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Journal articles on the topic 'Ossification Center'
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Santhosh, Joy, Sreedevi C.S., and P.A. Manju. "Radiological Study of Appearance and Fusion of Ossification Centers of Elbow Joint." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 1155–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13162407.
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<strong>Background: </strong>Appearance and fusion of ossification centers like any other biological phenomenon are subject to variation from place to place and race to race. No authentic study on ossification centers has been done in southern Kerala in the last 25 years. In this study, we wanted to determine radiologically the age of appearance and fusion of ossification centers of elbow joint. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This was a hospital based descriptive study conducted among 139 patients(72 males and 67 females) aged between 5 and 19 years who presented with radiographs of elbow joint in anteroposterior and lateral views in each case to the Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, over a period of 12 months from May 2011 to April 2012 after obtaining clearance from Institutional Ethics Committee and written informed consent from the study participants and the legal guardians. <strong>Results: </strong>Mean age of appearance of ossification center for trochlea was 11.021 years with standard deviation of 0.3219. Sex difference in the appearance of ossification center for trochlea was not statistically significant. Mean age of appearance of ossification center for lateral epicondyle was 12.717 years with standard deviation of 0.5191. Sex difference with respect to appearance of ossification center for lateral epicondyle was not statistically significant. Mean age of formation of conjoint epiphysis was 13.556 years with standard deviation of 0.2396. Sex difference with respect to appearance of ossification center for conjoint epiphysis was not statistically significant. Mean age of complete fusion of conjoint epiphysis was 13.948 years with standard deviation of 0.3534. Sex difference in the fusion of conjoint epiphysis was not statistically significant. Mean age of complete fusion of medial epicondyle was 14.961 years with standard deviation of 0.8291. Sex difference in the fusion of medial epicondyle was not statistically significant. Mean age of complete fusion of Head of radius was 13.948 years with standard deviation of 0.3534. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Age of appearance of ossification center for capitulum could not be scrutinized as it fell below the lower age limit of sample size. All subjects from 5 to 6 age group onwards showed presence of capitulum. As per the present study, appearance and fusion of ossifications centers are taking place slightly earlier than the existing standards except for appearance of ossification center for medial epicondyle. The enhancement of bone maturity may be due to better nutritional and health standards and changing life styles. Moreover, no subject selected for the study was ill nourished. Sex difference in the appearance and fusion of ossification centers was seen to be statistically insignificant. The age of appearance and fusion of the ossification centers of the elbow joint had shown differences from the conventional values followed for medico legal purpose.
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Ivelj, R., M. Leko, and B. Župančić. "Ossification centers in pediatric elbow: a rare normal variant." Paediatria Croatica 55, no. 4 (2011): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.13112/pc.775.
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A 2-year-old girl was brought to our attention due to refusal to use her right arm. Radiographic examination revealed unexpectedly an ossification center of medial epicondyle, even before ossification center of radial head. Taking into account the order of appearance of ossification centers, comparison radiographs of the left elbow were obtained to show an extremely rare variant ossification.
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Grzonkowska, Magdalena, Mariusz Baumgart, Mateusz Badura, Marcin Wiśniewski, and Michał Szpinda. "Quantitative anatomy of the fused ossification center of the occipital squama in the human fetus." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0247601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247601.
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CT-based quantitative analysis of any ossification center in the cranium has not previously been carried out due to the limited availability of human fetal material. Detailed morphometric data on the development of ossification centers in the human fetus may be useful in the early detection of congenital defects. Ossification disorders in the cranium are associated with either a delayed development of ossification centers or their mineralization. These aberrations may result in the formation of accessory skull bones that differ in shape and size, and the incidence of which may be misdiagnosed as, e.g., skull fractures. The study material comprised 37 human fetuses of both sexes (16♂, 21♀) aged 18–30 weeks. Using CT, digital image analysis software, 3D reconstruction and statistical methods, the linear, planar and spatial dimensions of the occipital squama ossification center were measured. The morphometric characteristics of the fused ossification center of the occipital squama show no right—left differences. In relation to gestational age, the ossification center of the occipital squama grows linearly in its right and left vertical diameters, logarithmically in its transverse diameters of both the interparietal and supraoccipital parts and projection surface area, and according to a quadratic function in its volume. The obtained numerical findings of the occipital squama ossification center may be considered age-specific references of relevance in both the estimation of gestational age and the diagnostic process of congenital defects.
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Atalgın, Şükrü Hakan, Mustafa Korkmaz, and Kerem Cabas. "Development Status of The Hindlimb Extremity Bones of The Watchdog Hybrid Fetus (40 Days Old)." Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 14, no. 1 (2025): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.31196/huvfd.1537265.
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Hindlimb extremity bones of 40-day-old watchdog hybrid fetuses were examined. Knowing the normal formation of the extremities is important for understanding possible disorders and their treatment. The developmental processes of the movement system do not occur as sequentially as expected. Alizarin red and alcian according to Inouye technique bones of 40-day-old animals were stained with alcian blue. Dissections of bones preserved in appropriate solutions were performed. Stereomicroscopic and normal photographs were taken with a digital camera. Measurements were taken from the dissected legs with a 150 mm Mitutoyo brand caliper. Hindlimb bones of 40-day-old guard dog hybrid fetuses were observed to have primary ossification centers, while some bones had no ossification centers. A primary ossification center was observed in the corpus of the femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsus bones of the hind limb, while no ossification center was observed in the proximal and distal ends. Also, patella, ossa tarsi, and ossa digitorum pedis no ossification centers were observed.
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Fagin, Bennett D., Everett Aronson, and Mark A. Gutzmer. "Closure of the iliac crest ossification center in dogs: 750 cases (1980-1987)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 200, no. 11 (1992): 1709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1992.200.11.1709.
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Summary Radiographs of 750 dogs were examined to determine whether the iliac crest ossification center was open or closed. The center was closed in most dogs by 2 years of age. Eighteen percent of dogs ≥ 10 years old had open iliac crest ossification center; 10% of dogs ≥ 14 years old had open iliac crest ossification center. Closure of the iliac crest ossification center is extremely variable and, in many dogs, occurs at later age than has been previously reported.
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Kubicek, Kole M. "Developmental osteology of Ictalurus punctatus and Noturus gyrinus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) with a discussion of siluriform bone homologies." Vertebrate Zoology 72 (August 12, 2022): 661–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e85144.
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Abstract The skeleton of Siluriformes is characterized by several autapomorphies, including secondary absence, extreme modification, and purported fusion of several ossifications. Although well documented in adults, information on skeletal development in catfishes is relatively sparse and typically focused on particular regions of the skeleton (e.g., Weberian apparatus). To further our understanding of the siluriform skeleton, I document the development of the entire skeleton in two ictalurid species, Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) and Noturus gyrinus (tadpole madtom) from five days pre-hatch to adult. I reexamine the homologies of bones previously hypothesized to represent compound elements in catfishes as well as an additional element only known to occur in some ictalurids. Development of the skeleton is complete in I. punctatus at 22.4 mm SL and almost complete in N. gyrinus (except dorsal- and anal-fin distal radials) at 14.1 mm SL. No signs of ontogenetic fusion were observed in any of the purported compound elements. Previous hypotheses of the homology of these elements and of additional ossifications are reviewed in light of developmental information obtained herein. No dermal parietal component is present at any stage in the so-called parieto-supraoccipital. The bone is the supraoccipital which ossifies from two lateral centers of ossification which later fuse, rather than from a median center. The ‘posttemporo-supracleithrum’ originates from a single center of ossification and represents the supracleithrum. The posttemporal is present in ictalurids and many other catfishes as a canal-bearing bone between the supracleithrum and the pterotic, a bone sometimes identified as the extrascapular. The extrascapular is missing in catfishes. Ictalurids have an additional dermal bone above the posttemporal, which is either an independently ossifying fragment of the posttemporal or a neoformation restricted to some members of this family. The single chondral bone of the pectoral girdle originates from a single center of ossification that represents the coracoid. The scapula is missing in catfishes. Dorsal-fin distal radial 2 is absent in catfishes and the foramen of dorsal-fin spine 2 is formed from modifications to the base of the fin-ray itself. Unlike loricarioid catfishes, the urohyal of ictalurids originates solely as an ossification of the sternohyoideus tendons. The anteriormost infraorbital element ossifies from a single center of ossification around the infraorbital sensory canal and represents the lacrimal. The antorbital is missing in catfishes. Finally, skeletal development of I. punctatus is compared to that available for other otophysans, including the cypriniforms Danio rerio and Enteromius holotaenia and the characiform Salminus brasiliensis.
