Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pathologies liées à l’âge'
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Le, Borgne Enora. "Reprogrammation cellulaire pour améliorer la régénération tissulaire altérée dans les pathologies du vieillissement." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONT003.
Full textAging is a complex process characterized by the progressive alteration of cellular and tissue physiology. Modulated by genetic and epigenetic factors, it is accompanied by a modification of the cellular metabolism, a decrease in resistance to various cellular stresses and cellular senescence. The objective of this work is to use cell reprogramming as a strategy to delay the effects of aging by inducing global rejuvenation or by improving the regenerative capacities of the organism.The expression of four transcription factors: OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC (OSKM) allows the induction of somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent cells. This so-called transient reprogramming, i.e., initiating the process without leading to the pluripotent state, has an immediate effect that partially erases the characteristic marks of tissue and cell aging. In order to determine how an early short transient cellular reprogramming affects aging processes in a whole animal, we induced OSKM expression in young progeric reprogrammable mice and revealed an increase in longevity at late ages and a protective effect on the integrity of tissue structures and on age-related pathologies, associated with modifications of epigenetic signatures in tissues. These results on late ages after an early transient reprogramming suggest a memory effect maintained throughout life. To explain these long-term effects, we explored the impact of an early transient reprogramming on metabolism. We were able to demonstrate a global modification of the body composition of the animals with a decrease of the fat mass gain in the young ages and a maintenance of this same fat mass in the late ages associated with a global modification of the ultrastructure and the metabolic activity of the white adipose tissue. This metabolic transition also seems to impact the muscle tissue with its own dynamics.The identification of the underlying mechanisms will allow us to define new strategies to prevent aging and senescence, which are at the origin of the appearance of age-related pathologies
Karaman, Svebor. "Indexation de la vidéo portée : application à l’étude épidémiologique des maladies liées à l’âge." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14402/document.
Full textThe research of this PhD thesis is fulfilled in the context of wearable video monitoring of patients with aged dementia. The idea is to provide a new tool to medical practitioners for the early diagnosis of elderly dementia such as the Alzheimer disease. More precisely, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) have to be indexed in videos recorded with a wearable recording device.Such videos present specific characteristics i.e. strong motion or strong lighting changes. Furthermore, the tackled recognition task is of a very strong semantics. In this difficult context, the first step of analysis is to define an equivalent to the notion of “shots” in edited videos. We therefore developed a method for partitioning continuous video streams into viewpoints according to the observed motion in the image plane.For the recognition of IADLs we developed a solution based on the formalism of Hidden Markov Models (HMM). A hierarchical HMM with two levels modeling semantic activities or intermediate states has been introduced. A complex set of features (dynamic, static, low-level, mid-level) was proposed and the most effective description spaces were identified experimentally.In the mid-level features for activities recognition we focused on the semantic objects the person manipulates in the camera view. We proposed a new concept for object/image description using local features (SURF) and the underlying semi-local connected graphs. We introduced a nested approach for graphs construction when the same scene can be described by levels of graphs with increasing number of nodes. We build these graphs with Delaunay triangulation on SURF points thus preserving good properties of local features i.e. the invariance with regard to affine transformation of image plane: rotation, translation and zoom.We use the graph features in the Bag-of-Visual-Words framework. The problem of distance or dissimilarity definition between graphs for clustering or recognition is obviously arisen. We propose a dissimilarity measure based on the Context Dependent Kernel of H. Sahbi and show its relation with the classical entry-wise norm when comparing trivial graphs (SURF points).The experiments are conducted on the first corpus in the world of wearable videos of IADL for HMM based activities recognition, and on publicly available academic datasets such as SIVAL and Caltech-101 for object recognition
De, Vuyst Paul. "Contribution des analyses minéralogiques à l'identification des pathologies respiratoires liées à l'amiante." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213387.
Full textOlaya, Nathalia. "Etudes des lésions cellulaires et moléculaires induites au cours des pathologies hépatiques liées au stress oxydant." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA11T002.
Full textRaynaud, Martine. "Etude du profil d'inactivation des chromosomes X chez les conductrices de pathologies liées au sexe avec déficience mentale." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR3306.
Full textRachas, Antoine. "Recours aux soins des jeunes en transition vers l’âge adulte ayant une pathologie chronique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS004/document.
