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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Particle measurements

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Academic literature on the topic 'Particle measurements'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Particle measurements"

1

Liu, Yiliang, Arttu Yli-Kujala, Fabian Schmidt-Ott, et al. "Direct calibration using atmospheric particles and performance evaluation of Particle Size Magnifier (PSM) 2.0 for sub-10 nm particle measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 18, no. 2 (2025): 431–42. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-431-2025.

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Abstract. The Particle Size Magnifier is widely used for measuring nano-sized particles. Here we calibrated the newly developed Particle Size Magnifier version 2.0 (PSM 2.0). We used 1–10 nm particles with different compositions, including metal particles, organic particles generated in the laboratory, and atmospheric particles collected in Helsinki and Hyytiälä. A noticeable difference among the calibration curves was observed. Atmospheric particles from Hyytiälä required higher diethylene glycol (DEG) supersaturation to be activated compared to metal particles (standard calibration particles) and other types of particles. This suggests that chemical composition differences introduce measurement uncertainties and highlights the importance of in situ calibration. The size resolution of PSM 2.0 was characterized using metal particles. The maximum size resolution was observed at 2–3 nm. PSM 2.0 was then operated in Hyytiälä for ambient particle measurements in parallel with a Half Mini differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS). During new particle formation (NPF) events, comparable total particle concentrations were observed between the Half Mini DMPS and PSM 2.0 based on Hyytiälä atmospheric particle calibration. Meanwhile, applying the calibration with metal particles to atmospheric measurements caused an overestimation of 3–10 nm particles. In terms of the particle size distributions, similar patterns were observed between the DMPS and PSM when using the calibration of Hyytiälä atmospheric particles. In summary, PSM 2.0 is a powerful instrument for measuring sub-10 nm particles and can achieve more precise particle size distribution measurements with proper calibration.

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2

Wu, Jin, Robert Miller, Douglas Cooper, James Flynn, Douglas Delson, and Robert Teagle. "Deposition of Submicron Aerosol Particles During Integrated Circuit Manufacturing: Experiments." Journal of the IEST 32, no. 1 (1989): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.32.1.m52036842044n049.

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Measurements of airborne concentrations and surface concentrations of submicron particles were made in two different semiconductor manufacturing cleanrooms. These measurements, made with an optical particle counter, a condensation nucleus counter, and a surface contamination optical monitor were used to determine the particle fluxes and the particle deposition velocities. The measurement data were compared with theoretical predictions of deposition due to gravity, diffusion, and electrostatic effects.

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3

Tee, Yi Hui, James R. Dawson, and R. Jason Hearst. "Volumetric Measurements Of Particle-Wake Interactions." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 21 (July 8, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.21st.80.

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Research on freely falling particles has primarily focused on wake dynamics and vortex shedding of individual particles in quiescent flow. When these particles fall collectively, the wakes of surrounding particles alter the flow fields. Hence, we conducted volumetric experiments to investigate how the settling and wake dynamics of particles are affected by the wakes of other settling particles. Negatively buoyant 12 mm particles of (sphere, flat cuboid, circular and square cylinders) are first released individually into quiescent water. Then, the particles are released individually into the bulk wakes of 20 mono-dispersed particles. Using four high-speed cameras and LEDs, we simultaneously capture both 3D particle and fluid motions in the terminal velocity regime. The imaging domain measures 90 mm x 90 mm x 40 mm. Our results show that all trailing particles settling through the bulk wakes gain additional downward momentum from the turbulent wakes, falling faster than in the quiescent flow. Upstream of the particle, the vortices in the bulk wake interact with the developing shear layer along the particle. The wake downstream of the trailing particle also appears more chaotic than that in a quiescent flow.

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4

Trieu, Hang, Per Bergström, Mikael Sjödahl, J. Gunnar I. Hellström, Patrik Andreasson, and Henrik Lycksam. "Photogrammetry for Free Surface Flow Velocity Measurement: From Laboratory to Field Measurements." Water 13, no. 12 (2021): 1675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121675.

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This study describes a multi-camera photogrammetric approach to measure the 3D velocity of free surface flow. The properties of the camera system and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) algorithm were first investigated in a measurement of a laboratory open channel flow to prepare for field measurements. The in situ camera calibration methods corresponding to the two measurement situations were applied to mitigate the instability of the camera mechanism and camera geometry. There are two photogrammetry-based PTV algorithms presented in this study regarding different types of surface particles employed on the water flow. While the first algorithm uses the particle tracking method applied for individual particles, the second algorithm is based on correlation-based particle clustering tracking applied for clusters of small size particles. In the laboratory, reference data are provided by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The differences in velocities measured by photogrammetry and PIV, photogrammetry and LDV are 0.1% and 3.6%, respectively. At a natural river, the change of discharges between two measurement times is found to be 15%, and the corresponding value reported regarding mass flow through a nearby hydropower plant is 20%. The outcomes reveal that the method can provide a reliable estimation of 3D surface velocity with sufficient accuracy.

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5

Tallon, S., C. E. Davies, and M. Kirkegaard. "An acoustic method for in-line particle size measurement in flowing bulk solids." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 217, no. 1 (2003): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544080360562963.

