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Swapnil, Pal, and Dey Avijit. "Thujone in Daily Life – A Review on Natural Sources of Thujone, its Side Effects and Reduction Mechanism of Thujone Toxicity." Biolife 11, no. 1 (2023): 21–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7698494.
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<strong>Abstract</strong> Thujone is a natural or manmade ketone monoterpenoid, fragment substance which is most famous for its use in absinthe spirit. It is found in various plants which are used as medicines, foods, hard drinks, and for various purposes in our daily life. The plants that contain thujone are wormwood, clary, tansy, sage, some junipers, oregano, thuja, cypress, mentha, lavender, etc. So it is likely to use thujone-containing plants for food and medicine can be harmful to our body. It has been reported that long-term use of these plants may leads to diseases like stomach aches, seizures, renal failure, hallucination, rhabdomyolysis, paralysis and even death. In current review we have discussed different toxic effects of thujone and have tried to search the plausible solutions by which we can minimize or remove the thujone from daily used plant products. <strong>References</strong> Emmert, J., Sartor, G., Sporer, F., & Gummersbach, J. (2004). Determination of alpha-/beta-thujone and related terpenes in absinthe using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography. DEUTSCHE LEBENSMITTELRUNDSCHAU, 352-356. Wróblewska-Kurdyk, A., Gniłka, R., Dancewicz, K., Grudniewska, A., Wawrzeńczyk, C., & Gabryś, B. (2019). β-thujone and its derivatives modify the probing behavior of the peach potato aphid. Molecules, 24(10), 1847. Akkol, E. K., İlhan, M., Demirel, M. A., Keleş, H., Tümen, I., & Süntar, İ. (2015). Thuja occidentalis L. and its active compound, α-thujone: Promising effects in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome without inducing osteoporosis. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 168, 25-30. Judzentiene, A., Budiene, J., Gircyte, R., Masotti, V., & Laffont-Schwob, I. (2012). Toxic Activity and Chemical Composition of Lithuanian Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) Essential Oils. Records of Natural Products, 6(2). Pappas, R., & Sheppard-Hanger, S. (2000). Artemisia arborescens-essential oil of the Pacific Northwest: a high-chamazulene, low-thujone essential oil with potential skin-care applications. Aromather. J, 10, 30-33. Halicioglu, O., Astarcioglu, G., Yaprak, I., & Aydinlioglu, H. (2011). Toxicity of Salvia officinalis in a newborn and a child: an alarming report. Pediatric neurology, 45(4), 259-260. Rivera, E. M., Cid, M. P., Zunino, P., Baiardi, G., & Salvatierra, N. A. (2014). Central α-and β-thujone: similar anxiogenic-like effects and differential modulation on GABAA receptors in neonatal chicks. Brain research, 1555, 28-35. Höld, K. M., Sirisoma, N. S., & Casida, J. E. (2001). Detoxification of α-and β-Thujones (the active ingredients of absinthe): site specificity and species differences in cytochrome P450 oxidation in vitro and in vivo. Chemical research in toxicology, 14(5), 589-595. Albert-Puleo, M. (1978). Mythobotany, pharmacology, and chemistry of thujone-containing plants and derivatives. Economic Botany, 32(1), 65-74. Radulović, N. S., Genčić, M. S., Stojanović, N. M., Randjelović, P. J., Stojanović-Radić, Z. Z., & Stojiljković, N. I. (2017). Toxic essential oils. Part V: Behaviour modulating and toxic properties of thujones and thujone-containing essential oils of Salvia officinalis L., Artemisia absinthium L., Thuja occidentalis L. and Tanacetum vulgare L. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 105, 355-369. Lachenmeier, D. W., Nathan-Maister, D., Breaux, T. A., & Kuballa, T. (2009). Long-term stability of thujone, fenchone, and pinocamphone in vintage preban absinthe. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 57(7), 2782-2785.......
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Monakhova, Yulia B., Thomas Kuballa, and Dirk W. Lachenmeier. "Rapid Determination of Total Thujone in Absinthe Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy." International Journal of Spectroscopy 2011 (September 22, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/171684.
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1H NMR spectroscopy is utilized to quantify total thujone (sum of α- and β-isomers) in absinthe. For sample preparation, a simple dilution with buffer is required. Thujone produces a distinct peak of the CH2 group in the cyclopentanone moiety in the 2.13–2.11 ppm range. No overlap with other typical constituents such as anethole or fenchone occurs. The detection limit of 0.3 mg/L is adequate to control the EU maximum limit. The relative standard deviation was 6%, and linearity was observed from 1 to 100 mg/L. Applicability was proven by analysis of 69 authentic absinthes. The correlation between NMR and our previous method consisting of liquid-liquid extraction followed by GC/MS was significant (P<0.0001,R=0.93). The simple and cheap NMR method can be used for rapid screening of absinthes for total thujone content while chromatographic techniques are recommended for more specific (α- and β-thujone isomers) analysis if required.
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Monakhova, Yulia B., Thomas Kuballa, and Dirk W. Lachenmeier. "Rapid Determination of Total Thujone in Absinthe Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy." International Journal of Spectroscopy 2011 (July 19, 2011): 171684. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/171684.
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<sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy is utilized to quantify total thujone (sum of alpha- and beta-isomers) in absinthe. For sample preparation, a simple dilution with buffer is required. Thujone produces a distinct peak of the CH<sub>2</sub> group in the cyclopentanone moiety in the 2.13–2.11 ppm range. No overlap with other typical constituents such as anethole or fenchone occurs. The detection limit of 0.3 mg/L is adequate to control the EU maximum limit. The relative standard deviation was 6%, and linearity was observed from 1 to 100 mg/L. Applicability was proven by analysis of 69 authentic absinthes. The correlation between NMR and our previous method consisting of liquid-liquid extraction followed by GC/MS was significant (P<0.0001, R=0.93). The simple and cheap NMR method can be used for rapid screening of absinthes for total thujone content while chromatographic techniques are recommended for more specific (alpha- and beta-thujone isomers) analysis if required.
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Maggini, Valentina, Gianpaolo Bertazza, Eugenia Gallo, et al. "The Different Phytochemical Profiles of Salvia officinalis Dietary Supplements Labelled for Menopause Symptoms." Molecules 29, no. 1 (2023): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010094.
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Phytochemical screening of four commercial products containing Salvia officinalis was carried out. Total phenolic content was estimated spectrophotometrically through the use of the Folin–Ciocalteau method, flavonoid content was measured through the use of aluminum chloride and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric assays, and isoflavones and α/β-thujones were analyzed through the use of high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and the gas chromatographic method. The analyses revealed the absence of thujones and isoflavones (i.e., genistin, genistein, and daidzein) in all four different extracts. The content of polyphenolic compounds varied among the samples, with the extract T being richer in both polyphenols and flavonoids than the other products by 1.8–3.2 and 1.4–4.0 times, respectively (p-value < 0.05). These results highlight the importance of quality control in salvia-based products since a thujone-free extract rich in polyphenols and flavonoids could be a good candidate for further preclinical and clinical studies to identify an effective herbal approach suitable for the long-term therapy of menopausal symptoms.
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Schepetkin, Igor A., Gulmira Özek, Temel Özek, et al. "Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oils from Wild Horsemint, Yarrow, and Yampah from Subalpine Meadows in Southwestern Montana: Immunomodulatory Activity of Dillapiole." Plants 12, no. 14 (2023): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12142643.
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Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze (horsemint), Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow), and Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias (yampah) are native, culturally important plants that grow in the subalpine meadows of Montana. Analysis of the composition of essential oils extracted from these plants showed that the main components of essential oils obtained from flowers and leaves of A. urticifolia (designated as AUF/AUL) were menthone (2.7/25.7%), isomenthone (2.6/29.1%), pulegone (78.9/28.8%), and limonene (4.2/6.2%), whereas essential oils obtained from the inflorescence of A. millefolium (designated as AMI) were high in α-thujone (17.1%) and β-thujone (14.9%), 1,8-cineole (17.0%), camphor (13.0%), sabinene (7.0%), guaia-3,9-dien-11-ol (3.2%), and terpinen-4-ol (2.5%). Essential oils obtained from the inflorescence of P. gairdneri (designated as PGI) contained high amounts of dillapiole (30.3%), p-cymen-8-ol (14.1%), terpinolene (12.0%), 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-cyclohex-2-enone (6.2%), and γ-terpinene (2.4%). Evaluation of their immunomodulatory activity demonstrated that essential oils extracted from all of these plants could activate human neutrophils with varying efficacy. Analysis of individual components showed that dillapiole activated human neutrophil intracellular Ca2+ flux ([Ca2+]i) (EC50 = 19.3 ± 1.4 μM), while α-thujone, β-thujone, menthone, isomenthone, and pulegone were inactive. Since dillapiole activated neutrophils, we also evaluated if it was able to down-regulate neutrophil responses to subsequent agonist activation and found that pretreatment with dillapiole inhibited neutrophil activation by the chemoattractant fMLF (IC50 = 34.3 ± 2.1 μM). Pretreatment with P. gairdneri essential oil or dillapiole also inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis induced by fMLF, suggesting these treatments could down-regulate human neutrophil responses to inflammatory chemoattractants. Thus, dillapiole may be a novel modulator of human neutrophil function.
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I., Jaouadi, T. Yakoubi M., Lahbib K., and El Gazzah M. "Effect of the Phenological Stage on the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisia Herba-Alba and Artemisia Campestris Essential Oils." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1, July & Aug (2017): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2574481.
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Abstract: The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of two endemic species of Artemisia (Asteraceae) collected from the Center of Tunisia (Maknessi), was analysed by GC-MS. Twelve to fourteen components were identified representing more than 80% of the total oil. The essential oil composition and yield showed a variation related to the harvest period. The yield of the essential oils of A. campestris harvested on December was 0.44 % and the one of May was 0.30 %. For A. herba-alba it was 0.5 % for air dried leaves harvested on December and 0.8 % for the one of May. It is observed that the major component in the essential oils for both species is α-thujone followed by cis-sabinol and β-thujone for the extract of December. However, the major compound is β-pinene followed by p-cymen for Artemisia campestris extract of May. The major component of A. campestris α-thujone was absent in the essential oil of the seed stage. This variability could be explained by the phenological stage of the plant. The essential oils of two Artemisia species showed significant antifungal activity against a weak antimicrobial activity.
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Ramezani, Sadrollah, Marzieh Ddehghan Shasaltaneh, and Muhammad Mehdi Amiri Khorie. "Lavender Essential oil Compounds as Antagonists of NMDA Receptor Subunit NR2B: A Molecular Modeling and Experimental Study." Jundishapur journal of Medical Sciences 21, no. 2 (2022): 246–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jsmj.21.2.2257.