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Kubicek, Kole M. "Developmental osteology of Ictalurus punctatus and Noturus gyrinus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) with a discussion of siluriform bone homologies." Vertebrate Zoology 72 (August 12, 2022): 661–727. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e85144.
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Abstract The skeleton of Siluriformes is characterized by several autapomorphies, including secondary absence, extreme modification, and purported fusion of several ossifications. Although well documented in adults, information on skeletal development in catfishes is relatively sparse and typically focused on particular regions of the skeleton (e.g., Weberian apparatus). To further our understanding of the siluriform skeleton, I document the development of the entire skeleton in two ictalurid species, Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) and Noturus gyrinus (tadpole madtom) from five days pre-hatch to adult. I reexamine the homologies of bones previously hypothesized to represent compound elements in catfishes as well as an additional element only known to occur in some ictalurids. Development of the skeleton is complete in I. punctatus at 22.4 mm SL and almost complete in N. gyrinus (except dorsal- and anal-fin distal radials) at 14.1 mm SL. No signs of ontogenetic fusion were observed in any of the purported compound elements. Previous hypotheses of the homology of these elements and of additional ossifications are reviewed in light of developmental information obtained herein. No dermal parietal component is present at any stage in the so-called parieto-supraoccipital. The bone is the supraoccipital which ossifies from two lateral centers of ossification which later fuse, rather than from a median center. The 'posttemporo-supracleithrum' originates from a single center of ossification and represents the supracleithrum. The posttemporal is present in ictalurids and many other catfishes as a canal-bearing bone between the supracleithrum and the pterotic, a bone sometimes identified as the extrascapular. The extrascapular is missing in catfishes. Ictalurids have an additional dermal bone above the posttemporal, which is either an independently ossifying fragment of the posttemporal or a neoformation restricted to some members of this family. The single chondral bone of the pectoral girdle originates from a single center of ossification that represents the coracoid. The scapula is missing in catfishes. Dorsal-fin distal radial 2 is absent in catfishes and the foramen of dorsal-fin spine 2 is formed from modifications to the base of the fin-ray itself. Unlike loricarioid catfishes, the urohyal of ictalurids originates solely as an ossification of the sternohyoideus tendons. The anteriormost infraorbital element ossifies from a single center of ossification around the infraorbital sensory canal and represents the lacrimal. The antorbital is missing in catfishes. Finally, skeletal development of I. punctatus is compared to that available for other otophysans, including the cypriniforms Danio rerio and Enteromius holotaenia and the characiform Salminus brasiliensis.
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Grzonkowska, Magdalena, Mariusz Baumgart, Michał Kułakowski, and Michał Szpinda. "Quantitative anatomy of the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone in the human fetus." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (2023): e0295590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295590.
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Detailed numerical data about the development of primary ossification centers in human fetuses may influence both better evaluation and early detection of skeletal dysplasias, which are associated with delayed development and mineralization of ossification centers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the medical literature to morphometrically analyze the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone in human fetuses based on computed tomography imaging. The present study offers a precise quantitative foundation for ossification of the squamous part of temporal bone that may contribute to enhanced prenatal care and improved outcomes for fetuses with inherited cranial defects and skeletodysplasias. The examinations were carried out on 37 human fetuses of both sexes (16 males and 21 females) aged 18–30 weeks of gestation, which had been preserved in 10% neutral formalin solution. Using CT, digital image analysis software, 3D reconstruction and statistical methods, the size of the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone was evaluated. With neither sex nor laterality differences, the best-fit growth patterns for the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone was modelled by the linear function: y = −0.7270 + 0.7682 × age ± 1.256 for its vertical diameter, and the four-degree polynomial functions: y = 5.434 + 0.000019 × (age)4 ± 1.617 for its sagittal diameter, y = −4.086 + 0.00029 × (age)4 ± 2.230 for its projection surface area and y = −25.213 + 0.0004 × (age)4 ± 3.563 for its volume. The CT-based numerical data and growth patterns of the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone may serve as age-specific normative intervals of relevance for gynecologists, obstetricians, pediatricians and radiologists during screening ultrasound scans of fetuses. Our findings for the growing primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone may be conducive in daily clinical practice, while ultrasonically monitoring normal fetal growth and screening for inherited cranial faults and skeletodysplasias.
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Watson, Alastair G., and James S. Stewart. "Postnatal ossification centers of the atlas and axis in Miniature Schnauzers." American Journal of Veterinary Research 51, no. 2 (1990): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1990.51.02.264.
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SUMMARY Postnatal ossification of the atlas and axis was studied in Miniature Schnauzers by examining alizarin-stained bone clearings, cleaned dry bones, radiographs, histologic sections, and arterially perfused bone clearings. Sixty-two pups (1 day to 16 weeks old) and 4 adults were examined. In 1-day-old pups, the atlas consisted of 3 separate ossification centers: a left and right neural arch center and midventrally, the intercentrum 1, which formed the body of the atlas. The axis contained 4 separate ossification centers: a left and right neural arch center; centrum 2 in the main part of the axis body; and centrum 1, which formed the caudal part of the dens and the cranial part of the axis body. By 6 weeks of age, the epiphysis on the caudal end of the axis body had begun to ossify. At this time, the intercentrum 2, which developed as a cuboidal ossification center intercalated between centrum 1 and centrum 2 in the middle of the cranial half of the axis body, also began to ossify. The centrum of the proatlas, which formed the apex of the dens, was first seen ossified in a 9-week-old pup. These 10 ossification centers were seen as constant and separate elements. In all dogs, the dens developed from 2 separate ossification centers: the centrum of the proatlas formed the cranial one-quarter, and centrum 1 formed the caudal three-quarters. Dens dysplasia is unlikely to be a result of failure of development of one of the ossification centers for the dens. Seemingly, vascular-related ischemia may lead to postnatal resorption of at least the middle part of the dens and result in dens dysplasia, with subsequent atlantoaxial subluxation. This condition in dogs may be a suitable animal model for the study of the pathogenesis of os odontoideum and related conditions in man.
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Chhaya, Rani, Kumar Nilesh, and Kumar Sinha Sanjay. "Radiological Study of Secondary Ossification Centers around the Elbow Joint in North Bihar." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 5 (2023): 869–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12582821.
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<strong>Background: </strong>The bones of human skeletons develop from separate Ossification centers. From these centers ossification progresses till the bone is completely formed. These Changes can be studied by means of x-rays. It is therefore possible to determine the approximate age of an individual by radiological examination of bones till ossification is complete. <strong>Materials & Methods: </strong>This radiological study was carried out with the objective to assess the skeletal maturity round elbow joint, of subjects in North Bihar region, 168 Males and 132 Females between age group of 10-19 years and size of dwelling in North Bihar more than 10 years. Subjects representing the heterogenous population of Bihar were included from first year MBBS students of Katihar Medical College, Katihar of different districts of this state, schools as well as patients attending outpatients Department of Radiology, Katihar. Medical College, Katihar Anteroposterior and lateral view of Right elbow joint was taken, appearance and fusion of ossification centers around this joint studied. Data was tabulated and statistically analysed by using STATA 12.0 TX, USA. <strong>Results: </strong>From the analysis, it is found that in males at the age of 16 years, ossification centers around the elbow joint is fused except medial epicondyle and in females, it is completely fused. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>From this radiological study, when findings are compared with the other authors from different states of India and in addition with other nations and observed to Fluctuate substantially.
