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Journal articles on the topic 'Orifice Flow Meters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Oliveira, Natalia M. B., Luiz Gustavo Martins Vieira, and João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno. "Numerical Methodology for Orifice Meter Calibration." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.531.

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Orifice Meters are mechanical devices used to measure gases and liquids flows. Due to manufacturing, installation and operation simplicity, the orifice meters are widely used in the industrial processes in which there is flow of gases or liquids. Moreover, their acquisition and operation costs are smaller than the ones verified for other flow meters (Venturi, flowmeter). However, before the utilization of any calibration orifice meters, they demand an experimental calibration procedure. Thus, in order to suppress this laborious experimental procedure, this work objectified to apply computational fluid dynamics techniques (CFD) to numerically predict the Calibration Coefficient of the orifice meter. The adopted numerical methodology was able to satisfactorily predict the discharge coefficients, presenting an economic alternative when compared to traditional experimental approaches.

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2

Shen, J. J. S., V. C. Ting, and E. H. Jones. "Application of Sonic Nozzles in Field Calibration of Natural Gas Flows." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 4 (1989): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231425.

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This paper presents Chevron Oil Field Research Company’s operating experience using the sonic nozzle as a proving device for measuring natural gas flows in field tests. The nozzle reference flow rate was used for calibrating orifice, turbine, and vortex meters in three tests with a pipeline quality gas and an unprocessed natural gas as the working fluid. For pipeline gas, the field calibration results show good agreement between the sonic nozzle reference and a turbine meter while the accuracy of orifice metering is size dependent. The 4-in. (102-mm) orifice meter flow rates agree well with the nozzle reference, but the 16-in. (406-mm) orifice flow measurements are up to 2 percent lower. Deviations between the test meters and the sonic nozzles are generally larger for the unprocessed gas. These field projects demonstrate that sonic nozzles can be operated successfully as a prover for processed natural gas, while more work is needed to study the critical flow in nozzles for unprocessed natural gas.

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3

Ting, V. C., and J. J. S. Shen. "Field Calibration of Orifice Meters for Natural Gas Flow." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 1 (1989): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231397.

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This paper presents the orifice calibration results for nominal 15.24, 10.16, and 5.08-cm (6, 4, 2-in.) orifice meters conducted at the Chevron’s Sand Hills natural gas flow measurement facility in Crane, Texas. Over 200 test runs were collected in a field environment to study the accuracy of the orifice meters. Data were obtained at beta ratios ranging from 0.12 to 0.74 at the nominal conditions of 4576 kPa and 27°C (650 psig and 80°F) with a 0.57 specific gravity processed, pipeline quality natural gas. A bank of critical flow nozzles was used as the flow rate proving device to calibrate the orifice meters. Orifice discharge coefficients were computed with ANSI/API 2530-1985 (AGA3) and ISO 5167/ASME MFC-3M-1984 equations for every set of data points. The uncertainty of the calibration system was analyzed according to The American National Standard (ANSI/ASME MFC-2M-A1983). The 10.16 and 5.08-cm (4 and 2-in.) orifice discharge coefficients agreed with the ANSI and ISO standards within the estimated uncertainty level. However, the 15.24-cm (6-in.) meter deviated up to − 2 percent at a beta ratio of 0.74. With the orifice bore Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 9 million, the Sand Hills calibration data bridge the gap between the Ohio State water data at low Reynolds numbers and Chevron’s high Reynolds number test data taken at a larger test facility in Venice, Louisiana. The test results also successfully demonstrated that orifice meters can be accurately proved with critical flow nozzles under realistic field conditions.

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4

Manshoor, B., F. C. G. A. Nicolleau, and S. B. M. Beck. "The fractal flow conditioner for orifice plate flow meters." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 22, no. 3 (2011): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2011.02.003.

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5

Glebova, E. V., A. T. Volokhina, and E. A. Polikakhina. "Investigation of the Use of Ultrasonic Flow Meters at Oil Refining Process Unit." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 12 (December 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-12-7-11.

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It is known that changes in the flow rate of the medium can directly affect the safety of the process of refining oil and petroleum products. Therefore, the use of high-precision flow meters is one of the safety barriers to prevent possible accidents and incidents. Unfortunately, the task of parametric measurement of the consumption of oil and petroleum products before and after their processing in most cases causes certain difficulties. For this reason, each specific measurement task should be approached from a different perspective, offering different means and methods of measurement, allowing to achieve the most reliable and accurate data on the measured flow rate. Operating conditions at the oil refineries place high demands on flow meters. Conventional orifice flow meters, which are often used to measure flow in the oil refineries, have certain disadvantages: they require frequent maintenance, process interruptions during installation, cause pressure losses in the pipe. Based on the experience of foreign companies in replacing insertion flow meters with clamp-on flow meters, it was decided to use non-invasive (non-contact) flow meters for medium measurement. The advantages of these flow meters are that there is no need to cut pipes, which practically eliminates the risk of leaks occurrence during installation. Also, the ultrasonic flow meter does not have direct contact with the measured medium, which allows avoiding contamination of both the flow meter itself and the medium, as a result, increasing the accuracy and durability of flow measurement at the site. Research objectives: substantiation of the possibility of operation of an ultrasonic flow meter at the oil refining site, recommendations for the use of various sensors, as well as selection of the optimal installation site for the device. The flow rate readings matched the previously established readings taken from the orifice meters. As a result, it is concluded that the ultrasonic flow meters can be used to measure the flow rate of stripped oil.