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Background and Objectives Herbal plants are an important source of novel chemical drugs with therapeutic effects. The present study aims to find the chemical compounds of the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) and assess their antagonistic effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit NR2B in the brain. Subjects and Methods The essential oil was first isolated by distillation method from flowering inflorescences of lavender. Then, their chemical compounds were identifies by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Molecular docking study and the evaluation of the molecular structures were carried out on 20 compounds. Pyrx software, version 4.0 in Autodock Vina was used to perform the molecular docking of 20 ligands with NMDAR. The molecular structures of compounds were evaluated in SwissADME website. Results In GC-MS, 41 active compounds were detected comprising 95.5% of the total essential oil of lavender plant. The highest amount was related to trans-carveol, followed by isopulegol, 1,3,8, -p-menthatriene, and isoborneol. In docking studies, results showed that the best ligands for binding to NMDAR included trans-carveol, isopulegol, and 1,3,8, -p-menthatriene which demonstrated the higher affinity to active site of the NMDAR. Ifenprodil, as an antagonist, shared common binding sites with camphor, thymol, alpha-phellandrene, limonene, gamma-3-carene, beta-thujone, trans-Carveol, beta-caryophyllene. Camphor, thymol, beta-thujone and trans-carveol had the highest gastrointestinal absorption, and transcarveol had the lowest binding energy to NMDAR. Conclusion Camphor, thymol, beta-thujone, and trans-carveol are potential compounds of lavender essential oil to inhibit NMDAR and improve learning and memory in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Cruz, Rayane Monique Sete da, Glaucia Leticia Sete da Cruz, Douglas Cardoso Dragunski, Affonso Celso Gonçalves Junior, Odair Alberton, and Silvia Graciele Hulse de Souza. "Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alters content and composition of essential oil of Sage (Salvia officinalis) under different phosphorous levels." Australian Journal of Crop Science, no. 13(10):2019 (October 20, 2019): 1617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.10.p1834.
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This study aimed at evaluating the growth and essential oil content of Salvia officinalis L. (sage) inoculated with two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Rhizophagus clarus and Claroideoglomus etunicatum under different phosphorous (P) levels. The treatments were prepared in a sterile substrate (sand, vermiculite and organic compound (1: 1: 2, v:v) with high (200 mg kg−1) and low (20 mg kg−1) P levels at sowing, with and without AMF inoculation; the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for four months. Plants were grown in pots with 3 kg of substrate in a 3 x 2 (3 mycorrhizal x 2 levels of P) factorial experiment, in a completely randomized design (with eight repetitions). Spore density, AMF root colonization, plant dry mass, P and N shoot content, yield and composition of essential oil (EO) were determined. Data were processed and submitted to analyses of hierarchical clustering and principal component. Plant biomass increased with addition of P in the substrate. EO content increased with AMF Rhizophagus clarus inoculation in high-P substrate. It was concluded that inoculation with R. clarus and the addition of P at sowing can boost the growth of sage and the content of its EO. Camphor, α-humulene, viridiflorol, manool, α-thujone and β- thujone were the main components of the EO.
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Leopold, Jirovetz, Buchbauer Gerhard, Ngassoum Martin B., Essia-Ngang Jean J., Tatsadjieu Leopold N., and Adjoudji Ousman. "Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of the essential oils of Plectranthus glandulosus and Cinnumomum zeylrrnicum from Cameroon." Scientia Pharmaceutica 70, no. 1 (2002): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.aut-02-11.
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Two aromatic plants have been selected for chemical investigation on account of their antibacterial activities, Plectranthus glandulosus (fresh leaves) and Cinnamomum zeylunicum (dried leaves). P. glandulosus is used as a medicinal plant, while Cinnamomum zeylunicum is used as a common spice in many recipes in Cameroon. The essential oils of the plants have been obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus, the yields of oils are about 0.3% and 2.0% respectively.The essential oil of P. glandulosus contains mainly β-thujone (about 31%), p-cymen-8-01 (about 25%) and neral (about 10%) and the essential oil of C. zcylcinicum is characterised by a high percentage of eugenol (85%).These essential oils have been tested against three strains of bacteria, namely Pseudornonas fluorescens. Escherichiu coli and Staphylococcus aureus; qualitative tests (diffusion through solid medium) and quantitative tests (dilution method) have been carried out. P. fluorescens shows a higher resistance to the two oils (MIC values not less than 5000 ppm). E. coli is more sensitive to these oils, while against S uureus the essential oil of C. zcylcinicum still shows a high activity (3500 ppm).The antibacterial activities of the essential oils could be attributed to the components eugenol as the active component of C. zcylcinicum and β-thujone and p-cymen-4-01 of the essential oil of P. glandulosus.
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Mengi, N., S. N. Garg, S. K. Agarwal та C. S. Mathela. "The Occurrence of β-thujone and a New p-Menthane Derivative inSenecio chrysanthemoidesLeaf Oil". Journal of Essential Oil Research 7, № 5 (1995): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698575.
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Soltanbeigi, Amir, Mustafa Yildiz, and Erhan Sakartepe. "Effects of Various Nutrient Sources on Growth and Essential Oil Characteristics of Salvia Officinalis L. in Greenhouse." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 1 (2021): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21047.
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The agronomic and chemical characteristics of aromatic plants are affected by nutritional sources. Salvia officinalis (common sage) is an aromatic plant extensively used in food, popular medicine, and many pharmacological research studies. In this study, the effects of NPK, vermicompost and two types of microbiological fertilizer were investigated on the agronomic parameters and volatile oil characteristics of S. officinalis grown in the greenhouse. The plants were harvested two times (1st and 2nd cuttings) during the growing season. The consumption of NPK has the highest effect on stem number (54 no plant-1), fresh and dry herb weight (96.8 and 27.2 g p-1), fresh and dry leaf weight (74.6 and 19.6 g p-1), and volatile oil percentage (1.64%). While the herb weight at the 1st cutting (74.3 g p-1) was higher than the 2nd cutting (70.2 g p-1), the fresh (58.2 g p-1) and dry (16.6 g p-1) leaf weights and the leaf ratio (80.5 %) at the 2nd cutting were higher than the 1st cutting. Moreover, the volatile oil contents at the 1st cutting (1.44%) were higher than the 2nd cutting (1.18%). In total, 31 compounds were identified in the volatile oils by using GC/FID-MS. The percentages of α-Thujone (22.4-31.4%) and Camphor (21.0-25.4%) were found higher than other compounds. The content of α-Thujone was higher in NPK and vermicompost treatments. Based on the results, the application of different nutritional sources improved the yield and chemical properties of S. officinalis. Among the non-chemical nutrient sources, vermicompost had high efficiency.
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Kumar, Bushan, Ishfaq Ahmad Wani, Javaid Fayaz Lone, Kota Srinivas, and Sumeet Gairola. "Chemical Diversity in Essential Oils of 40 Artemisia Species from Western and Trans Himalayan Regions of India." Resources 14, no. 3 (2025): 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030042.
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The genus Artemisia L. (tribe Anthemidea), belonging to the family Asteraceae, has a rich diversity of essential oil-bearing species distributed throughout the Western Himalayan (WH) and Trans-Himalayan (TH) regions of India. The present study evaluated the essential oils of the eighty-one accessions representing 40 Artemisia spp. from India’s WH and TH regions for their essential oil yield, chemical composition, and variability among and within the species. The essential oil yield ranged between 0.02% and 1.65%. One hundred fifty-five major compounds identified by GC-MS technique accounted for 81–100% of the total oil composition in the studied accessions. 1,8-cineole, thujone, camphor, artemisia ketone, borneol, and caryophyllene were present in most of the studied Artemisia accessions. Results of PCA indicated that the first two components contributed 42.31% of total variation and showed a significant positive correlation with thujone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene, borneol, artemisia ketone, and p-cymene. Based on the chemical composition of essential oil, different accessions were grouped into two major clusters and subdivided into several subgroups. The study has identified many new chemotypes of Artemisia spp. with industrial potential that had not been studied before in this region. Based on the results, new agro-technologies may be developed using Artemisia spp. of commercial interest.
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Sharopov, Farukh S., Muhamadsho A. Kukaniev, and William N. Setzer. "Composition of the Essential Oil of Origanum tyttanthum from Tajikistan." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 11 (2011): 1934578X1100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601137.
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Origanum tyttanthum Gontsch. was collected from two different sites in south-central Tajikistan. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. A total of 52 compounds were identified representing 99.0-100% of total oil compositions. The major components of Origanum tyttanthum Gontsch. oil were carvacrol (34.3-59.2%), thymol (10.8-46.4%), p-cymene (0.7-7.3%), β-thujone (1.9-4.1%), piperitenone oxide (0.1-3.8%), γ-terpinene (0.3-3.5%), cis-piperitone epoxide (0.8-3.3%), carvacrol acetate (0.4-2.4%), menthone (0.6-2.1%) and borneol (1.0-2.3%).
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Bekka-Hadji, Fahima, Isabelle Bombarda, Ferhat Djoudi, Sofiane Bakour, and Abdelaziz Touati. "Chemical Composition and Synergistic Potential of Mentha pulegium L. and Artemisia herba alba Asso. Essential Oils and Antibiotic against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria." Molecules 27, no. 3 (2022): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031095.
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The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Mentha pulegium L. (M. pulegium L.) and Artemisia herba alba (A. herba alba) Asso. and analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector chromatograpy (GC–FID) and gaz chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antibacterial activities of the oils were determined by the disk diffusion method and a microdilution broth assay against six bacteria stains. The combinations of these essential oils with antibiotics were evaluated against two multi-drug-resistant bacteria strains: imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (IRAB S3310) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA S19). The chemical analysis of M. pulegium essential oil revealed the presence of pulegone (74.8%) and neoisomenthol (10.0%). A. herba alba essential oil was characterized by camphor (32.0%), α-thujone (13.7%), 1,8-cineole (9.8%), β-thujone (5.0%), bornéol (3.8%), camphene (3.6%), and p-cymene (2.1%). All strains tested except Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to these oils. The combinations of essential oils with antibiotics exerted synergism, antagonism, or indifferent effects. The best effect was observed with A. herba alba essential oil in association with cefoxitin (CX) against MRSA S19. However, for IRAB S3310, the strongest synergistic effect was observed with M. pulegium in association with amikacin (AK). This study demonstrated that M. pulegium and A. herba alba essential oils have antibacterial activities which could be potentiated by antibiotics especially in the case of IRAB S3310.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "A study of anti fungal activity of a combination of essential oils from medical herbs against water molds." Baghdad Science Journal 13, no. 4 (2016): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.13.4.674-680.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti fungal activity of a combination of essential oils against water molds. HPLC analysis was done to evaluate the quantity and quality of the active compounds in this combination which extracted from three herbs( Peppermint Menthapiperita ,Thyme Thymusvulgaris, Common sage Salvia officinalis L.) and the active compounds are Camphor,Menthol,,Thujone and Thymol with different concentrations. In this study (MIC) , (MFC) were measured and (LD50) determined after 48,96 h from fingerlings treatment of common carp in aquariums .The results of (MIC) were 0.025µl/ml for Aphanomyces sp. and 0.015µl/ml for both Achlya sp. and Fusariumsolani which showed significant differences(p
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He, Xiang, та Paul R. Ortiz de Montellano. "Radical Rebound Mechanism in Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed Hydroxylation of the Multifaceted Radical Clocks α- and β-Thujone". Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, № 38 (2004): 39479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m406838200.