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Karaman, Gokçe, Ismail Ozgur Can, Yasin Ertug Cekdemir, Oguzhan Ekizoglu, and Handan Guleryuz. "Age Estimation Based on Computed Tomography Analysis of the Scapula." Medicina 60, no. 4 (2024): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040581.
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Background and Objectives: Age estimation from skeletal remains and in living individuals is an important issue for human identification, and also plays a critical role in judicial proceedings for migrants. Forensic analysis of ossification centers is the main evaluation method for age estimation, and ossification degree can be determined using computed tomography analysis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of CT (computed tomography) in the analysis of left scapula ossification centers, for forensic age estimation in Turkish society. Materials and Methods: We analyzed six ossification centers of the left scapula and these ossification centers are the coracoid, subcoracoid, coracoid apex, acromial, glenoid, and inferior angle ossification centers. A pediatric radiologist analyzed these six ossification centers of the scapula by using a staging method defined by Schmeling et al. in 2004. Two months after the first assessment, 20 randomly selected cases was reanalyzed by the first observer and by another pediatric radiologist. Correlation between the age and ossification stage was assessed using Spearman’s nonparametric correlation test. Linear regression analysis was performed using a backwards model. Cohen’s kappa coefficient was used for evaluating interobserver and intraobserver variability. Results: In this retrospective study, 397 (248 male and 149 female) cases were evaluated. Ages ranged between 7.1 and 30.9. The mean age was 19.83 ± 6.49. We determined a positive significant correlation between the age and the ossification stages of ossification centers analyzed in both sexes. In each ossification center, except inferior angle, all of the stage 1 and 2 cases in both sexes were under 18 years old. Intraobserver and interobserver evaluations showed that reproducibility and consistency of the method was relatively good. Conclusions: The present study indicated that CT analysis of scapula ossification centers might be helpful in forensic age assessment of living individuals and dry bones.
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Grzonkowska, Magdalena, Katarzyna Bogacz, Andrzej Żytkowski, et al. "Digital Image Analysis of Vertebral Body S1 and Its Ossification Center in the Human Fetus." Brain Sciences 15, no. 1 (2025): 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010074.
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Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the growth dynamics of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center in the human fetus, based on their linear, planar, and volumetric parameters. Methods: The examinations were carried out on 54 human fetuses of both sexes (26 males and 28 females) aged 18–30 weeks of gestation, which had been preserved in 10% neutral formalin solution. Using CT, digital image analysis software, 3D reconstruction, and statistical methods, the size of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center was evaluated. Results: The first sacral vertebra and its ossification center grew proportionately according to fetal weeks. Conclusions: The numerical data obtained from computed tomography and the growth patterns of the body of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center may serve as age-specific normative intervals relevant for gynecologists, obstetricians, pediatricians, and radiologists during fetal ultrasound screening. Our findings on the growth of the body of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center may be useful in daily clinical practice, particularly in ultrasonic monitoring of normal fetal growth and in screening for congenital defects and skeletal dysplasias.
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Kwon, Jin Woo, Seung Ho Shin, Won Ho Cho, Woo Se Lee, and Chun Ho Kim. "Radiologic Pattern of Trochlear Ossification Center." Journal of the Korean Society of Fractures 13, no. 2 (2000): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.12671/jksf.2000.13.2.216.
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Valente, C., L. Haefliger, J. Favre, and P. Omoumi. "AB0041 TO ESTIMATE THE PREVALENCE OF ACETABULAR OSSIFICATIONS IN THE ADULT POPULATION WITH ASYMPTOMATIC, MORPHOLOGICALLY NORMAL HIPS AT CT AND TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE PRESENCE OF LABRAL OSSIFICATIONS IS ASSOCIATED WITH PATIENT-RELATED OR HIP-RELATED PARAMETERS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (2021): 1053.2–1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3216.
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Background:In clinical practice, ossifications adjoining the acetabular rim are frequently seen in healthy-appearing hip joints, at all ages. The origin of these acetabular rim ossifications (ARO) is unclear. While ARO have been described by some authors as variants that may mimic marginal acetabular osteophytes, others have hypothesized that ARO may be the cause or the consequence of femoroacetabular impingement. Overall, the literature on ARO is limited, in particular in the healthy population, and their characteristics and origin not fully understood.Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of acetabular rim ossifications in the adult population with asymptomatic, morphologically normal hips at CT and to determine whether the presence of these ossifications is associated with patient-, or hip-related parameters.Methods:We prospectively included all patients undergoing thoracoabdominal CT over a 3-month period. After exclusion of patients with a clinical history of hip pathology and/or with signs of osteoarthritis on CT, we included a total of 150 hips from 75 patients. We analyzed the presence and the size of ossifications around the acetabular rim. The relationships between the size of acetabular rim ossifications and patient-related (sex, age, BMI), or hip-related parameters (joint space width, and cam- and pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement morphology) were tested using multiple regression analysis.Results:The prevalence of acetabular rim ossifications in this population of asymptomatic, non-osteoarthritic hips was 96% (95%CI=[80.1;100.0]). The presence of ossifications and their size were correlated between right and left hips (Spearman coefficient=0.64 (95%CI=[0.46;0.79]),p<0.05)).The size of acetabular rim ossifications was significantly associated with age (p<0.0001) but not with BMI (p=0.35), gender (p=0.05), joint space width (p≥0.53 for all locations) or any of the qualitative or quantitative parameters associated with femoroacetabular morphology (p≥0.34).Conclusion:Acetabular rim ossifications are highly prevalent in asymptomatic, non-osteoarthritic adult hips at all ages. Their size is not correlated with any patient-, or hip-related parameters except for the age. These findings suggest that ossifications at the acetabular rim, when present in isolation, should not be considered as signs of osteoarthritis or femoroacetabular impingement morphology.References:[1]J. W. T. Byrd, K. S. Jones, C. R. Freema. Surgical Outcome of Pincer Femoroacetabular Impingement With and Without Labral Ossification. Arthroscopy 2016; 32: 1022–1029.[2]P. D. Byers, C. A. Contepomi, and T. A. Farkas. A post mortem study of the hip joint. Including the prevalence of the features of the right side. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 1970; 29: 15–31.[3]S. Ninomiya, A. Shimabukuro, T. Tanabe, Y. T. Kim, Y. Tachibana. Ossification of the acetabular labrum. Journal of Orthopaedics Science 2001; 5: 511–514.Table 1.Association between the average severity size of ossifications and patient-related, and hip-related parametersRegression coefficientp- valuePatient-related parametersBMI0.020.35Age0.04<0.001Gender-0.430.05Joint space widthApical0.170.53Supero-medial0.170.65Supero-lateral0.060.82Cam morphotype parametersAngle alpha 450.000.81Offset0.090.34Pincer morphotype parametersAcetabular version angle-0.010.83Lateral center-edge angle0.020.56Acetabular index0.030.53Crossover sign0.260.41Posterior wall sign-0.250.47Figure 1.Coronal reformats of CT examinations showing different sizes of labral ossifications in the posterosuperior quadrant (arrows). (a) No labral ossification, (b-c-d-e) Increasingly large labral ossification from left to right. Two lines are visible at the location of the ossification, formed by the contour of the acetabular rim and of the ossification (double line-sign).Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Jawad Hussain Qamber, Mussarat Bano, Nadia Majeed, Imran Abbas, Saadia Sajjad, and Farwa Jawad. "Decoding Fetal Growth: Exploring Proximal Tibial Epiphysis Ossification Center as an Additional Sonographic Fetal Biometry Parameter (34-40 Weeks Gestation)." Journal of Saidu Medical College, Swat 14, no. 3 (2024): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52206/jsmc.2024.14.3.920.