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6

Lo̸land, Tore, Lars R. Sætran, Robert Olsen, Inge R. Gran, and Reidar Sakariassen. "Fluid Motion in Ultrasonic Flowmeter Cavities." Journal of Fluids Engineering 121, no. 2 (1999): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822225.

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The ultrasonic flow meter is a newcomer among flow meters for measuring large quantities of natural gas. It has notable advantages compared to traditional meters. The ultrasonic flow meter is much more compact and has a wider dynamic range for flow measurements than the orifice plate meter. When manufactured, the ultrasonic sensors are often set back from the pipe wall in a cavity. When the fluid flows past the cavities, a secondary flow of vortices with characteristic size equal to the cavity width is established inside the cavities. The aim of this study has been to investigate the influence of this secondary flow on the accuracy of the ultrasonic flow meter. Both measurements and numerical simulations of the cavity flow have been conducted. It has been found from the present work, that the influence of the flow in the cavities on the measurements increases nonlinearly with the pipe flow rate.

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7

Straka, Martin, Christian Koglin, and Thomas Eichler. "Segmental orifice plates and the emulation of the 90°-bend." tm - Technisches Messen 87, no. 1 (2020): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0120.

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AbstractThe 90 ° - bend represents the most common structural element in piping systems and can have a significant impact on the measuring accuracy of flow meters installed downstream. Within the type-approval procedure of water meters, its impact is emulated by means of a segmental orifice plate with a segment area of 7 % (SOP7). In research and development, coverage rates of 33 % (SOP33) or more are sometimes used as an alternative. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the comparability of the flow conditions and their influence on the measurement deviation of flow meters, which is the basic requirement for using SOPs as a substitute for the 90°- bend. We present laser Doppler measurements downstream of an SOP33 and a 90°- bend and describe the flow development in a distance range from 2 to 30 diameters. Besides a quantitative comparison with performance indicators, the measurements are used to model the response of an ultrasonic and electromagnetic flow meter, including recent investigations of an SOP7. The results demonstrate the consistently poor agreement between the SOP7 and the 90°- bend, whereas the SOP33 provides similar flow conditions starting at a distance of 10 diameters. Further studies are necessary to develop a disturbance generator emulating the near-field range.

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8

Tomaszewska-Wach, Barbara, and Mariusz Rzasa. "A Correction Method for Wet Gas Flow Metering Using a Standard Orifice and Slotted Orifices." Sensors 21, no. 7 (2021): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072291.

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Flow measurements that utilize differential pressure meters are commonly applied in industry. In such conditions, gas flow is often accompanied by liquid condensation. For this reason, errors occur in the metering process that can be attributed to the fluctuations in continuous phase parameters in the flow. Furthermore, the occurrence of a dispersed phase results in flow disturbance and dynamic pressure pulsations. For the above reasons, new methods and tools are sought with the purpose of performing measurements of gas-liquid flows providing measurement results that can be considered as fairly accurate in the cases when flow involves a liquid phase form. The paper reports the results of a study involving measurement of wet gas flow using differential pressure flowmeters. The experiments were conducted for three constant mass air flow rates equal to 0.06, 0.078 and 0.086 kg/s. After stabilization of the air flow rates, water was fed into the pipe with flow rates in the range from 0.01 to 0.16 kg/s. The research involved a standard orifice and three types of slotted orifices with various slot arrangements and geometries. The analysis focused on the effect of orifice geometry on the flow metering results. On the basis of the results, it was found that the slotted orifice generates smaller differential pressure values compared to the standard orifice. The water mass fraction in the gas leads to overestimated results of measurements across the flowmeter. Regardless of the type of the orifice, is necessary to undertake a correction of the results. The paper proposes a method of gas mass flow correction. The results were compared with the common over-reading correction models available in the literature.

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9

Manshoor, Bukhari, and Amir Khalid. "Numerical Investigation of the Circle Grids Fractal Flow Conditioner for Orifice Plate Flowmeters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.700.

