 (2017): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v27i5.172.

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Z-scan technique was employed to study the nonlinear optical properties (nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient) for crystal violet doped polystyrene films as a function of doping ratio in chloroform solvent. Samples exhibits in closed aperture Z-scan positive nonlinear refraction (self-focusing). While in the open aperture Z-scan gives reverse saturation absorption (RSA) (positive absorption) for all film with different doping ratio making samples candidates for optical limiting devices for protection of sensors and eyes from energetic laser light pulses under the experimental conditions.

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Liu, Xiangming, and Yasuo Tomita. "Closed-Aperture Z-Scan Analysis for Nonlinear Media with Saturable Absorption and Simultaneous Third- and Fifth-Order Nonlinear Refraction." Physics Research International 2012 (August 7, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/161572.

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We present a theory of open- and closed-aperture Gaussian beam Z-scan for nonlinear optical materials with saturable absorption and high-order nonlinear refraction. We show that an approximate expression for a transmitted intensity through the nonlinear optical material is possible by means of the Adomian’s decomposition method and the thin film approximation. The theory is applied to semiconductor CdSe quantum dot-polymer nanocomposite films. It is shown that the theory well explains measured results of open- and closed-aperture transmittances in the Z-scan setup. It is also shown that the nanocomposite film possesses simultaneous third- and fifth-order nonlinear refraction as well as saturable absorption of a homogeneously broadened type.

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GUO, SHENG-LI, LI XU, JUN YAN, HUI-TIAN WANG, XIAO-ZENG YOU, and N. B. MING. "AN ACCURATE METHOD FOR EXTRACTING NONLINEAR REFRACTION BY Z-SCAN TECHNIQUE IN THE PRESENCE OF NONLINEAR ABSORPTION." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 12, no. 03 (2003): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863503001481.

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We suggest an accurate method for extracting nonlinear refraction from the closed aperture Z-scan transmittance curve with the aid of the open aperture Z-scan transmittance curve; this method possesses very high accuracy, especially, in the presence of nonlinear absorption and/or for the larger linear transmittance of the aperture. The relative error of the results given by our method is only weakly dependent on the intensity of the incident light; which is a significant advantage over other methods. This method is also demonstrated experimentally on a solution of Ni(mpo) 2 complex.

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GUO, SHENG-LI, HUI-TIAN WANG, N. B. MING, JUN-YONG ZHANG, and ZHI-JIAN GUO. "INVESTIGATION OF NEAR TWO-PHOTON RESONANCE OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES IN Ni(Ac)2[N-(8-QUINOLYL) PYRIDINE-2-CARBOXAMIDE] · 4H2O BY THE Z-SCAN TECHNIQUE." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 12, no. 01 (2003): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863503001225.

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We describe a modified Z-scan technique for the case when nonlinear refraction is accompanied by nonlinear absorption to separately evaluate the nonlinear refraction and the nonlinear absorption by performing straightforward measurements with the aperture removed. We divide the closed aperture (S < 1) normalized Z-scan by a scan with an open aperture (S = 1). With nanosecond scale at a 532 nm wavelength, we first measured the nonlinear optical absorption and refraction coefficients of a solution of Ni(Ac)2[N-(8-quinolyl) pyridine-2-carboxamide] · 4H2O by using the modified Z-scan technique. The nonlinear absorption originates from the near resonant two-photon absorption while the mechanism of the nonlinear refraction is the near resonant two-photon absorption transition enhancement. The linear increasing dependences of the optical nonlinearities on the incident irradiance arise from the population redistribution due to the near resonant two-photon absorption.

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Nader, Rajaa, Slafa I. Ibrahim Ibrahim, and Ali H. Al-Hamdani. "Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Anthocyanin Dye from Red Cabbage in Different pH Solutions." Baghdad Science Journal 20, no. 3(Suppl.) (2023): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7461.

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This article studied some linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of different pH solutions from anthocyanin dye extract at 180 oC from red cabbage. First, the linear spectral characteristics, including absorption and transmittance in the range 400-800 nm for anthocyanin solution 5% v/v with different pHs, were achieved utilizing a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The experimental results reveal a shift in the absorption toward the longer wavelength direction as pH values increment. Then, the nonlinear features were measured using the Z-scan technique with a CW 532 nm laser to measure the nonlinear absorption coefficient through an open aperture. A close aperture (diameter 2 mm) calculates the nonlinear refractive index. The open Z-scan shows that as the pH increases, the sample decreases transmittance, indicative a two-photon absorption process, and the samples act as a collecting lens for the laser beam. In contrast, the results with a closed Z-scan indicate that the nonlinear absorption coefficient displays a self-focusing nonlinearity. Also, the nonlinear susceptibility decreased by increasing the value of the pH solution. Due to obvious anthocyanin dye nonlinearity dependence value on dye pH, it is possible to use the natural anthocyanin dye as a photonic device

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NOORALDEEN, AHMAD Y., A. N. DHINAA, and P. K. PALANISAMY. "NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ACID ORANGE 10 DYE BY Z-SCAN TECHNIQUE USINGAr+LASER." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 16, no. 03 (2007): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863507003743.

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Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the aqueous solution of Acid Orange 10 dye have been studied using the closed aperture and open aperture Z-scan technique at different concentrations and various powers of Ar+laser at 488 nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) shows negative nonlinearity for all concentrations studied, and it is measured to be -13.5 × 10-9cm2/ W at 0.05 mM concentration. Moreover, the nonlinear refractive index is found to vary with intensity and concentration. The nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) is measured to be -3.8 × 10-4cm/W . Optical limiting behavior has been demonstrated for this dye. These results show that Acid Orange 10 dye has potential applications in nonlinear optics.

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Hamad, Syed, Surya P. Tewari, L. Giribabu, and S. Venugopal Rao. "Picosecond and femtosecond optical nonlinearities of novel corroles." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 16, no. 01 (2012): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108842461200446x.

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We present our results from the experimental and modeling studies of picosecond (ps) and femtosecond (fs) nonlinearities of two novel corroles (a) tritolyl corrole (TTC) (b) triphenyl corrole (TPC) using the Z-scan technique. Both open and closed aperture Z-scan curves were recorded with ~2 ps/~40 fs laser pulses at a wavelength of 800 nm and nonlinear optical coefficients were extracted for both studies. Both the molecules possessed negative nonlinear refractive index (n2) as revealed by signature of the closed aperture data in both (ps and fs) time domains. Picosecond nonlinear absorption data of TPC obtained at a concentration of 5 × 10-4 M demonstrated complex behavior with switching from reverse saturable absorption (RSA) within saturable absorption (SA) at lower peak intensities to RSA at higher peak intensities. TTC data recorded at the similar concentration exhibited saturable absorption (SA) type of behavior at lower peak intensities to switching from RSA with in SA at higher peak intensities. At a concentration of 2.5 × 10-4 M, the ps open aperture data at higher peak intensities illustrated effective three-photon absorption (3PA) for both the molecules. We also report the picosecond spectral dependent Z-scan studies performed at 680 nm, 700 nm, and 740 nm. Nonlinear absorption and refraction of both the samples at these three wavelengths were studied in detail. Femtosecond nonlinear absorption data of TPC and TTC demonstrated the behavior of saturable absorption (SA) at a concentration of 1 × 10-3 M. Solvent contribution to the nonlinearity was also identified. We have also evaluated the sign and magnitude of third order nonlinearity. We discuss the nonlinear optical performance of these organic molecules.