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Background: Many times, pregnant women don't know when they last had their period. Determining gestational age becomes extremely difficult when late booking for prenatal care is added. Study was conducted to ascertain the predictive values of proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification center measurements in estimating pregnancy in the third trimester.Objectives: To assess correlation between proximal tibial epiphysis ossification center diameter with respect to gestational age, from 34 weeks to 40 weeks of gestation. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at Sughra Shafi medical complex, Narowal for a period of 9 months. Total 281 pregnant females were considered in this study which were within 34 weeks to 40 weeks of gestational age, with no-comorbidity and sure of their last menstrual period (LMP). An informed consent was taken. Measurement was repeated thrice, after confirming the proximal tibial epiphyseal ossification center and the largest diameter obtained in millimeters was recorded. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to see correlation between distal femoral epiphyseal ossification size and gestational age.Results: There is an increasing trend of the size of PTE ossification center (mm) as the gestational age proceeded from 34 weeks to 40 weeks. Pearson Correlation was applied. It was statistically significant indicating positive correlation indicated by coefficient of 1.Conclusion: In the third trimester, estimation of age of gestation by measuring the PTE is a reliable diagnostic tool in patients unsure of LMP as PTE appears in majority of patients by 34 weeks.Keywords: Gestational age, Last menstrual period, Ossification center, Proximal tibial epiphysis
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Garzón, Diego Alexander, José Manuel García, and Manuel Doblaré. "Computer simulation of long bone development: A model of endochondral ossification." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 46 (December 11, 2013): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.17929.
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Some bones of the body are constituted by cartilaginous supports in which growth is produced both with the ossification process that extends from the center of the bone towards its borders in a process so called endocondral ossification. In this period of bone tissue morphogenesis the factors controlling the process are mainly biochemical, and the mechanical influence is much lower. This paper presents a simulation model using reaction-diffusion equations for the growth and ossification process in the prenatal bone. It is primarily controlled by an interactive inhibitor-activator loop associated with the parathyroid hormone (PTHrP) and the Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). These equations in combination with the simulation of the proliferative process and the cartilage cell growth (chondrogenesis) lead to a quite accurate simulation of the growth process of a long bone, even predicting the development of secondary ossification centers in the epiphysis.
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Ahmad, Javed, Brijmohan Patel, Vivek Kumar Srivastava, and Manish Khanna. "Bilateral osteochondroses of the accessory ossification centre of the medial malleolus: A rare entity." IP International Journal of Orthopaedic Rheumatology 8, no. 1 (2022): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijor.2022.005.
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We are reporting a rare case of a painful accessory ossification center of the bilateral medial malleoli in a 9 years old girl. Patient was not involved in any sport activity. There was no local foot deformity and limb malalignment. The patient was treated conservatively. There was complete clinical and radiographic healing of the medial malleolus eight months after the first presentation. Osteochondrosis of the accessory ossification center of medial malleolus is generally unilateral and bilateral involvement is very rare. There are various differential diagnosis for this pathological condition with similar clinical features and presentation in this age group. We ruled out the uncommon pathological conditions causing chronic pain in the medial malleolus during this period of skeletal growth. We consider this painful condition to be classified as a bilateral osteochondroses of the accessory ossification center of the medial malleolus. Osteochondrosis of the accessory ossification center of the bilateral medial malleolus is a rare entity. Due to rarity of disease and common presentation similar to other disease this is commonly misdiagnosed or missed in clinical practice. Osteochondrosis is characterized by a disturbance of endochondral ossification in skeletally immature patients and should be investigated in children having a history of persistent foot and ankle pain. An increased clinical attention to this painful condition could lead to improved diagnosis and treatment among the paediatric age group.
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Marković-Jovanović, Snežana, Aleksandar Jovanović, Radojica Stolić, Milica Popović, and Danijela Ivanović. "The impact of body weight on the secondary osification centers development and the term of closure of the anterior fontanelle in infants." Praxis medica 51, no. 1-2 (2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pramed2202001m.
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Introduction: during the infant development, the organ growth is influenced by genetic factors, diet, hormones and many neuropeptides. The secondary ossification center in the hip joint begins to form around the 4th month of life. Primary dentition begins at the age of 5-6 months with the emergence of the central incisor in the maxilla. At birth, 6 fontanelles are present between the plate bones of the cranium. The largest is the anterior or large fontanelle. Objective of our research is to analyze the development of the secondary ossification center in the femoral head in relation to dentition and closure of the anterior fontanelle closure as well as influence of childrens' birth weight and current weight on these processes. Methodology: The study included 284 infants, male and female, aged 3 to 8 months. Clinical examination of the musculoskeletal system, anthropomentric measurements and ultrasonographic findings of the hip joint were performed at the Pediatric Clinic of the Clinical Hospital Center Pristina in Gracanica. Results: The development of secondary ossification centre correlated with child's age, dentition, anterior fontanelle closure, birth weight and delivery method, as well as actual body weight. Anterior fontanelle size was inversely related to age, body weight and secondary ossification. Conclusions: According to regression analysis, body weight is the only factor that has a direct and independent impact on the onset and progression of ossification process. Every additional kilogram of a child's body weight accelerates secondary ossification by 1.3-3.77 times.
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Vassilieva, Anna, June-Shiang Lai, Shang-Fang Yang, Yu-Hao Chang, and Nikolay A. Poyarkov Jr. "Development of the bony skeleton in the Taiwan salamander, Hynobius formosanus MAKI, 1922 (Caudata: Hynobiidae): Heterochronies and reductions." Vertebrate Zoology 65, no. 1 (2015): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.65.e31512.
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The development of the bony skeleton in a partially embryonized lotic-breeding salamander Hynobius formosanus is studied using the ontogenetic series from late embryos to postmetamorphic juveniles and adult specimen. Early stages of skull development in this species are compared with the early cranial ontogeny in two non-embryonized lentic-breeding species H. lichenatus and H. nigrescens. The obtained results show that skeletal development distinguishes H. formosanus from other hynobiids by a set of important features: 1) the reduction of provisory ossifications (complete absence of palatine and reduced state of coronoid), 2) alteration of a typical sequence of ossification appearance, namely, the delayed formation of vomer and coronoid, and 3) the absence of a separate ossification center of a lacrimal and formation of a single prefrontolacrimal. These unique osteological characters in H. formosanus are admittedly connected with specific traits of its life history, including partial embryonization, endogenous feeding until the end of metamorphosis and relatively short larval period.
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Vassilieva, Anna, June-Shiang Lai, Shang-Fang Yang, Yu-Hao Chang, and Nikolay A. Poyarkov Jr. "Development of the bony skeleton in the Taiwan salamander, Hynobius formosanus Maki, 1922 (Caudata: Hynobiidae): Heterochronies and reductions." Vertebrate Zoology 65 (May 4, 2015): 117–30. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.65.e31512.
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The development of the bony skeleton in a partially embryonized lotic-breeding salamander Hynobius formosanus is studied using the ontogenetic series from late embryos to postmetamorphic juveniles and adult specimen. Early stages of skull development in this species are compared with the early cranial ontogeny in two non-embryonized lentic-breeding species H. lichenatus and H. nigrescens. The obtained results show that skeletal development distinguishes H. formosanus from other hynobiids by a set of important features: 1) the reduction of provisory ossifications (complete absence of palatine and reduced state of coronoid), 2) alteration of a typical sequence of ossification appearance, namely, the delayed formation of vomer and coronoid, and 3) the absence of a separate ossification center of a lacrimal and formation of a single prefrontolacrimal. These unique osteological characters in H. formosanus are admittedly connected with specific traits of its life history, including partial embryonization, endogenous feeding until the end of metamorphosis and relatively short larval period.
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Piatt, Joseph H., and Leslie E. Grissom. "Developmental anatomy of the atlas and axis in childhood by computed tomography." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 8, no. 3 (2011): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.6.peds11187.
