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Journal articles on the topic 'Ostracizer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 September 2021

Last updated: 17 July 2025

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1

Hales, Andrew H., and Kipling D. Williams. "Extremism Leads to Ostracism." Social Psychology 51, no. 3 (2020): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000406.

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Abstract. Ostracism has been shown to increase openness to extreme ideologies and groups. We investigated the consequences of this openness-to-extremity from the perspective of potential ostracizers. Does openness-to-extremity increase one’s prospects of being ostracized by others who are not affiliated with the extreme group? Participants rated willingness to ostracize 40 targets who belong to activist groups that vary in the type of goals/cause they support (prosocial vs. antisocial), and the extremity of their actions (moderate vs. extreme). Mixed-effects modeling showed that people are more willing to ostracize targets whose group engages in extreme actions. This effect was unexpectedly stronger for groups pursuing prosocial causes. It appears openness-to-extremity entails interpersonal cost, and could increase reliance on the extreme group for social connection.

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Fiset, John, Raghid Al Hajj, and John G. Vongas. "When Ostracism Cannot be Ignored: The role of Ostracizer Status and Ostracizee’s Social Support." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (2015): 17742. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.17742abstract.

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3

Nazarevich, Viktoriya V. "THE STUDY OF THE OSTRACIZING TENDENCIES OF THE PERSONALITY WITH THE HELP OF THE PROJECTIVE TEST «I MET A STRANGER»." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University: Psychology Series 1 (January 28, 2021): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2415-7384-2021-12-4-11.

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In the article, the authors try to determine the features of the application of the projective test «I met a stranger” or». Meeting a person with special individual characteristics” to study the ostracizing tendencies of the individual. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of ostracism or social rejection, which lead to devastating results in both individual and social well-being. The article is devoted to social isolation, which is an effective means of social punishment, as ostracized individuals cannot take advantage of group efforts and diagnose the existence of ostracizing manifestations, using projective tools. Attention is paid to the peculiarities and regularities and prospects of application of the projective test “I met a stranger” in the methodology of diagnostic tools of ostracism. Peculiarities of diagnostics of ostracizing tendencies of an individual with the help of projective technique «Meeting of a person with special individual characteristics», which acts as a multifunctional tool depending on the goals and methodology of studying the projective components of the image of an ostracized person. It is pointed out that depending on the purposes of modifications of the method it is possible to study: stereotypical perception of strangers, who in turn act as ostracizers, when in the process of analysis the image is studied – another in the public consciousness. The second most important functional load for us is the reflection of the structure of the relationship between the two objects of interaction and the dyad (alien – not alien). The attention paid to the specifics of this test, so sufficient abstract and vague instructions leave enough space for the manifestation and modeling of individual situations of the meeting, so an important component is a post-picture interview. If the interview shows manifestations of fear and a high level of ostracized tendencies on the scales of the methodology, it can be argued about ostracism. It was found that the irrational fear of «foreign» persons is determined using the method of «Meeting with a» foreign «person», and makes it possible to analyze the protective strategies that actually reinforce this psychological phenomenon. There are a number of questions and a protocol, which reflects the main questions of the psychologist related to the general description of the picture. It is concluded that to effectively study the trends of social rejection of people with special individual manifestations, using the projective test «I met a stranger» should take into account: how often portray a person with special individual manifestations and other people around him, random ordinary, himself with someone from acquaintances; the activities of the people depicted in the figure; additional details in the picture, objects that are needed to interact with a person with characteristic individual manifestations. We see further consideration of this problem in the creation of new tools for studying the tendencies of individuals to ostracize people with characteristic individual manifestations, using projective methods.

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4

Evans, Danieli. "Institutionalized Ostracism." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 29.2 (2025): 155. https://doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.29.2.institutionalized.