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Flow rate measurements are among the most important operations in modern industries dealing with increasingly expensive fluids such as petroleum, natural gas and water. The accuracy of flow meters depends mainly on their position in a pipe network and their operating conditions. Pipe fittings such as valves and bends generate turbulence and swirl and distort the flow distribution in the pipe, leading to a substantial amount of measuring error. For accurate flow rate measurements, the standards ISO 5167 specify either a sufficient straight piping lengths or the inclusion of a flow conditioner between the flow distortion and the flow meter. Flow conditioners serve to reduce the developing length between pipe fittings and flow meters and to create fully developed flow condition within short distances. In the present study, numerical modeling of the flow development upstream and downstream of the orifice plate which used circle grid fractal flow conditioner has been made. Computational Flow Dynamics techniques have been used to predict the flow development downstream the flow conditioners.

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10

Peignelin, G., D. Marque, J. Smid, et al. "Economics of Gas Flow Measurement." Measurement and Control 19, no. 5 (1986): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029408601900510.

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It seemed very important to have a section on gas flow measurement. The UK's production of natural gas in 1984 was about 35×109 m3 and its consumption about 50×109 m3 with a reserve of about 0.7×1012 m3.* The value of this gas is 0.43 DM/m3† or about £0.12/m3 or about $0.18/m3. Unfortunately we were unable to find anyone able to write a section for this issue in the time available. However, I am grateful to Mr R J Simpson for drawing my attention to a report by Peignelin et al. † The authors have kindly agreed to an edited version of this paper. This paper considers two sizes of metering stations and considers the use of orifice or turbine meters. For these stations it considers investment costs and maintenance costs. It then examines the uncertainty in the energy content determination. The paper concludes that the major uncertainty lies in the flowmeter; that while turbine meter installations seem to be lower in cost than orifice meter installations, reliability must also be taken into account; and the cost of the instrumentation is a small proportion (15–20%) of the total cost of the station — R Baker.

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11

Morrison, G. L., J. Hauglie, and R. E. DeOtte. "Beta ratio, axisymmetric flow distortion and swirl effects upon orifice flow meters." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 6, no. 3 (1995): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-5986(95)00009-b.

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12

Farsi, Mohammad, Hossein Shojaei Barjouei, David A. Wood, et al. "Prediction of oil flow rate through orifice flow meters: Optimized machine-learning techniques." Measurement 174 (April 2021): 108943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108943.

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13

BUHIDMA, ABDULLAH, and RAJINDER PAL. "FLOW OF SURFACTANT-STABILIZED OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS THROUGH WEDGE METERS AND SEGMENTAL ORIFICE METERS." Chemical Engineering Communications 160, no. 1 (1997): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449708936614.

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14

Pal, Rajinder. "Flow of oil-in-water emulsions through orifice and venturi meters." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 32, no. 6 (1993): 1212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00018a029.

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15

Medeiros, Alberto Kennedy de Almeida, Jeffersson Fernandes de Lima, Gilson Gomes de Medeiros, Nivaldo Ferreira da Silva Junior, Raimundo Nonato B. Felipe, and Renata Carla Tavares dos Santos Felipe. "Parameters for dimensional inspection of orifice plates and roughness of the straight stretches of the tubing." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, spe (2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000200002.

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According to the Technical Regulation of Measurement of Petroleum and Natural Gas (approved in 2000 by ANP - the Petroleum National Agency of Brazil), the systems of measurement of natural gas should use ultra-sonic flow meters, turbines and, especially, the orifice plates, which represent the most expressive base of the flow systems, being used in the fiscal and operational measurements. This work aims to evaluate the parameters that should be accounted for during the dimensional inspection of orifice plate and roughness of the straight stretches of the tubing used for measurement of natural gas, with the objective of guiding the responsible professionals for the measurement of volumes of natural gas by orifice plate, as well as the professionals of calibration laboratories. In this work, minimum specifications are recommended, irrespective of the pressure tapping or orifice type, in agreement with the norms ISO, AGA and the ANP regulations. The influence of these specifications on the parameters used in the calculation of the volumetric flow is also analyzed.

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16

Buhidma, Abdullah, and Rajinder Pal. "Flow measurement of two-phase oil-in-water emulsions using wedge meters and segmental orifice meters." Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal 63, no. 1 (1996): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-0467(95)03076-x.

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17

Đurđević, Marko, Maša Bukurov, Slobodan Tašin, and Siniša Bikić. "Experimental research of single-hole and multi-hole orifice gas flow meters." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 70 (December 2019): 101650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.101650.

