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Journal articles on the topic 'Overdraft limit'
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Oba, Kenneth Miebaka. "Cash Flow Analysis and Management of Project Portfolio Using Percentile Points." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management 10, no. 4 (2023): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2023.10.4.27.
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Effective financial and cash flow management are essential elements of an effective project execution plan. For this study, five projects were being executed simultaneously by SOFTSTRUCT CONSULTANTS, a construction company based in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The company has an overdraft limit of $1,200,000. They are to commence on different dates starting from September 2022 and ending at February 2026. The percentile point (PP) method was used to generate the cash flow analysis and management. It was found that the company arrived at a maximum overdraft of $1,200,000, which was less than the limit. This means the company is on the safe side to succeed with her project portfolio, and likely remain afloat to execute more projects in the future, using this kind of cash flow management technique for all her projects.
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Tzouganatos, Dimitris, Annick de Wilde, and Eva Maria Belser. "BGH, Urteil vom 18.5.1995, - Zur Wirksamkeit einer formularmäßig vereinbarten Globalbürg-schaft nach dem AGBG - Zur teilweisen Aufrechterhaltung einer Klausel im Gegensatz zur unzulassigen." European Review of Private Law 7, Issue 1 (1999): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/233271.
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In this decision the 9th Civil Chamber of the German Federal Supreme Court changed its case law on the validity of a standard form contract providing a universal guarantee, and followed the 'causation' line of case law of the 5th and 11th Civil Chambers. The judgment was based on the following set of facts: The plaintiff savings bank provided a property company, a Kommanditgesellschaft, with an overdraft. In 1984 the defendant, a shareholder in the company, agreed to become personal guarantor of the credit advanced to the property company under a standard form of agreement with no restrictions on the time period or amount of the guarantee. Under Condition 1(1) of the Conditions of Guarantee, the guarantee was 'to provide security for all existing and future claims of the savings bank against the principal debtor, including conditional and time limited claims, … which arise out of their business relationship (in particular out of overdraft, credit and loan facilities of all kinds and bills of exchange) as well as out of bills of exchange which are submitted by third parties, guarantees, assignments or by way of subrogation.' In October 1985, the defendant parted from the company and in January 1986 the plaintiff raised the company's overdraft facility to 2.5 million DM and in addition granted it loans of 2 million and 1.5 million DM. The defendant gave notice of the termination of the guarantee in 1990, and shortly thereafter the company became bankrupt. The plaintiff claimed a sum of more than 10 million DM from the defendant as guarantor, and asserted an initial part claim in court for 1 million DM. At first instance and on appeal the claim was allowed. An appeal in cassation in the Supreme Court led to the quashing of the decision of the appeal court and the reference of the case back for a rehearing. In a departure from its earlier jurisprudence, the 9th Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court held that the clause in question was invalid, for breach of § 9 of the Law on General Conditions of Contract, and possibly of § 3 of the same Law. § 767 (1) of the German Civil Code required the guarantee to be limited. In a case where an overdraft facility was guaranteed, the extent of the overdraft allowed at the time the guarantee was given provided the limit within the meaning of this provision. The broad declaration of scope contained in the Conditions of Guarantee was by contrast inconsistent with this interpretation of § 767 (1) of the Civil Code and the purpose of the contract, because under it the guarantor was obliged to stand security for new extensions of credit, provided by the lender without any action on the part of the guarantor and exceeding the level of credit authorised by the lender at the time the guarantee was given. In addition, the standard form extension of liability to all existing and future commitments of the principal debtor was entirely surprising if the guarantee was given in order to encourage the grant or maintenance of a specific overdraft of a given amount, or the raising of the overdraft limit to a certain amount (causation principle). The standard form extension of the liability of the guarantor to all existing and future commitments of the principal debtor arising out of its relationship with the bank had not become a part of the contract of guarantee, therefore, but the declaration of scope remained valid in so far as it concerned the overdraft up to the limit agreed at the time the guarantee was given. The clause could therefore be partly maintained: it was not an impermissible reduction of the contract in an attempt to preserve it. The following comments analyse the decision from the point of view of Belgian (De Wilde), Swiss (Belser) and Greek (Tzouganatos) law.
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Irpiena, Resela, Ratna Setyawardani Alifen, and Herry Pintardi Chandra. "Model Proyeksi Dan Optimalisasi Cash Flow Multi Proyek." Dimensi Utama Teknik Sipil 3, no. 2 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/duts.3.2.1-8.