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Djebir, Somia, Samir Ksouri, Mohamed Trigui, et al. "Chemical Composition and Acaricidal Activity of the Essential Oils of Some Plant Species of Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae against the Vector of Tropical Bovine Theileriosis: Hyalomma scupense (syn. Hyalomma detritum)." BioMed Research International 2019 (February 7, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7805467.
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The present study aimed to investigate the acaricidal properties of six essential oils. They were extracted from some plant species (Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae) using the technique of hydrodistillation with the Clevenger apparatus. The chemical compositions of the essential oils under study were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC-MS). An Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and a Larval Immersion Test (LIT) were used to evaluate the acaricidal activity of these essential oils against the adults and larvae of Hyalomma scupense. GC-MS analysis showed the major constituents of each essential oil: 25.49% of α-thujone (lavender); 46.82% of carvacrol (oregano); 78.78% of carvacrol (thyme); 40.27% of 1,8-cineole (blue gum); 17.45% of p-cymene (river red gum); and 26.96% of 1,8-cineole (rosemary). The biotests on the essential oils revealed that they inhibit the reproduction of H. scupense engorged females at a rate of 100 % with doses of 0.781 μl/ml of rosemary, 1.562 μl/ml of thyme, 3.125 μl/ml of lavender and oregano, and 6.250 μl/ml of blue gum and river red gum. After a treatment that lasted for 24 hours, essential oils showed a larvicidal activity with respective values of lethal concentrations (LC): LC50, LC90, and LC95 (0.058, 0.358, and 0.600 μl/ml for thyme; 0.108, 0.495, and 0.761 μl/ml for rosemary; 0.131, 0.982, and 1.740 μl/ml for oregano; 0.155, 2.387, and 5.183 μl/ml for blue gum; 0.207, 1.653, and 2.978 μl/ml for river red gum; and 0.253, 2.212, and 4.092 μl/ml for lavender). This is the first report on the acaricidal activity of these essential oils against H. scupense. The results obtained showed that the essential oils with chemotype carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, and p-cymene are highly acaricidal, and they can be used for ticks control. However, further studies on their toxicity in nontarget organisms are required.
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Yu, Ai Nong, and Xing Zhi Yang. "Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Fresh Wild Syringa pubescens Flowers from China." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.15.
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The essential oil of fresh wild Syringa pubescens flowers from China was obtained by hydrodistillation and identified by GC–MS. Altogether 49 components, mostly terpenoids and benzene derivatives, were identified. Many compounds are responsible for flowery or flowery-like aroma, such as benzyl alcohol, benzene acetaldehyde, cis-linalool oxide (furan), linalool, phenylethyl alcohol, α-terpineol, myrtenol, cis-geraniol, p-vinylguaiacol, eugenol, trans-nerolidol, etc. The predominant volatile compound in fresh wild Syringa pubescens flowers was furfural, followed by phenylethyl alcohol, carveol, borneol, eugenol, linalool, 2-propenylbenzoate, camphor, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, benzaldehyde, trans-nerolidol, α-cadinol, thujone and benzyl alcohol. These results suggest that essential oil of fresh wild Syringa pubescens flowers has important flowery or flowery-like aroma properties and may be useful as a natural flavor to replace synthetic flavor.
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Kays, Stanley J., Jason Hatch, and Dong Sik Yang. "Volatile Floral Chemistry of Heliotropium arborescens L. 'Marine'." HortScience 40, no. 5 (2005): 1237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1237.
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Selection emphasis on cyme size and flower color of Heliotropium arborescens L. has led to cultivars with diminished floral fragrance. As a preliminary inquiry into the fragrance chemistry of the species, we identified 41 volatile compounds emanating from the flowers of 'Marine' via isolation (Tenax trapping) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The majority of the volatile compounds emanating from the flowers were terpenes (camphene, p-cymene, δ-3-carene, α-humulene, δ-1-limonene, linalool, (E)-β-ocimene, α-pinene, and β-thujone), benzenoids of which benzaldehyde was the most abundant, aldehydes (decanal, heptanal, nonanal and octanal), and hydrocarbons (decane, heneicosane, heptadecane, hexadecane, nonadecane, nonane, octadecane, tetradecane, tridecane and undecane) along with a cross-section of other compounds. Subsequent identification and quantification of critical ordorants will facilitate selecting new cultivars with quantitative and qualitative improvements in fragrance.
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Houti, Habiba, Mohamed Ghanmi, Badr Satrani, et al. "Moroccan Endemic Artemisia herba-alba Essential Oil: GC-MS Analysis and Antibacterial and Antifungal Investigation." Separations 10, no. 1 (2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10010059.
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In Morocco, the endemic Artemisia herba-alba is well known by its traditional uses and health benefits. The search for natural, safe, and effective antibacterial and antifungal agents from plants is in high demand due to microbial and fungal resistance to conventional synthetic antibiotics and antifungal drugs. In this study, the A. herba-alba was collected from the region of Fez-Boulemane during the periods of March, June, and September. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted from the aerial part of the plant by the hydrodistillation method. The chemical constituents were determined using GC-MS as analytical tools. The antimicrobial activities of different oils were tested using the macrodilution method. The results showed the difference in the yields between the three EOs (0.49, 1.74, 1.30% (mL/100 g)), respectively, as well as in their corresponding chemical compositions. The main constituents revealed by GC-MS are higher contents of oxygenated monoterpenes (84.7, 84.4, 81%), such as cis chrysanthenyl acetate (30, 26.7, 27.6%), β-thujone (23.2, 12.9, 15.4%), camphor (9.76, 14.3, 15.8%), chrysanthenone (2.4, 1, 14%), 1,8-cineole (1.5, 11.7, 11.8%), trans β-dihydroterpineol (7.8, 7.2, 6.9%), α-thujone (4.8, 3, 5.4%), and sesquiterpenic davanone (3.9, 1.5, 1.4%), respectively. The three EOs biological activities’ results showed significant antimicrobial effects against four bacteria tested (E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, M. luteus), with the MIC values ranging from 0.1 to 0.03% (v/v), as well as interesting antifungal effects on both wood rot fungi against four fungi examined (G. trabeum, P. placenta, C. puteana, C. versicolor) and molds against three microorganisms tested (A. niger, P. digitatum, P. expansum), with MIC values ranging from 0.2 to 0.03% (v/v) and 0.4 to 0.03% (v/v), respectively. The June and September EO samples showed more potent activities than those collected during March. Our research findings showed quantitative variability in both EO contents and chemical compositions, which could be due to the phenological stages, climatic conditions of growth, and harvesting periods. The potent results of the antimicrobial/antifungal activities were provided by the EOs of June and September and might be correlated to the contribution and synergism effect of all oxygenated monoterpenes. These results support the possible application of A. herba-alba EOs as natural and safe antibacterial agents, and an effective alternative to synthetic drugs, enabling the prevention and treatment of certain pathogenic infections in food and health, and the preservation of wood alteration against fungi.
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Hein, Jakob, Georg Juckel, Thorsten Kienast, and Andreas Heinz. "»Die grüne Fee« Absinth – historische und biochemische Fakten." SUCHT 51, no. 1 (2005): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/2005.01.03.
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<B>Fragestellung:</B> Absinth, ein alkoholisches Getränk mit Kräuterauszügen, ist eines der erfolgreichsten Produkte des 19. Jahrhunderts. In ca. 100 Jahren wurde damit eine Umsatzsteigerung um das 106fache erzielt. Nur ein gesetzliches Verbot konnte diesen Erfolg beenden. </P><P><B>Methodik:</B> Anlässlich der EU-weiten Wiederzulassung von Absinth wird der aktuelle Forschungsstand zu diesem Getränk analysiert. </P><P><B>Ergebnisse:</B> Lediglich zum Thujon, dem Inhaltsstoff, durch den sich Absinth von anderen alkoholischen Getränken unterscheidet, liegen einige moderne Erkenntnisse vor. Dadurch ergeben sich Anhaltspunkte für eine Wirkung des Thujons an GABA-ergen und serotonergen Neurorezeptoren. </P><P><B>Schlussfolgerungen:</B> Es ist völlig unklar, welche Wirkung das Stoffgemisch von Thujon und Ethanol auf der Rezeptorenebene hat. Die Historie des Absinths legt jedoch das Vorhandensein eines hohen Suchtpotenzials nahe. Daher sind weiterführende Untersuchungen vonnöten.
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Rungqu, Pamela, Opeoluwa Oyedeji, Mavuto Gondwe, and Adebola Oyedeji. "Chemical Composition, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pelargonium peltatum Essential Oils from Eastern Cape, South Africa." Molecules 28, no. 14 (2023): 5294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145294.
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Pelargonium species are native to South Africa, and they have a long history in medicinal use. This study aimed to extract essential oils from different parts of P. peltatum, determine the chemical composition of the essential oils, and assess the essential oils’ biological potential as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distilling different parts of P. peltatum, and the essential profile was determined by GC-FID and GC-MS. The analgesic activity of the essential oil was determined by using a tail immersion in hot water method in rats, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils was assessed according to right hind paw oedema induced by egg albumin; the three doses selected for each experiment were 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. According to the GC-FID and GC-MS analysis, camphene (3.6–33.4%), α-terpineol (4.8–19.1%), α-thujone (1.5–15.6%), piperitone (0.9–12.2%), linalool (1.6–11.7%), myrcene (5.2–10.7%), germacrene D (3.7–10.4%), β-caryophyllene (1.2–9.5%), β-cadinene (3.4–6.7%), and β-bourbonene (4.2–6.2%) were some of the major compounds identified in the oil. P. peltatum essential oils demonstrated analgesic activity by increasing pain latency in hot water; furthermore, in an inflammation test, the essential oil reduced the egg-albumin-induced paw oedema in both the first and second phases. Therefore, the current findings suggest that P. peltatum essential oils have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Yerezhepova, Nurgul, Meruyert Kurmanbayeva, Nina Terletskaya, et al. "New Data on Phytochemical and Morphophysiological Characteristics of Platycladus orientalis L. Franco and Thuja occidentalis L. Conifer Trees in Polluted Urban Areas of Kazakhstan." Forests 15, no. 5 (2024): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15050790.
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The adaptive potential of plants in urban environments, responding to factors like air pollution, electromagnetic radiation, and specific microclimates, remains insufficiently understood. Our study focused on two evergreen Cupressaceae family species, Thuja occidentalis L. and Platycladus orientalis L. Franco, which are commonly found in Kazakhstan’s urban landscapes. Conducted in Almaty, one of Kazakhstan’s most polluted cities, our comparative analysis examined the anatomical features, photosynthetic activity, and secondary metabolite composition of these conifers. Both species exhibited xeromorphic traits, such as submerged stomata, resin passages, and a prominent leaf cuticle. T. occidentalis displayed higher photosynthetic activity values (quantum yield of photosystem II (YII), electron transport rate (ETR), and quantum yield of non-photochemical quenching (Y(NPQ))) than P. orientalis, while P. orientalis exhibited a higher quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII (Y(NO)) values. Chemical analysis revealed 31 components in T. occidentalis and 33 in P. orientalis, with T. occidentalis containing three times more thujone (16.42% and 5.18%, respectively) and a higher monosaccharide content (17.33% and 6.98%, respectively). T. occidentalis also contained 14.53% steroids, whereas P. orientalis showed no steroid presence. The cytotoxic activity of essential oils was determined by the survival of Artemia salina aquatic crustaceans, whereas tested essential oils from both species exhibited acute lethal toxicity to A. salina aquatic crustaceans across all tested concentrations. The connection between physiological traits, adaptation strategies, and cytotoxic effects offers a comprehensive view of the ecological and pharmacological importance of these two observed conifer species, highlighting their diverse roles in urban environments, as well as their potential medical uses.