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18

Cano, Nicolas D., Antonio P. de Camargo, Gustavo L. Muniz, Jonesmar de Oliveira, José G. Dalfré Filho, and José A. Frizzone. "Performance of models to determine flow rate using orifice plates." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, no. 1 (2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n1p10-16.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate three methodologies for orifice-plate water-flow estimation by quantifying errors in the flow determinations to propose an appropriate measurement range for each evaluated condition. Two orifice-plate models (nominal diameters of 100 and 150 mm) with 50% restriction in the flow section were evaluated. In the theoretical equations, the discharge coefficient was obtained using the Reader-Harris/Gallagher equation (Method 1) and approximated from experimental data using the angular coefficient of a zero-intercept straight line (Method 2). The recommended measurement ranges for errors that were lower than 5% for the 100 and 150 mm plates were 30 to 65 m3 h-1 and 70 to 130 m3 h-1 using the theoretical equation and 20 to 65 m3 h-1 and 40 to 130 m3 h-1 using the empirical equation, respectively. The Reader-Harris/Gallagher equation (Method 1) adequately estimated the discharge coefficient of the orifice plates; however, the use of empirical equations (Method 3) demonstrated smaller measurement errors and greater rangeability of the evaluated flow meters.

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19

Manshoor, Bukhari, Izzuddin Zaman, and Amir Khalid. "Experimental Study of Pressure Drop after the Circle Grids Fractal Orifice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (August 2013): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.111.

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Flow rate measurements are among the most important operations in modern industries dealing with increasingly expensive fluids such as petroleum, biodiesel and natural gas. The accuracy of flow meters depends mainly on their position in a pipe network and their operating conditions. Another important in designing piping system is a pressure drop across the flow measurement devices. Here, we investigate the pressure drop after the circle grids fractal orifices using a digital differential pressure manometer at different stations downstream a turbulent flow pipe then a direct comparison has been made with the pressure drop measured from regular orifices with the same flow area. Our results showed that the circle grid fractal orifices have a significant effect on pressure drop downstream the flow which is to be lower than that from ordinary orifices of the same flow area. This result could be important from point of view of losses consideration with the same flow control area. The experimental results using the circle grid fractal orifices show that these types of orifices can sense the pressure drop across them accurately with minimum losses than the regular ones.

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20

Teodorczyk, A., G. A. Karim, and H. Tawfiq. "Critical Mass Flow Gas Meters—The Role of Errors due to the Presence of a Restriction Downstream." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 110, no. 1 (1988): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231361.

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An analysis, supported by experiment, is presented of the performance of a typical critical flow meter having a restriction in the form of another nozzle or orifice downstream of its discharge. Guidelines are then presented to establish the conditions for guarding against errors arising in such an arrangement.

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21

Fadaei, Mehdi, Forough Ameli, and Seyed Hassan Hashemabadi. "Investigation on different scenarios of two-phase flow measurement using Orifice and Coriolis flow meters: Experimental and modeling approaches." Measurement 175 (April 2021): 108986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.108986.

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22

Lee, Changyong, Wonbin Kim, and Sung-Wook Jeen. "Measurement of Flux at Sediment–Water Interface Using a Seepage Meter under Controlled Flow Conditions." Water 12, no. 11 (2020): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113071.

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The accuracy of groundwater flux measurement using a seepage meter was evaluated through a series of laboratory experiments under controlled flow conditions. Simulated groundwater influx and outflux rates were measured using a seepage meter, and the results were compared with the known water flux rates in our controlled tank flow system. Differences induced by the use of two different types of collection bag (Types 1 and 2) were also evaluated. The slopes of the trend lines between the controlled influx rate and influx as measured by the seepage meter were 0.6669 (for Type 1 bag) and 0.8563 (for Type 2 bag), suggesting that the groundwater influx rate as measured by the seepage meter may be less than the actual rate. This may be due to the resistance of the collection bags and head loss induced at the tubing orifice. With respect to outflux measurement, the slopes of the trend line were 1.3534 (for Type 1 bags) and 1.4748 (for Type 2 bags), suggesting that the outflux rate as measured by the seepage meter may be more than the actual rate. The size and wall thickness of the collection bag used affected the measured flux rates. This study suggests that, as long as errors can be identified, seepage meters can be a reliable means of studying groundwater–surface water interactions.

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23

Da Costa, Felipe Orlando, Jéssica Trindade Martins, Caio Guilherme Sales Ferreira, Giovanna Kellen Tavares de Andrade, Felipe Leonardo Barcelos Mateus, and Renata de Aquino Brito Lima Corrêa. "EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF A VENTURI TUBE AS A DIDACTIC TOOL FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LEARNING." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 6, no. 3 (2020): 0409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl6iss3pp0409-0415.