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Hussein, Mohammed T., and Reem R. Mohammed. "Study the Nonlinearity Characteristics of Organic-Semiconductor (CuPc) Prepared Via Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique with Different Thickness." Nano Hybrids and Composites 27 (November 2019): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.27.11.

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The optical absorption spectrum, Photoluminesces, and non-linear optical properties for Copper Phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin films (150,300 and 450 nm) respectively have been investigated via pulsed laser deposition technique. The absorption spectrum indicted that there are two bands one in UV around 330 nm which called B-band and the second in Visible around 650nm which called Q-band. Photoluminescence spectrum related to deposit samples has been determined with different thicknesses. From closed and open aperture Z-scan data non-linear absorption coefficient and non-linear refractive index have been calculated respectively using He-Ne laser which have beam waist of (24.2 μm), wave-length of (632.8 nm) and Rayleigh thickness was 2.9 mm. Through dividing closed by open apertures, non-linear refractive index was calculated accurately. Finally, the study also showed the suitability of the deposited films as an optical limiter at the wavelength 632.8 nm.

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Zhong, Zhi Cheng, Shao Hua Qu, Xiang Dong Ji, Jie Bo Hu, and Duan Ming Zhang. "Optical Nonlinearities of Epitaxial KTa_0.65Nb_0.35O₃ Thin Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition on (100) SrTiO₃." Advanced Materials Research 181-182 (January 2011): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.181-182.212.

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Perovskite KTa0.65Nb0.35O3 (KTN) thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on single crystal SrTiO3 (100) substrates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses illustrate epitaxially grown of KTN thin films along the (100) orientation. The surface morphology of films observed by atomic force microscope (AFM) showed that, the surface of films was smooth and uniform built from regular, ordered and dense grains with the root mean square (RMS) roughness of 5.602 nm. Linear and third-order nonlinear optical properties of the films were investigated by using transmission spectra as well as the Z-scan technique with femtosecond laser pulses, respectively. The open-aperture and closed-aperture Z-scan curves of KTN thin films were obtained in the first measurement. The calculated nonlinear refractive index was , the nonlinear absorption coefficient is = , and the real part and imaginary part of the third order nonlinear susceptibility are and respectively.

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HASSAN, QUSAY MOHAMMED ALI. "NONLINEAR OPTICAL AND OPTICAL LIMITING PROPERTIES OF CHICAGO SKY BLUE 6B DOPED PVA FILM AT 633 NM AND 532 NM STUDIED USING A CONTINUOUS WAVE LASER." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 16 (2008): 1589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908016248.

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We present our results on nonlinear optical (NLO) of chicago sky blue 6B doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film. This film was studied at 633 nm and 532 nm using a continuous wave laser. We have evaluated the sign and magnitude of the third-order nonlinearity from the closed aperture Z-scan data while the nonlinear absorption properties were assessed using the open aperture data. The chicago sky blue 6B doped PVA film exhibited nonlinear saturated absorption and strong self-defocusing effect. The limiting effect of the sample was studied and the results indicate that the film possesses good characteristic of optical limiting.

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HUSSAIN, S. A., A. S. HADI, and F. A. NAJIM. "INVESTIGATING THE NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CuS THIN FILMS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION USING Z-SCAN TECHNIQUE." Chalcogenide Letters 17, no. 6 (2020): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2020.176.315.

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CuS thin films were participated onto glass substrate by using chemical Bath Deposition method at (75οC) for (1hr) with different concentrations (0.03,0.05 and 0.08)M of Thiourea (TU) and Copper Chloride with molar ratio (0.01 ) have been used for solution preparation. As deposition and annealed films were studied. Non-linear absorption coefficient is measured by using Z-Scan technology and it consists of two sections. The first section is closed opening were located before detector to calculate the non-linear refractive index. Whereas the second section, were aperture located before the detector (the open aperture) is taken to calculate the non-linear absorption coefficient. Both cases are done with a CW laser with a wavelength of 650 nm and a power of 50 MW

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Rajaa Nader, K. "Spectral and Nonlinear Properties of Coconut Oil." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2114, no. 1 (2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2114/1/012035.

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Abstract In this research, the spectral properties of Absorption and Fluorescence of synthetic coconut oil (Local made) have been studied. It was found that the efficiency of coconut oil equal to (3.276%). In addition, non-linear optical properties represented by the refractive index (n2) and absorption coefficient(β) have been calculatal using three –dimensioual scanning technigue (z-scan and Helium Neom laser. Refractive inex (n2=4.231×10-7 cm2/mW) and absorption coefficient (β= 0.72373 cm/mW) have been measured from Closed-aperture part and Open-aperture part, respectively. Coconut oil has non-linear properties, where it can be utilize in nonlinear spectral applications, especially in the study the living tissue through its application and its treatment with laser.

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Razvi, M. A. N., S. M. Afzal, Salman A. Khan та Ahmed H. Bakry. "An Efficient Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Property of Donor (D) -π-Acceptor (A) Chalcone (DDFP)". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 234, № 1 (2020): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2019-1371.

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Abstract3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2,5-dimethylfuran-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (DDFP), is prepared by the equimolar ratio of 1-(2,5-dimethylfuran)ethan-1-one and 3,4, dimethoxy benzaldehyde under ultrasonic irradiation. Structure of DDFP was established by the FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The nonlinear optical properties of this dye using the z-scan technique with a cw argon ion laser at 514.5 nm are studied. Both the closed and open aperture z-scan data is used to estimate the nonlinear refractive index n2 and the nonlinear absorption coefficient β respectively. The measurements are carried out at five concentrations as well as at five laser powers. The values obtained are relatively very high and vary linearly with concentration. The studies on optical limiting behavior of this dye are also reported here.

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Pan, Han, Hongwei Chu, Zhongben Pan, et al. "Large-scale monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) for mid-infrared photonics." Nanophotonics 9, no. 16 (2020): 4703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0331.

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AbstractMid-infrared (MIR) photonics has attracted tremendous interest because of its broad applications at atmospheric windows. In this work, we report high-performance MIR photonics based on large-scale and good-quality monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The open-aperture Z-scan measurement on the nonlinear saturable absorption features shows that the as-grown monolayer MoS2 possesses a modulation depth of 26% and a low saturable intensity of 271 kW/cm2, enabling its application as an excellent saturable absorber for the MIR pulse generation. This is further evident by the measured high effective nonlinear absorption coefficient βeff (−16 cm/MW). In addition, the two-photon absorption coefficient and the nonlinear refractive index of monolayer MoS2 are also determined by the closed-aperture Z-scan technology. As an application, we demonstrate a passively Q-switched Tm,Ho:CaLu0.1Gd0.9AlO4 (Tm,Ho:CLGA) disordered crystal laser at 2.1 μm by using the monolayer MoS2 as the saturable absorber for the first time, producing a minimum pulse width of 765 ns and a pulse repetition rate of 36 kHz. Our results demonstrate that large-scale monolayer MoS2 is a promising candidate for the MIR photonic applications.