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Object The CT modality plays a central role in the diagnosis of cervical spine fractures. In childhood, radiolucent synchondroses between ossification centers can resemble fractures, and they can be the sites of fractures as well. Recognition of cervical spine fractures in children requires familiarity with normal developmental anatomy and common variants as they appear on CT scans. Methods A convenience sample of 932 CT scans of the cervical spine accessible on the picture archiving and communications system (known as PACS) at a single children's hospital was examined. Scans were excluded from further analysis if they did not include the atlantoaxial region or were otherwise technically unsatisfactory; if the patient carried the diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia; or if there were developmental lesions noted at other levels of the spine. No more than 1 scan per patient was analyzed. Synchondroses were graded as radiolucent, not totally radiolucent but still visible, or no longer visible. Their locations and symmetries were noted. The presence or absence of the tubercles of the transverse ligament was noted as well. Results After exclusions, 841 studies of the atlas and 835 studies of the axis were analyzed. The 3 common ossification centers of the atlas arose in the paired neural arches and the anterior arch, but in as many as 20% of cases the anterior arch developed from paired symmetrical ossification centers. The 5 common ossification centers of the axis arose in the paired neural arches, in the basal center, in the dentate center (from which most of the dentate process develops), and in the very apex of the dentate process. The appearance of each synchondrosis was noted at sequential ages. The tubercles for the transverse ligament generally did not appear until the ossification of the synchondroses of the atlas was far advanced. Anomalies of the atlas included anterior and posterior spina bifida, absence of sectors of the posterior arch, and anomalous ossification centers and synchondroses. Anomalies of the axis were much less common. What appeared possibly to be chronic, incompletely healed fractures of the atlas were discovered on review for this analysis in 6 cases. No fractures of the axis were discovered. Conclusions There is substantial variation in the time course and pattern of development of the atlas, and anomalies are common. Some fractures of the atlas may escape recognition without manifest sequelae. Variation in the time course of the development of the axis is notable as well, but anomalies seem much less common.
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Xie, Yangli, Siru Zhou, Hangang Chen, Xiaolan Du, and Lin Chen. "RECENT RESEARCH ON THE GROWTH PLATE: Advances in fibroblast growth factor signaling in growth plate development and disorders." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 53, no. 1 (2014): T11—T34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-14-0012.
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Skeletons are formed through two distinct developmental actions, intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. During embryonic development, most bone is formed by endochondral ossification. The growth plate is the developmental center for endochondral ossification. Multiple signaling pathways participate in the regulation of endochondral ossification. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling has been found to play a vital role in the development and maintenance of growth plates. Missense mutations inFGFsandFGFRscan cause multiple genetic skeletal diseases with disordered endochondral ossification. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of FGFs/FGFRs signaling in skeletal development and genetic skeletal diseases will have implications for the development of therapies for FGF-signaling-related skeletal dysplasias and growth plate injuries. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in elucidating the role of FGFs/FGFRs signaling in growth plate development, genetic skeletal disorders, and the promising therapies for those genetic skeletal diseases resulting from FGFs/FGFRs dysfunction. Finally, we also examine the potential important research in this field in the future.
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Flaherty, Kevin, and Joan Richtsmeier. "It’s about Time: Ossification Center Formation in C57BL/6 Mice from E12–E16." Journal of Developmental Biology 6, no. 4 (2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb6040031.
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The establishment of precise, high-resolution temporal sequences for morphogenetic events in laboratory mice remains a vexing issue in developmental biology. Mouse embryos collected at the same period of gestation, even those from the same litter, show wide variation in individual levels of progress along their developmental trajectory. Therefore, age at harvest does not provide sufficient information about developmental progress to serve as the basis for forming samples for the study of rapidly or near-simultaneously occurring events such as the sequence of ossification center formation. Here, we generate two measures of individual developmental progress (developmental age) for a large sample of mouse embryos using crown–rump lengths that measures size, and limbstaging ages produced by the embryonic Mouse Ontogenetic Staging System (eMOSS) that measure shape. Using these measures, we establish fine-grained sequences of ossification center appearance for mouse embryos. The two measures of developmental progress generate slightly different sequences of ossification center formation demonstrating that despite their tight correlation throughout the developmental period, size and shape are aspects of form that are at least partially dissociated in development.
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Fujioka, Hiroyuki, Tetsuo Nishikawa, Yohei Takagi, Takanori Oi, and Shinichi Yoshiya. "Stress Fracture of the Ossification Center of the Scaphoid in a Skeletally Immature Gymnast." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 24, no. 03 (2019): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835519720172.
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An eleven-year-old male gymnast felt right wrist pain when performing handstands on the floor without any major traumas. Displaced scaphoid fracture was observed on the anteroposterior view of the radiograph. Both on the T1-weighted image from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and on the short TI inversion recovery (STIR) image from MRI, low intensity was detected at the middle of the ossification center of the scaphoid and the physis and the articular cartilage covering the scaphoid bone were preserved without any injury. The patient was diagnosed with stress fracture of the ossification center of the scaphoid and successfully treated conservatively.
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Kaushik, Shweta, Mukesh K. Kumar, and Bhupendra K. Kaushik. "Spinal ossification in mouse embryo is severely compromised by the lead acetate treatment." International Journal of Scientific Reports 9, no. 5 (2023): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20231098.
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Background: Bone growth is the vital process that continues throughout the life of living beings. Several pollutants may cause poorer ossification and bone formation. Vertebral ossification is directly correlated to growth, strength and spinal stability therefore the determination of ossification pattern in vertebral column is important to evaluate the bone formation. Bio-accumulation of lead in the body has been known to cause the adverse effects on the bone development through the disruption of mineralization. Methods: The present study was designed to evaluate the impact of lead exposure on the embryonic ossification in mice during development. For this study 28 pregnant female mice were selected and treated with the lead (as lead acetate 0.5 ppm) for 14 and 21 days periods. At the end of the treatment periods pregnant mice were sacrificed and embryos were excised and processed for further analysis. Results: Present study revealed damaged and ruptured spinal ossification center with premature chondrocytes present in lyzed condition in lead treated group compared to control. Conclusions: It is concluded that lead exposure induced bone toxicity that has deteriorated the spinal ossification in the growing mice.
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Salam, Karim Abdel, Ahmed Sherif Abdel Hamid, Yasmeen Anwar Ramadan, Hossam Abdelmgeed Abdou, and Mai Raafat Hussien. "Sonographic Correlation between Distal Femoral Epiphysis Ossification Centre Diameter and Gestational Age in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study." Hellenic Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 24, no. 2 (2025): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.33574/hjog.0589.
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Background: Accurately determining gestational age during the third trimester is crucial for appropriate prenatal care. As seen on sonograms, the ossification center of the distal femoral epiphysis could serve as a dependable marker for this purpose. Objective: This study aimed to correlate the sonographic distal femoral epiphysis ossification center diameter (DFOC) and the gestational age calculated by crown rump length (CRL) in the period between 28 weeks and 40 weeks gestation Methods: A prospective observational study included 74 women in their third trimester of pregnancy. The study was conducted at Badr University Hospital, Helwan University, from January 2024 to June 2024. Our Primary outcome was the correlation between DFOC and gestational age and its diagnostic accuracy in the prediction of Gestational age. In contrast, the Secondary Outcome was Ultrasound biometry of studied cases (BPD, AC, HC, and FL). Results: The findings showed a significant correlation between the diameter of the distal femoral epiphysis ossification center and gestational age in the third trimester. At 32 weeks of gestation, the distal femoral epiphysis has a sensitivity of 68.2% and a specificity of 67.5%. Its positive predictive value (PPV) is 95.13%, and its negative predictive value (NPV) is 18.5%. The overall accuracy of the indicator at 32 weeks is 72.4%. At 36 weeks of gestation, the sensitivity increased to 98.3%, and the specificity increased to 82.7%. The positive predictive value was 97.6%, and the negative predictive value was 81.0%. The accuracy of the distal femoral epiphysis as an indicator of gestational age at 36 weeks was 96.9%. Conclusion: As measured by ultrasound, the diameter of the ossification center in the distal femoral epiphysis seems to be a potential non-invasive approach for estimating gestational age during the third trimester.