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The Venturi tube measures the fluid’s flowrate by use of an obstruction in the flow path. As a tool to understand the fundamental principles of Chemical Engineering, an experimental device for flow measurement integrating a Venturi tube was developed in the course of the Chemical Engineering Projects I from the Federal University of Lavras. The system was constructed with materials of low-cost and easy access. The experimental results for the flow and pressure drop were compared with theorical values and with additional data obtained by the use of a numerical and computational method (CFD). The discharge coefficient was 0.680 ± 0.018 [-], an intermediate value of those found in the literature for orifice plate and flow nozzle meters. The numerical method was successfully able to predict the pressure drop in the system.

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24

Hollingshead, C. L., M. C. Johnson, S. L. Barfuss, and R. E. Spall. "Discharge coefficient performance of Venturi, standard concentric orifice plate, V-cone and wedge flow meters at low Reynolds numbers." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 78, no. 3-4 (2011): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2011.08.008.

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25

Azikhanov, Sergey, Aleksandr Bogomolov, Georgiy Dubov, and Sergey Nokhrin. "Development of the instrumentation system for gas-and-diesel fuelled BelAZ dump truck." MATEC Web of Conferences 297 (2019): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929703001.

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The prospects for the use of natural gas as a motor fuel are considered. The state-run program for the development of natural-gas-fuelled vehicles will entail an increase in the share of transport operating on natural gas. The data on the thermal performance of natural gas from various fields, the volumetric heat values of the stoichiometric mixture of which is almost the same, are given. The analysis of the operation of gas-diesel-fuelled BelAZ dump truck, which burns liquefied natural gas, is conducted. The schematic diagram for engine power supply with liquefied natural gas is given. The calculation of the liquefied natural gas supply system with the replacement of diesel fuel by 33% was made. As a result of the calculation, the diameter of a fuel manifold after injectors, which provides the recommended gas velocity through a manifold, was determined. The instrumentation system for controlling the amount of supplied natural gas is proposed. The complex allows obtaining data on the instantaneous gas flow rate and the total flow rate over a period of time. A pulsation damper used as part of the system allowed reducing gas pulsation in fuel manifolds after injectors, to create conditions for the use of orifice plate flow meters, and ensured the uniform supply of natural gas to both banks of cylinders, which favourably affected the engine.

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26

H. Sundararaj, Ramraj, and Abhijit Kushari. "Slotted Orifice Plate Flow Meter." Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 2 (2010): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874477x11003020149.

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H. Sundararaj, Ramraj, and Abhijit Kushari. "Slotted Orifice Plate Flow Meter." Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineeringe 3, no. 2 (2010): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212797611003020149.

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28

Tomaszewski, Adam, Tomasz Przybylinski, and Marcin Lackowski. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Multi-Hole Orifice Flow Meter: Investigation of the Relationship between Pressure Drop and Mass Flow Rate." Sensors 20, no. 24 (2020): 7281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247281.

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The paper presents the results of the experimental and numerical analysis of a six-hole orifice flow meter. The experiments were performed on humid air in a 100 mm diameter duct. The aim of this research was to investigate the mass flow and pressure drop dependency in an orifice of a predetermined shape and to compare the results obtained with computational formulas recommended in the ISO 5167-2 standard for a single-hole orifice flow meter. The experiments and calculations were performed on several multi-hole orifice geometries with different contraction coefficient in a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The pressure was probed immediately upstream and downstream of the orifice. The flow coefficient determined for the six-hole orifice flow meter investigated was compared with the flow coefficient of conventional single-hole orifice with the same contraction coefficient. The results from computational formulas for single-hole orifice from ISO 5167 are also included in the paper. During some experiments, an obstacle has been introduced in the duct at variable distance upstream from the orifice. The effect of the thus generated velocity field disturbance on the measured pressure drop was then investigated. Numerical simulation of the flow with the presence of the obstacle was also performed and compared with experimental data.

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29

Abdullah, Muhammad, and Moumen Idres. "Evaluation of Orifice Flow Meter Accuracy under Pulsation Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.472.

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Orifice meter is a flow measuring device which is widely used in various industrial applications. Although the device gives accurate measurement during steady flow, measurement errors related to square root and sampling errors are unavoidable if pulsations exist. This research investigatesand improves the performance of an orifice plate flow meter under pulsation effects. A simple model for the pulsating flow through an orifice meter is presented. Square root error (SRE) is estimated. Sampling errors (SE) are reduced by proper selection of the averaging time.

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30

Wu, Jin Jun, You Sheng Yang, Jing Yuan Li, Ge Gang Yu, and Zong Xia Jiao. "Numerical Study of the Characteristics of Rotary Spool Orifice in Water Hydraulics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.662.

