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1
Dorleku, M. K., C. Tay, K. M. Kumi, D. K. Amoah, L. Yawson, and I. O. Hodgson. "Assessment of trace metal contamination by geochemical normalisation in sediments of two lagoons: A comparative study of the Kpeshie and Muni lagoons, Ghana." Ghana Journal of Science 62, no. 1 (2021): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v62i1.4.
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Heavy metal contamination status of bottom sediments of two lagoons was compared by the employment of Enrichment Factor (EF) analysis for Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Cupper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Silver (Ag), Zinc (Zn) and Mercury (Hg). Kpeshie Lagoon recorded enrichment (EF ≥ 1) for Cd, Pb, Ag, Hg and Zn, whilst Muni Lagoon recorded enrichment for Cd, Mn, Ag, Hg and Zn as metals of anthropogenic influence. Kpeshie, situated in a highly urbanized area, has 75% spatial distribution of Pb enrichment. The assessment shows that Ag and Hg are the most enriched metals in the sediments of both Lagoons, reaching extremely severe levels. Only Mn showed statistically significant difference in mean concentration of metals for both Lagoons. Pearson correlation matrix indicated that Pb had a strong relation with Ag, Hg and Zn (r = 0.956; p < 0.05) which is significant in Kpeshie. It also had a strong association with Ag and Hg but not with Zn (r = 0.240) in the Muni. The study clearly delineates Pb as a pollutant that designates the urban status of Kpeshie. Its associated metals; Ag, Hg and Zn which may be coming from a common source are from industrialized zones.
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Xu, Lei, Mi Yan, Xinying Wang, Wei Li, and Jinhui Peng. "The influences of silver and zinc addition on the electrochemical performances of the Pb–Ca–Sn Grids for lead acid batteries." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 6 (2018): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018002.
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The silver and zinc addition on the electrochemical performances of the Pb–Ca–Sn Grids were investigated. The corrosion film structure, phase composition and electrochemical performances of Pb − 0.08 wt.% Ca − 1.2 wt.% Sn alloy, Pb − 0.08 wt.% Ca − 1.2 wt.% Sn − 0.03 wt.% Ag alloy and Pb − 0.08wt.% Ca − 1.2 wt.% Sn − 0.06 wt.% Zn alloy in a 1.28 g/mL of H2SO4 solution were studied by SEM observation, metallographic study, XRD, CV test and Constant DC discharge. It was found that the corrosion film of the alloy Pb – 0.08 wt.% Ca – 1.2 wt.% Sn appears as flaky crystal structure, while with the addition of 0.03% Ag and 0.06% Zn into Pb – 0.08 wt.% Ca – 1.2 wt.% Sn, the corrosion film being transformed into the crystalline columnar, compact structure. XRD analysis shows that the relative diffraction density of PbO2 increases with the addition of Ag and Zn. The capacity loss of the battery with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Zn grids is significant less than that with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Ag and Pb–Ca–Sn grids, and the life of battery with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Zn grids is longer than that with the Pb–Ca–Sn–Ag and Pb–Ca–Sn grids. The addition of Zn into Pb–Ca–Sn alloy can obviously improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy and form a new positive grid material for the lead-acid battery.
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Zhai, Degao, Anthony E. Williams-Jones, Jiajun Liu, et al. "The Genesis of the Giant Shuangjianzishan Epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit, Inner Mongolia, Northeastern China." Economic Geology 115, no. 1 (2020): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4695.