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Krishna, Narra Vamsi, Puliparambil Thilakan Anusha, S. Venugopal Rao, and L. Giribabu. "Optical, electrochemical and third-order nonlinear optical studies of triphenylamine substituted zinc phthalocyanine." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 20, no. 08n11 (2016): 1173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424616500838.

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Zinc phthalocyanine possessing triphenylamine at its peripheral position has been synthesized and its optical, emission, electrochemical and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were investigated. Soret band was broadened due to the presence of triphenylamine moiety. Electrochemical properties indicated that both oxidation and reduction processes were ring centered. Emission spectra were recorded in different solvents and the fluorescence yields obtained were in the range of 0.02–0.17 while the time-resolved fluorescence data revealed radiative lifetimes of typically few ns. Third-order NLO properties of this molecule have been examined using the Z-scan technique with picosecond (ps) and femtoseocnd (fs) pulses. Closed and open aperture Z-scan data were recorded with 2 ps/1 50 fs laser pulses at a wavelength of 800 nm and NLO coefficients were extracted from both the data. Our data clearly suggests the potential of this molecule for photonics applications.

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Aithal, Shubrajyotsna, P. S. Aithal, and G. K. Bhat. "CW Optical Limiting Study in Disperse Yellow Dye-doped PMMA-MA Polymer Films." IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) 5, no. 3 (2016): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v5.n3.p4.

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<div><p><em>Molecules with high two-photon absorption (TPA) cross section and the molecules which have reverse saturation absorption (RSA) cross section are of great interest today because of their application in three-dimensional optical data storage and photonic switches. During last forty years, several techniques have been developed to determine the two-photon absorption cross-sections and reverse saturation absorption cross-sections of the materials. This includes direct methods, such as nonlinear transmission and Z-scan methods and indirect methods, such as two-photon excited fluorescence and two-photon pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy. During recent years, the organic dye-doped polymer films getting more attention due to their advantages to fabricate photonics devices. In this paper, we have studied the nonlinear optical properties like nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of an azo dye Disperse yellow-7 (DY-7) doped in Polymethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMMA-MA) polymer matrix using open aperture and closed aperture Z-scan experimental methods using continuous wave (CW) laser. The optical limiting properties of these films are also studied in Type 1 and Type 2 configurations at different input power using continuous wave (CW) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength.</em></p></div>

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Shubrajyotsna, Aithal, S. Aithal P., and K. Bhat G. "TYPE 1 & TYPE 2 OPTICAL LIMITING STUDIES IN DISPERSE ORANGE-25 DYE-DOPED PMMA-MA POLYMER FILMS USING CW LASER." International Journal of Applied and Advanced Scientific Research 1, no. 1 (2016): 196–208. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.208184.

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Materials with exceptional third order nonlinear optical properties are critical to the continuing development of photonics and electro-optical devices such as those used in optical communications, networking, optical computation for signal processing, and data storage devices. The nonlinear optical material research is generally focussed on improving the efficiency of optical wavelength conversion, optical amplification, nonlinear absorption, refractive index changes etc. which are input light intensity dependent. During last few years, the organic dye-doped polymer films are getting more attention due to their advantages in fabricatingoptimum photonics devices. In this paper, we have studied the nonlinear optical properties like nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of an azo dye Disperse Orange-25 (DO-25) doped in Polymethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMMA-MA) polymer matrix using open aperture and closed aperture Z-scan experimental methods for continuous wave (CW) laser input. The optical limiting properties of these films are also studied using Type 1 and Type 2 configurations at different input power using continuous wave (CW) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength.The nonlinear absorption coefficient, nonlinear refractive index, and saturated output power for type 1 and type 2 optical limiting are determined.

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Kaniyarakkal, Sharafudeen, Tiny Thomas, Saravana Kumar Sadagopalan, et al. "Synthesis, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Ag/Al2O3 Nanocomposites." Materials 15, no. 18 (2022): 6322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186322.

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This work reports a detailed study of the synthesis, characterization and third-order nonlinear optical properties of Ag and Al2O3 nanoparticles and their polymer nanocomposites. Ag and Al2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the purity and the crystalline nature of the sample and revealed the crystallite size. The linear optical properties and the structural morphology of the nanoparticles were confirmed using UV–visible spectroscopy and SEM analysis. The prepared nanoparticles were introduced into the polymer matrix by the spin-coating technique. Open-aperture and closed-aperture Z-scan technique was used to study the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of the samples under a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm. The observed third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)) was on the order of 10−6 esu, which indicates that these materials are potential candidates for photonic applications.

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Swain, Debasis, Varun K. Singh, Narra V. Krishna, L. Giribabu, and S. Venugopal Rao. "Optical, electrochemical, third-order nonlinear optical, and excited state dynamics studies of thio-zinc phthalocyanine." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 18, no. 04 (2014): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424614500035.

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Zinc phthalocyanine with S-aryl groups at α-positions have been synthesized and its optical, emission, electrochemical and third-order nonlinear optical properties were investigated. Both the Soret and Q-bands were red-shifted and obeyed Beer–Lambert's law. Electrochemical properties indicated that both oxidation and reduction processes were ring centered. Emission spectra were recorded in different solvents and the fluorescence yields obtained were in the range of 0.02 while time-resolved fluorescence data revealed lifetimes of typically few ns. Excited state dynamics in this novel thio-zinc phthalocyanine molecule has been investigated using femtosecond (fs) degenerate pump-probe spectroscopy. Nonlinear optical properties of this molecule have been examined using the Z-scan technique with picosecond (ps) and fs pulses. Both open and closed aperture Z-scan curves were recorded with ~2 ps/~150 fs laser pulses at a wavelength of 800 nm and nonlinear optical coefficients were extracted from both the studies. Degenerate pump-probe data performed at 600 nm suggested a single long lifetime of ~300 ps, possibly originating from the non-radiative decay of S1 state.

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Anis, Mohd, S. S. Hussaini, M. D. Shirsat, and G. G. Muley. "Investigation on nonlinear optical and dielectric properties of L-arginine doped ZTC crystal to explore photonic device applications." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 3 (2016): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0070.

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AbstractThe present study is focused to explore the photonic device applications of L-arginine doped ZTC (LA-ZTC) crystals using nonlinear optical (NLO) and dielectric studies. The LA-ZTC crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution technique. The chemical composition and surface of LA-ZTC crystal have been analyzed by means of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and surface scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The Vicker’s microhardness study has been carried out to determine the hardness, work hardening index, yield strength and elastic stiffness of LA-ZTC crystal. The enhanced SHG efficiency of LA-ZTC crystal has been ascertained using the Kurtz-Perry powder SHG test. The closed-and-open aperture Z-scan technique has been employed to confirm the third order nonlinear optical nature of LA-ZTC crystal. The Z-scan transmittance data has been utilized to calculate the superior cubic susceptibility, nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption coefficient and figure of merit of LA-ZTC crystal. The behavior of dielectric constant and dielectric loss of LA-ZTC crystal at different temperatures has been investigated using the dielectric analysis.