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Belonging is a fundamental need, like food or water. Hundreds of social psychology studies find that people who are ostracized (excluded, rejected, or ignored) experience severe pain and suffering. Ostracism threatens basic needs, triggers the same neurocognitive processing system as physical pain, and impairs functioning. Furthermore, ostracized people may cope in ways that beget “deviant” labeling and further ostracism. Belonging and ostracism are prevalent themes in social psychology research, but these constructs have received relatively little attention in law. This Article begins to explore the implications of this research for law. I make three contributions: First, I name and describe the phenomenon of “institutionalized ostracism”: When government institutions ostracize people in ways that threaten their sense of belonging. This institutionalized ostracism is mostly lawful under current anti- discrimination law. Second, I draw from social psychology literature to explain why institutionalized ostracism is so harmful—in some ways comparable to physical violence. Third, I identify and critique several ways in which current jurisprudence supports and facilitates institutionalized ostracism. In discussing these, I make some preliminary suggestions as to how our jurisprudence ought to attend to the harm of ostracism.

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NAZAREVICH, Victoria. "Psychosocial support for ostracizers in educational environment." EUROPEAN HUMANITIES STUDIES: State and Society, no. 3 (December 12, 2022): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.38014/ehs-ss.2022.3.08.

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The present article aims to analyze materials and researches concerning ostracism in the educational environment. It was stated that the prevention of ostracism in the educational environment is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Introducing the psychosocial support program of ostracizers to educational environments may be a long-term solution to the problem. The program aims to provide qualified support to children who tend to ostracize and display deviant behavior; assist them in developing constructive communication skills, self-reflection, self-awareness, and self-regulation skills; establish friendly and respectful relationships with each other; develop partnership and cooperation skills and competencies. The main factor in the program's effectiveness is the involvement of a multidisciplinary team (psychologists, teachers, social workers, and speech-language pathologists (SLP). Collaboration between psychologists, teachers, parents, and children is also necessary.

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6

Wesselmann, Eric D., James H. Wirth, John B. Pryor, Glenn D. Reeder, and Kipling D. Williams. "When Do We Ostracize?" Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no. 1 (2012): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550612443386.

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Dörfler, Thomas. "Verurteilt, ausgeschlossen und geächtet: Russlands UN-Politik." Vereinte Nationen 72, no. 1 (2024): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35998/vn-2024-0004.

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8

Lim, Desiree. "Socially Undocumented, Civically Ostracized, or Both?" Philosophy Today 64, no. 4 (2020): 963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtoday2020644366.

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Pitts, Shane, John Paul Wilson, and Kurt Hugenberg. "When One Is Ostracized, Others Loom." Social Psychological and Personality Science 5, no. 5 (2013): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550613511502.

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10

Eck, Jennifer, Christiane Schoel, Marc-André Reinhard, and Rainer Greifeneder. "When and Why Being Ostracized Affects Veracity Judgments." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 3 (2019): 454–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219860135.

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Ostracism—being ignored and excluded by others—is a ubiquitous experience with adverse effects on well-being. To prevent further exclusion and regain belonging, ostracized individuals are well advised to identify affiliation partners who are sincerely well-disposed. Humans’ ability to detect lies, however, is generally not very high. Yet, veracity judgments can become more accurate with decreasing reliance on common stereotypic beliefs about the nonverbal behavior of liars and truth-tellers. We hypothesize that ostracized (vs. included) individuals base their veracity judgments less on such stereotypical nonverbal cues if message content is affiliation-relevant. In line with this hypothesis, Experiment 1 shows that ostracized (vs. included) individuals are better at discriminating affiliation-relevant lies from truths. Experiments 2 and 3 further show that ostracized (vs. included) individuals base their veracity judgments less on stereotypical nonverbal cues if messages are of high (but not low) affiliation relevance.

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Williams, Kipling D., and Kristin L. Sommer. "Social Ostracism by Coworkers: Does Rejection Lead to Loafing or Compensation?" Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23, no. 7 (1997): 693–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167297237003.