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The propagation velocity of acoustic waves through a packed bed of particles depends on, among other things, the wave frequency and the size of the particles. In this paper, theory is developed to describe the propagation velocity based on consideration of viscous interactions between the gas and solid phases. Experimental measurements in the frequency range 50–10 000Hz, and for particles ranging in mean size from 65 to 6000μm, agree well with the theory, particularly at low frequencies. The propagation velocity also correlates strongly with measurements of the surface mean particle diameter, independently of changes in particle density, and a method is described using this relationship as the basis of an in-line particle size measurement instrument for flowing bulk solid systems. Measurements using different size fractions of sand suggest that changes in mean particle size of less than 1.5 per cent can be resolved using the simple prototype developed for this work.

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6

Ruuskanen, T. M., M. Kaasik, P. P. Aalto, et al. "Concentrations and fluxes of aerosol particles during the LAPBIAT measurement campaign at Värriö field station." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 14 (2007): 3683–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3683-2007.

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Abstract. The LAPBIAT measurement campaign took place in the Värriö SMEAR I measurement station located in Eastern Lapland in the spring of 2003 between 26 April and 11 May. In this paper we describe the measurement campaign, concentrations and fluxes of aerosol particles, air ions and trace gases, paying special attention to an aerosol particle formation event broken by a air mass change from a clean Arctic air mass with new particle formation to polluted one approaching from industrial areas of Kola Peninsula, Russia, lacking new particle formation. Aerosol particle number flux measurements show strong downward fluxes during that time. Concentrations of coarse aerosol particles were high for 1–2 days before the nucleation event (i.e. 28–29 April), very low immediately before and during the observed aerosol particle formation event (30 April) and increased moderately from the moment of sudden break of the event. In general particle deposition measurements based on snow samples show the same changes. Measurements of the mobility distribution of air ions showed elevated concentrations of intermediate air ions during the particle formation event. We estimated the growth rates in the nucleation mode size range. For particles <10 nm, the growth rate increases with size on 30 April. Dispersion modelling made with model SILAM support the conclusion that the nucleation event was interrupted by an outbreak of sulphate-rich air mass in the evening of 30 April that originated from the industry at Kola Peninsula, Russia. The results of this campaign highlight the need for detailed research in atmospheric transport of air constituents for understanding the aerosol dynamics.

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7

Zhang, Jiaoshi, Steven Spielman, Yang Wang, et al. "Rapid measurement of RH-dependent aerosol hygroscopic growth using a humidity-controlled fast integrated mobility spectrometer (HFIMS)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 8 (2021): 5625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5625-2021.

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Abstract. The ability of aerosol particles to uptake water (hygroscopic growth) is an important determinant of aerosol optical properties and radiative effects. Aerosol hygroscopic growth is traditionally measured by humidified tandem differential mobility analyzers (HTDMA), in which size-selected dry particles are exposed to elevated relative humidity (RH), and the size distribution of humidified particles is subsequently measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. As a scanning mobility particle sizer can measure only one particle size at a time, HTDMA measurements are time consuming, and ambient measurements are often limited to a single RH level. Pinterich et al. (2017b) showed that fast measurements of aerosol hygroscopic growth are possible using a humidity-controlled fast integrated mobility spectrometer (HFIMS). In HFIMS, the size distribution of humidified particles is rapidly captured by a water-based fast integrated mobility spectrometer (WFIMS), leading to a factor of ∼10 increase in measurement time resolution. In this study we present a prototype HFIMS that extends fast hygroscopic growth measurements to a wide range of atmospherically relevant RH values, allowing for more comprehensive characterizations of aerosol hygroscopic growth. A dual-channel humidifier consisting of two humidity conditioners in parallel is employed such that aerosol RH can be quickly stepped among different RH levels by sampling from alternating conditioners. The measurement sequence is also optimized to minimize the transition time between different particle sizes. The HFIMS is capable of measuring aerosol hygroscopic growth of six particle diameters under five RH levels ranging from 20 % to 85 % (30 separate measurements) every 25 min. The performance of this HFIMS is characterized and validated using laboratory-generated ammonium sulfate aerosol standards. Measurements of ambient aerosols are shown to demonstrate the capability of HFIMS to capture the rapid evolution of aerosol hygroscopic growth and its dependence on both size and RH.

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HUANG, PETER, JEFFREY S. GUASTO, and KENNETH S. BREUER. "The effects of hindered mobility and depletion of particles in near-wall shear flows and the implications for nanovelocimetry." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 637 (September 17, 2009): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009990656.

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The behaviour of spherical Brownian particles in a near-wall shear flow is explored using Langevin simulations and experimental measurements, focusing on the effects of anisotropic hindered particle mobility and the formation of a particle depletion layer due to repulsive forces. The results are discussed in the context of particle velocity distributions obtained by near-wall image-based velocimetry. It is observed that the shear force and dispersion dominate at high Péclet number (Pe > 3), and the asymmetric shapes of particle velocity distributions are attributed to broken symmetry due to the presence of the wall. Furthermore, the excursions outside the observation depth between image acquisitions and the shear-induced slowdowns of tracer particles cause significant measurement bias for long and short inter-frame time intervals, respectively. Also impeding the measurement accuracy is the existence of a near-wall particle depletion layer that leads to an overestimation of the fluid velocity. An analytical protocol to infer the correct fluid velocity from biased measurements is presented.

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9

Sulo, Juha, Joonas Enroth, Aki Pajunoja, et al. "Pushing nano-aerosol measurements towards a new decade – technical note on the Airmodus particle size magnifier 2.0." Aerosol Research 2, no. 1 (2024): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-13-2024.