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Gupta, Rahul Kumar, Sachin Verma, Sumit Singhal, Surya Kant, and Debabrata Goswami. "Investigating the effects of intermolecular interactions on nonlinear optical properties of binary mixtures with high repetition rate femtosecond laser pulses." PeerJ Physical Chemistry 4 (June 7, 2022): e23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-pchem.23.

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Measurements of nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of different binary mixtures having carbon disulfide (CS2) as the common component, namely CS2-acetone, CS2-cyclopentanone, CS2-toluene, and CS2-carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), are carried out by using the z-scan technique. Open-aperture z-scan (OAZS) and close-aperture z-scan (CAZS) experiments are performed to determine the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n2) of all binary liquid mixtures at various compositions of the components by employing a pulsed, high repetition rate (HRR) femtosecond laser. Also, we were able to use the flowing liquid to measure NLO properties in the CS2-acetone binary mixture to remove the cumulative thermal effects produced due to the pulsed HRR laser light. Nonlinear refractive index (n2) values are found to be influenced by the weak dipole-induced dipole intermolecular interactions between the nonpolar CS2 and polar acetone as well as cyclopentanone of the respective binary mixtures. On the contrary n2 values are not found to be affected by the intermolecular interactions in CS2-toluene and CS2-CCl4 binary mixtures. In comparison, the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) values are not found to be affected by the same in all different sets of binary mixtures.

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Kiran John, U., and Siby Mathew. "Investigation on nonlinear optical and optical limiting properties of Cd_0.7Zn_0.3Te quantum dots." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2357, no. 1 (2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2357/1/012011.

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Ternary alloyed Cd0.7Zn0.3Te colloidal quantum dots were synthesized under open atmosphere conditions. The Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dots were characterized under XRD studies, DLS technique and optical absorption measurements. Using tauc and urbach relation the optical energy bandgap and urbach energy were obtained. The intensity depended nonlinear optical parameters of Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dots were determined with Z-scan experimental setup using a green laser source working on continuous wave mode. The nonlinear absorption coefficient β, along with optical limiting capacity of Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot is investigated through the open aperture set up. The transmittance of Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot showed a sharp dip at the maximum intensity point of the laser which indicates reverse saturable absorption. The optical limiting threshold value for Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot was obtained around 4.6 KJ/cm2. The nonlinear refractive index of Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot is find out using closed aperture set up. The nonlinear refractive index with a negative sign was obtained for the Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot which is attributed to the self-defocusing phenomena. The nonlinear studies indicate that the sample exhibits good nonlinear properties and find applications in optical limiting materials.

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P., A. Praveen, Ramesh Babu R., and Ramamurthi K. "Theoretical and experimental investigations on linear and nonlinear optical response of metal complexes doped PMMA films." Materials Research Express 4 (February 22, 2017): 025024. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa5cda.

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Metal organic complexes, diaceto bis benzimidazole cobalt(II) and diaceto bis benzimidazole copper(II), are synthesized by a simple chemical route. The synthesized powders are doped in PMMA with 1, 3, 5 wt% and deposited as free standing films of thickness ∼1 μm. For theoretical simulation, metal organic complex (MOC) embedded into the PMMA matrix is subjected to polarizability and hyperpolarizability calculations using the PM6 algorithm in MOPAC2012 package. It is found that the minimum interaction distance between PMMA and MOC is about 34 nm and does not vary with respect to the dopant. The copper complex shows higher interaction energy with the polymer matrix than the cobalt complex. Time dependent Hartree Fock approach is used to calculate the α, β and γ values for static, 0.25 and 0.5 eV energies; the cobalt complex shows higher polarizability and hyperpolarizability than the copper complex. Experimentally, the optical absorption, thermo-optic coefficient, nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index of the samples are determined. The thermo-optic coefficients of the samples are seen to increase with increasing dopant concentration. From open aperture Z-scan studies the films are found to exhibit reverse saturable absorption behaviour, and from the closed aperture Z-scan all samples are found to exhibit self-focusing effects. The calculated third order susceptibility is in the order of 10 −5 esu. The optical limiting properties are studied at 650 nm using a 20 mW laser and all the samples are found to exhibit good optical limiting in the operating wavelength.

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Yaseen, Hanaa M., Slafa I. Ibrahim, and Rajaa Nader Ketan. "Optical Characteristics of Vitamin D3 Soft Gel." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 19, no. 50 (2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v19i50.660.

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In this work, the linear properties of Vitamin D3-5000IU soft gel were investigated by measuring its absorption and fluorescence spectra. It was observed that there was a shift towards longer wavelength within limits (75 nm), with quantitative efficiency equal to (33.58%). The values of absorbance were used to calculate the extinction coefficient, optical refractive index, optical conductivity and optical dielectric constant values. The non-linear properties of Vitamin D3-5000IU soft gel was also studied using the Z-Scan technique by using Neodymium-doped Yttrium Garnet (Nd: YAG) continuous laser (CW) emitting in (532 nm) wavelength, by utilize open aperture to measure nonlinear absorption coefficient and close aperture (diameter 1.5mm) to measure nonlinear refractive index. The sample behaves as two-photon absorption, and the nonlinear refractive index was positive.

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Anis, Mohd, G. G. Muley, Mohd Shkir, S. Alfaify, and H. A. Ghramh. "Comparative analysis on microhardness and third order nonlinear optical traits of pure and Nd3+ doped zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystal." Materials Science-Poland 36, no. 3 (2018): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2018-0069.

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AbstractPresent investigation is aimed to explore the single crystal growth, microhardness and third order nonlinear optical (TONLO) properties of Nd3+ doped zinc tris-thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystal. The commercial slow solvent evaporation technique has been chosen to grow a good quality ZTS (12 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.3 mm) and Nd3+ doped ZTS (11 mm × 0.6 mm × 0.4 mm) single crystals. Vickers microhardness test has been employed to analyze the influence of Nd3+ dopant on the hardness behavior of ZTS single crystal. The TONLO effects occurring in Nd3+ doped ZTS single crystal have been evaluated by means of Z-scan technique using a He–Ne laser operating at 632.8 nm. The close and open aperture Z-scan configuration have been used to determine the nature of TONLO refraction n2 and absorption β, respectively. The magnitudes of vital TONLO parameters, such as refraction n2, absorption coefficient β, figure of merit and susceptibility χ3 of the Nd3+ doped ZTS single crystal, have been determined using Z-scan transmittance data. The n2, β, and χ3 of Nd3+ doped ZTS single crystal were found to be of the order of 10−10 cm2/W, 10−6cm/W and 10−5 esu, respectively.

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Dehghani, Z., F. Ostovari, and M. Nadafan. "Investigation of the structural, dielectric, and optical properties of MoSe₂ nanosheets." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 21 (2022): 213101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088016.