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A new theoretical model and research paradigm are introduced to investigate the phenomenon of social ostracism-being ignored by others who are in one's presence. The authors examined the effects of social ostracism on individuals' subsequent contributions to a group task. Social loafing Optically occurs on collective tasks. However; to regain their sense of belonging to the group, the authors expected ostracized individuals to socially compensate-to work harder collectively than coactively. Participants were asked to generate as many uses as they could for an object, either coactively or collectively with two others who had either ostracized or included them in an earlier ball-tossing exchange. Ostracized females socially compensated, whereas nonostracized females neither loafed nor compensated. Ostracized and nonostracized males socially loafed. Based on these data and the accompanying attributional and nonverbal analyses, the authors surmised that males and females interpret and respond to social ostracism differently.

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12

Borawski, Dominik. "Ostracized and unreal: Does cyberostracism affect authenticity?" Personality and Individual Differences 189 (April 2022): 111486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111486.

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13

Hafsa, Saleem, Masood Hassan Dr., and Omer Khalid Muhammad. "The Impact of Workplace Sexual Harassment among Women and Workplace Ostracism on Personal or Organizational Deviance with the mediating effect of Self-Efficacy." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research 11, no. 05 (2022): 70–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6911319.

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<em>The purpose of this research is to find the impact of workplace ostracism and women workplace sexual harassment on the personal or organizational deviance, where the relationship between the variables is mediated through self-efficacy. It moves on the research paradigm of post-positivism where this research creates a new relation among the considered variables. This research was conducted from the private banking sector of Karachi, Pakistan. The data was collected through 245 questionnaires among which best 217 questionnaires were selected for the testing. The data was then passed through the reliability and validity test of SPSS- Smart PLS and all the constructs of the data found to be accurate and reliable while for descriptive statistics and demographical analysis of respondents SPPS statistical tools have been used. This research concludes an insignificant relationship of workplace ostracism with both self-efficacy and personal or organizational deviance, while it found a significant positive relationship of sexual harassment at workplace with both self-efficacy and personal or organizational deviance. This research recommends that the recruitment of supervisors should be based on their leadership skills so they don’t ostracize their team members, also good security should be provided to female employees and all the employers should be prohibited to call personal meetings with opposite gender. Furthermore, it provides beneficial knowledge to the students who are studying human resource management and also helpful for the organizations to understand how they can control the deviance in their organization by training their employees to fight against sexual harassment and ostracizers</em>

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14

Fayant, Marie-Pierre, Dominique Muller, Chris Hubertus Joseph Hartgerink, and Anthony Lantian. "Is Ostracism by a Despised Outgroup Really Hurtful?" Social Psychology 45, no. 6 (2014): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000209.

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Previous research has shown that being ostracized by members of a despised outgroup is as hurtful as being ostracized by ingroup members ( Gonsalkorale & Williams, 2007 ). In the current study, we conduct a direct replication of the Gonsalkorale and Williams’s study and also investigate whether this (lack of) effect is due to the way negative consequences of ostracism were measured. To do so, we created a new measure that directly assesses whether people were hurt from being ostracized (or not). Our results and a small-scale meta-analysis including Gonsalkorale and Williams’s results show that ostracism effects are not significantly diminished when the source of ostracism is a despised outgroup. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications.

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Mermier, Julia, Ermanno Quadrelli, Hermann Bulf, and Chiara Turati. "Ostracism modulates children’s recognition of emotional facial expressions." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (2023): e0287106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287106.

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Ostracism has been shown to induce considerable physiological, behavioral and cognitive changes in adults. Previous research demonstrated its effects on children’s cognitive and behavioral abilities, but less is known about its impact on their capacity to recognize subtle variations in social cues. The present study aimed at investigating whether social manipulations of inclusion and ostracism modulate emotion recognition abilities in children, and whether this modulation varies across childhood. To do so, 5- and 10-year-old children participated in a computer-based ball tossing game called Cyberball during which they were either included or ostracized. Then, they completed a facial emotion recognition task in which they were required to identify neutral facial expressions, or varying levels of intensity of angry and fearful facial expressions. Results indicated lower misidentification rates for children who were previously ostracized as compared to children who were previously included, both at 5 and 10 years of age. Moreover, when looking at children’s accuracy and sensitivity to facial expressions, 5-year-olds’ decoding abilities were affected by the social manipulation, while no difference between included and ostracized participants was observed for 10-year-olds. In particular, included and ostracized 10-year-old children as well as ostracized 5-year-olds showed higher accuracy and sensitivity for expressions of fear as compared to anger, while no such difference was observed for included 5-year-olds. Overall, the current study presents evidence that Cyberball-induced inclusion and ostracism modulate children’s recognition of emotional faces.