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The rotary control orifice, in which the relative angular openings are adjusted by the rotary motion of the spool, thus controlling the flow area and the flow passing through, is a basic control element of hydraulic control valve. It has several advantages, such as little minimal steady flow rate, good anti-contamination, small driving power, small opening and shutting shock, and etc., over the translational control orifice. The working medium is tap water. A model is developed and numerical studies are carried out to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of the rotary control orifice, including flow and pressure field, flow characteristics, flow torque. The relationships between the flow and the pressure drops, the efflux angle and the angular openings, the steady-state flow torque and the pressure drops as well as the angular openings are obtained. The results show that a) the orifice geometries have great effects on the efflux angle and the steady-state flow torque; b) Under the same openings and flow direction, the efflux angle is almost constant under different pressure drops. It is larger for meter-in flow than for meter-out flow and decreases with the increase of openings; c) The steady-state flow torque (including meter-in flowTsfinand meter-out flowTsfout) is proportional to the pressure drops and first increases and then decreases with the increase of openings, finally reaches zero at the fully opened position; d) The friction moment is proportional to the rotary speed so as the transient flow induced moment to the rotary acceleration. The in-depth study of the drag moment of rotary control orifice helps to design high performance rotary servo valve for robots. The in-depth study of the rotary control orifice provides a basis for developing high performance rotary control valve.

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31

FUNAKI, Tatsuya, Kenji KAWASHIMA, Toshinori FUJITA, and Toshiharu KAGAWA. "Characteristic Analysis of Variable Orifice Flow Meter." Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 2002, no. 5-1 (2002): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/isfp.2002.83.

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32

Ettouney, R. S., and M. A. El-Rifai. "Sensitivity of orifice meter gas flow computations." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 80, no. 1 (2011): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2011.11.005.

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33

Steven, Richard, and Andrew Hall. "Orifice plate meter wet gas flow performance." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 20, no. 4-5 (2009): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2009.07.001.

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34

Teyssandier, R. G., and Z. D. Husain. "Experimental Investigation of an Orifice Meter Pressure Gradient." Journal of Fluids Engineering 109, no. 2 (1987): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3242634.

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Wall and plate pressure gradients were investigated in a 3.5 in. (89 mm) air flow orifice meter facility for 3 orifice plates covering a pipe Reynolds number range of 21,000 to 160,000. The influence of the orifice plate on the upstream wall pressure gradient extended to 0.62D location. It was also found that the pressure gradient is a weak function of the orifice plate β ratio. The downstream location of the minimum pressure point located at about 3.3 dam heights. The pressure gradient on the face of the orifice plate shows that the deflection calculation based on any differential pressure taps is conservative.

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Singh, V. K., and T. John Tharakan. "Numerical simulations for multi-hole orifice flow meter." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 45 (October 2015): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2015.08.004.

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36

Manshoor, Bukhari, Mohd Fahmi Othman, Izzuddin Zaman, Zamani Ngali, and Amir Khalid. "Experimental Study of Various Porosity of Fractal Flow Conditioner for Orifice Plate Flowmeters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.915.

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The plant industry is required to measure flow rate more accurately to meet plant operation and cost accounting objectives. The opposing concern of improving flow meter accuracy is resolved by using flow conditioners. The distance of implementation of flow conditioner upstream of the orifice plate flowmeter is also need to be addressed. Hence, in present study, an analysis of the porosity of fractal flow conditioner towards orifice plate flowmeter’s accuracy and the best distance of fractal flow conditioner upstream of the orifice plate flowmeter was determined. In an experimental work, a different porosity of the fractal flow conditioners were installed with different distance upstream of the orifice plate in conjunction with the different disturbances to assess the effects of these devices on the measurement of the mass flow rate. Data gained for all the plates showed that there is increment of pressure drop and change in discharge coefficient of the orifice with lower β value of fractal flow conditioner. Good comparisons with the previous experimental work demonstrate the fractal flow conditioner can preserve the accuracy of metering up to the level required in the standards.

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37

Morrison, G. L., D. L. Panak, and R. E. DeOtte. "Numerical Study of the Effects of Upstream Flow Condition Upon Orifice Flow Meter Performance." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 115, no. 4 (1993): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920114.

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Recent experimental work has shown that when the mean velocity profile upstream of an orifice plate has a deficit on the centerline and higher velocities at the outer edges of the pipe, the pressure drop across the orifice is greater than if the flow upstream is “fully developed.” It is proposed that this increase in ΔP is directly correlated with the radial distribution of momentum upstream of the orifice plate. In an effort to investigate how the upstream flow condition affects the pressure distribution along the pipe wall and to determine if the hypothesis is correct, Creare.X Inc.’s FLUENT numerical analysis program was used to simulate the effects. Two β ratios (0.50 and 0.75) have been considered with various mean velocity inlet profiles. Inlet profiles include the 1/6th, 1/7th, 1/8th, 1/9th and 1/10th power law, uniform flow, and two linear distributions. The results indicate that there is a correlation between the second and third-order moments of momentum and the value of the discharge coefficient. This empirical correlation, after being fully verified by experimental data, can be used to estimate the change in the coefficient of discharge given the inlet velocity profile.