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This study aims to create an integrated system that has the ability to project the schedule and cash flow of a multi project situation for construction companies, while optimizing them so that a more efficient schedule and financial planning is achieved. In this study, an efficient construction planning refers to a schedule combination that generates a cash flow with minimum overdraft for the company.This study focuses on utilizing floats from non-critical activities in initial or as-planned schedule. Iteration on the floats is done with evolutionary algorithm optimization method using projects’ durations and credit limit as constraints. The result is a combination of multi project schedules which generates the least amount of overdraft throughout the fiscal year to achieve minimum loans of thecompany.
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Shatalova, Elena P. "Corporate Lending in Overdraft Mode: Determination of Limit and Criteria for Economic Justification." Journal of Reviews on Global Economics 7 (November 12, 2018): 538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2018.07.50.
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Dary, Stanley Kojo, and Harvey S. James Jr. "Trade credit supply in African agro-food manufacturing industry: determinants and motives." Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 3 (2018): 312–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2017-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants and motives for supply of trade credit among agro-food manufacturing firms in African countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a subsample of food manufacturing firms from World Bank Enterprise Survey in eight African countries in 2014. Two-limit Tobit models are specified for the determinants of trade credit supply (TCS) and the motives for TCS are inferred from the determinants. An instrumental variable two-limit Tobit model is estimated to check the endogeneity of trade credit received (TCR) in relation to trade credit supplied. Findings The level of TCS is significantly related with degree of product diversification, manager experience, level of TCR and overdraft availability. From the results, financing motives (particularly liquidity and redistribution) and commercial motives (particularly marketing and quality guarantee motives) for TCS are implied. Research limitations/implications The parameter estimates may contain both demand and supply effects as the two effects cannot be separated due to absence of information on firms’ customers in the data set. The results should be interpreted in this context. Originality/value The motives for TCS by agro-food firms is less understood in the agricultural finance literature and this paper makes an important contribution in this regard. In particular, the paper shows the degree of product diversification is directly associated with TCS, a relationship which has not been explored in the trade credit literature.
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Vasilyeva, Alfiya F. "Approaches to Modelling Exposure at Default for the Entire Life of the Asset." Financial Journal 13, no. 4 (2021): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2021-4-91-109.
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This paper is devoted to developing an optimal model for assessing the default requirement (EAD) of assets over the entire life of a financial instrument in accordance with the requirements of IFRS 9 “Financial instruments”. The EAD for the whole life of a financial instrument is a set of estimates of EAD values from the first to the last year during the life of the asset. Two models are used for evaluating EAD under agreements with a set limit (for example, a credit line, overdraft) and under guarantees and letters of credit: the EAD model for balance sheet financial instruments (applied to the balance sheet part) and the credit conversion factor (CCF) model (applied to the off-balance sheet part). The approach to CCF modeling is described in the second part of the study. This model was developed based on a real bank portfolio of assets, using data which were collected at the beginning of the 2017. These days the topic of the paper is highly acute for both commercial banks that has experienced the problem of improving credit risk assessment models due to the requirements that have appeared to them owing to the introduction of IFRS 9 since January 1, 2018, and regulatory authorities as well, etc.
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Movilla-Quesada, Diana, Aitor C. Raposeiras, Manuel Lagos-Varas, Osvaldo Muñoz-Cáceres, Valerio-Carlos Andrés-Valeri, and Loreto Troncoso. "Study of the Optimal Dosage of Celullose Ash as a Contribution Filler in Asphalt Mixtures Based on Its Adhesiveness under Moisture Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020854.
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Chile is the first Latin American country to begin an “ecological overdraft”, as established by the Global Footprint Network (GFN). This implies that the country’s ecological footprint has exceeded the global average bio-capacity. The consumption of natural aggregates for construction in Chile has grown by around 6.6% in the last year, with around 120 million tons being extracted. Given the above, it is important to seek alternatives that help to minimize the problem of resource scarcity, as well as the recovery of industrial by-products and/or waste. The Chilean forestry sector has also grown in recent years, generating approximately 4000 metric tons of waste in 2018, which was deposited in landfills or disposed of on forest roads. The present research is focused on the reuse and possible recovery of ash from the incineration of cellulose as a filler in bituminous mixtures. We analyze the adhesiveness of the filler/bitumen system in dry and wet states, based on the Cantabro wear loss test. The results obtained show that the limit of the relation between the volumetric concentration and critical concentration (Cv/Cs) is 1 for the addition of ash and that concentrations lower than or equal to this value present controlled losses, with 1.00 being the optimal (Cv/Cs) ratio that allows better behavior against the effect of water.