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Satyal, Prabodh, Prajwal Paudel, Ananad Kafle, et al. "Bioactivities of Volatile Components from Nepalese Artemisia Species." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 12 (2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701228.
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The essential oils from the leaves of Artemisia dubia, A. indica, and A. vulgaris growing wild in Nepal were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The major components in A. dubia oil were chrysanthenone (29.0%), coumarin (18.3%), and camphor (16.4%). A. indica oil was dominated by ascaridole (15.4%), isoascaridole (9.9%), trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (9.7%), and trans-verbenol (8.4%). The essential oil of Nepalese A. vulgaris was rich in α-thujone (30.5%), 1,8-cineole (12.4%), and camphor (10.3%). The essential oils were screened for phytotoxic activity against Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) using both seed germination and seedling growth, and all three Artemisia oils exhibited notable allelopathic activity. A. dubia oil showed in-vitro cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells (100% kill at 100 μg/mL) and was also marginally antifungal against Aspergillus niger (MIC = 313 μg/mL). DFT calculations (B3LYP/6-31G*) revealed thermal decomposition of ascaridole to be energetically accessible at hydrodistillation and GC conditions, but these are spin-forbidden processes. If decomposition does occur, it likely proceeds by way of homolytic peroxide bond cleavage rather than retro-Diels-Alder elimination of molecular oxygen.
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Elif, Ayşe Erdoğan Eliuz, and Sıcak Yusuf. "Components And Antimicrobial Activity Of Essential Oil Of Aerial Parts Of Sage (Salvia Officinalis L.)." Journal of Ongoing Chemical Research 3, no. 2 (2021): 63–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5517838.
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In the present study, the volatile compounds of aerial partsSaolvfia officinalis L. (sage) were extracted and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using the Nist and Willey libraries. It was determined that the main components of sage were camphor (26.05%),α- thujone (17.46%), 1.8-cineole (12.11%), viridiflorol (6.95%) β-tahnudjone (3.57%). Then, antimicrobial activity of essential oil of sage against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25293), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925), Pseudomonas aureginosa, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis were examined by using spectrophotometric broth microdilution method. Accordingly, the highest MIC value ofS. officinalis essential oil was againstS. aureus (11.7 μg/mL), while the lowest activity was P. aureginosa (109.9 μg/mL). Furthermore, MIC values for the other microorganisms were determined as 11.8 μg/mL for B. subtilis, 59.0 μg/mL for E. coli, 25.3 μg/mL for C. albicans and 15.4 μg/mL for C. parapsilosis. As a result, essential oil of aerial parts ofS. officinalis were noted to be high antimicrobial efficiency under concentration of 110 μg/mL.
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Refaey, Mohamed, Mohamed Abouelela, Ehab El-Shoura, et al. "In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cotula anthemoides Essential Oil and In Silico Molecular Docking of Its Bioactives." Molecules 27, no. 6 (2022): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061994.
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The genus Cotula (Asteraceae) comprises about 80 species, amongst them Cotula anthemoides L. It is a wild plant growing in Egypt that possesses many traditional uses as a headache, colic, and chest cold remedy. In our study, the chemical composition of C. anthemoides essential oils was analyzed using GC-MS spectroscopy. Sixteen components of leave and stem oils and thirteen components of flower oils were characterized. The main components in both essential oil parts were camphor (88.79% and 86.45%) and trans-thujone (5.14% and 10.40%) in the leaves and stems and the flowers, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity of the oils in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was evaluated. The flower oil showed its predominant effect in the amelioration of proinflammatory cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as cyclooxygenase-2. The bornyl acetate showed the highest affinity for the cyclooxygenase-2 receptor, while compound cis-p-menth-2-ene-1-ol had the best affinity for the tumor necrosis factor receptor, according to the results of molecular docking. In addition, the molecule cis-β-farnesene showed promising dual affinity for both studied receptors. Our findings show that essential oils from C. anthemoides have anti-inflammatory properties through their control over the generation of inflammatory mediators. These findings suggest that C. anthemoides essential oils could lead to the discovery of novel sources of anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Cai, Ting, Pei Shi, Shan Zhang, et al. "Inhibition of Perilla frutescens Essential Oil on Pellicle Formation of Candida tropicalis and Pichia kluyveri and Its Effect on Volatile Compounds in Sichuan Pickles." Foods 12, no. 8 (2023): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12081593.
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Pellicle formation is the most typical characteristic of deteriorating fermented vegetable products. Perilla frutescens essential oil (PEO) is widely used as a useful natural preservative. However, few studies have addressed the antifungal activity and mechanism of PEO in pellicle formation microorganisms, and it is still unclear whether it can inhibit pellicle formation and affect its volatile compounds in Sichuan pickles. The current study showed that PEO can inhibit pellicle formation during fermentation of Sichuan pickles as it had significant antifungal activity against the pellicle formation microorganisms Candida tropicalis SH1 and Pichia kluyveri SH2. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PEO against C. tropicalis SH1 and P. kluyveri SH2 was determined to be 0.4 μL/mL, and the minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were 1.6 μL/mL and 0.8 μL/mL, respectively. The antifungal mechanism was activated as a result of damage to the cell membrane, an increase in the cell permeability, a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the inhibition of ATPase activity. Meanwhile, the addition of PEO to Sichuan pickles can enrich the profiles of volatile compounds during fermentation, including limonene, myrcene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, perilla ketone, heptanal, hexanal, α-thujone and β-terpineol and thus improve the overall sensory acceptability. These results indicated that PEO has the potential to be used as a novel food preservative to control pellicle formation in fermented vegetables.
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CA, Ukwubile. "Phytochemical Contents, Evaluation of Antiulcer, Antipyretic, Antinociceptive, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats." International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000270.
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Artemisia absinthium L.(wormwood) is popularly called ‘’Tazargaade’’ in northern Nigeria and is found in all parts of the country. The leaf is used to treat ulcers, fevers, pains and inflammations in Nigeria. The study was carried out aimed at analyzing the phytoconstituents of the leaf and evaluating the antiulcer, antipyretic, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities of A. absinthium extract in Wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis was carried out following standard procedures, the toxicity studies were carried out using the OECD methods, the antiulcer effect was evaluated using ethanol-induced, naproxeninduced and pyloric ligation-induced ulcer models, the antipyretic effect was evaluated using brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia, the antinociceptive effect was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced and hot plate models, while the anti-inflammatory effect was determined using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats’ models at extract doses of 50-400 mg/kg body weight (p.o.). For the phytoconstituents, LC/MS and GC-MS were used to identify bioactive compounds. Various ulcer parameters were calculated from specific formulae for each model, while the abdominal writhing and volumes of paw oedema in rats were used to assess the potential of the extract in acetic acid and carrageenan-induced models respectively from 0 to 5 h. The phytochemical screening of leaf extract revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, phenols and phytosterols while, the GC-MS and LC/MS analysis further confirmed three major bioactive compounds as cis-thujones, transsabinyl acetate, and β-thujone. An acute toxicity study of the extract showed that the plant was safe at a maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. (p.o.). There were no major histopathological defects observed on examination of vital organs, organ weights or biochemical changes in blood profiles, liver function parameters, and lipid profiles. There were no elevated values obtained as all the values fall within the acceptable ranges. Furthermore, the extract showed dose-dependent biological activities. The extract showed significant (p < 0.05) reductions in ulcer area, ulcer index, ulcer score, total acidity, and gastric volumes as well as increased percentage inhibition of ulceration (80.12 %) at the dose of 400 mg/kg b.w. when compared to the various control groups (p < 0.05). Similarly, significant antipyretic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a dose-dependent fashion, with an average reduction in rectal temperature of 76.54 ±2.01℃ in pyrexia, 86.12 % inhibition of abdominal writhing in acetic acid-induced pain, and 82.14 % reduction in paw oedema within the study periods at the dose of 400 mg/kg b.w. (p.o.). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the values obtained when compared to the standard drugs Our study showed that methanol leaf extract of A. absinthium possessed significant antiulcer, antipyretic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in Wistar rats. These scientific findings further justify its use in Nigeria’s traditional medicine for the treatment of these ailments. However, there is the need to further investigate specific compound(s) responsible for these biological activities toward drug discovery.
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ELMI, Abdirahman, Ahmed Said MOHAMED, Nazia SIDDIQUI, et al. "Identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 from Artemisia annua compounds by In silico evaluation and their density functional theory (DFT)." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1-s (2021): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1-s.4702.
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The genus Artemisia has recognized medicinal value and its use by humans Dates back to centuries ago. With the appearance of the new coronavirus, end of 2019, several countries have recommended the use of herbal teas consisting mainly of Artemisia. The individual analysis of the constituents of this species is crucial to characterize and optimize its antiSARS-Cov-2 action. We evaluated by molecular docking the inhibitory action of major compounds of the Artemisia genus (Artemisinin, Arteannuin B, Alpha Thujone, P-Hydroxyacetophenone, Fisetin, Cirsimaritin, Capillin, β-Sitosterol, and Quercetin) against three targets namely SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mp), SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and human furin protease (HF protease). The two flavonols, quercetin and fisetin, have the best binding energies with the three targets. Quercetin/Fisetin possesses binding energy of -7.17/-6.9, -6.3/-6.15 and – 5.98/- 5.49 kcal/mol with MP, RBD and HF protease respectively. Their physicochemical properties meet the requirements of an oral active principle and are not toxic according to predictive simulations. Thereby DFT calculation has been used to analyze the electronic and geometric characteristics of these two compounds. The gap energies were also deduced for the stable structure and their reactivity. The abundance of Quercetin in different plants may be another advantage in the use of this bio-compound in the treatment of coronavirus.
 Keywords: Artemisia annua, DFT, Docking Molecular, SARS-Cov-2, Quercetin and Fisetin
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Nasser, Hatem1 Hanna Wakim Lara1 Baydoun Safaa2 Nemer Nabil1 Arnold-Apostolides Nelly*1. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM ACHILLEA FRAGRANTISSIMA (FORSSK.) SCH.BIP.(ASTERACEAE) GROWING WILD IN NORTH BEKAA, LEBANON." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 5 (2018): 115–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1241414.