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38

Kapoor, B. S., R. J. Garde, and K. G. Ranga Raju. "Discharge characteristics of orifice meters in sediment-laden flows." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 64, no. 1 (1986): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450640105.

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39

Karnik, U., W. M. Jungowski, and K. K. Botros. "Effect of Turbulence on Orifice Meter Performance." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 116, no. 2 (1994): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920136.

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Mean and turbulent velocity profiles downstream of a 19-tube bundle are presented. Experiments have been carried out in 101.6-mm-dia piping configuration at prevalent atmospheric conditions with air as the fluid. The two cases considered are: one with the tube bundle placed in good flow conditions and the other with the tube bundle used as a sliding vane downstream of a single 90-deg elbow. In both cases, for various positions of the tube bundle with respect to an orifice plate, the discharge coefficient for the orifice plate has been compared to a baseline value. The results indicate that it is possible to correlate the deviations in the discharge coefficient to the mean and turbulent velocity field upstream of the orifice.

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40

Shah, Manish S., Jyeshtharaj B. Joshi, Avtar S. Kalsi, C. S. R. Prasad, and Daya S. Shukla. "Analysis of flow through an orifice meter: CFD simulation." Chemical Engineering Science 71 (March 2012): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.11.022.

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41

Morrison, Gerald L. "Euler Number Based Orifice Discharge Coefficient Relationship." Journal of Fluids Engineering 125, no. 1 (2003): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1521955.

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A new relationship for orifice flow meter discharge coefficients has been developed which replaces the Reynolds number dependence with the Euler number. Both relationships have the same accuracy for the calculation of the discharge coefficient but the new relationship eliminates the need to know fluid viscosity.

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42

Krassow, H., F. Campabadal, and E. Lora-Tamayo. "The smart-orifice meter: a mini head meter for volume flow measurement." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 10, no. 2 (1999): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-5986(98)00037-5.

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43

MORITA, Ryo. "F082003 Accuracy of Orifice Flow Meter in Measurement of Wet Steam Flow." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2013 (2013): _F082003–1—_F082003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2013._f082003-1.

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MORITA, Ryo, Fumio INADA, Yuta UCHIYAMA, et al. "S081013 Accuracy of Orifice Flow Meter in Measurement of Wet Steam Flow." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2011 (2011): _S081013–1—_S081013–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2011._s081013-1.

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45

Pirouzpanah, Sahand, Muhammet Çevik, and Gerald L. Morrison. "Multiphase flow measurements using coupled slotted orifice plate and swirl flow meter." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 40 (December 2014): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2014.09.005.

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46

Sah, Nandkishor, and Mohan Jagadeesh Kumar Mandapati. "Thermal performance of a double-pass solar air heater (SAH) with ribbed absorber surface – an experimental study." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 3 (2020): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2019-0217.

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Purpose Use of packed beds, enhanced tubes, nano-fluids and artificial ribs are few passive techniques to increase heat transfer in solar air heaters (SAHs). Artificial ribs attached to the absorber plate of the SAH will enhance the turbulence near the plate. Experimental analyses are conducted to find the thermal performance of SAH with ribs of regular geometries including rectangular, semi-circular and triangular in cross section. This paper aims to present the improvement in thermal performance of SAH with modified-arc. Design/methodology/approach Absorber plates are designed with ribs of rectangular, triangular, semi-circular and modified-arc in cross-section using existing data in literature. Physical dimensions of the ribs are designed by adapting procedure from literature. Absorber plates are manufactured with ribs and coated with blackboard paint and fixed to the existing SAH. Experiments are conducted with a variable-speed blower fixed to the inlet section of the SAH, which is used to supply air at different mass flow rates in a range between 0.495 and 0.557 kg/min. Findings Efficiency is found to be a strong function of mass flow rate of air through the SAH from the present experimental investigations. It was found that use of modified-arc ribs enhanced the efficiency of SAH by 105.35 per cent compared to SAH with plane absorber plate. Efficiency of SAH with modified-arc ribs is found to be higher by 24.43, 45.61 and 63.21 per cent, respectively, for SAH with semi-circular, rectangular and triangular arc ribs on its absorber plate. Research limitations/implications Experiments on SAH are conducted during daytime from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm in open atmospheric conditions. Solar intensity is continuously changing during the experimentation from morning to evening. Calculations are made based on the observations with average values of solar intensity and temperature readings. More accurate values of SAH efficiency can be obtained with constant heat supply to the absorber plate by simulating the experimental setup in indoor conditions. Temperature and flow rate observations could be more accurate with sophisticated instrumentation rather than using simple thermocouples and orifice meters. Social implications SAHs are basically used to supply hot air for both rural and industrial applications. These are used for crop drying, preheating of air, removal of moisture from leather, chemicals, etc. Conventionally, formers in India are using open sun drying to remove moisture from agricultural products. In this method, the moisture can be removed up to a level of 20 to 25 per cent. Use of SAH can remove moisture up to below 5 per cent and process is clean without reducing the quality of agricultural products. Enhancing the efficiency of SAHs will surely increase its usage by formers for crop drying. Originality/value Use of artificial ribs on absorber plate of SAH is most economical among many of the active and passive techniques. Numerical and experimental investigations are found in literature with regular cross-sectional ribs, including rectangular, triangular and semi-circular. The present work proposed new shape of the ribs named as modified-arc, which was not presented in the literature. Experimental analysis proved that the use of modified-arc makes the SAH more efficient in heat transfer.