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Abstract. Accurate measurement of the size distribution of sub-10 nm aerosol particles is still a challenge. Here we introduce a novel version of the Airmodus particle size magnifier (PSM 2.0), which is a condensation-particle-counter-based instrument with a sizing range of 1–12 nm. The extended size range compared to the earlier PSM version enables the direct detection of forming clusters and particles as well as the study of their growth processes without the challenges related to particle charging. It also gives an overlap between the activation size distribution measurements with the PSM and mobility size distribution measurements with conventional mobility particle sizers. We compared the performance of PSM 2.0 to that of a mobility particle size spectrometer, the original A10 particle size magnifier, and a Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS) during field measurements. Also, calibration results were compared against the A10 instrument. The results show that PSM 2.0 is able to activate sub-2 nm clusters and that the concentration and size distribution between 2–12 nm compare well, especially with the NAIS.

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Bagdun, A. A., and V. L. Solomakho. "Methods and Technical Means for Ensuring Uniformity of Nanoparticle Size Measurements." Science & Technique 21, no. 6 (2022): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2022-21-6-473-479.

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The paper proposes a set of technical tools for solving the problem of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of micro- and nanoparticles. To do this, it is necessary to ensure the traceabilityof particle size measurements to a unit of length – a meter, as well as equivalent diameters used in measurements in various dispersed media (aerosols and suspensions). To ensure traceability of particle diameter measurements to the meter, it is proposed to use a nanomeasuring machine with an atomic force microscope as a probing system. The paper presents a diagram of the measuring system, describes the principle of operation of the machine and the method for measuring particle sizes. The main alleged sources of errors in particle measurement by this method are also identified. To ensure the traceability of measurements of the hydrodynamic diameter of nanoparticles, which characterizes particles in a liquid (suspension), it is proposed to use a nanoparticle size analyzer that implements the method of dynamic light scattering. The scheme of the analyzer with a description of the principle of measuring the size of nanoparticles by the method of dynamic light scattering is presented in the paper. The scheme of the column of the analyzer of the differential electrical mobility of particles is presented to ensure the traceability of measurements of their diameter, which is equivalent in electrical mobility. Diameter is usually used to characterize particles in the aerosol state. A diagram of an analyzer for the differential electric mobility of particles is given with a description of the operating principle, a formula for calculating the particle diameter is derived.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Particle measurements"

1

Zheng, Feng. "Thermophoretic force measurements of spherical and non-spherical particles /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9874.

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2

Rydefalk, Staffan. "Particle Measurements Using Fluctuations in the Regular Transmittance of Light Through a Particle Dispersion : Concentration and Particles size - Theory, Measurement Principles and Applications for Pulp and Paper Production." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10639.

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The regular transmittance of light or similar radiation through a flowing suspension of particles fluctuates because of the random occurrence of particles in the beam.In the work presented here, a theory for this fluctuating behaviour with the emphasison dispersions of mm-length slender cylindrical particles having circular crosssections is given. The particles in question are wood pulp fibres, which as a first approximation are considered to have a cylinder shape. Four possible measurementprinciples are described theoretically and experimentally. The four principles are for the measurement of concentration, length distribution characterized as lengthclasses, mean length, and mean width. The usefulness in industrial process monitoring of two of these principles is exemplified with pulp measurements. In order to estimate model errors, numerical simulations were used. Although other techniques such as image analysis may compete, the technique presented here is attractive because of the simplicity of the measurement device used.<br>QC 20100806

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3

Mills, E. "Transputer instrumentation for particle flow measurements." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328227.

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4

Wardoyo, Arinto Yudi. "Biomass burning : particle emissions, characteristics, and airborne measurements." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16492/1/Arinto_Wardoyo_Thesis.pdf.

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Biomass burning started to attract attention since the last decade because of its impacts on the atmosphere and the environmental air quality, as well as significant potential effects on human health and global climate change. Knowledge of particle emission characteristics from biomass burning is crucially important for the quantitative assessment of the potential impacts. This thesis presents the results of study aimed towards comprehensive characterization of particle emissions from biomass burning. The study was conducted both under controlled laboratory conditions, to quantify the particle size distribution and emission factors by taking into account various factors which may affect the particle characteristics, and in the field, to investigate biomass burning processes in the real life situations and to examine vertical profile of particles in the atmosphere. To simulate different environmental conditions, a new technique has been developed for investigating particle emissions from biomass burning in the laboratory. As biomass burning may occur in a field at various wind speeds and burning rates, the technique was designed to allow adjustment of the flow rates of the air introduced into the chamber, in order to control burning under different conditions. In addition, the technique design has enabled alteration of the high particle concentrations, allowing conducting measurements with the instrumentations that had the upper concentration limits exciding the concentrations characteristic to the biomass burning. The technique was applied to characterize particle emissions from burning of several tree species common to Australian forests. The aerosol particles were characterized in terms of size distribution and emission factors, such as PM2.5 particle mass emission factor and particle number emission factor, under various burning conditions. The characteristics of particles over a range of burning phases (e.g., ignition, flaming, and smoldering) were also investigated. The results showed that particle characteristics depend on the type of tree, part of tree, and the burning rate. In particular, fast burning of the wood samples produced particles with the CMD of 60 nm during the ignition phase and 30 nm for the rest of the burning process. Slow burning of the wood samples produced large particles with the CMD of 120 nm, 60 nm and 40 nm for the ignition, flaming and smoldering phases, respectively. The CMD of particles emitted by burning the leaves and branches was found to be 50 nm for the flaming phase and 30 nm for the smoldering phase, under fast burning conditions. Under slow burning conditions, the CMD of particles was found to be between 100 to 200 nm for the ignition and flaming phase, and 50 nm for the smoldering phase. For fast burning, the average particle number emission factors were between 3.3 to 5.7 x 1015 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 6.9 x 1015 particles/kg for leaves and branches. The PM2.5 emission factors were between 140 to 210 mg/kg for wood and 450 to 4700 mg/kg for leaves and branches. For slow burning conditions, the average particle number emission factors were between 2.8 to 44.8 x 1013 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 9.3 x 1013 particles/kg for leaves and branches, and the PM2.5 emissions factors were between 120 to 480 mg/kg for wood and 3300 to 4900 mg/kg for leaves and branches. The field measurements were conducted to investigate particle emissions from biomass burning in the Northern Territory of Australia over dry seasons. The results of field studies revealed that diameters of particles in ambient air emissions were within the size range observed during laboratory investigations. The laboratory measurements found that the particles released during the controlled burning were of a diameter between 30 and 210 nm, depending on the burning conditions. Under fast burning conditions, smaller particles were produced with a diameter in the range of 30 to 60 nm, whilst larger particles, with a diameter between 60 nm and 210 nm, were produced during slow burning. The airborne field measurements of biomass particles found that most of the particles measured under the boundary layer had a CMD of (83 ± 13) nm during the early dry season (EDS), and (127 ± 6) nm during the late dry season (LDS). The characteristics of ambient particles were found to be significantly different at the EDS and the LDS due to several factors including moisture content of vegetation, location of fires related to the flight paths, intensity of fires, and burned areas. Specifically, the investigations of the vertical profiles of particles in the atmosphere have revealed significant differences in the particle properties during early dry season and late dry season. The characteristics of particle size distribution played a significant role in these differences.