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Abstract The newly discovered Shuangjianzishan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, with 145 Mt of ore grading 128.5 g/t Ag (locally up to 32,000 g/t) and 2.2 wt % Pb + Zn, is located in the Great Hinggan Range metallogenic belt, northeastern China, and is currently the largest Ag deposit in Asia. The Ag-Pb-Zn orebodies occur as veins and are hosted primarily by a Permian slate. Recent drilling and core logging have identified a partially Mo mineralized granite porphyry intrusion adjacent to the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralized veins. This well-preserved magmatic-hydrothermal system therefore offers an excellent opportunity to evaluate the possible temporal and genetic relationship between Mo-mineralized porphyry intrusions and Ag-Pb-Zn veins. Three primary paragenetic stages of veining have been recognized: (I) early pyrite + quartz ± K-feldspar, (II) main ore sulfide + sulfosalt + quartz + calcite + sericite + chlorite ± epidote, and (III) post-ore quartz. The silver mineralization occurs mainly in the late paragenetic part of Stage II, in which canfieldite (Ag8SnS6), argentite (Ag2S) and freibergite [(Ag, Cu)12Sb4S13] are the dominant Ag-bearing ore minerals. A combination of ore mineral chemical and sulfur isotope geothermometers and physicochemical calculations suggest that the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization took place at a temperature of 250° to 200°C, a pH of 6.7 to 5.6, and a Δlogfo2 (HM) of –2.4 to –8.7. A conspicuous enrichment of Sn and Se in the ore, which is represented by minerals containing the metal suite Ag-Pb-Zn-(Cu-Sn-Se-Sb), likely reflects a close genetic association between the base metal mineralization and a magma. In situ analyses show that the δ34S values of the sulfides and Ag-bearing sulfosalts from the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralized veins vary from –4.67 to +2.44‰; the mean value is –2.11 ± 1.49‰ (n = 77). The calculated mean δ34SH2S value of the ore-forming fluid is –1.65 ± 0.83‰, which is indicative of a magmatic sulfur source. In situ Pb isotope analyses of the ore minerals yielded a narrow range of values (206Pb/204Pb of 18.243–18.310, 207Pb/204Pb of 15.503–15.563 and 208Pb/204Pb of 38.053–38.203, n = 59). Comparisons to corresponding isotopic data for the various rock units in the area and sulfides from nearby ore deposits indicate that there were substantial contributions of Pb and other metals (e.g., Ag and Zn) to the Shuangjianzishan deposit from a Mesozoic granitic source. Diorite-granodiorite dikes and dacite are crosscut by the Ag-Pb-Zn veins, and therefore, predate ore formation. These rock units have zircon U-Pb ages of 250.2 ± 2.0 and 133.9 ± 1.4 Ma, respectively. A concealed, weakly Mo mineralized granite porphyry intrusion proximal to the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralized vein system yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 134.4 ± 1.0 (MSWD = 0.1) and 134.4 ± 1.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.2), for coarse- and fine-grained facies, respectively. These ages are indistinguishable within the uncertainty from the zircon ages for the dacite and a granite intrusion ~2 km north of the mineralized veins, which has a weighted mean zircon U-Pb age of 135.2 ± 1.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.78). Molybdenite from three quartz vein/veinlet samples hosted by slate immediately above the porphyry intrusion yielded Re-Os model ages from 136.3 ± 0.9 to 133.7 ± 1.2 Ma and a weighted mean Re-Os age of 134.9 ± 3.4 Ma. Finally, three pyrite samples separated from the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralized veins have a weighted mean Re-Os model age of 135.0 ± 0.6 Ma. The very similar zircon U-Pb ages for the Mo-mineralized granite porphyry and dacite, and Re-Os ages for molybdenite and pyrite in the Shuangjianzishan ore district indicate that the Mesozoic magmatic-hydrothermal activity was restricted to a relatively short time interval (~136–133 Ma). They also suggest that the weakly Mo mineralized granite porphyry was likely the source of the fluids and metals that produced the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization. Based on our geological observations and an extensive analytical database, a model is proposed for the genesis of the giant Shuangjianzishan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in which the ore-forming fluid and its metals (i.e., Ag, Pb, and Zn) were exsolved during crystallization of the final phase of a composite granite porphyry intrusion. This fluid transported metals to the distal parts of the system, where they were deposited in preexisting faults or fractures created by the withdrawal of magma during the waning stages of the magmatic-hydrothermal event. The present study of the Shuangjianzishan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit and those of other magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits in the region provide compelling evidence that the widespread Mesozoic felsic magmatism and Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization in the southern Great Hinggan Range took place in an intracontinental extensional tectonic setting, which was synchronous with, and spatially associated to, Paleo-Pacific slab rollback and lithospheric delamination and thinning.
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Liu, Si Qing, Wan Ping Wang, Xiu Juan Li, and Min Zhang. "Differential Flotation of a Pb-Zn-CaF2 Ore in Yunnan Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3331.
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A representative Pb-Zn-CaF2 ore sample subjected to this experimental study was taken from Niujie lead-zinc complex, Honghe municipality, Yunnan province, China. The ore sample assays 2.49% Pb, 1.05% Zn, 43.20% CaF2 and 136g/t Ag. In this paper, process mineralogy, Pb-Zn minerals separation and fluorite flotation were investigated, and the optimum reagent dosages for the differential flotation were determined. Three concentrates can be obtained, i.e., the lead and zinc concentrates containing 71.10% Pb (3389.65g/t Ag) and 50.06% Zn (301.23g/t Ag) at the recoveries of 89.02% and 84.20%, respectively; and a fluorite concentrate assaying 97.22% CaF2 with 93.76% recovery. Total Ag recovery in lead and zinc concentrates is as high as 91.55%.
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Kawasaki, K., and D. T. A. Symons. "Paleomagnetism of the Mt Isa Zn–Pb–Cu–Ag and George Fisher Zn–Pb–Ag deposits, Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 4 (2011): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2011.562921.