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Maples, Stephen R., Graham E. Fogg, and Reed M. Maxwell. "Modeling managed aquifer recharge processes in a highly heterogeneous, semi-confined aquifer system." Hydrogeology Journal 27, no. 8 (2019): 2869–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02033-9.
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Abstract Widespread groundwater overdraft in alluvial aquifer systems like the Central Valley (CV) in California, USA, has increased interest in managed aquifer recharge (MAR). Like most clastic sedimentary basins, recharge to the productive semi-confined CV aquifer system remains a challenge due to the presence of nearly ubiquitous, multiple confining units (silt and clay) that limit recharge pathways. Previous studies suggest the presence of interconnected networks of coarse-texture sand and gravel deposits that bypass regional confining units over a small fraction of the CV near the American and Cosumnes rivers. Here, variably saturated infiltration and recharge processes were simulated across a domain that includes high-resolution representation of the heterogeneous alluvial geologic architecture in this area. Results show that recharge potential is highly dependent on subsurface geologic architecture, with a nearly 2 order-of-magnitude range of recharge across the domain. Where interconnected coarse-texture recharge pathways occur, results show that these features can (1) accommodate rapid, high-volume MAR and (2) propagate widespread and rapid pressure responses over multi-kilometer distances in the semi-confined aquifer system. For all MAR simulations, results show that the majority of MAR is accommodated by filling unsaturated-zone (UZ) pore volume. Results also show that coarse-texture UZ facies (where present) accommodate the majority of MAR volume during early time, but fine-texture facies ultimately accommodate the majority of the total MAR volume, even for coarse-dominated sites. These findings highlight the large variability of MAR potential across the landscape and demonstrate the importance of fine-texture facies for accommodating MAR in alluvial aquifer systems.
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Van Roeyen, Gino, Mariangela Ferrari, Bruno Inzitari, and Nicolas Geelhand. "Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien and another [1993] 4 All ER 417, BVerfG, 19.10.1993." European Review of Private Law 4, Issue 3 (1996): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/141124.
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Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien (Case 1) provided an opportunity for the House of Lords to settle an issue which had arisen on a number of previous occasions in the Court of Appeal. The question was whether a bank is entitled to enforce against a wife an obligation to secure a debt owed by her husband to the bank where the wife has been induced to stand as a surety for her husband's debt by the undue influence or misrepresentation of the husband. The House of Lords concluded that a creditor would be fixed with constructive notice of the undue influence or misrepresentation of a cohabitee (and therefore could not enforce their security as against the other cohabitee) unless it had taken reasonable steps to satisfy itself that the surety entered into the obligation freely and in the knowledge of the true facts. Such steps would include warning the surety at a meeting not attended by the principal debtor of the potential liability and of the risks involved and advising the surety to take independent legal advice. Cases 2 and 3 both arose in the German courts and led to a consolidated hearing before the German Federal Constitutional Court. Case 2: An estate agent sought to double his overdraft limit to 100,000 DM. To assist him his daughter, who had temporary employment as a factory worker, signed a contract of guarantee. The significance of this document was played down by the bank. The father entered into new business deals and suffered heavy losses. The bank then tried to assert the guarantee against the daughter. The daughter resisted the claim. Case 3: A wife signed a contract of guarantee (of 30,000 DM) to assist her husband in obtaining a loan. When there was a delay in payments on the loan, the bank called on the guarantee. In response to these two cases the Federal Constitutional Court handed down a potentially far reaching decision on the role of fundamental rights in the interpretation of general clauses in the law. In particular the right to the protection of a person's private sphere must be taken into account in interpreting the obligation of good faith in contractual relations where there is disparity of bargaining power between the parties (i.e. the guarantor and the bank), and in particular where there is no shared economic interest between guarantor and guarantee. The four case notes on this theme are preceded by a more detailed consideration of the reasoning in Barclays Bank v O'Brien. The first two case notes (Van Roeyen and Ferrari) consider the way that this case might have been approached by the Dutch and Italian courts respectively. The third case note (Inzitari) discusses the German cases and the issues that they would raise for the Italian courts, while the fourth note (Geelhand) examines the general problem of guarantees given by family members and friends under Belgian law.