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5

Wardoyo, Arinto Yudi. "Biomass burning : particle emissions, characteristics, and airborne measurements." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16492/.

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Biomass burning started to attract attention since the last decade because of its impacts on the atmosphere and the environmental air quality, as well as significant potential effects on human health and global climate change. Knowledge of particle emission characteristics from biomass burning is crucially important for the quantitative assessment of the potential impacts. This thesis presents the results of study aimed towards comprehensive characterization of particle emissions from biomass burning. The study was conducted both under controlled laboratory conditions, to quantify the particle size distribution and emission factors by taking into account various factors which may affect the particle characteristics, and in the field, to investigate biomass burning processes in the real life situations and to examine vertical profile of particles in the atmosphere. To simulate different environmental conditions, a new technique has been developed for investigating particle emissions from biomass burning in the laboratory. As biomass burning may occur in a field at various wind speeds and burning rates, the technique was designed to allow adjustment of the flow rates of the air introduced into the chamber, in order to control burning under different conditions. In addition, the technique design has enabled alteration of the high particle concentrations, allowing conducting measurements with the instrumentations that had the upper concentration limits exciding the concentrations characteristic to the biomass burning. The technique was applied to characterize particle emissions from burning of several tree species common to Australian forests. The aerosol particles were characterized in terms of size distribution and emission factors, such as PM2.5 particle mass emission factor and particle number emission factor, under various burning conditions. The characteristics of particles over a range of burning phases (e.g., ignition, flaming, and smoldering) were also investigated. The results showed that particle characteristics depend on the type of tree, part of tree, and the burning rate. In particular, fast burning of the wood samples produced particles with the CMD of 60 nm during the ignition phase and 30 nm for the rest of the burning process. Slow burning of the wood samples produced large particles with the CMD of 120 nm, 60 nm and 40 nm for the ignition, flaming and smoldering phases, respectively. The CMD of particles emitted by burning the leaves and branches was found to be 50 nm for the flaming phase and 30 nm for the smoldering phase, under fast burning conditions. Under slow burning conditions, the CMD of particles was found to be between 100 to 200 nm for the ignition and flaming phase, and 50 nm for the smoldering phase. For fast burning, the average particle number emission factors were between 3.3 to 5.7 x 1015 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 6.9 x 1015 particles/kg for leaves and branches. The PM2.5 emission factors were between 140 to 210 mg/kg for wood and 450 to 4700 mg/kg for leaves and branches. For slow burning conditions, the average particle number emission factors were between 2.8 to 44.8 x 1013 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 9.3 x 1013 particles/kg for leaves and branches, and the PM2.5 emissions factors were between 120 to 480 mg/kg for wood and 3300 to 4900 mg/kg for leaves and branches. The field measurements were conducted to investigate particle emissions from biomass burning in the Northern Territory of Australia over dry seasons. The results of field studies revealed that diameters of particles in ambient air emissions were within the size range observed during laboratory investigations. The laboratory measurements found that the particles released during the controlled burning were of a diameter between 30 and 210 nm, depending on the burning conditions. Under fast burning conditions, smaller particles were produced with a diameter in the range of 30 to 60 nm, whilst larger particles, with a diameter between 60 nm and 210 nm, were produced during slow burning. The airborne field measurements of biomass particles found that most of the particles measured under the boundary layer had a CMD of (83 ± 13) nm during the early dry season (EDS), and (127 ± 6) nm during the late dry season (LDS). The characteristics of ambient particles were found to be significantly different at the EDS and the LDS due to several factors including moisture content of vegetation, location of fires related to the flight paths, intensity of fires, and burned areas. Specifically, the investigations of the vertical profiles of particles in the atmosphere have revealed significant differences in the particle properties during early dry season and late dry season. The characteristics of particle size distribution played a significant role in these differences.