Full textThe prognosis of childhood-onset chronic conditions has improved, such that more patients now reach adulthood. However, adolescence and entry into adulthood is a critical period that may be associated with poor outcomes, including gaps in care continuity and medical complications. Here, I first described hospitalization and mortality rates in youths registered for a long-term disease (LTD) before the age of 14 (N=1,752), relative to those with no LTD (N=52,346). A retrospective cohort (2005-2014) was built from a sample of the French national health insurance database, called Echantillon généraliste des Bénéficiaires. Approximately 3% of 14-year-old youths had been registered for a LTD. The mortality patterns by gender and the trend in hospitalization rates by age were different from those in the general population of the same age, especially after reaching the age of 18, which was followed by a fall in hospitalization rates. Then, using the same data, I showed that the prognosis of these youths living with a chronic disease, including mortality, was associated with low socio-economic level, as measured by being covered by Couverture Maladie Universelle Complementaire, a public complementary health insurance offering free access to care, delivered on the basis of very low househould incomes. Hence, overcoming financial barriers did not offset social health inequalities in this population. At last, one day, these youths have to be transferred to adult care. Moving to adult care is a critical time in patients’ follow-up that may lead to discontinuity in medical care. Transition programs are being gradually implemented, to prepare and smooth the transfer and support youths during this period. I performed a systematic review of literature (23 studies) that highlighted two aspects of continuity of care during transfer: engagement (first contacts) and retention in adult care once the first contact has been established. This review also emphasized the paucity of knowledge to evaluate transition programs in terms of care continuity. Finally, the results of this PhD raises many issues that need to be addressed, including coping strategies of young patients with high risk situations, and the role of transfer to adult care on patient behavior, prognosis and clinical practices. Studies involving patients with a large spectrum of severe chronic diseases, including factors related to healthcare organization, related to the disease, individual and familial, should be encouraged
Hervault, Maxime. "Les différences liées au sexe dans la physiopathologie de la sténose valvulaire aortique : impact du phénotype valvulaire, de l’âge, et des hormones sexuelles." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67785.
Full textAortic valve stenosis (AS) is a degenerative pathology of the aortic valve that affects 2 to 4% of the population over 65 years of age, and 4,6% of people over 75 years of age. This pathology results in a thickening and stiffening of the aortic valve leaflets, leading to an impaired opening, and closing of the valve. The risk factors for developing AS are bicuspid valve (a congenital anomaly affecting 1 to 2% of the general population), age, dyslipidemia, and male sex. The mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of AS are relatively well known. Mechanisms involved in inflammation, fibrosis, calcification, survival, and cell proliferation are found. However, despite an important bibliography on the pathophysiology of AS, very little research has been done on the impact of sex and sex hormones on the progression of AS. It has recently been shown that for the same hemodynamic severity of AS, men have a higher degree of calcification and a lower proportion of fibrosis of their valve than women. Thus, the objective of this master is to study the impact of sex, valve phenotype and age on the degree of calcification and valve remodelling in human patients for whom we had their clinical characteristics as well as CTscan data and explanted valves. Results obtained shown that women, regardless of valve phenotype or age, will have a lower degree of valve calcification and a greater fibrotic remodelling of their valves than men. In addition, in bicuspid patients, young women have a less calcified aortic valve compared to older women.
Gonzalez, Serrano Ligia Elena. "Caractérisation de l'ArgRS mitochondriale humaine et contribution à la compréhension des pathologies liées aux mutations des aminoacyl-ARNt synthétases mitochondriales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ074/document.
Full textHuman mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mt-aaRSs) are housekeeping enzymes involved in the mitochondrial translation. They catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Mutations in their nuclear genes are correlated with pathologies with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes, but with so far no clear explanations about the underlying molecular mechanism(s). The aim of this PhD work follows the long-standing efforts of the host laboratory but expand the interest and knowledge to an unexplored system: the human mitochondrial arginyl-tRNA synthetase (mt-ArgRS). Mutations in the mt-ArgRS lead to Pontocebellar hypoplasia type 6, a severe neuro-developmental pathology. I thus contributed to i) comprehensively analyze the clinical data reported in pathologies related to mutations on mt-aaRSs, resulting in a categorization according to the affected anatomical system; ii) decipher some cellular properties of the mt-ArgRS; and iii) investigate to impact of disease-associated mutations on mt-aaRSs properties. Combined with previous works, the present results expand the knowledge of the mt-aaRSs, shedding new light on the link between mt-aaRSs-mutations and disease
Goven, Delphine. "Régulation de l’hème oxygénase-1 dans les macrophages au cours des pathologies pulmonaires liées à l’exposition de la fumée de cigarette." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0051.