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In this research, solvothermal synthesized MoSe2 nanosheets were analyzed to determine their structure and optical properties. Measurements through atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of MoSe2 nanosheets. The energy-dispersive x-ray results revealed the presence of high-purity MoSe2 and an atomic percentage ratio of Mo:Se ∼ 1:1.93. Additionally, x-ray diffraction and Raman showed the crystal structure of MoSe2 and the existence of a two-dimensional (2D) layer, respectively. The linear optical properties of the MoSe2 nanosheets were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the Kramers–Kronig method. The FTIR research indicated the vibrational modes of several chemical groups, thus proving the presence of MoSe2 ions. For the varying concentrations of MoSe2 nanosheets in dimethylformamide, the third-order nonlinear optical properties of MoSe2 nanosheets were determined in detail using the Z-scan approach and a continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser. As the transmittance measurements in an open aperture Z-scan setup indicated, all the synthetized samples had saturable absorption. Similar investigations using a close-aperture Z-scan technique proved that all samples had nonlinear refractive indices in the range of 10−7 cm2/W with a positive sign and self-focusing behavior. Moreover, the third-order susceptibility and the figure of merit were found to be in the order of 10−5 esu and 10−4 esu cm, respectively. The findings of this study provide insight about modified 2D materials and expand the use of MoSe2 nanosheets in photonic devices.

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Mohammed, Reem Rafea, and Mohammed T. Hussein. "Linear and Non-Linear Optical Properties for Organic Semiconductor (CuPc) Thin Films." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 19, no. 48 (2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v19i48.639.

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Thin films of CuPc of various thicknesses (150,300 and 450) nm have been deposited using pulsed laser deposition technique at room temperature. The study showed that the spectra of the optical absorption of the thin films of the CuPc are two bands of absorption one in the visible region at about 635 nm, referred to as Q-band, and the second in ultra-violet region where B-band is located at 330 nm. CuPc thin films were found to have direct band gap with values around (1.81 and 3.14 (eV respectively. The vibrational studies were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Finally, From open and closed aperture Z-scan data non-linear absorption coefficient and non-linear refractive index have been calculated respectively using He-Ne laser which have beam waist of (24.2 μm), wave-length of (632.8 nm) and Rayleigh thickness was 2.9 mm.

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Chakravarthy, Giridhar, Srinivasa Rao Allam, Alok Sharan, et al. "Understanding the effect of bound excitons on two photon absorption process in anatase TiO2 nanospheres using ultrafast pulses." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 25, no. 02 (2016): 1650019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863516500193.

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Nanoparticles of Titanium dioxide [Formula: see text] with its unique optical and electronic characteristics is an important material for photochemical catalysis. The efficiency of catalytic activity of [Formula: see text] anatase nanostructures is greatly influenced by the photo-generated bound excitons. It is found that the interaction of bound excitons generated in [Formula: see text] enhances the cubic nonlinearity of the system due to strong oscillation of photo-generated bound excitons. The trapped electron hole pair concentration is directly proportional to the photocatalytic efficiency of the [Formula: see text] anatase nanostructures. In our report, we show how these photo-generated bound excitons play a significant role in origin of third-order optical nonlinearities. In particular, we have measured large phase shift and seen two photon absorption process through closed and open aperture Z-scan, respectively, using femtosecond pulses at 532[Formula: see text]nm.

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Sreeramana, Aithal, Aithal Shubrajyotsna, and K. Bhat G. "Study of Third Order Optical Nonlinearity in DASPB Dye-doped Polymer Films using CW Laser." Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology (SJEAT) 2, no. 1 (2017): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.255009.

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The optimum self-focussing materials with an intensity-dependent refractive index and the realization of the ability of these materials to produce intensity dependent phase shift in all optical photonic devices have become a topic of continuous investigation. Many organic materials including dye-doped polymer films are creating interest due to their advantages in terms of enhanced efficiency, and optimum mechanical properties to fabricate reliable devices. In this paper, we have studied the nonlinear optical properties like nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of a two-photon fluorescent dye DASPB doped in Polymethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMMA-MA) polymer matrix using open aperture and closed aperture Z-scan experimental methods by means of low power continuous wave (CW) laser beam. The optical limiting properties of these films are also studied using Type 1 and Type 2 configurations at different input powers using continuous wave (CW) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index n2, nonlinear absorption coefficient β, changes in refractive index with input intensity, and the magnitude of third-order optical nonlinearity of the dye-doped film are experimentally determined. The saturated output power for type 1 and type 2 optical limiting are determined. The input limiting threshold and saturated output power level for both type 1 and type 2 optical limiting configurations are recorded. DASPB dye-doped in PMMA-MA polymer film has shown saturation absorption at lower input irradiance and reverse saturation absorption along with two-photon absorption at higher input irradiance and hence found to be a potential candidate for the third harmonic property based photonic devices.

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Abdel Samad, Fatma, Mohammed Ali Jasim, Alaa Mahmoud, et al. "Experimental Investigation of the Optical Nonlinearity of Laser-Ablated Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Femtosecond Laser Light Pulses." Nanomaterials 14, no. 23 (2024): 1940. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231940.

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In this report, the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been explored experimentally using femtosecond laser light along with the Z-scan approach. The synthesis of TiO2 NPs was carried out in distilled water through nanosecond second harmonic Nd:YAG laser ablation. Characterization of the TiO2 NPs colloids was conducted using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The TEM analysis indicated that the size distribution and average particle size of the TiO2 NPs varied from 8.3 nm to 19.1 nm, depending on the laser ablation duration. The third-order NLO properties of the synthesized TiO2 NPs were examined at different excitation laser wavelengths and incident powers through both open- and closed-aperture Z-scan techniques, utilizing a laser pulse duration of 100 fs and a high repetition rate of 80 MHz. The nonlinear absorption (NLA) coefficient and nonlinear refractive (NLR) index of the TiO2 NPs colloidal solutions were found to be influenced by the incident power, excitation wavelength, average size, and concentration of TiO2 NPs. Maximum values of 4.93 × 10⁻⁹ cm/W for the NLA coefficient and 15.39 × 10⁻15 cm2/W for the NLR index were observed at an excitation wavelength of 800 nm, an incident power of 0.6 W, and an ablation time of 15 min. The optical limiting (OL) effects of the TiO2 NPs solution at different ablation times were investigated and revealed to be concentration and average size dependent. An increase in concentration results in a more limiting effect.

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Sreeramana, Aithal, Aithal Shubrajyotsna, and K. Bhat G. "Study of Third Order Optical Nonlinearity in Disperse Orange-25 Dye-doped Polymer Films using CW Laser." International Journal of Applied Engineering and Management Letters (IJAEML) 1, no. 1 (2017): 18–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.818692.