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Globačnik, Matko. "Između časnog egzila i ostracizma." Sv. 61(2019) 61 (2019): 455–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21857/94kl4cxl0m.

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17

DeSouza, Eros R., Eric D. Wesselmann, Leonidas R. Taschetto, et al. "Investigating Ostracism and Racial Microaggressions Toward Afro-Brazilians." Journal of Black Psychology 45, no. 4 (2019): 222–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798419864001.

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We examined two forms of social exclusion toward Afro-Brazilians commonly found in the United States, ostracism and racial microaggressions. We utilized a mixed-method (quantitative-experimental and qualitative) approach to investigate ostracism and a qualitative focus group approach to study racial microaggressions. In Study 1 ( n = 29), we experimentally investigated ostracism through a recall paradigm in which participants wrote about being either included or ostracized. An independent t test showed that participants in the ostracized condition reported significantly worse psychological outcomes than those in the included condition ( p < .001). We coded participants’ written responses by whether they included attributions of racial bias by experimental condition. A Pearson chi-square analysis ( p = .017) revealed that racial bias was mentioned in 75% of the cases in the ostracized condition. Studies 2a and 2b ( ns = 6 and 8, respectively) consisted of two focus groups in different regions of Brazil that asked participants about their experiences with racial microaggressions. We found similarities to previous microaggression categories identified in the United States, extending our understanding of how microaggressions evoke feelings of social exclusion, which also occur when someone is ostracized.

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Su, Chang, and Wai Hung Thomas Ng. "Does Being Envied and Ostracized Make Employees Unethical?" Academy of Management Proceedings 2019, no. 1 (2019): 10832. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2019.10832abstract.

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19

Kassner, Matthew P., Eric D. Wesselmann, Alvin Ty Law, and Kipling D. Williams. "Virtually Ostracized: Studying Ostracism in Immersive Virtual Environments." Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 15, no. 8 (2012): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0113.

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20

Alipour, Ahdiyeh, and Zanyar Kareem Abdul. "THE DISCONNECTED VOICES OF MOTHERHOOD AND DAUGHTERHOOD IN TONI MORRISON’S PARADISE: JOURNEY FROM UNCERTAINTY TO CHAOS." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 4, no. 2 (2020): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v4i2.2594.

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This paper is an attempt of analysing the problematic mother-daughter relationship in Paradise (1998), a female coming-of-age novel by Toni Morrison. In the novel, a black woman and her daughter had an uneasy relationship. The daughter strived to shape her own identity and future, but her uneasy relationship with her mother profoundly affected her choices and the way she lived. Undoubtedly, the patriarchal environment that had moulded the female identity and shaped a woman’s world resulted in a dysfunctional relationship between mother and daughter. Although the seed of maternal love existed in her heart as in all mothers, she was often incapable of transferring this love into words and actions, overwhelmed as she was by the pressures patriarchal society. The oppressive pressure on black women is depicted far surpassed that on the whites, and the former were ostracized from society merely because of who they were and by the colour of their skin. This paper explores how patriarchy and conventional beliefs could influence the mother-daughter relationship and prevented the expression of a mother’s true love, consequently depriving them of the opportunity or ability to perform physiologically and psychologically as mothers, biological or otherwise, in black communities. To liberate herself, the daughter had to struggle in the swamp, which her ancestors had created by the force of convention and patriarchy. However, when she eventually discovered the way to free herself from the swamp, she felt no welcome from society and so continued to remain isolated and ostracised.

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Basset, Giada, Alessia Testa, Chiara Turati, Ermanno Quadrelli, and Hermann Bulf. "Ostracism affects children’s behavioral reactivity and gaze cueing of attention." PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): e0320338. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320338.