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Essential oil of fresh aerial parts of <em>Achillea fragrantissima</em> growing wild in Lebanese steppe was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography and GC/Mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activityof the essential oil against 5 bacteria and 2 fungi was determined by diffusion and microdilution methods. The results revealed a yield of 1.25 % v/w fresh weight of essential oil that had a yellowish color and pleasant fragrant aroma. Fifty onecompounds were identified.Artemisia ketone (29.97%), α-Thujone (13.34%), Germacrene (11.5%) followed by α-Cubebene (6.25%), Spathulenol (3.63%), β-Sesquiphellandrene (3.52%) and γ-Muurolene (3.27%) were the main components. The oil displayed a high degree of inhibitory activity against the tested five bacteria: <em>S. aureus,</em> <em>E. coli,</em> <em>E. faecalis</em>,<em>S. enteritidis,</em> <em>P. aeruginosa</em>that was equal or greater than that of several commonly prescribed antibiotics. The oil also showed high antifungal activity against both <em>C.albicans</em> and <em>A.fumigatus</em>with the latter exhibiting higher susceptibility to the oil than that againstthe antifungalNystatine. This study presents the first report on the chemical composition of the essential oil of Lebanese <em>A.fragrantissima,</em>and confirms the traditional therapeutic use of the plant. Further pharmacological research is needed to exploit this potential either alone or in combination with existing antibiotics as a promising contribution to the discovery of novel drugs against infections diseases.
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Kotyuk, L. A. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF OIL-BEARING PLANTS LAMIACEAE LINDL. TOWARDS ESCHERICHIA COLI." Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 6, no. 01 (2016): 216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/201612.
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<p> </p><p>The paper relates to study of biological activity of 40% ethanol extracts of <em>Dracocephalum moldavica,</em> <em>Hyssopus officinalis</em>, <em>Satureja hortensis</em>, <em>Lophanthus anisatus</em> and <em>Monarda diduma</em>, grown in Ukrainian Polissya, against a pathogenic agent <em>Escherichia coli</em> UCM – B (ATCC 25922).</p><p>The research proves that ethanol extracts of <em>H. officinalis</em>, <em>D. moldavica, S. hortensis, L. anisatus</em> exert antimicrobial activity as the extracted substances provided a twofold increase in minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against <em>E. coli. </em>Likewise, a twofold increase was observed in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <em>L. anisatus</em> ethanol extracts. As to <em>M. diduma </em>ethanol extracts, their inhibitory and bactericidal influence on <em>E. coli</em> was not registered.</p><p>Oil-bearing plants (family <em>Lamiaceae), </em>grown in Zhytomyr Polissya, are characterized by antimicrobial properties, attributed to biologically active substances that are formed and accumulated in the plant material. The main components of hyssop essential oil are isopinocamphone (44.43%), pinocamphone (35.49%), myrtenol (5.26 %), germacrene D (3.15 %), pulegone (2.93 %), bicyclogermacrene (1.35 %). In mint anise essential oil prevailed pulegone (59.19%), izomenton (14.34%), bicyclogermacrene (3,21 %), <em>β</em>-kariofilen (2,99 %), menton (2.21 %), 1,6-germacradien-5-ol (1.5 %), isopulegone (1.4 %), in summer savory – carvacrol (89.07%), g-terpinene (3.53%), <em>α</em>-thujone (1.7 %), camphor (1.48 %). The dominant components of moldavian dragonhead essential oil were geranial (26.19%) and neral (22.36%), 2-(1-hydroxy-1-isopropyl)-cyklopentanon (8.29 % ), 2,3-dehydro-1,8-cineole (6.87 %), 3-(1-hydroxy-1-isopropyl) cyklopentanon (6,51 %), nerol (4.74 %), 3-methyl-2-cyclohexane 1-on (2.13 %).<em></em></p><p>The paper draws attention to further more detailed study of ethanol extracts of hyssop, moldavian dragonhead, summer savory, mint anise with the aim of producing antibacterial herbal preparations.</p>
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Janackovic, Pedja, Jelica Novakovic, Marina Sokovic, et al. "Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Artemisia judaica, A. herba-alba and A. arborescens from Libya." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 2 (2015): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs141203010j.
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The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Artemisia judaica L., Artemisia herba-alba Asso. and Artemisia arborescens L. (cultivated) from Libya, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The antimicrobial properties were determined using the broth microdilution method against eight bacterial species: Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate), Micrococcus flavus (ATCC10240), Listeria monocytogenes (NCTC7973), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), Escherichia coli (ATCC35210), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC13311), Enterobacter cloacae (human isolates) and eight fungal species: Aspergillus niger (ATCC6275), A. ochraceus (ATCC12066), A. versicolor (ATCC11730), A. fumigatus (ATCC1022), Penicillium ochrochloron (ATCC9112), P. funiculosum (ATCC10509), Trichoderma viride (IAM5061) and Candida albicans (human isolate). The major constituents of A. arborescens oil were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (47.4%). Oxygenated monoterpenes were the dominant constituents in the A. judaica and A. herba-alba oils (54.2% and 77.3%, respectively). Camphor (24.7%) and chamazulene (20.9%) were the major components in the essential oil of A. arborescens, chrysanthenone (20.8%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (17.6%) and cis-thujone (13.6%) dominated in the A. herba-alba oil, and the major constituents in the A. judaica oil were piperitone (30.21%) and cis-chrysanthenol (9.1%). The best antimicrobial activity was obtained for A. judaica oil and the lowest effect was noticed in A. arborescens oil. The effect of the tested oils was higher against Gram (+) than Gram (-) bacteria. All three oils showed the best antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and the lowest against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, compared to streptomycin and ampicillin. All three oils showed better antifungal activities than ketoconazole, except A. arborescens oil against Aspergillus niger.
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Sakhteman, Amirhossein, Ardalan Pasdaran, Mehdi Afifi, and Azadeh Hamedi. "An Assay on the Possible Effect of Essential Oil Constituents on Receptors Involved in Women’s Hormonal Health and Reproductive System Diseases." Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine 25 (January 1, 2020): 2515690X2093252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515690x20932527.
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Aromatic herbal remedies, hydrosols, and essential oils are widely used for women’s hormonal health. Scientific investigation of their major constituents may prevent unwanted infertility cases, fetal abnormalities, and drug-herb interactions. It also may lead to development of new medications. A list of 265 volatile molecules (mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) were prepared from a literature survey in Scopus and PubMed (2000-2019) on hydrosols and essential oils that are used for women’s hormonal and reproductive health conditions. The PDB (protein data bank) files of the receptors (136 native PDB files) that involve with oxytocin, progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, acetyl choline, androgen, dopamine, human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, aromatase, and HER2 receptors were downloaded from Protein Data Bank. An in silico study using AutoDock 4.2 and Vina in parallel mode was performed to investigate possible interactions of the ligands with the receptors. Drug likeliness was investigated for the most active molecules using DruLiTo software. Aristola-1(10),8-diene, bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen), α-bergamotene, bicyclogermacrene, α-bisabolol oxide A, α-bisabolone oxide, p-cymen-8-ol, 10-epi elemol, α-elemol, β-eudesmol, 7- epi-β-eudesmol, ficusin, β-humulene, methyl jasmonate, nerolidol, pinocarvone, (+)-spathulenol, and thujone had better interactions with some androgen, aromatase, estrogen, progesterone, HER2, AChR, and/or dopamine receptors. Most of these molecules had an acceptable drug likeliness except for α-bergamotene, bicyclogermacrene, β-humulene, and aristola-1(10),8-diene. Some volatile natural molecules can be considered as lead compound for drug development to treat hormonal conditions.
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Ain, Raal, Тetiana Ilina, Alla Kovaleva, et al. "Variation in the composition of the essential oil of commercial Artemisia absinthium L. herb samples from different countries." ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, no. 2 (48) (April 30, 2024): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2024.302232.
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Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L., Asteraceae) is an aromatic bitter herb that contains bitter-tasting metabolites and essential oil. The composition and biological effects of A. absinthium essential oil have been widely studied. However, the data on the content of the individual components vary significantly. The aim. The aim of the study was to research the compositions of essential oils from A. absinthium herb, which are on the market in various European countries and determine difference in their compositions, possible chemotypes, and compliance of the essential oil samples with the European Pharmacopeia requirements. Materials and Methods. The composition of 16 essential oil samples of A. absinthium herb from different countries was investigated using the gas chromatography method. Samples were obtained from retail pharmacies in 14 different countries. Research results. A total of 41 compounds were identified in the studied A. absinthium essential oils. In all the samples, monoterpenes and monoterpenoids dominate (28.0-92.2 %), much less sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids (0-18.9 %). The dominant components among the identified ones were sabinene (traces(tr.)-21,2 %), myrcene (0.1-25.6 %), p-cymene (0.2-6.5 %), 1,8-cineole (0.1-18.0 %), artemisia ketone (tr.-14.9 %), linalool (tr.-10.8 %), β-thujone (0.1-38.7 %), (E)-epoxyocymene (tr.-59.7 %), (E)-verbenol (tr.-7.9 %), borneol (tr.-11.7 %), (E)-sabinyl acetate (tr.-70.5 %), neryl butyrate (0-13.9 %), spathulenol (tr.-9.2 %), caryophyllene oxide (tr.-7.3 %). Both “pure”-chemotypes and “mixed”-chemotypes of A. absinthium have been defined. Conclusions. Two”pure”-chemotype consist of 70.5 % (E)-sabinyl acetate and 59,2 % (E)-epoxyocymene, respectively. Also, eleven "mixed"-chemotypes of A. absinthium essential oils have been defined. Some correlations were established between the content of terpenes in the A. absinthium essential oils
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Aouf, Abdelhakim, Sarah Bouaouina, Mohamed A. Abdelgawad, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, and Amr Farouk. "In Silico Study for Algerian Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Pus Samples." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (2022): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101317.
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In the context of the globally growing problem of resistance to most used antibacterial agents, essential oils offer promising solutions against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, etiology, and antibiotic-resistance profiles of bacteria responsible for pyogenic infections in Regional Military University Hospital of Constantine. Disc diffusion and broth microdilution (MIC) methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from five Algerian aromatic plants growing wild in the north of Algeria—Salvia officinalis (Sage), Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Mentha pulegium L. (Mentha), Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), and Pelargonium roseum (Geranium)—against reference and MDR strains. During three months of the prospective study, 112 isolates out of 431 pus samples were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant species (25%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.42%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21%), and Escherichia coli (17.95%). Among pus isolates, 65 were MDR (58.03%). The radial streak-line assay showed that R. officinalis and M. pulegium L. had weak activity against the tested strains, whereas P. roseum showed no activity at all. Meanwhile, T. vulgaris was the most potent, with an inhibition zone of 12–26 mm and an MIC value ranging between 0.25 and 1.25%, followed by S. officinalis with an inhibition zone of 8–12 mm and an MIC value ranging between 0.62 and 2.5%. Generally, A. baumannii and S. aureus ATCC6538P were the most sensitive strains, whereas P. aeruginosa ATCC27853 was the most resistant strain to the oils. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of chemical composition revealed the presence of borneol (76.42%) and thymol (17.69%) as predominant in thyme, whereas camphor (36.92%) and α- thujone (34.91%) were the major volatiles in sage. The in-silico study revealed that sesquiterpenes and thymol had the highest binding free energies against the vital enzymes involved in biosynthesis and repair of cell walls, proteins, and nucleic acids compared to monoterpenes. The results demonstrated that T. vulgaris and S. officinalis are ideal candidates for developing future potentially active remedies against MDR strains.
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Chrysargyris, Antonios, Efstathios Evangelides, and Nikolaos Tzortzakis. "Seasonal Variation of Antioxidant Capacity, Phenols, Minerals and Essential Oil Components of Sage, Spearmint and Sideritis Plants Grown at Different Altitudes." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (2021): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091766.