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The organic materials with the ability of self-focusing/defocusing through their light intensity-dependent refractive index and phase shift properties are potential materials in all-optical photonic devices have become an interesting topic of continuous research. Several organic materials including dye-doped polymer films are attracting many researchers due to their advantages in terms of enhanced efficiency, and acceptable mechanical properties to fabricate useful devices. In this paper, we have reported the nonlinear optical properties like nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of an organic dye Disperse Orange-25 (DO-25) doped in Polymethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid (PMMA-MA) polymer matrix using open aperture and closed aperture Z-scan experimental methods by means of low power continuous wave (CW) laser beam. The optical limiting properties of these films are also studied using Type 1 and Type 2 configurations at different input powers using continuous wave (CW) laser beams of 532 nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index <em>n</em><sub>2</sub>, nonlinear absorption coefficient β, changes in refractive index with input intensity, and the magnitude of third-order optical nonlinearity of the dye-doped film are experimentally determined. The saturated output power for type 1 and type 2 optical limiting are determined. The input limiting threshold and saturated output power level for both type 1 and type 2 optical limiting configurations are recorded. DO-25 dye-doped in PMMA-MA polymer film has shown saturation absorption at lower input irradiance and reverse saturation absorption at higher input irradiance and hence found to be a potential candidate for the third harmonic property based photonic devices.

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ARA, M. H. MAJLES, Z. DEHGHANI, and S. SAIEVAR IRANIZAD. "SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND SINGLE-BEAM Z-SCAN MEASUREMENT OF THE THIRD-ORDER OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES OF ZnO NANO-PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 18n19 (2008): 3165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208048061.

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Nano-particle materials with large optical nonlinearities are in great need for the development of nonlinear optical technology and are being studied intensively in recent years. ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized by precipitation from zinc acetate in a series of n-alkanols from ethanol to 1-hexanol as a function of temperature. The formation and microstructure of ZnO particles were monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectrum and z-scan technique. We studied the optical limiting effect of ZnO nano-particles. Using a CW He - Ne laser at 632.8 nm. The UV-Visible spectrum of this material shows a 373.5 nm peak. Using the UV-Visible, the band gap of this nano-particle is obtained about 3.31 eV. Also the XRD spectroscopy indicates that the structure is wurtzite hexagonal. Average particle size obtained from SEM analysis about 43nm. Furthermore the nonlinear refractive index, n 2, and nonlinear absorption coefficient, β, were measured using close and open aperture z-scan respectively, at peak laser irradiation of 1.743 kW/cm2. Then the nonlinear refraction index of this nano-particle was measured in order of 10-7 (cm2/W) with negative sign and the nonlinear absorption coefficient was obtained in order of 10-3 (cm/W).

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Mahdy, Ali, and Furat A. Al-Saymari. "Investigation of nonlinear optical properties of Sudan red G dye solutions using diffraction rings patterns and z-scan technique V." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 11, no. 2 (2024): 117–25. https://doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v11i2.1265.

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Nonlinear optical properties of Sudan red G (SRG) dye solutions in DMF solvent at different concentrations using diffraction ring patterns and z-scan techniques were investigated. The samples were exposed to two different wavelengths of light sources, continuous wave laser operating at 532 nm green laser and blue laser operating at 473 nm. The diffraction ring patterns of the SRG solutions at three different dye concentrations and over laser power ranging from 5 to 50 mW have been recorded, showing asignificant nonlinear optical behaviors. The findings show that the number of diffraction rings increases as laser power increases, leading to increase the nonlinear refractive index (n2). It was also observed that when the dye concentration increases from 0.25 mM to 1 mM and at the incident intensity of 6800 W/cm2 , the refractive index increases from 0.78×10-6 to 1.33 cm2/W for the sample exposed by green laser and from 0.48×10-6 to 1.18×10-6 cm2/W for the sample exposed by blue laser. From open and closed aperture z-scan curves, the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index of the samples were evaluated at laser intensity of 680 W/cm2. As dye concentration increases from 0.05 mM to 0.1 mM, β increases from ~6.9×10-3 cm/W to ~11.16×10-3 cm/W at wavelength 532 nm and from ~5.78×10-3 cm/W to ~10.08×10-3 cm/W at wavelength 473 nm. Moreover, the value of n2 are increases from ~1.23×10-7 cm2/W to ~4.25×10-7 cm2/W at wavelength 532 nm and from ~0.8×10-7 cm2/W to ~3.33×10-7 cm2/W at wavelengt

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Kulkarni, R. B., M. Anis, S. S. Hussaini, and M. D. Shirsat. "Illustrious influence of amino acid L-threonine (LT) on structural and optical insights of Zinc Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) crystal." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 04 (2019): 1950010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219500103.

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Mentioned communication explores the modification in properties of Zinc Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) crystal due to L-Threonine (LT) addition. Superior quality LT-doped ZTS crystal with 0.5 M% concentration of LT was grown by the slow evaporation solution growth technique. Powder X-ray diffraction technique was applied to study the cell parameters which confirmed orthorhombic crystal structure of both pure and LT-ZTS crystal with slight variation in cell parameters. Shimatzu make spectrophotometer confirmed the UV-Visible spectral analysis in the range of 200–900 nm which affirmed the 94% transmittance, enhanced bandgap value (4.72 eV), lower cut-off value (246 nm) and lower optical constants viz. extinction coefficient, polarizability, refractive index, and reflectance of LT-ZTS crystal. The higher second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of LT-doped ZTS was pointed by Kurtz Perry powder method (3.06 times of pure ZTS crystal and 3.62 times of KDP crystal) using Nd: YAG laser. The colour centered emission and electronic purity of parent and doped ZTS crystals were examined which resulted in the violet emission in visible region for both pure and LT-ZTS crystals. Z-scan technique is used to identify the Kerr lensing nonlinearity in pure and LT-doped ZTS crystal. Close aperture Z-scan curve demonstrated negative refraction nonlinearity (self-defocusing nature) for pure and positive refraction nonlinearity (self-focusing nature) for LT-ZTS crystal. Calculated value of refraction nonlinearity n2 is −2.2 × 10[Formula: see text] cm2/W for pure ZTS and [Formula: see text]4.99 × 10[Formula: see text] cm2/W for LT-ZTS crystal. Open aperture Z-scan showed reverse saturable absorption effect (RSA) in pure ZTS and saturable absorption effect (SA) in LT-ZTS crystal. The [Formula: see text] value is 2.85 × 10[Formula: see text] cm/W for pure ZTS and 3.92 × 10[Formula: see text] cm/W for LT-ZTS crystal. The [Formula: see text]3 of ZTS crystal is 6.133 × 10[Formula: see text] cm/W and 1.655 × 10[Formula: see text] cm2/W for LT-ZTS crystal. The transition in TONLO parameters is observed due to doping of LT in ZTS. The obtained parameters indicated the superiority of LT-ZTS for application in distinct laser stabilization systems, UV shelter and NLO applications.

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Bairy, Raghavendra, Ananthakrishna Somayaji, Narasimha Marakala, Udaya Devadiga, M. Rajesh, and John Chuol Wal. "Role of Cobalt Doping on the Physical Properties of CdO Nanocrystalline Thin Films for Optoelectronic Applications." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (December 20, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8454811.