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Upreti, Dr Anshul. "To assess age with ossification center of pisiform bone." International Journal of Forensic Medicine 2, no. 1 (2020): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/27074447.2020.v2.i1a.19.
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Kovach, John, Bruce E. Baker, and John F. Mosher. "Fracture separation of the olecranon ossification center in adults." American Journal of Sports Medicine 13, no. 2 (1985): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658501300205.
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Xie, Meng, and Andrei S. Chagin. "The epiphyseal secondary ossification center: Evolution, development and function." Bone 142 (January 2021): 115701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2020.115701.
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Steiner, DPT, RMSK, Bruno U. K., Mark A. Krimmel, Eric Y. Chang, et al. "Heterotopic Ossification in Hemophilia: A Multi-Center Case Series." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (2023): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-173700.
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CONCLUSION Heterotopic Ossification (HO), or Myositis Ossificans Traumatica, is the post-traumatic formation of unwanted abnormal benign lamellar ectopic bone within extra skeletal tissue locations. HO can form in varying sizes and sites in the body and can significantly impair muscle performance, range of motion (ROM), and function. Since the recent adoption of diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS) in hemophilia care, providers and physical therapists have deepened their understanding of hemarthropathic and hemarthrosis progression. MSKUS has also aided in detecting soft tissue injuries, muscle hematoma, and resultant HO formation. Despite advances in therapies for hemophilia, HO is emerging as an unforeseen complication of contusion and injury-related muscle bleeding in hemophilia. Its detection is important as delayed or inappropriate rehabilitation may prolong recovery and disability time. This multicenter retrospective case series sought to verify and confirm HO detection and investigate whether specific types and severities of hemophilia are at increased risk of HO. Deidentified data and MSKUS images from 29 cases were collected from 9 Hemophilia Treatment Centers from the USA, the Netherlands, and Canada from 2016 to June 2023. The case series was declared exempt from IRB approval. Diagnostic and evaluative data was compiled in Redcap. Images were reviewed and diagnostically confirmed by an RMSK-certified Doctor of Physical Therapy and a Radiologist. A single clinic subset was compared to the national hemophilia incidence taken from the ATHN dataset 2022. We detected HO formation in 29 patients across 9 HTCs. Trauma-induced HO was observed in all bleeding disorder types and severities. (See Table 1). The patients' ages at the time of the inciting injury ranged from 7-56 years, with a mean age of 22.3 and a median of 16.The study's highest incidence of HO cases occurred in patients with type A hemophilia totaling 22/29 subjects or 74.8% of all cases. Except for one severe A, one severe B and a moderate B, the patients were not on prophylactic hemostatic management at the time of injury. The majority of HO (n=24, 82.8%) occurred in the anterior and lateral compartments of the thigh and hip. There were 5 incidents in the upper extremity (4 in the upper anterior arm, 1 in the hand). 24 cases were due to blunt trauma except for 4 in the psoas at the level of the anterior hip and 1 in the elbow flexors of the upper arm. HO formation was mostly associated with deep muscle bleeds next to the bony cortex (n=24). HO was detected on average at 22.97 days after injury (median 21, range 11 to 60), with most detected with MSKUS (n=24) by the physical therapist (n=22) and physician (n=2) in clinic. At the Washington Center for Bleeding Disorders (WACBD), where strict MSKUS follow-up was possible in 7 patients, HO induction was confirmed at day 23, 26, 18, 11, 14, 20, and 22 for a mean of 19.14 days (SD = 5.24). Our study shows that HO occurs regularly in Hemophilia despite its omission in the recently revised 2020 World Federation of Hemophilia guidelines. Notably, the severity or type did not appear to be the sole determinant of HO formation, as the combined total of mild and moderate hemophilia genotypes was 21 (72.4%). Conversely, though limited by the study's small sample size, 74.8% of the HO incidence was reported in type A hemophilia, which appears to be an overrepresentation when compared to the ATHN dataset 2022 report, which indicates an overall 45.59% type A hemophilia incidence. The increased detection of HO in hemophilia may be explained by the growing use of MSKUS by HTC physicians and physical therapists. MSKUS has the advantages of safety and earlier HO detection than radiography. As shown in Fig. 1, HO bears the sonographic signature of hyperechoic contours and deeper acoustic shadowing. The WACBD conducted a review yielding an HO incidence of 23.68% (9 of 38 contusion events) compared to 9-17% in the non-hemophilia population. Though the single-center report is of limited significance, the suggestion of increased HO risk to hemophilia patients merits further study. This case series acknowledges HO as a complication of deep contusions in people with bleeding disorders, especially those not on hemostatic prophylaxis. Further study is needed to determine HO's incidence and risk in Hemophilia. Hemophilia treatment guidelines must be revised to include this complication.
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McHugh, Brian J., Ryan A. Grant, Alyssa B. Zupon, and Michael L. DiLuna. "Congenital os odontoideum arising from the secondary ossification center without prior fracture." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 17, no. 6 (2012): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.9.spine12824.
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The etiology of os odontoideum has been debated in the literature since the condition was initially described. The authors present the case of a 4-year-old girl who was found to have an os odontoideum with atlantoaxial instability after a motor vehicle collision. Imaging performed 3 years earlier demonstrated an incompletely ossified, cartilaginous, orthotopic os separated from the body of the odontoid process at the level of the secondary ossification center with a short odontoid process. This case presents the earliest imaging demonstration of the presence of a congenital orthotopic os odontoideum at the secondary ossification center. The authors review the pertinent literature and propose that the etiology of os odontoideum is multifactorial and related to the embryology and vascular supply to the odontoid process.
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Nishida, Norihiro, Fei Jiang, Junji Ohgi, et al. "Biomechanical Analysis of the Spine in Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis: Finite Element Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (2021): 8944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198944.
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Patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) develop fractures of the vertebral bodies, even in minor trauma, because of the loss of flexibility, which causes difficulties in fusing vertebrae; therefore, the diagnosis of spine injuries may be delayed. We used the three-dimensional finite element method to add data on ossification to the healthy vertebral model in order to investigate how stress in intervertebral discs changes with bone shape and whether these changes present any risk factors. A healthy spine model and a DISH flat model (T8–sacrum) were generated from medical images. As an ossified hypertrophic model, T11–T12 was cross-linked with hypertrophic ossification, and hypertrophy was found to be 5 and 10 mm. An ossifying hypertrophic groove model (5 and 10 mm) was created at T11–T12 and T11–L1. A groove was created at the center of T12, and the radius of curvature of the groove was set to 1 and 2.5 mm. An extension force and flexion force were applied to the upper part of T8, assuming that external forces in the direction of flexion and extension were applied to the spine. Stresses were greater in the DISH flat model than in the healthy model. In the hypertrophic ossification model, the stress on the vertebral body was similar to greater ossification in extension and flexion. In the ossified hypertrophic groove model, the stress at the center of the groove increased. In DISH, vertebrae are more susceptible to stress. Furthermore, depending on the morphology of ossification, stresses on the vertebrae and intervertebral discs differed even with similar loads. An examination of ossification geometry may help surgeons decide the thoracolumbar spine’s stress elevated position in patients with DISH, thereby contributing to the understanding of the pathogenesis of pain.
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Faizan, Ahmad, Koichi Sairyo, Vijay K. Goel, Ashok Biyani, and Nabil Ebraheim. "Biomechanical rationale of ossification of the secondary ossification center on apophyseal bony ring fracture: A biomechanical study." Clinical Biomechanics 22, no. 10 (2007): 1063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.04.012.
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Zhang, Mandy, and Yue Shuen Wong. "Painful Medial Ankle in a Young Dancer: A Case Report of a Symptomatic Secondary Ossification Center of the Medial Malleolus." Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 24, no. 1 (2020): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12678/1089-313x.24.1.44.
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An osseous fragment at the distal tip of the medial malleolus in a skeletally immature individual may represent a secondary ossification center and should not always be interpreted as a fracture. In this case study of a young dance student presenting with bilateral medial ankle pain, we postulated that hindfoot valgus, in combination with extreme loads placed on the foot during ballet training, increased stresses at the medial malleolus and accessory physis. Our patient was treated conservatively for symptomatic secondary ossification of medial malleolus and she returned to dance class at 6 months.