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Medicinal and aromatic plants are well appreciated for their antioxidant and biocidal activities, while great variation on these activities can be related to the species, environmental conditions and harvesting period. In the present study, the seasonal variation of the antioxidant activity, mineral content, yield and chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), sideritis (Sideritis perfoliata L. subsp. perfoliata) and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) were tested under two different environmental conditions, each with a different altitude (namely mountainous and plain). Season affected total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity with increased values during winter and lower values during summer period. In summer, plants accumulated more Fe and had higher EO yield, while P and Na were accumulated more in winter. Altitude had a lesser effect on antioxidant capacity of the plants; however, increased minerals (N, K, Na and Ca) accumulation was found in plain areas. Sage plants had the highest antioxidant capacity, Zn content and EO yield. Sideritis had increased Fe content and spearmint plants revealed high N, Na and Mg levels. Furthermore, altitude and season had an impact on the content of main EOs components in all species. FRAP and ABTS were variably correlated with total phenols and minerals, depending on the species, season and altitude. In few cases, antioxidant activity was found to be inversely linked to some EO components (e.g., α-thujone in sage). Finally, the antioxidant content, minerals and EO yield and composition of the examined MAPs were all altered by season and altitude. These findings can be utilized to implement sage, sideritis and spearmint farming in specific ecosystems, determining the season and areas for harvesting the plants, in order to produce high-value products.
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Hodaj-Çeliku, Entela, Olga Tsiftsoglou, Lulëzim Shuka, Sokol Abazi, Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina, and Diamanto Lazari. "Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of some Aromatic and Medicinal Plants from Albania." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 5 (2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200525.
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The chemical compositions have been investigated of the volatile oils of nine populations of six species from Albania, namely Artemisia absinthium, Calamintha nepeta, Hypericum perforatum, Sideritis raeseri subsp. raeseri, Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum from two wild populations, and Salvia officinalis (sage) from two wild and one cultivated population,. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and their analyses were performed by GC–MS. The major constituents were: A. absinthium: neryl isovalerate (19.5%), geranyl isobutanoate (16.4%) and carvacrol (8.8%); C. nepeta: pulegone (31.7%), spathulenol (20.0%) and isomenthone (12.7%); H. perforatum: caryophyllene oxide (31.0%), δ-selinene (10.5%) and carvacrol (10.4%); O. vulgare: carvacrol (81.0, 78.6%), γ-terpinene (5.5, 7.1%) and p-cymene (4.9, 4.1%) for O. vulgare originating from Tepelena and Vlora, respectively; S. raeseri: carvacrol (36.7%), caryophyllene oxide (17.8%), β-caryphyllene (8.7%), spathulenol (7.7%) and myrtenol (6.4%); S. officinalis: camphor (40.2, 47.8, 45.9%), α-thujone (19.2, 22.2, 13.7%), eucalyptol (5.4, 2.6, 6.0%), camphene (5.8, 6.1, 3.9, %), borneol (2.1, 2.9, 5.7%) and bornyl acetate (3.3, 1.4, 5.6%) for samples originating from Tepelena, Tirana and Vlora, respectively. The essential oils were also tested for their free radical scavenging activity using the following in vitro assays: i) interaction with the free stable radical of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), and ii) inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation with 2,2'-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide, dihydrochloride (AAPH). Finally, their inhibitory activity toward soybean lipoxygenase was evaluated, using linoleic acid as substrate. The essential oil of O. vulgare (OV-VL) presented the highest interaction with the stable radical DPPH (76.5%), followed by that of A. absinthium (54.7%). O. vulgare (OV-TP) and A. absinthium showed high anti-lipid peroxidation activity, 97.5% and 96.5%, respectively, higher than that of the reference compound trolox (73.0%). Only the tested sample of O. vulgare (OV-VL) significantly inhibited soybean lipoxygenase (54.2%).
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Mohammed, Hamdoon A., Hussein M. Eldeeb, Riaz A. Khan, et al. "Sage, Salvia officinalis L., Constituents, Hepatoprotective Activity, and Cytotoxicity Evaluations of the Essential Oils Obtained from Fresh and Differently Timed Dried Herbs: A Comparative Analysis." Molecules 26, no. 19 (2021): 5757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195757.
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Sage, Salvia officinalis L., is used worldwide as an aromatic herb for culinary purposes as well as a traditional medicinal agent for various ailments. Current investigations exhibited the effects of extended dryings of the herb on the yields, composition, oil quality, and hepatoprotective as well as anti-cancer biological activities of the hydrodistillation-obtained essential oils from the aerial parts of the plant. The essential oils’ yields, compositions, and biological activities levels of the fresh and differently timed and room-temperature dried herbs differed significantly. The lowest yields of the essential oil were obtained from the fresh herbs (FH, 631 mg, 0.16%), while the highest yield was obtained from the two-week dried herbs (2WDH, 1102 mg, 0.28%). A notable decrease in monoterpenes, with increment in the sesquiterpene constituents, was observed for the FH-based essential oil as compared to all the other batches of the essential oils obtained from the different-timed dried herbs. Additionally, characteristic chemotypic constituents of sage, i.e., α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, 1, 8-cineole, α-thujone, and camphor, were present in significantly higher proportions in all the dried herbs’ essential oils as compared to the FH-based essential oil. The in vivo hepatoprotective activity demonstrated significant reductions in the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as a significant increase in the total protein (p < 0.05) contents level, as compared to the acetaminophen (AAP) administered experimental group of rats. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the ALT level was demonstrated by the 4WDH-based essential oil in comparison to the FH-based essential oil. The levels of creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were reduced (p < 0.05) in the pre-treated rats by the essential oil batches, with non-significant differences found among them as a result of the herbs dryings based oils. A notable increase in the viability of the cells, and total antioxidant capacity (TAOxC) levels, together with the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed by the essential oils obtained from all the batches as compared with the AAP-treated cell-lines, HepG-2, HeLa, and MCF-7, that indicated the in vitro hepatoprotective effects of the sage essential oils. However, significant improvements in the in vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective activities with the 4WDH-based oil, as compared to all other essential oil-batches and silymarin standard demonstrated the beneficial effects of the drying protocol for the herb for its medicinal purposes.
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Ivashchenko, I. V. "Антимікробні властивості Tanacetum balsamita L. (Asteraceae) за інтродукції в Поліссі України". Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, № 1 (2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/20176.
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<p>The paper studies antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of <em>Tanacetum balsamita</em> L. from the family Asteraceae, tribus Anthemideae, the plant being medicinally and pharmaceutically promising. Antimicrobial properties of <em>Tanacetum balsamita</em> were studied on test-cultures, collected from the Ukrainian Collection of Microorganisms (UCM, Institute of microbiology and virology SAS Ukraine), the test-cultures being of <em>Escherichia coli </em>(coliform bacillius) UCM B-906 (ATCC 25922); <em>Staphilococcus aureus</em> (golden staphylococcus) UCM B-904 (ATCC 25923); <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> (blue pus bacillus) UCM B-900 (ATCC 9027); <em>Candida albicans</em> UCM Y-1918 (ATCC 885-653). The above microorganisms are test strains used to determine antimicrobial properties of medicines. The antimicrobial effect of the investigated substances was studied by the method of successive dilutions which determines minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The extract has demonstrated selective antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria strains of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. In comparison with the solvent, MIC and MBC values showed an 8-times increase. <em>T.</em><em> </em><em>balsamita</em> extract revealed no bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal/fugicidal effect against gram-negative bacteria stains of <em>Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa</em> and fungus <em>C. albicans</em>. The antimicrobial activity of the extract against <em>S. aureus</em> may be attributed to the presence of essential oil and phenolic compounds. The major compounds in the essential oil are epoxylynaloolacetate (60.13 %) and b-thujone (29.7 %). The following phenolic compounds have been determined with the high-performance liquid chromatography method: flavonoids – luteolin, apigenin, diosmetin, acacetin, apigenin-7-bioside, acacetin-7-bioside, apigenin-7-glycoside, luteolin-7-glycoside, diosmetin-7-bioside, diosmetin-7-glycoside, diosmetin-7-rhamnoside, and hydroxycinnamic acids – n-coumaric, caffeic, chlorogenic, isochlorogenic. The dominant compound is isochlorogenic acid (35 % of the total phenolic compounds detected). The experimental data obtained gives evidence that further research and application of <em>T. balsamita</em> is promising for creation of new anti-staphylococcus drugs.</p>
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Aljeldah, Mohammed M. "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potencies of Chemically-Profiled Essential Oil from Asteriscus graveolens against Clinically-Important Pathogenic Microbial Strains." Molecules 27, no. 11 (2022): 3539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113539.
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Recently, the antimicrobial potential of essential oils extracted from plants has gained extensive research interest, primarily for the development of novel antimicrobial treatments to combat emerging microbial resistance. The current study aims at investigating the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil derived from gold coin daisy, which is known as Asteriscus graveolens (EOAG). In this context, a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of EOAG was conducted to identify its phytoconstituents. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of EOAG was determined by the use of three tests, namely: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrzyl (DPPH), ferric reducing activity power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The antimicrobial activity of EOAG against clinically important bacterial (Escherichia coli, K12; Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6633; Bacillus subtilis, DSM 6333; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CIP A22) and fungal (Candida albicans, ATCC 10231; Aspergillus niger, MTCC 282; Aspergillus flavus, MTCC 9606; and Fusarium oxysporum, MTCC 9913) strains was assessed. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined on solid (inhibition diameter) and liquid media to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). GC/MS profiling of EOAG revealed that 18 compounds were identified, with a dominance of α-Thujone (17.92%) followed by carvacrol (14.14%), with a total identification of about 99. 92%. The antioxidant activity of EOAG was determined to have IC50 values of 34.81 ± 1.12 µg/mL (DPPH), 89.37 ± 5.02 µg/mL (FRAP), and 1048.38 ± 10.23 µg EAA/mg (TAC). The antibacterial activity in a solid medium revealed that the largest diameter was recorded in P. aeruginosa (28.47 ± 1.44 mm) followed by S. aureus (27.41 ± 1.54 mm), and the MIC in S. aureus was 12.18 ± 0.98 µg / mL. For the antifungal activity of EOAG, the largest inhibition diameter was found in F. oxysporum (33.62 ± 2.14 mm) followed by C. albicans (26.41 ± 1.90 mm), and the smallest MIC was found in F. oxysporum (18.29 ± 1.21 µg/mL) followed by C. albicans (19.39 ± 1.0 µg/mL). In conclusion, EOAG can be useful as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent and an alternative to synthetic antibiotics. Hence, they might be utilized to treat a variety of infectious disorders caused by pathogenic microorganisms, particularly those that have gained resistance to standard antibiotics.
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Ivashchenko, I. V. "ФУНГІЦИДНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ЕФІРООЛІЙНИХ РОСЛИН РОДУ ARTEMISIA ВІДНОСНО FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM". Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 5, № 02 (2015): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2015016.