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Bremard, Thanawat. "Monitoring Land Subsidence: The Challenges of Producing Knowledge and Groundwater Management Indicators in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (2022): 10593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710593.
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Multiple major coastal cities face the threat of sea level rise with global climate change. This vulnerability can be further exacerbated by local contexts of urbanization and flood management. Land subsidence caused by groundwater over-extraction has long been identified as a factor that exposes cities to the threat of submergence through its interaction with the sea’s tidal regime or a river basin’s precipitation pattern and flood regime. Decision-making in regards to environmental issues such as land subsidence ultimately relies on monitoring data to frame the problem and formulate policies accordingly. Thus, in examining how subsidence has been shaped into a scientific reality in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, this article reviews the limits and uncertainties of subsidence monitoring tools and their associated indicators for risk management (safe yield, piezometric level, and subsidence rate). Our analysis of existing technical reports, supported by interviews conducted with key actors involved in the processes of knowledge production and policy-making, has pointed out how such uncertainties give way to varied interpretations of these indicators, which continue to fuel the debate concerning the establishment of a safe yield for groundwater management. Furthermore, our research has also revealed that the monitoring of land subsidence has been receiving less priority due to institutional challenges within concerned governmental agencies. Ultimately, we argue that in order to use the resource sustainably, it is crucial to keep monitoring groundwater overdraft in the neighboring provinces of Bangkok to diligently anticipate long-term flooding risks associated with the changing hydrogeological regime of the delta.
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Turek, Anna, Kinga Wieczorek, and Wojciech M. Wolf. "Digestion Procedure and Determination of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge—An Analytical Problem." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (2019): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061753.
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Huge amounts of sewage sludge produced globally is a substantial environmental threat and require rational handling. Application in agriculture is an economical and relatively simple method of sludge management, however, it is associated with restrictions regarding metals content. According to EU regulations, the total amounts of Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn have to be analyzed by the AAS technique requiring effective destruction of the organic matrix. Currently used methods of sewage sludge digestion may be biased when applied without optimization. The aim of the presented work was to evaluate the efficiency of the organic substances destruction in either raw or stabilized sludge. Three mineralization procedures were evaluated, namely: (A)—drying and microwave digestion; (B)—ignition and microwave digestion; (C)—drying and conventional digestion. For matrix destruction, a mixture of concentrated HNO3 and HCl (3:1 v/v) was used. Metals were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). No limits of metal concentration were overdrawn. Generally, the method (B) was the most effective. Results obtained for Cu, Cd, and Zn after digestion by method (A) and (B) were comparable. Methods (B) and (C) yield complete decomposition of the matrix. As result, the precision of measurement substantially increases.
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Prabir, Kumar Maity, Das Subhasish, and Das Rajib. "A geochemical investigation and control management of saline water intrusion in the coastal aquifer of Purba Midnapur district in West Bengal, India." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 95, Mar 2018 (2018): 205–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5638466.
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School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India <em>E</em>-<em>mail</em> : prabirmaity2016@gmail.com, subhasishju@gmail.com, rajibdas79@gmail.com <em>Manuscript received 15 November 2017, revised 20 February 2018, accepted 21 February 2018</em> The coastal groundwater storage of Purba Midnapur district in West Bengal, India is deterio­rated as regards to quality and quantity as a severe risk to excessive overdraft due to ingression of saline water into fresh water aquifers. Here it is found that the upper soil horizon is of quaternary origin and consists of alternating deposits of clay and sand of marine origin. As with all marine deposits, rounded grains and high porosity are dominant characteristics. The mixture of alluvial and marine deposits soil characteris­tics has been found in the northern part of district. Also there is a great spatial heterogeneity in the aqui­fer. The coastal line up to 5 to 40 km wide tract has been contaminated due to the movement of saline wa­ter in the fresh water aquifers, as result groundwater becomes unused for irrigation and drinking for domestic purposes. The groundwater samples from the northern side of Purba Midnapur near the Rupnarayan River have been collected and analyzed at the chemical laboratory of State Water Investigation Directorate, Government of West Bengal. From the chemical analysis, it is clear that the values of concentration of dis­solved solids, chloride and iron exist above or more than permissible limits. The contour lines for chloride concentration are drawn based on the chemical analysis. The above properties are compared with the drink­ing water standards set by World Health Organization. Based on the results, it is concluded that various prevention and control techniques would be implemented into the study area. This paper also suggests metho­dology for controlling saline water intrusion in the area concern.