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Being ostracized is a negative experience that threatens important psychological needs, inducing considerable cognitive and behavioral changes and influencing the processing of social signals such as gaze-cueing. Yet, little is known about how self-experienced ostracism affects children’s behavior and attentional processes. The present study aims to explore whether the social experience of being included or ostracized can modulate gaze-cueing of attention and behavioral reactivity in 6- (N = 40) and 10-year-old children (N = 40) and adults (N = 50). Participants were video-recorded while playing an online ball-tossing game (i.e., Cyberball), where they could be either included or ostracized. They then participated in a gaze cueing task, where the cue was provided by the eye-gaze of a central human face, and the target could appear in a congruent or incongruent position. Results revealed that ostracism affected both adults’ and children’s ability to follow another’s gaze, as they were slower to respond to incongruent targets when ostracized compared to when included. Additionally, ostracism impaired 10-year-old children’s accuracy in responding to the target. Behavioral reactivity results demonstrated that both children and adults were more disappointed during the ostracism vs. inclusion condition. Overall, current findings demonstrate that self-experienced ostracism modulates children’s and adults’ behavioral reactivity and processing of social signals such as gaze cueing.

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Salvy, Sarah-Jeanne, Julie C. Bowker, Lauren A. Nitecki, Melissa A. Kluczynski, Lisa J. Germeroth, and James N. Roemmich. "Effects of Ostracism and Social Connection-Related Activities on Adolescents' Motivation to Eat and Energy Intake." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 37, no. 1 (2011): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsr066.

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Abstract Objective Assess the effect of ostracism and social connection-related activities on adolescents' motivation to eat and their energy intake. Methods Participants (n = 103;M age = 13.6 years) were either ostracized or included when playing a computer game, Cyberball. Next, they wrote about their friend (social-connection), watched television (distraction), or completed Sudoku puzzles (cognitive-load), and then completed a task to earn points toward snack food and/or socializing. Afterwards, participants were given access to food and social activities. Results Ostracized adolescents were more motivated to earn food than adolescents who were in the included/control condition. Follow-up contrasts indicated that ostracized adolescents who wrote about friends worked more for food points and consumed more food than other adolescents. Conclusion Results suggest that social connection-related activities following ostracism may further deplete self-regulatory resources, thereby resulting in increased unhealthy food patterns. Study limitations as well as clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Li, Si. "Gatekeeper or Innovator: When do Supervisors Ostracize Creative Employees?" Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (2020): 20039. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.20039abstract.

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Kawamoto, Taishi, Hiroshi Nittono, and Mitsuhiro Ura. "Cognitive, Affective, and Motivational Changes during Ostracism: An ERP, EMG, and EEG Study Using a Computerized Cyberball Task." Neuroscience Journal 2013 (November 7, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/304674.

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Individuals are known to be highly sensitive to signs of ostracism, such as being ignored or excluded; however, the cognitive, affective, and motivational processes underlying ostracism have remained unclear. We investigated temporal changes in these psychological states resulting from being ostracized by a computer. Using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), the facial electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG), we focused on the P3b amplitude, corrugator supercilii activity, and frontal EEG asymmetry, which reflect attention directed at stimuli, negative affect, and approach/withdrawal motivation, respectively. Results of the P3b and corrugator supercilii activity replicated findings of previous studies on being ostracized by humans. The mean amplitude of the P3b wave decreased, and facial EMG activity increased over time. In addition, frontal EEG asymmetry changed from relative left frontal activation, suggestive of approach motivation, to relative right frontal activation, indicative of withdrawal motivation. These findings suggest that ostracism by a computer-generated opponent is an aversive experience that in time changes the psychological status of ostracized people, similar to ostracism by human. Our findings also imply that frontal EEG asymmetry is a useful index for investigating ostracism. Results of this study suggest that ostracism has well developed neurobiological foundations.