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In the current work, the authors aim to present an insight on the role of cobalt (Co) doping for the structural, morphological, and linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of CdO thin films. The films were prepared using the spray pyrolysis (SP) technique, and the weight % of Co (x) was varied from 0–10. The structural properties of the films were confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD) studies and are polycrystalline with a cubic structure and a lattice parameter of 0.4658 nm. As Co content in CdO films increases, cluster grain size and porosity decrease significantly, as seen in surface topographic and nanostructural analysis. Through the Burstein–Moss shift, the optical band gap “Eg” in Co: CdO film decreases from 2.52 to 2.05 eV with the increase in Co-doping. To study the NLO parameters, open aperture (OA) and closed aperture (CA) Z-scan measurements were performed using the diode-pumped solid-state continuous wave laser excitation (532 nm), and with the increased Co-content, the NLO parameters—nonlinear absorption coefficient (β∼10−3 cm/W), nonlinear refractive index n 2 ∼ 10−8 cm2/W), and the 3rd-order NLO susceptibility χ 3 ∼ 10−7 to 10−6 e.s.u.) values were determined and found to be enhanced. The maximum NLO parameters achieved in the present study with increasing Co concentration on CdO nanostructures prepared by the SP method are found to be the highest among the reported values and suggest that processed films are a capable material for optoelectronic sensor applications.

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Vallejo, M. A., S. Romero-Servin, Moisés I. Casillas Alvarez, et al. "Enhancing the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Lithium Tetraborate Glass Using Rare Earth Elements and Silver Nanoparticles." Nano 15, no. 05 (2020): 2050064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292020500642.

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In recent years, nonlinear optics field is in constant growth, particularly on the characterization and study of optical properties of glass compounds. In this sense, the plasmonic effect caused by silver nanoparticles (SNP) on the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of different materials was studied. Furthermore, we report the experimental absorption spectra, the emission spectra, Z-scan measurements in both closed and open apertures and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to show the morphology of the matrices and the nucleation of SNP. Moreover, some NLO parameters were calculated, such as the NL refraction index and NL coefficient absorption of lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7) glass activated with rare earths (Dy3+ and Yb3+), as well as study of the effect of different concentrations of SNP. From the results obtained, it has been ascertained that the plasmon resonance caused by the presence of SNP enhances the NL refraction index value, as well as most of its linear optical properties in the matrix of Li2B4O7.

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Abd El-Salam, Yasmin, Hussein Dhahi Adday, Fatma Abdel Samad, Hamza Qayyum, and Tarek Mohamed. "Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses to Explore the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Ag/Au Alloy Nanoparticles Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Ablation in a Liquid." Nanomaterials 14, no. 15 (2024): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14151290.

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Metallic nanoparticles have gained attention in technological fields, particularly photonics. The creation of silver/gold (Ag/Au) alloy NPs upon laser exposure of an assembly of these NPs was described. First, using the Nd: YAG pulsed laser ablation’s second harmonic at the same average power and exposure time, Ag and Au NPs in distilled water were created individually. Next, the assembly of Ag and Au NP colloids was exposed again to the pulsed laser, and the effects were examined at different average powers and exposure times. Furthermore, Ag/Au alloy nanoparticles were synthesized with by raising the average power and exposure time. The absorption spectrum, average size, and shape of alloy NPs were obtained by using an ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer and transmission electron microscope instrument. Ag/Au alloy NPs have been obtained in the limit of quantum dots (<10 nm). The optical band gap energies of the Ag/Au alloy colloidal solutions were assessed for different Ag/Au alloy NP concentrations and NP sizes as a function of the exposure time and average power. The experimental data showed a trend toward an increasing bandgap with decreasing nanoparticle size. The nonlinear optical characteristics of Ag/Au NPs were evaluated and measured by the Z-scan technique using high repetition rate (80 MHz), femtosecond (100 fs), and near-infrared (NIR) (750–850 nm) laser pulses. In open aperture (OA) Z-scan measurements, Ag, Au, and Ag/AuNPs present reverse saturation absorption (RSA) behavior, indicating a positive nonlinear absorption (NLA) coefficient. In the close-aperture (CA) measurements, the nonlinear refractive (NLR) indices (n2) of the Ag, Au, and Ag/Au NP samples were ascribed to the self-defocusing effect, indicating an effective negative nonlinearity for the nanoparticles. The NLA and NLR characteristics of the Ag/Au NPs colloids were found to be influenced by the incident power and excitation wavelength. The optical limiting (OL) effects of the Ag/Au alloy solution at various excitation wavelengths were studied. The OL effect of alloy NPs is greater than that of monometallic NPs. The Ag/Au bimetallic nanoparticles were found to be more suitable for optical-limiting applications.

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Kulkarni, R. B., M. Anis, S. S. Hussaini, and M. D. Shirsat. "Tuning optical properties of cadmium thiourea acetate nonlinear optical crystal exploiting organic ligand of L-proline." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 01 (2019): 1850424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918504249.

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Modifying optical properties of crystal is very fundamental need for designing various photonic devices, hence in the current investigation, the L-proline (LP) has been firstly doped in cadmium thiourea acetate (CTA) crystal with the aim to optimize the UV–Visible, second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency, luminescence and third-order nonlinear optical (TONLO) properties of CTA crystal. The pure and doped CTA crystals have been grown by slow solvent evaporation technique at [Formula: see text]C. The structural parameters of grown crystals have been determined using the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The incorporation of LP in CTA crystal matrix has been confirmed by Fourier transforms infrared analysis. The UV–Visible studies have been employed within the wavelength range of 200–900 nm to explore the enhancing impact of LP on CTA crystal. The LP doped CTA crystals were subjected to Kurtz–Perry test and Z-scan analysis to identify the nonlinear nature of studied crystals. The SHG efficiency of LP-CTA crystal shows significant increase owing to enhanced charge transfer over the organic ligand of LP. The laser-induced TONLO properties of LP-doped CTA crystal have been determined at 632.8 nm. The nature of nonlinear refraction and absorption has been explored by close and open aperture Z-scan configuration. The magnitude of nonlinear refraction [Formula: see text], absorption coefficient [Formula: see text], cubic susceptibility [Formula: see text] and figure of merit has been determined using the transmittance data. The color-centered luminescence studies have been carried out which established the prominent redshift in peak maxima of emission wavelength of CTA crystal due to doping of LP. Comparative analysis of pure and doped crystal confirmed the dominance of LP doping.

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Almuqrin, Aljawhara H., Jagannath Gangareddy, Mahesh M. Hivrekar, et al. "Nonlinear Optical Limiting and Radiation Shielding Characteristics of Sm2O3 Doped Cadmium Sodium Lithium Borate Glasses." Materials 15, no. 6 (2022): 2330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062330.