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Loza, Susana. "Sampling (hetero)sexuality: diva-ness and discipline in electronic dance music." Popular Music 20, no. 3 (2001): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143001001544.
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Cyborgs, fembots and posthumans: electronic dance music and the biopolitics of fucking machinesIn the technophilic West, netizens, infomorphs and the audio digerati triumphantly-if-precociously herald this as the dawn of disembodiment. These reality hackers dream in binary code. They yearn to manufacture human-alien hybrids, ethical androids and genetically programmed clones. They already engineer digital soul divas, aural cyborgs, Nintendo's voluptuously overdrawn robo-bimbos, and the supernaturally and surgically perfect bodies purchased at Lasers R' US. They share the meat-hating philosophies of the cyber-protagonists of Neuromancer, Snow Crash and Software. They willingly computerise their passions via text sex, MUD-based gender masquerades, naughty newsgroups, techno-fetishistic video games, virtual reality-based erotic escapades, and pornosonic digital samples. Nonetheless, it seems that for the rest of us to join these intrepid cybernauts in their Age of immaterial Information, our too-solid bodies must first be anaesthetised with utopian visions and sounds of an incorporeal future. So electronic dance music, popular culture and modern science inject the flesh with fantasies of immortality, limitless pleasures, and unadulterated agency. With their tax-funded market research and their potent techno-imaginings, entertainment systems, netters, digital dance music producers, and radically hopeful scientists prepare human matter to be dematerialised and devoured byte by agonising byte. In other words, they passionately fabricate the human-machine hybrid also known as the cyborg, the fembot and the posthuman. These techno-organic entities traverse the space between desire and dread; their indeterminate forms simultaneously destabilise and reconfigure the dualistic limits of liberal humanist subjectivity. Each incarnation plots the feared consequences and perplexing possibilities of boundary transgressions between the human and the machine quite differently.
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Walker, James, Mark Shipman, Yang Tiecheng, and Zhang Nan. "Legal issues in China's QDII regime: Opportunities and challenges." Journal of Securities Operations & Custody, February 1, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.69554/sztw4482.
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Although it is hard to distinguish legal ownership and beneficial ownership of the QDII assets, PRC law generally provides for the independent status of QDII assets. This is also supported by the fact that the regulators place emphasis on the independence of the custodian and segregation of accounts. Accordingly the use of omnibus accounts by custodians is generally restricted. An overseas investment manager may be engaged on a discretionary or non-discretionary basis while the requirements in this respect are somewhat distinct for different types of QDIIs. Large global fund management groups may be faced with the challenge brought by the onward delegation. Although the QDII regime presents opportunities for overseas fund mangers, there is no change in the PRC securities offering laws which are still very restrictive.Custodians need to be aware of the additional supervisory responsibility but there is no detailed requirement on the manner in which such supervision should be carried out.In terms of notable issues under PRC law relevant to the QDII contracts, it is important to ensure that any limit on the scope of maximum losses under the agreement is in compliance with the PRC Contract Law. A well-drafted indemnity clause which clearly reflects the contracting parties' intention should, generally speaking, be respected by, and enforceable in, the PRC courts. There is a risk that the parties may not be able to rely on the force majeure clause, at least to the extent that it is broader than force majeure events as defined under PRC Contract Law. Relevant requirements on governing law and dispute settlement should also be complied with. Various uncertainties, may lie in lien, set-off and overdraft arrangements.
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Nylen, Nell Green. "Surface Water Quality Regulation as a Driver for Groundwater Recharge." Case Studies in the Environment 5, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2020.1124592.