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Zhang, Wan Wan, Hua Ming Peng, Jia Yong Peng, Fu Sheng Guo, and Fei Xia. "The Soil Geochemical Abnormal Characteristics in Eastern of Luonan County in Shanxi Province." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.459.
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The study area is located in the north belt of Qingling latitudinal structural belt and contains well developed folds and faults directed EW and the iliceous carbonate sedimentary formations mainly in Lower Paleozoic Group and the sedimentary clastic rocks in Middle-upper Paleozoic Group. Tuyaowa anomaly belt, mainly with Au, As, Sb anomalies, is the favorable target for Au, As, Sb. Zhaizigou-Jianggou-Yujiagou anomaly belt, with Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Mo anomalie, is the favorable target for Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Mo. Miaowa-Houling abnomal belt, with Pb, Hg anomalies and Au, Ag, Zn, Mo weak anomalies, is the favorable target looking for Au, Ag, Zn, Mo and Pb. The abnomal belt of Shuigou-Hugou, with Au, Cu, Mo, Pb, V anomalie, is a favorable target for Au, Cu, Mo, Pb and V.
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Mikulski, Stanisław Z., Sławomir Oszczepalski, Katarzyna Sadłowska, Andrzej Chmielewski, and Rafał Małek. "Trace Element Distributions in the Zn-Pb (Mississippi Valley-Type) and Cu-Ag (Kupferschiefer) Sediment-Hosted Deposits in Poland." Minerals 10, no. 1 (2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010075.
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We applied geochemical (ICP-MS, WD-XRF, GFAAS, and AMA 254) and mineralogical (EPMA) studies of 137 samples to ore mineralization from Middle-Triassic sediment-hosted Zn-Pb (Mississippi Valley-type MVT) and Lower Zechstein sediment-hosted stratiform (SSC) Cu-Ag (Kupferschiefer-type) deposits in Poland. They contain a number of trace elements which are not recovered during the ore processing. Only Cu, Ag, Pb, Ni, Re, Se, Au, and PGE are extracted from Cu-Ag deposits while Zn and Pb are the only elements produced from Zn-Pb deposits. Zn-Pb deposits contain Cd, Ag, Ga, and Ba in slightly elevated concentrations and have potential to be mineral resources. This applies to a lesser extent to other trace elements (Bi, As, Hf, Tl, Sb, Se, and Re). However, only Cd and Ag show high enrichment factors indicative of potential for recovery. The bulk-rock analyses reveal strong correlations between Zn and Cd and Se, As and Mo, and weaker correlations between Ag and Cd, as well as Ga and Zn. Electron microprobe analyses of sphalerite revealed high concentrations of Cd (≤2.6 wt%) and Ag (≤3300 ppm). Zn-Pb deposits have fairly significant estimated resources of Ga and Sc (>1000 tons) and Cd (>10,000 tons). The Cu-Ag deposits have element signatures characterized by high values of Co, V, Ni, and Mo and much lower of Bi, As, Cd, Hg, Mo, Sb, and Tl. Bulk-rock analyses show strong correlations between Se and V; As and Co; Bi and Re; and weaker correlations between, for example, Cu and Mo; V, Ni, Ag and Mo; and Ni, V, and Co and Ni. The EPMA determinations reveal strong enrichments of Ag in Cu sulfides (geerite ≤ 10.1 wt %, chalcocite ≤ 6.28 wt %, bornite ≤ 3.29 wt %, djurleite ≤ 9080 ppm, yarrowite ≤ 6614 ppm, and digenite ≤ 3545 ppm). Silver minerals and alloys, as well as the native Ag and Au, were recorded in the Cu-Ag ores. Large resources of Co, V, and Ni (>100,000 tons) and Sc and Mo (>10,000 tons) are notable in Cu-Ag deposits. A number of trace elements, classified as critical for the economy of the European Union, including Ga and Ba (to a lesser extent Hf, Nb, and Sc) in Zn-Pb deposits, and Co and V in the Cu-Ag deposits, may eventually be recovered in the future from the studied deposits if proper ore-processing circuits and increasing demand are favorable.
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Chen, Fang, Yun Fei Du, Rong Chang Zeng, Gui Sheng Gan, and Chang Hua Du. "Thermodynamics of Oxidation on Pb-Free Solders at Elevated Temperature." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.526.