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47

Gault, R. I., D. J. Thornhill, and R. Fleck. "Alternative method to evaluate discharge coefficients. Part 1: Feasibility study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 12 (2007): 1653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes725.

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The purpose of the current paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of a new technique whereby mass flowrates, and hence discharge coefficients can be estimated for a range of pipe discontinuities such as poppet valves, throttles, cylinder ports, and orifices. The requirement to directly measure the mass flowrates using a standard conventional steady flow apparatus has been eliminated. As such, flow characteristics were examined during the transient charging or inflow of air, from atmosphere, through a sharp-edged orifice into a partially evacuated cylinder of known volume. In particular, the current study focused on measuring the transient mass flowrates, pressures, and temperatures of air during an inflow test. Comparison between measured gas pressures and temperatures were made with predicted values from an adiabatic and non-adiabatic zero-dimensional inflow model. Mass flowrates calculated from measured cylinder gas pressure data, without heat transfer correction, were shown to be approximately 20 per cent lower, across the full pressure ratio range, than those measured using the mass flow meter. Iterative trial and error techniques were employed to determine the constant and time varying convective heat transfer coefficients needed to correlate the cumulative mass during inflow with the total mass of air, from initial and final cylinder conditions. Heating the cylinder wall to ensure isothermal conditions resulted in an improved correlation between the measured and estimated mass flowrates.

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Bonaiti, Gabriele, Askarali Karimov, and Guy Fipps. "A Simple Method for Calibrating a Radial Gate for Use as a Flow Measuring Device." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 2 (2018): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12199.

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Abstract. A simple method for the calibration and use of an existing radial gate as flow measuring device under submerged flow conditions is presented. Details on equipment and calibration methodology are discussed including: determining required gate opening parameters and flow conditions for which the method is valid. Flow is calculated with a submerged orifice equation using a constant drainage coefficient. This methodology was applied to a radial gate located in the United Irrigation District in South Texas. The gate was instrumented and monitored continuously over a three-month period. Measured versus predicted flow varied by less than 4%. The method was compared to a more complex equation which accounts for submerged flow conditions and results in a mean absolute relative error of 3%. Analysis of individual flow events revealed significant hysteresis when estimating gate opening from an actuator position signal. This accounted for a difference in the calculated flow of up to 0.13 m3 s-1. Keywords: Flow meter calibration, Gate opening, Hysteresis, Submerged orifice equation.

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Liu, Nai-Yuan, Yue Deng, Francis Tsow, et al. "Evaluation of a Thermal-Based Flow Meter for Assessment of Mobile Resting Metabolic Rate Measures." Journal of Sensors 2018 (October 9, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9186475.

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This work evaluates the use of a new flow meter to assess exhalation rate. A mobile indirect calorimeter (MIC) was designed and used to measure resting metabolic rate (RMR), which relies on the measure of O2 consumption rate (VO2) and CO2 production rate (VCO2). The device was produced from a commercially available and well-established indirect calorimeter and implemented with a new flow meter for the purpose of this study. VO2 and VCO2 were assessed by measuring exhalation rates using the new flow meter and O2 and CO2 concentrations in breath using the original colorimetric sensors of the indirect calorimeter. The new flow meter was based on a thermal flow meter (TFM) affixed to an orifice with a diameter of 6.8 mm used as a passage for exhaled breath from 16 subjects. The results were compared with a metabolic cart (Medical Graphics), which was connected in series to the modified device. We found that 69% of the results had more than a 10% difference between the modified MIC device and the reference instrument, suggesting that the sensitivity of the thermal flow meter changed over time, which precluded its use as a flow meter for breath flow rate measurement.

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Osman, Haitham, Khairy Elsayed, and Mohamed El Telbany. "Optimal Design of Orifice Flow Meter Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)." Journal of Engineering Science and Military Technologies 17, no. 17th International Conference (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejmtc.2017.21078.

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