Full textChronic cigarette smoking, a source of oxidants, is an important risk factor for lung emphysema and primary spontaneous pneumothorax development. Alveolar macrophages are mainly involved in lung inflammation observed in these pathologies through the production of metalloproteases and reactive oxygen species resulting to protease/anti-protease and oxidant/anti-oxidant imbalances. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), mainly expressed in macrophages, is a key enzyme in pulmonary anti-oxidant defences. Therefore, the first aim of our studies was to investigate the expression and cellular localisation of HO-1 and its potential regulators (Nrf2, Keap1, Bach1 and HIF-1a) in alveolar macrophages from smoking related lung emphysema and primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Regulation pathways involved in expression of these proteins were assessed in vitro in macrophage cell line THP-1 exposed or not to cigarette smoke condensate and with or without hypoxia-reoxygenation mimicking parts of events induced by atelectasia-reexpansion during recurrent pneumothorax constitution and treatment. In these studies, we showed an altered expression of Nrf2/Keap1- Bach1 pathway associated with a reduced expression of anti-oxidants enzymes, like HO-1, in alveolar macrophages from smoking related lung emphysema patients, despite an important oxidative stress. These alterations might be related to cigarette smoke condensate activated ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKinases as observed in THP-1 cells. Furthermore, we showed that HO- 1 system induction was mediated by HIF-1a instead of Nrf2 pathway in alveolar macrophages from smoking related recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax. These findings may contribute to a better knowledge of the pathophysiology of lung emphysema and could provide new therapeutic approaches based on preservation and/or restoration of Nrf2/Keap1-Bach1 equilibrium. Our results also suggest that the pathophysiology of primary spontaneous pneumothorax could be different in smokers and non smokers. Spontaneous pneumothorax in smokers is associated with lung oxidative stress and the orchestrated induction of HO-1 probably via HIF-1a. These results provide a new link between oxidative stress and hypoxia/reoxygenation
Ruel, Coralie. "Apport de l'électrophorèse capillaire pour l'étude des anomalies de glycosylation de protéines liées à des pathologies : vers l'identification de nouveaux biomarqueurs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS519.
Full textGlycosylation is one of the most main types of post-translational modifications of proteins. Disease-associated modifications in protein glycosylation have been observed for various pathologies such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, or «Congenital disorders of glycosylation» (CDGs). They are often exploited for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of these diseases. This thesis work focused on the glycosylation study with the aim to allow the screening of different pathologies: CDGs, Alzheimer’s disease and retinal degeneration diseases. Different strategies based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) were considered to fulfil this goal. First, the developement of a CZE analysis of intact apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III), an O-glycoprotein implied in the screening of O-glycosylation disorders, allowed the separation of its glycoforms according to their sialylation degree. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of standard ApoC-III batches from different standard ApoC-III batches from different suppliers highlighted an additonnal heterogeneity due to (unexpected) carbamylated species. A plasma pretreatment based on an immunocapture of apoC-III followed by protein derivatization on magnetic beads using a fluorophore allowed to separate its glycoforms by CZE. Second, a glycomic analysis of biologicial fluids using a new sample treatment method that we adjusted to plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples was performed by CGE-LIF on controls and Alzheimer’s patients. It allowed to highlight some modifications of N-glycans for this disease. Finally, the combination of both strategies of glycosylation analysis (intact glycoprotein and released N-glycans) allowed the detection of intact transferrin present in vitrous humor but also of its released N-glycans for the screening of retinal degeneration disease. CE-QTOF-MS was also investigated for the analysis of released N-glycans derivatized by a new fluorophore which increases MS sensitivity
Castets, Perrine. "Etude des pathologies liées à SEPN1 : rôles de la sélénoprotéine N au cours du développement et de la regénération du tissu musculaire." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066376.
Full textDecorde, Kelly. "Les antioxydants d'un extrait de jus de melon, l'Extramel : potentialités dans la prévention de pathologies liées au stress oxydant sur le modèle hamster doré syrien : athérosclérose et obésité." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20164.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to explore the action potential of a concentrated melon juice particularly rich in antioxidants, Extramel®, on pathological models of oxidative stress, early atherosclerosis and obesity from nutritional origin. In the first part of this work, we explored the feasibility of this study, testing the ability of the extract to prevent oxidative stress in vitro on cell model THP-1. This enabled us to demonstrate the inhibitory action of Extramel® on the production of superoxide anion by reducing the expression of p22phox subunit of the NADPH oxidase. These results led us to address in vivo studies on animal model of atherosclerosis. After a 12-week experimental period, Extramel® prevents oxidative stress, reduces dyslipidemia and aortic lipid deposition. In a third part, Extramel® was given to hamsters fed a diet inducing obesity. We show the prevention of obesity and of fatty liver associated, including restoring the balance leptin / adiponectin, reducing insulin and insulin resistance induced by this diet. Several assumptions about the mechanism(s) of action of the antioxidants from the extract are proposed. The most plausible concerns the intra-luminal action of antioxidant these enzymes, thus protecting the body against the absorption of fat radicals and / or non-enzymatic antioxidants inactivated. The possibility that a bioactive peptide issuing from the intestinal hydrolysis of SOD remains a hypothesis that cannot be ruled out. In summary, this work highlights the potential of Extramel® as a dietary supplement
Jourda, de Vaux de Foletier Albane. "Etude de la cellulolyse bactérienne dans le caecum des équidés : variations de la population bactérienne liées à l’âge et à l'alimentation : caractérisation de l'espèce bactérienne cellulolytique dominante : interactions avec une espèce non cellulolytique caécale." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS060.