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Harcke, HT, MS Lee, L. Sinning, NM Clarke, PF Borns, and GD MacEwen. "Ossification center of the infant hip: sonographic and radiographic correlation." American Journal of Roentgenology 147, no. 2 (1986): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.147.2.317.
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Ogden, John A., Tim M. Ganey, and Dali A. Ogden. "The Histopathology of Injury to the Accessory Malleolar Ossification Center." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 16, no. 1 (1996): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-199601000-00012.
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Xie, Meng, Lei Li, Phillip Newton, et al. "Secondary ossification center protects growth plate chondrocytes from mechanical stress." Bone Reports 13 (October 2020): 100663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100663.
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Shimazaki, Jiro, Akira Takemura, Kiyotaka Nishida, Hideki Kajiyama, Mitsugi Shimoda, and Shuji Suzuki. "Heterotopic Ossification in Rectal Carcinoma: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Oncology 9, no. 3 (2016): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452297.
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Heterotopic ossification in colorectal carcinoma is extremely rare. This report presents the case of a 57-year-old male who had undergone a low anterior resection following a diagnosis of rectal carcinoma. Histological examination showed heterotopic ossification in the tumor. The patient was referred to Ibaraki Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, with a diagnosis of rectal carcinoma by a local physician. Abdominal computed tomography revealed thickening of the rectal wall with calcified deposits, and virtual colonoscopy showed stenosis with a mass in the rectum. The patient underwent a low anterior resection and diverting ileostomy in May 2014. Histological examination of the excised tumor showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and an infiltration of spindle cells with numerous foci of osteoid and ossification, with osteoblastic rimming in the stroma. Immunohistochemical analysis of these spindle cells and osteoblasts revealed negative staining for AE1/AE3, suggesting a reactive change. There was metastasis in 1 of the 12 lymph nodes, and the tumor was diagnosed as stage IIIB (T4a, N1a, M0) rectal carcinoma. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was followed up at our outpatient clinic. In conclusion, the malignant potential of heterotopic ossification in rectal carcinoma has not been determined. However, heterotopic ossification is induced by tumor progression in a microenvironment, suggesting a high tumor malignity. The patient should be carefully monitored after surgery in terms of improved patient outcome.
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Shah, Kunal A., and Ajay C. Shah. "SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PAINFUL OS SUBFIBULARE: A CASE REPORT." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 23, no. 01 (2020): 2072002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957720720021.
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Separated ossicle at the tip of lateral malleolus, a rare condition called os subfibulare, sometimes is a cause of ankle pain. There are two theories regarding the origin of os subfibulare. One theory proposes that it is caused by an avulsion fracture attributable to pull of the anterior talofibular ligament, whereas the other theory proposes that it is the result of an accessory ossification center. Accessory bones may be stable or may sustain injuries and become avulsed. Most cases have described the surgical treatment of avulsion fractures with excision of the fragment and anterior talofibular ligament reconstruction. We describe a rare case of a symptomatic Os subfibulare caused by an accessory ossification center in a 27-year-old female with no previous history of trauma. Surgical excision was done without ligament reconstruction and the symptoms resolved completely after the surgery and there was no residual ankle instability.
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Jia, Guoqiang, and Jun Sun. "Application of ultrasound in the management of TRASH (the radiographic appearance seemed harmless) fractures in preschool children: A review." Medicine 102, no. 34 (2023): e34855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000034855.
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Elbow fracture is one of the most common fractures in preschool children, and the secondary ossification center appears regularly with age increasing. Transphyseal separation of the distal humerus, medial humeral condyle fracture, lateral humeral condyle fracture, radial head osteochondral separation, and Monteggia fracture (minimal ulnar bow type) are difficult to diagnose based on X-ray films alone because of the unossified secondary ossification center or a suspicious non-alignment of the anatomical cartilage of the elbow joint in preschool children. These 5 fractures above are defined as The Radiographic Appearance Seemed Harmless fractures in preschool children (TRASH-PS). The TRASH-PS fractures must be taken into consideration when there is swelling at the injured site without fracture feature on X-ray. Additionally, relevant misdiagnosis or unsuitable management can lead to elbow dysfunction and deformity. Therefore, this work reviews the application of ultrasound in the management of TRASH-PS fractures.
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Babaeva, Khalida B., and Ramiz Sh Polukhov. "Ultrasonographic Assessment of the Proximal Femoral Ossification Center in Children Under 1 Year." Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia 28, no. 1 (2022): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2311-2905-1626.
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Background. Developmental disorders of the secondary ossification center (SOC) of the proximal femoral epiphysis can be a marker of some childhood diseases that require timely diagnosis and treatment.
 The study aimed to assess the capabilities of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ossification processes of the proximal femoral epiphysis.
 Material and Methods. The study is based on the results of a survey of 524 children aged 2 weeks to 1 year with normal hip joints, including 259 boys and 265 girls. All patients underwent ultrasound examination of the hip joints according to the method of R. Graf in a standard coronary section. In older children, to eliminate errors in measuring the size of the SOC, an additional cross-section was used.
 Results. The SOC was detected in isolated cases in boys aged up to 3 months and girls up to 2 months. At age 3 months, the SOC was visualized in 45% of girls and 5% of boys. By age 5 months, 81% of girls had a SOC compared with 46% of boys. By 7 months, SOC was determined in more than 90% of cases of both groups. Thus, girls showed an earlier formation of the SOC than boys. The SOC was located in the center of the femoral head in 82% of cases, lateral in 14%, and medial in 4%. In 95% of the examined children, SOC development occurred symmetrically in both joints. In addition, discrepancies were revealed with simultaneous ultrasonography and X-ray of the hip joints since the SOC becomes visible earlier during ultrasonography.
 Conclusion. Sonography is a highly informative method for determining the ossification processes of the proximal femur. Knowledge of the normal sonographic appearance of the femoral head SOC by age and sex will help clinicians diagnose and treat hip disorders.
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Zumstein, Matthias, Atul Sukthankar, and Georg Ulrich Exner. "Tripartite patella: late appearance of a third ossification center in childhood." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B 15, no. 1 (2006): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01202412-200601000-00017.
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Seegenschmiedt, H. M., H. B. Makoski, and O. Micke. "Heterotopic ossification prophylaxis about the hip joint - a multi-center study." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 48, no. 3 (2000): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(00)80279-5.
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Rush, William J., Lane F. Donnelly, Alan S. Brody, Christopher G. Anton, and Stacy A. Poe. "“Missing” Sternal Ossification Center: Potential Mimicker of Disease in Young Children." Radiology 224, no. 1 (2002): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2241011202.
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Volpon, Jose B., and Guaracy de Carvalho Filho. "Calcaneal apophysitis: a quantitative radiographic evaluation of the secondary ossification center." Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 122, no. 6 (2002): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00402-002-0410-y.
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Mitchell, Brendon C., JD Bomar, Dennis Wenger, and Andrew T. Pennock. "CLASSIFYING ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY AVULSION FRACTURES BY OSSIFICATION STAGE AND TENDON ATTACHMENT." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (2021): 2325967121S0007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00077.