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6

Zhang, Zheng. "RESISTIVE PULSE SENSORS FOR POLLEN PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1145070142.

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Raghuvanshi, Anurag. "Particle filter with Hyperbolic Measurements and Geometry Constraints." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1366724596.

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Jessen, Wilhelm. "Particle image velocimetry measurements of film cooling flows /." Aachen : Mainz, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017075640&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Thornton, Jenna Louise. "Ice particle size and roughness from novel techniques : in situ measurements and validation." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17644.

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The roughness of ice crystals, defined by small-scale surface roughness and large scale complexity, in high-altitude cloud, has been studied due to its important influence on the radiative properties of ice cloud. The Small Ice Detector 3 (SID-3) created at the University of Hertfordshire was used to measure the characteristics of individual ice crystals in situ. These are supplemented by a range of meteorological in situ measurements, including temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity to investigate the influence of atmospheric conditions on ice crystal roughness/complexity. Since the method of roughness retrieval was novel, for atmospheric ice particles, laboratory experiments were setup to test and improve the characterization techniques. Criteria were set as a result of the laboratory experiments which data was expected to meet for it to be deemed reliable. These criteria and techniques were applied to data collected in situ on research aircraft. A range of degrees of ice crystal roughness were observed over five flights from two campaigns based out of Scotland in 2012 and 2015 (PIKNMIX and CIRCCREX). When all the flights were combined the majority of particles (51%) were categorised as lightly rough; the second most common roughness type was moderately rough (39%). Smooth particles made up 10% of the total particles, and < 0.02% were classed as severely rough. When considering a wave-cloud case separately, a similar range of roughness values were seen, however, smooth particles were only observed at the cloud leading-edge where nucleation was expected to occur during the only straight level run of the aircraft to probe this region. During the same wave-cloud flight smooth particles were more common in supersaturated regions and moderately rough crystals were more common in subsaturated regions, suggesting that crystals are more likely to tend towards rougher values when observed in subsaturated environments (a statistical T-test showed this hypothesis to be statistically significant). It was found that due to limitations associated with instantaneous measurements, it was challenging to observe how ice particle roughness evolved in situ, since the history of the individual crystals was unknown in most cases. Orographic cloud, however, was found to provide a more robust estimation of crystal evolution as a consequence of having sharp-leading edges where nucleation events were expected to occur, and since crystals then follow streamlines, the distance from the sharp-leading edge can act as a proxy for time since nucleation.

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10

Kemalli, Onur. "Measurements Of Velocity Profiles By Using Particle Image Velocimeter." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611068/index.pdf.

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Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is an optical technique used to display and evaluate the motion of fine particles in a flow. In this experimental study, velocity profiles are examined by PIV system and basic analysis methods are compared.

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Books on the topic "Particle measurements"

1

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements., ed. Particle counting in radioactivity measurements. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 1994.

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Valière, Jean-Christophe. Acoustic Particle Velocity Measurements Using Lasers. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118649336.

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Maria, Bellantone, Scarlett Brian, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Particle Size Measurements: Fundamentals, Practice, Quality. Springer Netherlands, 2009.

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Buchele, Donald R. Particle sizing by weighted measurements of scattered light. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Jian-Shun, Shuen, Faeth G. M, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Particle-laden swirling free jets: Measurements and predictions. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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Jian-Shun, Shuen, Faeth G. M, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Particle-laden swirling free jets: Measurements and predictions. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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Dynamics, Von Karman Institute for Fluid. Optical diagnostics of particles & droplets: January 25-29, 1999. von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1999.

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Gippel, Christopher James. The effect of water colour, particle size, and particle composition on stream water turbidity measurements. Dept. of Geography and Oceanography, University College, University of NSW, Australian Defence Force Academy, 1988.

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Kansal, A. K. Velocity field measurements using digital particle image velocimetric system. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2010.

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10

Funes-Gallanzi, Marcelo. Unsteady flow measurements in air using particle image velocimetry. typescript, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Particle measurements"

1

Cooper, John J. "Particle-Size Measurements." In Materials & Equipment/Whitewares: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 12, Issue 1/2. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470313183.ch15.

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Trolinger, J. D. "Particle and Flow Field Holography." In Combustion Measurements. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003578628-3.

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Raffel, Markus, Christian E. Willert, Steve T. Wereley, and Jürgen Kompenhans. "Three-Component PIV Measurements." In Particle Image Velocimetry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72308-0_7.

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Raffel, Markus, Christian E. Willert, Fulvio Scarano, Christian J. Kähler, Steven T. Wereley, and Jürgen Kompenhans. "Applications: Volumetric Flow Measurements." In Particle Image Velocimetry. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68852-7_18.

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Garcia-Rubio, L. H. "Averages from Turbidity Measurements." In Particle Size Distribution. American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0332.ch011.

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Sahu, Ranajit, and Richard C. Flagan. "Particle Measurements in Coal Char Combustion." In Combustion Measurements. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003578628-12.

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Hanagaki, Kazunori, Junichi Tanaka, Makoto Tomoto, and Yuji Yamazaki. "Basic Idea of Measurements in Particle Collisions." In Experimental Techniques in Modern High-Energy Physics. Springer Japan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56931-2_2.

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AbstractSome of the readers of this book may have seen a so-called “event display”, visualisation of a particle collision. An example from the ATLAS experiment is given in Fig. 2.1. There, what we see are many curves from a particular point, which indicates the location of two particles colliding with each other. The curves emerging from the point are charged tracks, and the traces of charged particles are identified from detector responses. Also seen are many colourful boxes, which look like histograms, with the direction of the height of the histograms pointing to a radial direction. These indicate the amount of energy from particles produced via the collision, measured in particle detectors.