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YuSeungHee. "School-Adjusting Process of Ostracized Children through the Project "Friend"." Korean Journal of Elementary Education 23, no. 1 (2012): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20972/kjee.23.1.201203.51.

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Ma, Jie, Zhiliang Zeng, and Ke Fang. "Emotionally savvy employees fail to enact emotional intelligence when ostracized." Personality and Individual Differences 185 (February 2022): 111250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111250.

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Berry, Daniel R., Athena H. Cairo, Robert J. Goodman, Jordan T. Quaglia, Jeffrey D. Green, and Kirk Warren Brown. "Mindfulness increases prosocial responses toward ostracized strangers through empathic concern." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147, no. 1 (2018): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000392.

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Fattorini, Simone. "Hovenkamp's ostracized vicariance analysis: testing new methods of historical biogeography." Cladistics 24, no. 4 (2008): 611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00193.x.

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Wirth, James H., and Andrew H. Hales. "“You're leaving us?” Feeling ostracized when a group member leaves." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 118 (May 2025): 104708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104708.

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The Lancet. "Sex workers and HIV—forgotten and ostracised." Lancet 380, no. 9838 (2012): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61197-0.

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Katz, Joshua T. "Classics: Inside Out and Upside Down." Academic Questions 36, no. 1 (2023): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.51845/36.1.12.

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Poon, Kai-Tak, Zhansheng Chen, and Wing-Yan Wong. "Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories Following Ostracism." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 8 (2020): 1234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219898944.

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Four studies (total valid N = 643) examined whether ostracism increases people’s political conspiracy beliefs through heightened vulnerability and whether self-affirmation intervention counteracts the effect of ostracism on conspiracy beliefs. Compared with their nonostracized counterparts, ostracized participants were more likely to endorse conspiracy beliefs related to different political issues (Studies 1–3). Moreover, heightened vulnerability mediated the link between ostracism and conspiracy beliefs (Studies 1–3). Offering ostracized participants an opportunity to reaffirm values important to them could reduce their political conspiracy beliefs (Study 4). Taken together, our findings highlight the crucial role of vulnerability in understanding when and why ostracism increases conspiracy beliefs and how to ameliorate this relationship. Our findings also provide novel insights into how daily interpersonal interactions influence people’s political beliefs and involvement.

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Syed, Fauzia, Dave Bouckenooghe, and Saima Naseer. "Harmful Ramifications of Being Ostracized: The Mediating Mechanism of Employee Silence." Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, no. 1 (2018): 14655. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.14655abstract.

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Nozaki, Yuki. "Emotional competence and extrinsic emotion regulation directed toward an ostracized person." Emotion 15, no. 6 (2015): 763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000081.

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Giesen, Anna, and Gerald Echterhoff. "Do I Really Feel Your Pain? Comparing the Effects of Observed and Personal Ostracism." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 4 (2017): 550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217744524.

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It has been argued that “we feel the pain of others’ ostracism as our own”. However, it is unknown whether observed ostracism is as distressing as self-experienced ostracism. We conducted two studies to address this lacuna. In Study 1, participants played or observed an online ball-tossing game, in which they or a stranger were ostracized or included by others. In Study 2, participants imagined themselves or someone else being ostracized or included. Across both studies, self-experienced and observed ostracism had the same negative effect on mood. Also, both self-experienced and observed ostracism evoked need threat, but this effect was slightly lower after observed ostracism. In sum, the findings suggest that we do feel the pain of others’ ostracism as our own, consistent with the notion that humans are equipped with a system that detects violations of social inclusion norms in the environment.

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Jones, Eric E., James H. Wirth, Alex T. Ramsey, and Rebecca L. Wynsma. "Who Is Less Likely to Ostracize? Higher Trait Mindfulness Predicts More Inclusionary Behavior." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 1 (2018): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218780698.