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<p>The article establishes the fungicidal activity of water extracts of <em>Artemisia</em><em> </em><em>maritim</em><em>а</em> L., <em>Artemisia</em><em> </em><em>austriaca Jacq.,</em> under the concentration of 100, 50 and 25 mg/ml on dry matter with regard to the phytopathogenic mushroom <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em>. It also shows the fungistatic influence of extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. under concentration 25 and 50 mg/ml, fungicidal – under 100 mg/ml. Concerning <em>Artemisia abrotanum</em> L., the slow growth of mushroom is observed under the concentration 25 mg/ml, fungicidal effect – under 50 and 100 mg/ml.</p> <p>The paper provides the information on the component composition of ethereal oil and phenolic compounds of <em>Artemisia</em><em> </em><em>maritim</em><em>а</em>, <em>Artemisia</em><em> </em><em>austriaca</em>,<em> Artemisia abrotanum</em><em>, </em><em>Artemisia dracunculus</em>, cultivated in Zhytomyr Polissya. The chief ingredients of ethereal oil which is synthesized by the plant of <em>Artemisia </em><em>abrotanum</em> are 1,8-cineole (30.44%) and camphor (31.92%). A high 1,8-cineole and camphor content determines antimicrobial properties of the plants.</p> <p>Amount of phenolic compounds in the air-dry raw <em>Artemisia </em><em>abrotanum</em> is 2.98 percent. By the method of highly efficient solution chromatography (HESChr) in the grass of <em>Artemisia abrotanum </em>we have detected 23 phenolic compounds, of which we identified such flavonoids as rutin, luteolin-7-glycoside as well as caffeic, chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids.</p> <p>The main compounds of ethereal oil of <em>Artemisia austriaca</em> are trans-verbenole (30.77 %), pinocarvone (10.77 %) and sabinilacetate (18.16 %).<strong> </strong>In the grass of <em>Artemisia austriaca </em>we have detected 31 phenolic compounds, of which we identified such flavonoids as rutin, apigenin, quercetin-bioside and the following acids: caffeic, chlorogenic, and isochlorogenic. Amount of phenolic compounds in the air-dry raw Austrian wormwood is 27.25 mg / g (2.73 %).</p> <p>The main component of ethereal oil of <em>Artemisia dracunculus is </em>methyleugenol (94.65 %). We have discovered 31 phenolic compounds in the grass of linear-leaved wormwood, from which four substances such as rutin, luteolin-7-glycoside, apigenin-7-glycoside and isochlorogenic acid have been identified. The dominant compounds of ethereal oil of <em>Artemisia maritima</em> are α-thujone (41.59 %) and camphor (23.56 %).</p> <p>Obviously, the fungicidal properties of plants are conditioned by the quantitative and qualitative content of biologically active substances – ethereal oils, fenolic compounds and other matters. The paper draws attention to the prospects of the further more detailed study of extracts of<strong> </strong>aromatic plants of the genus <em>Artemisia</em> with the aim of producing antibacterial and antifungal herbal preparations.</p> <p><em>Key words<strong>:</strong></em><strong><em> </em></strong><em>Artemisia, Fusarium oxysporum, water extract, fungicidal activity, aromatic plants.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p>
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Judzentiene, Asta, Félix Tomi, and Joseph Casanova. "Analysis of Essential Oils of Artemisia absinthium L. from Lithuania by CC, GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 8 (2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400820.
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Different techniques have been utilized to determine the composition of Artemisia absinthum (wormwood) essential oil. The oil was fractionated on a silica gel column and each fraction analyzed by GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR. This allowed the identification, for the first time in A. absinthium, of two diterpenes, 9-geranyl-p-cymene and 9-geranyl-α-terpinene, and two homoditerpenes, 9-(15,16-dihydro-15-methylene)-geranyl-p-cymene and 9-(15,16-dihydro-15-methylene)-geranyl-α-terpinene. Chemical variability of A. absinthium essential oils from plants collected in the surroundings of Vilnius city over several years (1999-2007) was also shown. Chemical composition was determined by GC and GC-MS. Thujones ( cis+trans, 10.2-36.3%) and trans-sabinyl acetate (9.8-39.2%) were the two predominant constituents of almost all the investigated oils (13 out of 15 samples). The third major compound was myrcene (5.1-9.2%, in four samples), β-pinene (5.4-10.4%, in 5), linalool (4.7% in one), trans-sabinol (6.4%, in one) and 1,8-cineole (5.2-7.1%, in two). In one oil, the prevailing components were thujones ( cis+trans, 11.2%), trans-sabinene hydrate (11.0%) and trans-sabinyl acetate (8.8%), while another sample was characterized by a large quantity of trans-sabinyl acetate (55.2%) and the absence of thujones.
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Löbell-Behrends, Sigrid, Thomas Kuballa, Oliver el-Atma, Gerhard Marx, and Dirk W. Lachenmeier. "Internethandel und Werbung mit alkoholhaltigen Getränken: Versagen der industriellen Selbstkontrolle?" SUCHT 54, no. 6 (2008): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/2008.06.04.
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Fragestellung: Der Internethandel und Internetwerbung bei alkoholhaltigen Getränken werfen neue Probleme für die Kontrolle dieser Produkte auf. Ein erster Überblick über das Angebot von alkoholhaltigen Getränken und deren Bewerbung im Internet soll gewonnen werden. </p><p> Methodik: Eine Recherche nach typischen Suchbegriffen erfolgte in Internetsuchmaschinen. Die ermittelten Produkte, Inhaltsstoffe und Werbeclaims wurden rechtlich bewertet. Einzelne Produkte wurden angefordert und chemisch-toxikologisch untersucht. </p><p> Ergebnisse: Allein im Bereich der Kräuterliköre wurden 64 auffällige Produkte festgestellt. Alkoholhaltige Getränke wurden mit irreführenden Werbeaussagen oder mit unzulässigen Health-Claims beworben. Deutliche Höchstmengenüberschreitungen des Aromastoffs Thujon in Absinth wurden ermittelt. Eine Reihe von offensichtlichen Nichtübereinstimmungen mit jugendschutzrechtlichen Regelungen oder Abweichungen von der Selbstverpflichtung der Industrie wurden festgestellt. </p><p> Schlussfolgerungen: Das Internetangebot von alkoholhaltigen Getränken muß einer wirksamen Kontrolle unterzogen werden. Eine Prüfung, ob die bislang freiwilligen Werbegrundsätze ausreichen, erscheint erforderlich.
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Marcin, A., M. Levkut, V. Revajová, B. Šoltysová, and P. Naď. "Influence of Salvia Officinalis Essential Oil on Digestion Parameters and Intestinal Microflora of Broiler Chickens." Folia Veterinaria 60, no. 1 (2016): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fv-2016-0001.
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Abstract This study was aimed at the comparison of the effects of dietary applications of sage essential oil (Salvia officinalis L.) on some digestive enzyme activities in the chyme of the jejunum, digestive characteristics, and selected bacterial microflora in the caecum. Seventy, one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated into two equal groups for 42 days. The feed mixture of the experimental group was supplemented with the essential oil at the level of 2.306 g.kg−1. This supplementation was absent in the control feed mixture. The main volatile compounds were analysed: Eucalyptol 85, alpha-thujon 148, betathujon 72, camphor 149 and borneol 37 g.kg−1. The digestive enzyme activities in the chyme of the jejunum increased as follows: amylolytic on days 16 (P < 0.01) and 29 (P < 0.001) as well as cellulolytic on days 16 (P < 0.05), 29 (P < 0.001), and 42 (P < 0.01). The proteolytic activity decreased on day 16 (P < 0.01). The intake of the additive, increased the digestibility of crude fibre (P < 0.01) on days 16, 29 and 42. The apparent assimilable mass coefficient of crude protein, corrected for protein catabolism, was increased in the experimental group on days 29(P < 0.05) and 42 (P < 0.01). The counts of Escherichia coli in the caecum decreased (P < 0.05) on days 29 and 42. The supplementation of chickens with the sage essential oil increased the crude fibre digestibility, the amylolytic and cellulolytic activities in the chyme of the jejunum, and decreased the counts of E. coli in the caecum.
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Həsənova Aişə, Həsənova Aişə, Həsənova Aygün Həsənova Aygün, and Nəsirova Aynur Nəsirova Aynur. "ADİ ARDICDAN (JUNİPERUS COMMUNİS L.) ALINAN EFİR YAĞININ BİOAKTİV KOMPONENTLƏRİNİN TƏDQİQİ." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 25, no. 02 (2023): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei25022023-36.