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Leeper, R. J., J. R. Lee, L. Wissel, D. J. Johnson, and W. A. Stygar. "Particle Analyzer Diagnostics for Intense Particle Beam Measurements." In Fast Electrical and Optical Measurements. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0445-8_11.

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Gharib, M., and C. Willert. "Particle Tracing: Revisited." In Advances in Fluid Mechanics Measurements. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83787-6_3.

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Lourenco, L. M., A. Krothapalli, and C. A. Smith. "Particle Image Velocimetry." In Advances in Fluid Mechanics Measurements. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83787-6_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Particle measurements"

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Coates, M., and G. Ing. "Sensor network particle filters: motes as particles." In 2005 Microwave Electronics: Measurements, Identification, Applications. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssp.2005.1628769.

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Devasenathipathy, Shankar, Joshua I. Molho, James C. Mikkelsen, Juan G. Santiago, and Kohsei Takehara. "Electroosmotic Flow Field Measurements With Particle Image Velocimetry." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1390.

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Abstract A micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) system has been developed to spatially and temporally resolve electroosmotic flow fields within microfluidic bioanalytical devices. A second diagnostic technique, particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) has been used to determine the distribution of electrophoretic mobilities of seed particles and thereby make the PIV measurements quantitative. This second particle tracking technique has been used to determine probability distribution functions of the seed particles. Results from simulations of electric fields yield local electric field strengths in the geometries of interest. The measured mean mobility of the seed particles (obtained from PTV measurements) is then multiplied by the local electric field vector to obtain the electrophoretic velocity. The variance on the particle mobility measurement influences the errors introduced in the electroosmotic flow measurements. After total particle velocities are measured within a microfluidic system of interest, the seed particle electrophoretic velocities are subtracted from the PIV total velocity data to obtain electroosmotic flow field velocities. Ensemble-averaged velocity field measurements for electroosmotic flow at the intersection of a cross-channel are presented.

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YEATMAN, P., and BA ARMSTRONG. "PARTICLE VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS." In AMBIENT NOISE IN NORTH EUROPEAN SEAS, 2011. Institute of Acoustics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25144/17116.

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Klein, D., Z. Salhi, and C. Coddet. "Influence of Reflected Radiations on in Flight Particle Temperature Measurements." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p1304.

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Abstract Characteristics of in flight particles before they impact on the substrate influence strongly the quality of coating obtained by plasma spraying. Various optical techniques can be used to measure the in-flight particle characteristics; some of these techniques require the use of high- speed two-color pyrometers to collect the light emitted by the particle during the in-flight period when they pass through the measurement volume. However, the intense radiation coming from the plasma can affect the particle thermal radiation and lead to erroneous measurements. This work was dedicated to the study of reflected light coming from the plasma and scattered by the injected particles. To achieve this goal, sprayed particles were analyzed by optical emission spectrometry. The light scattered by the particles was found to influence significantly the measured temperature. This work allows thus the estimation of the accuracy of temperature measurements on particle surface for the thermal spraying process. Abstract only; no full-text paper available.

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Sansoucy, E., P. Richer, K. Taylor, B. Jodoin, and M. Johnson. "Particle In-Flight Velocity Measurements from Particle Image Velocimetry in Cold Spray." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p0185.

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Abstract The cold spray process is a relatively new coating process by which protective coatings have been successfully applied. In this process, fine powder particles are accelerated in a supersonic gas jet towards a substrate. Experimental investigations show that successful bonding of the particles to the substrate is achieved only above a critical particle velocity at which point the particles possess sufficient kinetic energy to plastically deform upon impact. Consequently, one of the most important parameters in the cold spray process is the particle velocity prior to impact. In the present investigation, the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique have been implemented to a cold spray setup. The objective was to quantify the effects of the powder feed rate on the particle velocity. Fine metal particles were cold sprayed and in-flight particle velocities were measured using the PIV technique. This paper will discuss the implementation of the systems and present results illustrating the effects of powder feed rate on the particle in-flight velocity. Abstract only; no full-text paper available.

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Sampson, Matthew J., Siamack A. Shirazi, and Brenton S. McLaury. "Particle Velocity Measurements to Improve Erosion Prediction." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56389.

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Previous work on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based erosion modeling indicated a strong influence of particle impact velocity on erosion. Equations to predict erosion are based on particle impacting velocity, material properties and particle characteristics such as particle shape and size. Previous studies did not measure particle velocity directly but used rotating disks or simplified computer models to determine the particle velocity. In the present work, a series of experiments have been conducted to measure the velocity of small particles (sand and aluminum) as they approach a target. A laser Doppler velocimetry system was used to measure particle velocities in a jet of air as the jet impinges a target. The angle between the target and the incoming jet is varied. Particle concentration is also controlled, allowing the effects of particle to particle interaction on average particle impact velocity to be observed. These findings are expected to improve the results of erosion testing and provide new data for improving erosion models.

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Bosted, P., and J. Fellbaum. "Measurements of." In INTERSECTIONS BETWEEN PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS. ASCE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.54353.

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Harris, Jeff R., Michael McPhail, Christine Truong, and Arnold Fontaine. "Stereoscopic Particle Shadow Velocimetry." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88013.