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Despite the pain ostracism (being excluded and ignored) causes, researchers have minimally investigated factors related to reducing its occurrence. We investigated the association between higher trait mindfulness (the tendency to be attentive to the present moment) and lower engagement in ostracism. In Study 1, employed adults scoring higher on trait mindfulness reported ostracizing coworkers less. In Study 2, participants possessing higher levels of trait mindfulness demonstrated greater inclusion of a fellow group member being ostracized by others in the group. Results suggested that attention, rather than empathy, was the psychological process responsible for greater inclusion of an ostracized group member by mindful individuals. Study 3 supported this conclusion because participants responded similarly to those high in trait mindfulness when they were instructed to pay attention and ensure all players were included equally. Overall, we found that people with higher levels of trait mindfulness are more attentive to targets of ostracism.

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Fatima, Tehreem, Ahmad Raza Bilal, and Muhammad Kashif Imran. "Phenomenology of Retaliating to Workplace Ostracism in Academia." 2020, VOL. 35, NO. 2 35, no. 2 (2020): 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2020.35.2.17.

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The present qualitative inquiry sheds light on the psychological ramifications and behavioral responses of workplace ostracism in Higher Educational Institutes of Pakistan. The data was collected from 20 ostracized teaching faculty members from public and private sector universities through semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematic analysis was carried out by NVIVO 11 Plus software. This was supplemented by content analysis to find the strength of each theme in the form of relative frequencies. The findings revealed three major themes; (1) psychological ramifications manifested in threatened needs and negative emotional reactions, (2) behavioral responses (pro-social, antisocial, and avoidant), (3) the underlying causes of diverse behavioral responses. It was found that negative psychological impacts of ostracism were inevitable, but behavioral responses were primarily pro-social due to ostracized faculty’s future-orientation, high importance of maintaining relationships, absence of alternative relations, less exposure to ostracism, and re-inclusion expectations.

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Tobin, Stephanie J., Sarah McDermott, and Luke French. "The role of group size in reactions to ostracism and inclusion." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 7 (2017): 1014–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217702723.

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Three experiments examined the effects of group size on reactions to ostracism and inclusion. Participants engaged in an online introduction activity with 2 or 6 other people and received likes from everyone (inclusion) or no one (ostracism). In Studies 1 and 2, group size had a significant effect on need satisfaction only when participants were ostracized, with larger groups threatening needs to a greater extent. These effects were evident during and immediately after the task, but not after a reflection period and delay. In Study 3, being ostracized by a larger group increased sadness and anger only when ostracism was public. Together, these results indicate that people react more negatively to ostracism by larger groups, but do not reap greater benefits in terms of need satisfaction or affect when included by larger groups. Implications for the ostracism literature and social media use are discussed.

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Chen, Yuanyuan, Yongquan Huo, and Jia Liu. "Impact of online anonymity on aggression in ostracized grandiose and vulnerable narcissists." Personality and Individual Differences 188 (April 2022): 111448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111448.

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Nozaki, Yuki, and Masuo Koyasu. "The Relationship between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Interaction with Ostracized Others' Retaliation." PLoS ONE 8, no. 10 (2013): e77579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077579.

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Kim, Min-Chul, and Eunah Hong. "A red card for women: Female officials ostracized in South Korean football." Asian Journal of Women's Studies 22, no. 2 (2016): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2016.1168156.

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Trollvik, Anne, Reidun Nordbach, Charlotte Silén, and Karin C. Ringsberg. "Children's Experiences of Living With Asthma: Fear of Exacerbations and Being Ostracized." Journal of Pediatric Nursing 26, no. 4 (2011): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.05.003.

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Chen, Zhansheng, Kai-Tak Poon, and C. Nathan DeWall. "When do socially accepted people feel ostracized? Physical pain triggers social pain." Social Influence 10, no. 1 (2014): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2014.926290.

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Wu, Chia-Huei, Ho Kwong Kwan, Jun Liu, and Cynthia Lee. "Regain Acceptance from Being Ostracized: Effects of Impression Management and Self-Monitoring." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (2015): 10962. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.10962abstract.

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Birnbaum, Simon. "Should surfers be ostracized? Basic income, liberal neutrality, and the work ethos." Politics, Philosophy & Economics 10, no. 4 (2011): 396–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594x10386569.