Full textAlves, Pires Claire. "Maladie d’Alzheimer et Syndrome d’Apnées du Sommeil : deux pathologies liées ? Etude des conséquences d’un stress hypoxique sur la cognition et la pathologie Tau dans le modèle murin transgénique THY-Tau22." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S035/document.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative pathology constituting the first cause of dementia. At a cerebral level, two kinds of histopathological lesions are found in patients: amyloid deposits (extracellular aggregates of β-amyloid peptides: Aβ) and neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD). NFD consists in intraneuronal accumulation of paired helical filaments, mainly composed of aggregated and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins. Aging is the main risk factor for AD. However, numerous environmental and genetic risk factors have also been identified. Since several years, some clinical studies have shown that sleep disorders breathing, and especially the sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) could be responsible of the conversion of mild cognitive impairment to AD. SAS could also be an aggravating factor for AD, with an increase of the cognitive decline seen in patients. In this context, many experimental studies have been interested in the consequences of an intermittent hypoxic stress on the amyloid pathology. More specifically, it has been shown that an intermittent hypoxic stress could potentiate Aβ synthesis both in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, the impact of an intermittent hypoxic stress on Tau pathology remains poorly investigated. As clinical studies in AD patients with a SAS have shown an increase of the cognitive decline, and that it is well known that NFD is correlated with the cognitive impairment in AD patients, we were interested to study the Tau pathology under hypoxia.Our objectives in this thesis were to evaluate the consequences of a hypoxic stress on memory and Tau protein in animals. We used the THY-Tau22 transgenic mouse model, overexpressing a human mutated Tau protein and presenting a progressive Tau pathology correlated with a memory impairment observable in behavioural tasks. The animals were submitted to hypoxia at different stages of the Tau pathology: the younger animals showed a moderate Tau pathology whereas the olders presented a major Tau pathology. Two different protocols were used in this work. The first one consisted in repeated acute hypoxias (inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2): 8% for 1 hour, twice a week, for several months). The second one was a protocol of intermittent hypoxias (FiO2 comprised between 5% and 21%, 60 seconds cycles, 8 hours per day, for 2 weeks). We observed some unexpected results of hypoxic stress on memory and Tau pathology in our transgenic mice. More specifically, the THY-Tau22 mice exhibiting the stronger Tau pathology (the older animals) have shown an improvement of their memory after two weeks of intermittent hypoxia. This result goes against the clinical observations (aggravation of the cognitive decline of AD patients with a SAS), but is correlated in our model to a significant decrease of aggregated Tau protein in the hippocampi of our mice. We discuss here these results and their contribution to human pathology
Fourgeux, Cynthia. "Cholestérol-24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) et homéostasie du cholestérol dans la rétine en conditions physiologiques et pathologiques." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00905888.
Full textMercier, Claudine. "La prévention en pédiatrie : analyse et étude statistique des hospitalisations de nourrissons dans un service de pédiatrie en 1983 à Nantes : estimation des taux d'admissions et de pathologies liées à des carences de mesures préventives." Nantes, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NANT3350.
Full textPhilippe, Christophe. "Cartographie physique du chromosome X humain : 1) contribution à la cartographie physique de la région q13-q22 du chromosome X humain : 2) analyse de deux cas de pathologies récessives liées à l'X chez des femmes porteuses de translocation (X ; Autosome) équilibrées." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_PHILIPPE_C.pdf.
Full textGarnier, Mickaël. "Modèles descriptifs de relations spatiales pour l'aide au diagnostic d'images biomédicales." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05S015/document.