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Background: Currently, there is no classification system for ischial tuberosity avulsion fractures. Hypothesis/Purpose: To provide a new classification system for ischial tuberosity fractures based on the ossification pattern of the apophysis. Methods: We performed a retrospective records review of patients diagnosed with ischial tuberosity avulsion fractures at our institution from 2008 to 2018. Skeletal maturity (Modified Oxford score [MOS], Risser score), fracture type, size, and displacement were recorded based on initial injury radiographs. We reviewed a large series of pelvic CT and MRI scans from patients aged 10-19 years old to assess the ossification pattern and tendinous attachments of the ischial tuberosity. Pelvic CT review demonstrated a reproducible 5-stage pattern of ossification spanning the age of 13-19 years for males and 12-17 years for females (Figure 1). Review of available CTs and MRIs indicated that the semimembranosus attaches at the most lateral ossification center, followed by the conjoint tendon and adductor magnus as one moves medially (Figures 1). We created a classification system based on location of the ischial tuberosity avulsion fracture: Type 1 (lateral – semimembranosus and conjoint tendons) or Type 2 (complete – semimembranosus, conjoint, and adductor magnus tendons). An A or B descriptor was then added to distinguish minimally displaced (<1 cm) and displaced (≥1 cm) fractures, respectively (Figure 2). Results: We identified 45 ischial tuberosity fractures. Mean age was 14.4 years (range, 10.3–18). Males accounted for 82% of the cohort. Type 1 fractures accounted for 47% of cases and 53% were classified as Type 2. Type 1 fractures were associated with younger age chronological age (p=0.001), lower MOS (p=0.002), lower Risser score (p=0.002), less displacement (p=0.001), and smaller size (p<0.001), when compared with Type 2 fractures (Table 1). Of the 45 patients, 18 had >6 month follow-up with 56% going on to non-union. Non-union was associated with greater displacement (p=0.016) and size (p=0.027). When comparing union rates by fracture location, 33% of Type 1 fractures progressed to non-union, while 78% percent of Type 2 suffered a non-union; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.153) (Table 2). Conclusion: In younger patients (ages 13-15 years), the lateral ossification centers of the ischial tuberosity, at which the hamstrings attach, are at risk for isolated avulsion injury. However, in older patients (16-18 years), coalescence of the hamstring and adductor magnus ossification centers predispose patients to a combined avulsion injury consisting of a larger fragment and with greater displacement. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]
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Arzani, Vida, and Pardis Ahmadi. "Evaluation of Stylohyoid Complex Patterns on Digital Panoramic Radiographs in the Local Population in Ilam, Iran." Avicenna Journal of Dental Research 13, no. 1 (2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajdr.2021.05.
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Background: Stylohyoid ligament ossification is a complication that is repeatedly and accidentally observed on panoramic radiographs and may be the cause of some symptoms. Accordingly, awareness of this incidence enables the clinicians in the accurate diagnosis of head and neck pains while avoiding unneeded therapy. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The number of samples was 196 people who referred to an oral and maxillofacial radiology center in Ilam in 2020. Information was completed by a checklist which consisted of two parts, including a questionnaire (age, gender, history of maxillofacial trauma, history of maxillofacial surgery, and pregnancy) and a second part (including the ossification of the stylohyoid complex, its length, involved side, and the process category according to Langlais classification). Differences between the groups were compared by Student’s t test, Welch’s t test, or chi-square test (P<0.05). Results: The results revealed the influence of age on the calcification and elongation patterns of the styloid process while no significant association was found between gender and elongation and calcification patterns. The ossification of the stylohyoid complex was unilateral and bilateral in 24 (40.6%) and 35)59.3%) patients. Finally, the ossification of the stylohyoid complex was bilateral in 17 patients (48.6%) aged 40-59 years. Conclusions: The evaluation of stylohyoid complex patterns using panoramic radiography is essential, especially in patients with related symptoms. Further studies are needed to completely understand the underlying mechanism of the ossification of the styloid process and to assess different types of the styloid process and the relation between them in patients.
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Choi, Yun Hee, Je Hoon Lee, and Young Min Kwon. "Prevalence, Distribution, and Concomitance of Whole-Spine Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Ossification of the Ligament Flavum in South Koreans: A Whole-Spine-CT-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Neurospine 19, no. 4 (2022): 1108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14245/ns.2244700.350.
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Objective: No studies assessing the prevalence of ossification of the spinal ligament were conducted using whole-spine positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT) in healthy Koreans. We aimed to determine the prevalence of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and ossification of the ligament flavum (OLF) in healthy Koreans using whole-body PET-CT.Methods: We reviewed whole-body PET-CT images captured during general health checkups at the General Health Promotion Center of our institution from January 2015 to 2020. OPLL and OLF were identified by the presence of heterotopic ossification in the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligament flavum on axial and sagittal PET-CT images.Results: A total of 1,934 adults (1,645 men, 289 women) were included. The mean age was 48.05 years (range, 28–86 years). Among the 1,934 patients, 173 had OPLL (8.9%). The most commonly involved cervical vertebra levels arranged according to frequency were C4, C5, C3, and C6. OLF was observed in 125 patients (6.5%). The most commonly involved thoracic levels were T10, T11, and T5. The prevalence of OPLL and OLF was the highest in patients aged 60–69 years. Among the C-OPLL patients, 15.1% had T-OPLL, 5.0% had L-OPLL, and 25.8% had T-OLF.Conclusion: Our study revealed the prevalence of OPLL and OLF in healthy Korean subjects. It was consistent with that in other Asian countries. The presence of OPLL and OLF at most locations correlated with the presence or absence of spinal ossification at other locations.
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Hallett, Shawn A., Annabelle Zhou, Curtis Herzog, Ariel Arbiv, Wanida Ono, and Noriaki Ono. "Cranial Base Synchondrosis Lacks PTHrP-Expressing Column-Forming Chondrocytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (2022): 7873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147873.
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The cranial base contains a special type of growth plate termed the synchondrosis, which functions as the growth center of the skull. The synchondrosis is composed of bidirectional opposite-facing layers of resting, proliferating, and hypertrophic chondrocytes, and lacks the secondary ossification center. In long bones, the resting zone of the epiphyseal growth plate houses a population of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)-expressing chondrocytes that contribute to the formation of columnar chondrocytes. Whether PTHrP+ chondrocytes in the synchondrosis possess similar functions remains undefined. Using Pthrp-mCherry knock-in mice, we found that PTHrP+ chondrocytes predominantly occupied the lateral wedge-shaped area of the synchondrosis, unlike those in the femoral growth plate that reside in the resting zone within the epiphysis. In vivo cell-lineage analyses using a tamoxifen-inducible Pthrp-creER line revealed that PTHrP+ chondrocytes failed to establish columnar chondrocytes in the synchondrosis. Therefore, PTHrP+ chondrocytes in the synchondrosis do not possess column-forming capabilities, unlike those in the resting zone of the long bone growth plate. These findings support the importance of the secondary ossification center within the long bone epiphysis in establishing the stem cell niche for PTHrP+ chondrocytes, the absence of which may explain the lack of column-forming capabilities of PTHrP+ chondrocytes in the cranial base synchondrosis.
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MIYAZAKI, CESAR SATOSHI, DANIEL AUGUSTO MARANHO, PAULO MORAES AGNOLLITTO, and MARCELLO HENRIQUE NOGUEIRA-BARBOSA. "STUDY OF SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTERS OF THE ELBOW IN THE BRAZILIAN POPULATION." Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 25, no. 6 (2017): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220172506170954.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the age in which the secondary ossification centers of the elbow appear and fuse in the Brazilian population. Methods: Nearly thirty radiographs were randomly selected for each age group from 0 to 18 years, with a total of 544 radiographs from 439 patients, between 2010 and 2015, without abnormalities secondary to trauma, metabolic or bone tumor diseases. Radiographs were retrospectively evaluated by two blind and independent observers, according to the presence or not of the ossification centers, and the fusion between them. Results: The age interval of appearance and fusion were, respectively: capitulum (0 to 1 year; 10 to 15 years), radius head (2 to 6 year; 12 to 16 years), medial epicondyle (2 to 8 years; 13 to 17 years), trochlea (5 to 11 years; 10 to 18 years), olecranon (6 to 11 years; 13 to 16 years), e lateral epicondyle (8 to 13 years; 12 to 16 years). Appearance and fusion were earlier in girls compared to boys (exception to capitulum and radius head). Conclusion: The chronological order was similar to the literature. For girls, the radius head and medial epicondyle appeared simultaneously. There was a tendency of the olecranon center to appear before the trochlea for both sexes. Level of Evidence III, Diagnostic Study.