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Neutralists have argued that there is something illiberal about linking access to gift-like resources to work requirements. The central liberal motivation for basic income is to provide greater freedom to choose between different ways of life, including options attaching great importance to non-market activities and disposable time. As argued by Philippe Van Parijs, even those spending their days surfing should be fed. This article examines Van Parijs' dual commitment to a ‘real libertarian’ justification of basic income and the public enforcement of a strong work ethos, which serves to boost the volume of work at a given rate of taxation. It is argued (contra Van Parijs) that this alliance faces the neutrality objection: the work ethos will largely offset the liberal gains of unconditionality by radically restricting the set of permissible options available. A relaxed, non-obligatory ethos might avoid this implication. This view, however, is vulnerable to the structural exploitation objection: feasibility is achieved only because some choose to do necessary tasks to which most people have the same aversion. In light of these objections, the article examines whether there is a morally untainted feasibility path consistent with liberal objectives.

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Mohammadi, Sarah, and Andrew H. Hales. "From ostracized to pleased: How fair and unfair social exclusion activates schadenfreude." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 120 (September 2025): 104786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104786.

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Pit, Ilse L., Harm Veling, and Johan C. Karremans. "Does Passive Facebook Use Promote Feelings of Social Connectedness?" Media and Communication 10, no. 2 (2022): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i2.5004.

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Previous research has shown that passive social media use does not have the same positive effects on well-being as active social media use. However, it is currently unclear whether these effects can be attributed to the benefits of active use, the costs of passive use, or both. The current article investigated the effect of active and passive Facebook use on feelings of social connectedness after being ostracized. In two preregistered experiments, participants were first ostracized on a faux social media platform, followed by a measurement of social connectedness. In Experiment 1 they were then instructed to either use Facebook passively, use Facebook actively, or use a non-social website (Wikipedia), after which social connectedness was measured again. Results indicated that active Facebook use can restore social connectedness after being ostracized as compared to using a non-social website. While passive Facebook use also restored social connectedness, it did not change social connectedness significantly more so than Wikipedia use. In Experiment 2, we replicated Experiment 1, now focusing only on passive Facebook use compared to a non-social website. Results showed again that passive Facebook use did not influence social connectedness more so than the use of Wikipedia. In exploratory analyses, we found that for participants who felt close to other Facebook users, passive Facebook use did increase social connectedness compared to using a non-social website. These experiments suggest that, even though passive social media use does not restore social connectedness in the same way that active social media use does, it also does not harm social connectedness, and it may actually promote social connectedness under certain circumstances.

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Nezlek, John B., Eric D. Wesselmann, Ladd Wheeler, and Kipling D. Williams. "Ostracism in Everyday Life: The Effects of Ostracism on Those Who Ostracize." Journal of Social Psychology 155, no. 5 (2015): 432–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1062351.

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Long, Lisa A. "A Relative Pain: The Rape of History in Octavia Butler’s “Kindred” and Phyllis Alesia Perry’s “Stigmata.”." College English 64, no. 4 (2002): 459–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ce20021259.

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Discusses two recent novels that employ techniques more familiar to science fiction than to historical fiction to probe questions of history and authenticity. Considers how these novels expose the way that those who attempt to bear witness to the history of slavery are ostracized, pathologized, and even institutionalized.

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Sandhu, Gurleen, Daniel Waldeck, Michael J. Burrows, Francesca Walsh, and Katherine Hall. "‘I just got ignored’. Exploring experiences of ostracism in learning and engagement in HE." Psychology of Education Review 46, no. 2 (2022): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsper.2022.46.2.46.

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Being ostracised (i.e. ignored or excluded by others) can be stressful, however, little is known as to the impact of such experiences in higher education. This study explored how five female undergraduate students experienced ostracism and how it links to their academic engagement and learning. Taking a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thematic analyses revealed two major themes: ‘initial ostracism as a barrier to engaging in learning sessions’, and ‘consequences of being ostracised’. Implications for the way that educators promote social inclusion within the higher education experience are discussed.

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