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Strong nonlinear absorption (NLA), reduced optical limiting (OL) thresholds, and high radiation shielding parameters are required for the effective use of glasses in the laser radiation and nuclear radiation protecting materials. In view of this, the efficacy of Sm2O3 on the nonlinear optical (NLO) and OL properties were ascertained (at 532 nm) along with radiation shielding characteristics. The open and closed aperture Z‒scan profiles revealed the presence of positive NLA and nonlinear refraction (NLR) phenomena respectively. OL measurements showed the existence of limiting behavior in the studied glasses. The NLA and NLR coefficients were improved while the OL thresholds were decreased as the doping of Sm2O3 elevated to a higher doping level. These improvements in NLA, NLR coefficients and OL efficiencies were attributed to the non‒bridging oxygens and high polarizable Sm3+ ions. The NLA and OL results clearly suggest the high (5 mol %) Sm2O3 doped glass (Sm5CNLB) glass is beneficial to protect the delicate devices and human eye by suppressing the high energy laser light. The theoretical linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) values of the presented SmxCNLB glasses were obtained with the help of Phy‒X software between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. At 0.284 MeV, the maximum values occur and take values between 0.302 (for Sm0CNLB) and 0.409 cm‒1 (for Sm5CNLB). We found that the LAC for the presented SmxCNLB glasses is a function of Sm2O3 content, where the LAC tends to increase, corresponding to the high probabilities of interaction, as the content of Sm2O3 changes from 0 to 5 mol%. The effective atomic number (Zeff) for the presented SmxCNLB glasses was examined between 0.284 and 1.333 MeV. As the amount of Sm2O3 is added, the Zeff increases, and this was observed at any energy.

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Zainuri, Dian Alwani, Mundzir Abdullah, Muhamad Fikri Zaini, Hazri Bakhtiar, Suhana Arshad, and Ibrahim Abdul Razak. "Fused ring effect on optical nonlinearity and structure property relationship of anthracenyl chalcone based push-pull chromophores." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0257808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257808.

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The Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra indicate that anthracenyl chalcones (ACs) have high maximum wavelengths and good transparency windows for optical applications and are suitable for optoelectronic applications owing to their HOMO–LUMO energy gaps (2.93 and 2.76 eV). Different donor substituents on the AC affect their dipole moments and nonlinear optical (NLO) responses. The positive, negative, and neutral electrostatic potential regions of the molecules were identified using molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). The stability of the molecule on account of hyperconjugative interactions and accompanying charge delocalization was analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Open and closed aperture Z-scans were performed using a continuous-wave frequency-doubled diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser to measure the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index coefficients, respectively. The valley-to-peak profile of AC indicated a negative nonlinear refractive index coefficient. The obtained single crystals possess reverse saturation absorption due to excited-state absorption. The structural and nonlinear optical properties of the molecules have been discussed, along with the role of anthracene substitution for enhancing the nonlinear optical properties. The calculated third-order susceptibility value was 1.10 x10-4 esu at an intensity of 4.1 kW/cm2, higher than the reported values for related chalcone derivatives. The NLO response for both ACs offers excellent potential in optical switching and limiting applications.

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Mithaq, M. Mehdy Al Sultani. "Study the effect of thin film thickness on the optical features of (IR5 laser dye/CdSe nanoparticles) samples." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 17, no. 6 (2019): 2877–84. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i6.13004.

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The linear optical features such as (transmittance T, absorbance A, the effective length 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓, absorption coefficient 𝛼 and refractive index 𝑛 ) for the thin films samples of (3x10-3 mol/l of (IR5) laser dye, 0.02 gm of (CdS) nanoparticles and 0.04 gm of pp polymer) had been studied at different values of film thickness in one time and at different number of Yb:GdVO4 laser pulses. The non-linear optical features in terms of transmittance difference ∆𝑇𝑝−𝑣, non-linear refractive index 𝑛2, non–linear phase shift ∆𝛷𝑜 non-linear absorption coefficient 𝛽 and minimum normalized transmittance 𝑇(𝑍) have been computed in relation to obtained normalized transmittance data from setup of Z-scan with open and closed apertures, calculated for (3x10-3 mol/l of (IR5) laser dye, 0.02 gm of (CdSe) nanoparticles and 0.04 gm of (pp) polymer) thin films at different values of film thickness at in one time and at different Yb:GdVO4 laser pulses. Thick films causes in deleting the non-linear effects generated by different layers. The (CdSe) nanoparticles leads to an absorption shifting of the wavelengths to lengthier wavelengths of red shift. So, this can be used in selecting the nanoparticles and medium with applicable exciting wavelengths. The film thickness and the laser pulses have the main effects in consolidating the Non-linear optical features.

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Jaatinen, Esa, Dinithi Namarathne, and Robert Donaldson. "Analytic solutions to closed and eclipsing aperture Z-scan power transmission." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 39, no. 4 (2022): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.451595.

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Seema, R., C. S. Suchand Sandeep, Reji Philip, and Nandakumar Kalarikkal. "An open aperture z-scan study of Sr2CeO4 blue phosphor." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509, no. 34 (2011): 8573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.06.019.

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Neupane, Tikaram, Quinton Rice, Sungsoo Jung, Bagher Tabibi, and Felix Jaetae Seo. "Cubic Nonlinearity of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoflakes." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 7 (2020): 4373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17594.

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The cubic optical nonlinearity of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflakes was characterized by Z-scan and I-scan with resonant excitation. The excitation source was a ~6 ns laser at 532 nm with a 10 Hz repetition rate. The open and closed Z-scan analyzed the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction properties of MoS2 nanoflakes. The I-scan technique characterized the nonlinear transmittance properties of MoS2 nanoflakes at the peak and valley of closed Z-scan trace as a function of excitation intensity.

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Guan, Shundong, Xiuli Fu, Ying Tang, and Zhijian Peng. "AuAg@CdS double-walled nanotubes: synthesis and nonlinear absorption properties." Nanoscale 9, no. 29 (2017): 10277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02861j.

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Normalized experimental (individual data points) and theoretically fitted (lines of best fit) open-aperture Z-scan transmittances of AuAg@CdS double wall nanotubes at different excitation intensities.

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DAS, RITWICK, and MUKESH KUMAR SHUKLA. "Measurement of nonlinear refractive index in open-aperture Z-scan experiments." Pramana 83, no. 6 (2014): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-014-0819-1.

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ORTEGA, ALEJANDRA, ANA LAURA PEREZ-MARTINEZ, TAKESHI OGAWA, FRANCIS SMITH, ARDIE WALSER, and ROGER DORSINVILLE. "THIRD-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTY OF POLY(HEXA-2,4-DIYNYLENE-1,6-DIOXYDICINNAMATE) CONTAINING A POLAR AZO DYE, DETERMINED BY Z-SCAN TECHNIQUE." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 18, no. 01 (2009): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886350900449x.

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A highly-conjugated polar dye with three aromatic rings connected with azo groups was prepared and it was incorporated in polycinnamate. It showed a third-order nonlinear susceptibility of 8 × 10-10 esu determined by a Z-scan technique. The unpoled and poled films show the same susceptibility indicating the polymer film could not be poled. The open aperture Z-scan showed negligible two-photon absorption at 1064 nm.

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Sun, Yan, Junjie Yuan, Yi Xin, et al. "Broadband saturated absorption properties of bismuthene nanosheets." RSC Advances 11, no. 55 (2021): 35046–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra06046e.

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Bismuthene nanosheets were exfoliated by the LPE method. And the SA properties have been studies by open aperture Z-scan method. The results showed bismuthene nanosheets display broadband saturated properties in near-infrared wavelengths.

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