Full textDuring the last decade, digital pathology has been improved thanks to the advance of image analysis algorithms and calculus power. Particularly, it is more and more based on histology images. This modality of images presents the advantage of showing only the biological objects targeted by the pathologists using specific stains while preserving as unharmed as possible the tissue structure. Numerous computer-aided diagnosis methods using these images have been developed this past few years in order to assist the medical experts with quantitative measurements. The studies presented in this thesis aim at adressing the challenges related to histology image analysis, as well as at developing an assisted diagnosis model mainly based on spatial relations, an information that currently used methods rarely use. A multiscale texture analysis is first proposed and applied to detect the presence of diseased tissue. A descriptor named Force Histogram Decomposition (FHD) is then introduced in order to extract the shapes and spatial organisation of regions within an object. Finally, histology images are described by the FHD measured on their different types of tissue and also on the stained biological objects inside every types of tissue. Preliminary studies showed that the FHD are able to accurately recognise objects on uniform backgrounds, including when spatial relations are supposed to hold no relevant information. Besides, the texture analysis method proved to be satisfactory in two different medical applications, namely histology images and fundus photographies. The performance of these methods are highlighted by a comparison with the usual approaches in their respectives fields. Finally, the complete method has been applied to assess the severity of cancers on two sets of histology images. The first one is given as part of the ANR project SPIRIT and presents metastatic mice livers. The other one comes from the challenge ICPR 2014 : Nuclear Atypia and contains human breast tissues. The analysis of spatial relations and shapes at two different scales achieves a correct recognition of metastatic cancer grades of 87.0 % and gives insight about the nuclear atypia grade. This proves the efficiency of the method as well as the relevance of measuring the spatial organisation in this particular type of images
Meddeb, Wiem. "Extraction, caractérisation physicochimique, profil lipidique et activité cytoprotectrice d'huiles de Chardon-Marie de Tunisie." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK063.
Full textThe family Asteraceae is economically very important because many of its plants are grownmainly for their food values including lettuce (Lactuca), chicory (Cichorium) and sunflower(Heliantus annuus) grown for its oil. One of the typical properties of this family, whichincludes Silybum marianum, is the richness of its oils in various natural compounds beneficialto health. Currently and for decades to come, age-related diseases are a major public healthproblem. Preventing their appearance or opposing their evolution is a major objective. In thiscontext, the cytoprotective activities of Silybum marianum seed oil originating from differentarea of Tunisia were studied on the 158N murine oligodendrocyte model using 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) as a cytotoxic agent. The 7KChas been used because it is increased in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and / or tissues (vascularand intestinal wall, retina, lens, brain) of patients with age-related diseases (cardiovasculardiseases, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, cataract) or inflammatorybowel disease. The 24S-OHC was used because it is increased in the brain at the early stagesof Alzheimer’s disease. In order to determine the composition of Silybum marianum oil (fattyacids, tocopherols, polyphenols, phytosterols) various liquid and gas chromatographytechniques were used. The anti-oxidant properties of Silybum marianum oil were defined byKRL, FRAP and DPPH tests and cytoprotective properties by complementary microscopy,flow cytometry and biochemistry techniques. Studies on the physicochemical composition ofSilybum marianum seeds oils from different regions of Tunisia (Bizerte, Sousse, Zaghouan)have shown that the latter are rich in vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and are strongly antioxidant.The major fatty acids are linoleic acid (C18:2) (values between 57.0% and 60.3%) and oleicacid (C18:1) (values between 15.5% and 22.4%).. Three phenolic acids have also beenidentified (vanillic, p-coumaric and silybin), with a predominance of vanillic acid. On 158Ncells, these oils attenuate the cytotoxicity of 7KC and 24S-OHC: loss of cell adhesion,alteration of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial dysfunction, overproduction of reactiveoxygen species, induction of apoptosis (nuclear condensation and / or fragmentation). ,activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage) and autophagy (activation of LC3-I in LC3-II).The attenuation of cytotoxic effects of 7KC and 24S-OHC observed with Silybum marianumoils is of the order of that observed with α-tocopherol used as a positive control. The chemicalcomposition and results obtained on 158N cells are in favor of the beneficial effects of milkthistle oil on human health and on its ability to prevent some age-related diseases
Hoertel, Nicolas. "Effets des pathologies psychiatriques sur le risque de tentative de suicide : similitudes et différences selon l’âge au sein d’une cohorte en population générale Mental disorders and risk of suicide attempt: a national prospective study A dimensional liability model of age differences in mental disorder prevalence: evidence from a national sample Effects of psychiatric disorders on suicide attempt: similarities and differences between older and younger adults in a national cohort study A comprehensive model of predictors of suicide attempt in depressed individuals and effect of treatment-seeking behavior: results from a national 3-year prospective study." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB007.
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