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Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) is a variant of particle image velocimetry (PIV) that allows for the measurement of three components of velocity along a plane in a flow field. In PIV, particles in the flow field are tracked by reflecting laser light from tracer particles into two angled cameras, allowing for the velocity field to be determined. Particle shadow velocimetry (PSV) is an inherently less expensive velocity measurement method since the method images shadows cast by particles from an LED backlight instead of scattered light from a laser. Previous studies have shown that PSV is an adequate substitute for PIV for many two-dimensional, two-component velocimetry measurements. In this work, the viability of the two-dimensional, three-component stereoscopic particle shadow velocimetry (SPSV) is demonstrated by using SPSV to examine a simple jet flow. Results obtained using SPIV are also used to provide benchmark comparison for SPSV measurements. Results show that in-plane and out-of-plane velocities measured using SPSV are comparable to those measured using SPIV.

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Rajkumar, Yeshwanth R., Siamack A. Shirazi, and Soroor Karimi. "Particle Size and Concentration Effects on Solid Particle Erosion With PIV Measurements of Particle Velocities." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20080.

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Abstract Solid particle erosion is one of the most commonly encountered problems faced by the oil and gas industries during production and transportation processes. The severity of solid particle erosion is affected by multitude of factors such as particle properties, fluid flow properties and flow geometry, flow regime, and target material properties. The present work investigates the effect of particle size on solid particle erosion in gas flows. Sharp quartz particles with nominal sizes of 75, 150, 300 and 600 μm are used in this work. Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV) is used to measure the particles velocities distributions for various particle flow rates. An average particle velocity of 24 m/s is used to conduct erosion experiments for various particle sizes and two particle rates on Stainless Steel 316 at two different impact angles of 15 and 90 degrees. Comparison of measurements for two particle flow rates of approximately 0.02% and 0.002% by volumes demonstrates that increased particle flow rate can affect the carrier fluid’s flow field and change particle velocities within the carrying fluid. In the erosion experiments, the magnitude of erosion ratio increases as there is an increase in particle size. A preliminary erosion model is developed that can be used in CFD simulations of solid particle erosion for various particle sizes.

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Orea, Daniel, Thien Nguyen, Rodolfo Vaghetto, N. K. Anand, Yassin A. Hassan, and Piyush Sabharwall. "Experimental Study of Surrogate Particle Transport and Deposition in a Square Channel Using Particle Tracking Technique." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11811.

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Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of hydrodynamics flow characteristics and particle transport in a test facility. Experimental measurements of fluid flow and particle deposition are studied under isothermal conditions using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) techniques. These non-intrusive optical measurement techniques have been applied in experiment conditions of Reynolds number Re = 5,077 in a 3-inch square channel and 72-inches in total length. The fluid within the channel is air seeded with aerosol droplets while the measurements of particle transport is facilitated using surrogate particles dispersed in the channel flow. Results obtained from the PIV and PTV measurements included the hydrodynamics fluid flow characteristics, and characteristics of particle transports, such as particle velocity, particle diameter distributions and particle concentration profiles. Results from the preliminary test have shown 11.08% deposition of particles. To supplement this experimental work, upstream fluid flow characteristics were provided as boundary conditions for a comparable numerical study.

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Reports on the topic "Particle measurements"

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Prescott, G. H., and B. R. Steele. Particle curtain generator for optical property measurements of solid particles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6184172.

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Saarnio, Karri, Mika Vestenius, and Katriina Kyllönen. Attestation of conformity of particulate matter measurements (HIVATO) 2019–2020. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361331.

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The National Reference Laboratory for Air Quality (NRL) ensures the high quality of air quality measurements in Finland by organising audits and intercomparison campaigns. In this project, the conformity of the particulate matter measurements was evaluated with a particular focus on the measurement used for calculating the average exposure index (AEI) of Finland. The representativity and applicability of the AEI measurements made at the Kallio station in Helsinki were evaluated. It was noticed that the results of the Kallio measurement represent well the average fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations and the yearly based trend of fine particles in Finland. In addition, the yearly average concentrations of fine particles have been smaller than the AEI limit value of 8.5 µg/m3, at all individual urban background stations in Finland since year 2015. The measurement results made with the PM monitor used for AEI measurement, i.e. TEOM 1405 analyser at the Kallio station, were compared to the results from the reference method that follows the standard SFS-EN 12341:2014. It was noticed that the uncertainty requirement of 25% was reached and therefore the quality of the measurement is sufficient to use it for the calculation of AEI. However, the fine particle concentrations were generally very low and therefore the requirements given in the standard SFS-EN 16450:2017 for an intercomparison against the reference method were not perfectly fulfilled. This report presents also results from intercomparison measurements made for automated continuous measurement systems (AMS). At the Virolahti station and at the Mäkelänkatu station in Helsinki, PM10 and PM2.5 measurements were compared. In Kuopio and in Lahti, intercomparison measurements were made for PM2.5 only. Based on the results from these intercomparisons, the calibration coefficients both for PM10 and PM2.5 were defined for the first time in Finland for a FIDAS 200 analyser that is a new PM monitor in the Finnish market. It was concluded that FIDAS 200 analysers can be used for the PM measurements in Finland when the calibration coefficients are applied for the data; however, one must note that the presented calibration coefficients do not fulfil the requirements given for the demonstration of equivalence (DoE). Nevertheless, these coefficients are recommended to be used until the official coefficients will be delivered from the next DoE campaign. Two AMS (SHARP 5030 and TEOM 1405) were compared to the reference method for the measurements of PM10 and PM2,5 in Virolahti and in Helsinki, respectively. It was revealed that the calibration coefficients based on the DoE in Kuopio (2014–2015) do not always fit ideally at different locations and seasons due to differences in the environmental characteristics of the measurement sites. Therefore, NRL recommends that DoE should be organised every five years and in between the DoE’s so called ongoing-intercomparison measurements should be carried out continuously. In the ongoing-intercomparison, suitability of the calibration coefficients from DoE will be verified in different locations with varying environmental characteristics. The ongoing-intercomparison campaigns should take place at one site from a half a year to one year and after that, the campaign should continue at a different location similarly. This would ensure that the influence of seasonal differences to the suitability of coefficients will be verified at each measurement site.