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Müasir elm və texnikanın əsas aktual məsələlərindən biri fizioloji aktiv birləşmələrin, zülalların, ferment və antibiotiklərin ekoloji təmiz, təhlükəsiz və daima yenilənən mənbələrinin axtarılıb tapıl¬-masıdır. Məlumdur ki, belə mənbələr heyvan və bitki mənşəli ola bilər. Bunun üçün bitkilərin kimyəvi tərkibinin öyrənilməsi, onlardan individual birləşmələrin ayrılması və modifikatorların işlənib hazırlanması, həmin maddələrin fiziki-kimyəvi xassələrinin təyin edilməsi və bu mad¬də¬lər-dən məqsədyönlü şəkildə istifadə edilməsi əsas məqsədlərdən biridir. Yer kürəsində 300000-dən çox bitki növü mövcuddur. Avrasiyada isə 75000-dən artıq bitki növü bitir. Qafqazda 6000-ə qə-dər bitki növü yayılmışdır. Azərbaycan Respublikası son dərəcə zəngin və rəngarəng bitki ör¬tü¬yü-nə malikdir. Məyyən olunmuşdur ki, “Azərbaycan florasına 4700-ə yaxın bitki növü” daxildir. Bu səbəbdən də bitki ehtiyatlarının tədqiq olunması, onların yayılması qanunauyğunluqlarının, bio¬eko-loji, fitosenoloji və ontogenetik xüsusiyyətlərinin analizi, eləcə də onlardan praktiki məq¬səd¬lərdə istifadənin mikrobioloji, mikoloji, ekoloji və biotexnoloji əsaslarının tədqiqi olduqca vacib məsələlərdəndir və demək olar ki, bu bir sıra elm sahələrinin, o cümlədən mikrobiologiyanın prio¬ri-tet istiqamətlərindəndir. Qeyd etmək lazımdır ki, Azərbaycan florasına daxil olan bitkilərdən “1547 növü dərman əhəmiyyətlidir ki, onların da təxminən 800-ə yaxını efir yağlı bitkilərə aid¬dir”. Ölkənin bitki örtüyünün rəngarəngliyinə baxmayaraq, bu təbii sərvətlərdən çox az istifadə olu¬nur. Hər il yüz tonlarla yabanı efir yağlı və dərman bitki növləri tədarük edilmir və ekoloji təmiz şəraitdə məhv olur. Bitki mənşəli daha effektli dərman vasitələrinin yaradılması vacib və aktual məsələlərdəndir. Dərman bitki xammalı və bitki mənşəli dərman preparatları ümumiyyətlə dərman vasitələrinin əhəmiyyətli hissəsini təşkil edir. Yeni dərman bitkilərinin intensiv öyrənil¬mə¬si elmi təbabətdə istifadə olunan dərman bitkilərinin nomenklaturasının zənginləşməsinə səbəb ol¬muşdur. Bu nomenklaturaya daxil olan bitkilər arasında iynəyarpaqlı bitkilər xüsusi əhəmiy¬yət¬li¬dir. Bu bitkilərdən efir yağının alınması və fiziki-kimyəvi konstantlarının və tətbiq sahələrinin öy¬rənilməsi mühüm əhəmiyyətə malikdir. Efir yağlı bitkilərin kompleks bioloji aktiv maddələrə malik olması tədqiqatçıların diqqət mər¬kə¬zinə çevrilmiş və geniş miqyaslı, müxtəlif aspektli tədqiqat işlərinin aparılmasına səbəb olmuşdur. Aparılan tədqiqatlar göstərir ki, efir yağlı bitkilər öz vegetasiyası dövründə ətraf mühitə həyat fəaliyyətləri nəticəsində metabolitik məhsullardan olan “fitonsid təbiətli bakterisid, fungisid və protistosid maddələri ifraz edirlər”. Bu maddələr bitki orqanizmlərində təbii yolla əmələ gələn immun sistemlərinin bərqərar olmasında əsas faktor hesab olunur. Eyni zamanda fitonsid təbiətli birləşmələr mikroorqanizmlərlə, o cümlədən mikromisetlərlə antaqonizm təşkil edirlər. Başqa söz¬lə desək, fitonsid təbiətli maddələr sintez edən efiryağlı bitkilər fitopatoloji xəstəliklər törədən mikr-o¬orqanizmlərin, o cümlədən mikroskopik göbələklərin “bu bitkilər üzərində məskunlaş¬ma¬sı¬na və onların sonrakı inkişafına mane olaraq ya fungisid təsir göstərir, ya da fungistatik bir və¬ziy¬yət yaradır”. Adi ardıc (Juniperus communis L.) Azərbaycanın Qərb bölgəsində geniş yayılmış sərvkimilər fəsiləsindən həmişəyaşıl, ikievli, iynəyarpaqlı kol bitkisidir. Ardıcın tərkibində olan müxtəlif bioloji aktiv maddələrin tərkibinin, miqdarının və onun böyüməsinin təbii iqlim şəraitindən asılılı¬ğı tədqiq olunmuşdur. Qərb bölgəsində bitən ardıc bitkisinin etil spirtində və isti suda ekstrak¬siyasından alınan efir yağının bioaktiv komponentlərinin tədqiqinin nəticələri təqdim olunmuşdur. Uçucu efir yağlarının tərkibi xromatoqrafiya metodu ilə öyrənilmişdir. Müəyyən edilmişdir ki, adi ardıcın yaşıl oduncaq hissəsinin spirtli ekstraktından alınan efir yağının tərkibində terpen birləşmələri üstünlük təşkil edir: α-pinen 32.90%, kamfen 1.00%, p-pinen 10.50%, mirsen 8.62%, ∆3-karen 1.83%, α-fellandre 1.80%, α-terpinen 1.50%, dipenten 0.10%, 3- fellandre 4.15%, sineol 2.24%, γ-terpinen 0.50%, p-kumol 1.28%, terpinolen 1.20%, α-thujon 2.28%. İlin müxtəlif ayla¬rın¬¬da adi ardıcın oduncaq hissələrindən efir yağının alınması dinamikasının tədqiqi göstərdi ki, onun miqdarı mövsümdən asılı olaraq dəyişir (ümumi quru xammalın kütləsinin 2.3-3.3%-dir). Ardıc bitkisinin müalicəvi xüsusiyyətləri əsasında əldə edilən efir yağından təbabətdə və kosme¬tologiyada müxtəlif tərkibli məlhəm və lasyonların hazırlanmasında istifadə etmək olar. Açar sözlər: etil spirti, efir yağı, ekstraksiya, xromatoqrafiya, terpen birləşmələri
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Aćimović, Milica, Ljubodrag Vujisić, Biljana Lončar, Stefan Ivanović, and Milica Rat. "Headspace Volatile Profiles of Achillea Species: A. aspleniifolia, A. crithmifolia, A. filipendulina, and A. virescens." Chemistry & Biodiversity, November 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202401876.
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AbstractA comparative study of volatile compounds in four Achillea spices cultivated (A. aspleniifolia and A. filipendulina) and wild‐grown (A. crithmifolia and A. virescens) in Serbia was analysed by headspace gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HS‐GC‐MS). A total of 59 compounds were identified, representing 98.7–100 % of the total volatile compounds. In A. aspleniifolia, the dominant compound was β‐pinene, while in the other three Achillea species the dominant was 1,8‐cineole in combination with cis‐thujone in A. crithmifolia, α‐pinene, and p‐cymene and chrysanthenone in A. virescens. According to the sensory analysis of odour, A. aspleniifolia has the highest herbal intensity (due to β‐pinene) and significant citrus and spicy notes originate from other minor compounds. In other investigated species, the odor is herbal (due to 1,8‐cineole), but other compounds determine odor; A. filipendulina is notably minty, A. crithmifolia is strong woody and terpenic, with notable thujonic characteristics, while A. virescens has terpenic, camphoraceous and spicy notes.
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Amara, Lallia, Mohamed Zairi, Hadria Benchohra, Samira Meziani, and Abbassia Demmouche. "Toxicity of Essential Oil from Artemisia herba-alba (Asso.) against Two Insect Pests of Stored Products." Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 77, no. 9 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2024.09.03.
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This study aimed to examine the insecticide properties of Artemisia herba-alba essential oil (EO) against two main insect pests of stored products Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus zeamais. The toxicity of EO was tested using contact and fumigant bioassays. Repellent activity was also studied using the preference zone method on filter paper. Using GC/MS analysis, the major compounds were, respectively, camphor (23.61%), α-thujone (13.67%), chrysanthenone (11.21%), 1,8-cineole (10%) and β-thujone (7.65%). In both insects, the toxicity tests applied showed a significant increase in the percentage of mortality according to the doses tested (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the probit analysis exposed lower values of doses and lethal concentrations (LD50, LD90, LC50, and LC90), which justified the toxic effect of EO on the two insects. In addition, EO caused a significant repulsion after 1 h and 2 h of exposure. The results obtained suggest that A. herba-alba EO can be an excellent alternative to chemical insecticides in the conservation of stored products.
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Bano, Parveena, Mushtaq Ahmad Rather, Malik Mukhtar, Asma Sherwani, and Sajad Ganie. "Fumigant Toxicity of Artemisia absinthium Essential Oil to Common Stored Product Pests." Indian Journal of Entomology, April 11, 2022, 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55446/ije.2021.268.
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Essential oil of Artemisia absinthium (L.) a herbaceous perennial plant widely grown Kashmir valley was extracted by steam distillation method. The chemical composition of the extracted essential oil showed a total of 17 components, majority being β-thujone (17.25%), p-cymene (13.19%), camphor (12.42%), α terpineol (12.27%), eugenol (12.20%) and terpinen-4-ol (10.10%). The essential oil exhibited fumigant toxicity against the 1-7 days adults of Corcya cephalonica (Stainton), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). The LC50 values in case of C. cephalonica, T. castaneum and C. chinensis were 42.45, 48.63 and 58.11 μl L-1 air after 24 hr and 18.23, 34.32 and 41.16 μl L-1 air after 72 hr of exposure, respectively.
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Tawfik, Nashwa F., Nashwa El-Sayed, Shahenda Mahgoub, Mohamed T. Khazaal, and Fatma A. Moharram. "Chemical analysis, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect of Achillea fragrantissima essential oil growing wild in Egypt." BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 24, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-024-04633-9.
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Abstract Background Achillea fragrantissima (F. Asteraceae) is traditionally used to treat skin infections and inflammation. The present work intended to prepare essential oils (EOs) from A. fragrantissima aerial parts growing widely in Egypt and investigate its antibacterial activity against skin-related pathogens and in vitro cell-based anti-inflammatory activity. Methods EOs of the fresh aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and head-space (HS), while those of the dried ones were prepared by supercritical fluid (SF). The result EOs were analyzed using GC/MS. The antibacterial activity was evaluated alongside Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 12344, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 by agar diffusion, microwell dilution, and biofilm formation tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and 6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells using ELISA assays in addition, expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was measured via western blot. Results The SF method gave the highest EO yield (1.50 mL v/w). Oxygenated components constituted the highest percentage in the four methods, 84.14, 79.21, 73.29 and 33.57% in the HS, HD, MAHD, and SF, respectively. Moreover, variation in the amount of identified compounds was apparent; in HS EO α-thujone (29.37%), artemisia ketone (19.59%), and santolina alcohol (14.66%) are major components, while α-thujone (20.38%) and piperatone (12.09%) were significant in HD. Moreover, ( +)-spathulenol (12.22%) and piperatone (10.48%) were significant in MAHD, while piperatone (14.83%) and β-sitosterol (11.07%) were significant in SF EO. HD, MAHD, and SF EOs exhibited susceptibility against P. aeruginosa (IZ = 9–14 mm), E. coli (11–13 mm), and C. perfringens (IZ = 10–14 mm) in agar diffusion assay. MAHD EOs demonstrated potent growth inhibition (MICs = 0.25–2 mg/mL), followed by HD EOs (MICs = 13–52 mg/mL) to all tested microorganisms in well microdilution assay. Also, they exert MBC values equal to or higher than the MICs. Furthermore, SF EOs inhibited the biofilm formation of all tested microorganisms by 65.12—80.84%. Specifically, MAHD and HD EOs efficiently suppress the biofilm of S. pyogenes (77.87%) and P. aeruginosa (60. 29%), respectively. Ultimately, HD and SF EOs showed anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6 release and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusion A. fragrantissima EO is rich in oxygenated volatile compounds with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. It is encouraged as a bioactive agent for adjusting skin infections, though additional studies are essential for their safety in clinical settings.
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El, Mostafa Zahraoui, Ababou Bouchra, El Yousfi Brahim, and Boukachabine Khadija. "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF FOUR ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENS RESPONSIBLE FOR ROOT ROT OF WHEAT IN MOROCCO." June 4, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8001849.
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The essential oil (EO) isolated by hydro-distillation from the leaves, stems and flowers of Thymus satureoides, Origanum compactum, Mentha pulegium and Artemisia herba alba from Moroccan plants were analyzed by GC-MS. The major components were respectively borneol (26,45%) and thymol (12,79%) of EO from Thymus satureoides, carvacrol (43,97%) and p-Cymene (17,87%) of EO from Origanum compactum, pulegone (78,07%) of EO from Mentha pulegium and thujone (59,07%) and ?-campholene aldehyde (12,71%) of EO from Artemisia herba alba L. Antifungal activity of these four oils were tested by poisoned food technique against two plant pathogenic fungi viz Bipolaris sorokiniana (Bs) and four Fusarium culmorum's isolates (Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungi static concentration (MFC) and median inhibitory concentration (IC50) for Isolates tested showed a highly significant variability in their reaction against the action of essential oils tested. Isolate Fc2 was the most resistant to the action of the four essential oils compared to other strains, with IC50 ranging between 0.147 and 4.496mg/mL, MIC from 0.29 to 9.11mg/mL and MFC between 0.57 and 9.11mg/mL. These results suggested that these essential oils could provide natural alternatives against Fc and Bs.