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Water scarcity commonly motivates managed aquifer recharge projects, but other factors can motivate recharge efforts, including in relatively water-rich areas. Surface water quality regulation has been a major driving force behind a large-scale recharge project in development in Virginia’s Coastal Plain region, where nutrient pollution from agricultural and urban sources has degraded the Chesapeake Bay’s ecosystems, leading state and federal regulators to require dischargers to reduce their nutrient contributions to the watershed over time. Hampton Roads Sanitation District is pursuing the Sustainable Water Initiative for Tomorrow, an innovative, multi-benefit initiative designed to address both nutrient pollution in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and regional groundwater overdraft in the Coastal Plain. When fully implemented, the initiative is expected to recharge approximately 100 million gallons per day of drinking-water quality, treated municipal wastewater into the Potomac Aquifer System through injection facilities located at five of the District’s wastewater treatment plants. As a result, the District expects to reduce its nutrient discharges from those plants by approximately 90%, enabling it to meet its own mandated nutrient limits while also generating nutrient credits that it can trade to other dischargers. Modeling suggests that the initiative will increase regional water pressure within the confined aquifer system, helping to combat groundwater overdraft and its negative impacts, including aquifer compaction and related land subsidence, falling water levels in wells, and saltwater intrusion. This case study provides insights into the influence of institutional context on managed aquifer recharge and on multi-benefit water resource projects more generally.
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"Relationship between costs and perceptions of infrastructure projects." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 74, no. 03 (2022): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3352.2021.
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Large infrastructure projects are forerunners of economic trends, change the structure of society, affect economic growth, and at the same time are exposed to strong criticism and negative perception. Complex circumstances make it almost inevitable to exceed costs ranging from a few percent to huge values of 200 % or 300 %. The public does not recognize the complexity of the issue, which often makes the negative perception present unjustified and creates pressure on decision makers. By harmonizing the methods of calculating overdrafts, standardization of terms and records, public institutions are encouraged to systematically limit the unavailability, non-transparency and inconsistency of data on project implementation. This opens space for the possibility of comparing experiences and reducing the negative perception of infrastructure investments.
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Warrack, Jessica, and Mary Kang. "Challenges to the Use of a Base of Fresh Water in Groundwater Management: Total Dissolved Solids vs. Depth Across California." Frontiers in Water 3 (November 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.730942.
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According to the California Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, the bottom of a basin, and subsequently the depth to which groundwater is managed, can be defined through physical or geochemical qualities of the aquifer. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations are most frequently used to define the basin bottom. However, upper limits in TDS concentrations for “fresh” and “useable” groundwater can range from 1,000 to 10,000 mg/L. To evaluate the applicability of using TDS concentrations to delineate depths subject to sustainable groundwater management, we analyze 216,754 TDS measurements throughout the state of California. We find major challenges to reasonably estimating the BFW with our dataset in 73% of California due to data insufficiencies or complexity introduced by non-montonic TDS-depth relationships. We estimate the BFW in 22% of the Central Valley, a key agricultural region with large groundwater demands and many critically overdrafted groundwater subbasins. Using a TDS limit of 3,000 mg/L, where possible, we estimate the shallowest BFW in the Central Valley to be 155 m below ground surface and the deepest BFW to be 589 m below ground surface. We find that the base of brackish water (TDS &lt; 10,000 mg/L) can extend more than 500 m deeper than the BFW in 78% of the Central Valley where we are able to estimate the BFW, which corresponds to 2% of California. There is a need to evaluate alternative strategies for defining groundwater subject to sustainable management, which likely involves additional measurements and analysis to better characterize groundwater quality with depth throughout California.
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De Haan, Ido. "Prominent Jews: the Absence and Presence of Jews in Postwar Netherlands." Historein 18, no. 2 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/historein.14636.
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One of the most striking aspects of the Jewish community in the Netherlands after 1945 is the small number of people that belong to it. Despite their striking absence in Dutch society, Dutch Jews are a highly visible group. There are many ways, places and moments in which Jews have played a prominent role in Dutch society, and there are many issues in public debates that concern Jews. This article aims to reflect on this prominence, for it is neither self-evident nor unproblematic. Is not the claim to some special Jewish contribution an excess of Jewish pride, or an overdrawn philosemitism, which sets Jews apart much in the same way as antisemitism does? Such questions can only be answered experimentally, by looking at what happens when we analyse the remarkable presence of Jews in Dutch society. Is there an overrepresentation of actual Jews or an overdetermination of Dutch culture by symbolic Jews? Is there a decisive influence, a specific Jewish colouring and obsessive probing of the limits of Jewish life in a post-Holocaust society or nothing conclusive at all?