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Bigl, Matthew, Samuel Beal, and Charles Ramsey. Determination of residual low-order detonation particle characteristics from Composition B mortar rounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45260.

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Empirical measurements of the spatial distribution, particle-size distribution, mass, morphology, and energetic composition of particles from low-order (LO) detonations are critical to accurately characterizing environ-mental impacts on military training ranges. This study demonstrated a method of generating and characterizing LO-detonation particles, previously applied to insensitive munitions, to 81 mm mortar rounds containing the conventional explosive formulation Composition B. The three sampled rounds had estimated detonation efficiencies ranging from 64% to 82% as measured by sampled residual energetic material. For all sampled rounds, energetic deposition rates were highest closer to the point of detonation; however, the mass per radial meter varied. The majority of particles (>60%), by mass, were <2 mm in size. However, the spatial distribution of the <2 mm particles from the point of detonation varied be-tween the three sampled rounds. In addition to the particle-size-distribution results, several method performance observations were made, including command-detonation configurations, sampling quality control, particle-shape influence on laser-diffraction particle-size analysis (LD-PSA), and energetic purity trends. Overall, this study demonstrated the successful characterization of Composition B LO-detonation particles from command detonation through combined analysis by LD-PSA and sieving.

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Sampath, R., Y. D. Yeboah, D. J. Maloney, S. D. Woodruff, and J. W. Zondlo. Measurements of coal particle shape, mass and temperature histories: Impact of particle irregularity on temperature predictions and measurements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/251285.

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Kenneth M. Young. Alpha-particle Measurements Needed for Burning Plasma Experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/788264.

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Sather, Nichole. TEAMER - Acoustic Particle Velocity Measurements - CRADA 601 (Abstract). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1995377.

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S.S. Medley, R.E. Bell, D.S. Darrow, and A.L. Roquemore. Neutral Particle Analyzer Measurements of Ion Behavior in NSTX. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/796122.

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CHHABILDAS, LALIT C., DENNIS EDWARD GRADY, CLINT A. HALL, WILLIAM D. REINHART, and GREG A. MANN. Dynamic Properties of Concrete through Particle Velocity Profile Measurements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/802024.

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Chen, Jing. Experimental Rexolite Outgassing Measurements for Particle Accelerator Technology Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1845248.

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Pullammanappallil, Pratap, Haim Kalman, and Jennifer Curtis. Investigation of particulate flow behavior in a continuous, high solids, leach-bed biogasification system. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600038.bard.

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Recent concerns regarding global warming and energy security have accelerated research and developmental efforts to produce biofuels from agricultural and forestry residues, and energy crops. Anaerobic digestion is a promising process for producing biogas-biofuel from biomass feedstocks. However, there is a need for new reactor designs and operating considerations to process fibrous biomass feedstocks. In this research project, the multiphase flow behavior of biomass particles was investigated. The objective was accomplished through both simulation and experimentation. The simulations included both particle-level and bulk flow simulations. Successful computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of multiphase flow in the digester is dependent on the accuracy of constitutive models which describe (1) the particle phase stress due to particle interactions, (2) the particle phase dissipation due to inelastic interactions between particles and (3) the drag force between the fibres and the digester fluid. Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of Homogeneous Cooling Systems (HCS) were used to develop a particle phase dissipation rate model for non-spherical particle systems that was incorporated in a two-fluid CFDmultiphase flow model framework. Two types of frictionless, elongated particle models were compared in the HCS simulations: glued-sphere and true cylinder. A new model for drag for elongated fibres was developed which depends on Reynolds number, solids fraction, and fibre aspect ratio. Schulze shear test results could be used to calibrate particle-particle friction for DEM simulations. Several experimental measurements were taken for biomass particles like olive pulp, orange peels, wheat straw, semolina, and wheat grains. Using a compression tester, the breakage force, breakage energy, yield force, elastic stiffness and Young’s modulus were measured. Measurements were made in a shear tester to determine unconfined yield stress, major principal stress, effective angle of internal friction and internal friction angle. A liquid fludized bed system was used to determine critical velocity of fluidization for these materials. Transport measurements for pneumatic conveying were also assessed. Anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted using orange peel waste, olive pulp and wheat straw. Orange peel waste and olive pulp could be anaerobically digested to produce high methane yields. Wheat straw was not digestible. In a packed bed reactor, anaerobic digestion was not initiated above bulk densities of 100 kg/m³ for peel waste and 75 kg/m³ for olive pulp. Interestingly, after the digestion has been initiated and balanced methanogenesis established, the decomposing biomass could be packed to higher densities and successfully digested. These observations provided useful insights for high throughput reactor designs. Another outcome from this project was the development of low cost devices to measure methane content of biogas for off-line (US$37), field (US$50), and online (US$107) applications.

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