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Based on the available thermodynamic and phase equilibria data, the thermodynamic criteria for oxidation in tin-based lead-free solders under soldering condition was deduced. The dependence of Gibbs free energy on temperature in Pb-free solder oxidation reaction was calculated by applying MATLAB program. The characteristics of oxidation reaction of a varity of solder alloy systems such as Sn-Ag, Sn-Cu, Sn-Sb, Sn-Zn, Sn-Ag-Cu and Sn-Pb eutectic alloys at elevated temperature were analyzed. The results suggested that zinc preferentially oxidized in Sn-Zn solder alloys in the elevated temperature state, while tin preferentially oxidized in the other alloys. The oxidation potential of the Sn-Zn eutectic alloys was higher than that of the pure tin at elevated temperature, whereas the oxidation potentials of Sn-Ag, Sn-Cu, Sn-Sb and Sn-Ag-Cu eutectic alloys were approxiately equal to that of the pure tin. All tin-based Pb-free solder alloys more easily oxidized than the Sn-Pb solder alloys. Oxidizability of these alloys followed in a decreasing order: Sn-Zn＞Sn-Sb＞Sn-Cu＞Sn-Ag＞Sn-Ag-Cu＞Sn-Pb.
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Dinarsih, Dedeh, and Herry Rodiana Eddy. "PEMBUATAN BAHAN ACUAN BAKU UNTUK ANALISIS CONTO SEDIMEN SUNGAI AKTIF." Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 12, no. 3 (2017): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v12i3.41.
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Pembuatan bahan acuan baku untuk analisis conto sedimen sungai aktif (standard reference material for stream sediment) merupakan bahan acuan sekunder dalam analisis laboratorium pengujian yang dapat menunjang akurasi serta presisi hasil analisis conto sedimen sungai sesuai SNI ISO/IEC 17025 : 2008 Komite Akreditasi Nasional.Pemercontoan bahan acuan baku ini dilakukan di wilayah Nagari Surian, Kecamatan Pantai Cermin, serta di wilayah Nagari Air Dingin dan Nagari Kotabaru, Kecamatan Lembah Gumanti, Kabupaten Solok, Provinsi Sumatera Barat dengan metode pengambilan secara acak. Parameter yang dianalisis terdiri dari total seluruh unsur yang dianalisis meliputi tembaga (Cu), timbal (Pb), seng (Zn) dan perak (Ag). Hasil analisis internal dan eksternal/uji banding dengan parameter analisis Cu, Pb, Zn dan Ag, kemudian dilakukan pengolahan data dan ditentukan uji homogenitas, nilai presisi, akurasi, relatif standar deviasi, limit deteksi, uji histogram, uji Dixon, Nilai Z- Score/ (Out-In Lier).Pembuatan bahan acuan baku ini menghasilkan enam jenis conto standar dengan tiga kriteria yaitu nilai kadar rendah, sedang dan tinggi (low, middle and high level) dengan kehalusan 80 mesh dan 150 mesh sampai dengan 200 mesh.Bahan acuan baku yang mempunyai kehalusan 80 mesh terdiri dari tiga kriteria yaitu kode conto SS.SLK-L1 termasuk kriteria kadar rendah dengan kandungan Cu 25,50 ppm, Pb 13,21 ppm, Zn 44,96 ppm dan Ag 1,26 ppm, kode conto SS.SLK-M1 merupakan bahan acuanbaku kriteria kadar sedang dengan kandungan Cu 38,80 ppm, Pb 16,60 ppm, Zn 70,05 ppm dan Ag 1,70 ppm, sedangkan kode conto SS.SLK-H1 termasuk kriteria kadar tinggi dengan kandungan Cu 82,20 ppm, Pb 39,80 ppm, Zn 95,10 ppm dan Ag 2,08 ppm.Bahan acuan bakudengan kehalusan 150 mesh sampai dengan 200 mesh terdiri dari tiga macam yaitu kode conto SS.SLK-L2 yang termasuk kriteria kadar rendah dengan kandungan Cu 32,70 ppm, Pb 25,90 ppm, Zn 89,90 ppm dan Ag 1,31 ppm, kode conto SS.SLK-M2 merupakan bahan acuan bakukriteria sedang dengan kandungan Cu 44,40 ppm, Pb 35,20 ppm, Zn 14,00 ppm dan Ag 1,70 ppm sedangkan kode conto SS.SLK-H2 termasuk kriteria kadar tinggi dengan kandungan Cu 90,90 ppm, Pb 56,30 ppm, Zn 160,00 ppm dan Ag 2,52 ppm.
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Du, Shengjiang, Hanjie Wen, Shirong Liu, et al. "Mineralogy and Metallogenesis of the Sanbao Mn–Ag (Zn-Pb) Deposit in the Laojunshan Ore District, SE Yunnan Province, China." Minerals 10, no. 8 (2020): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080650.
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The Sanbao Mn–Ag (Zn-Pb) deposit located in the Laojunshan ore district is one of the most important deposits that has produced most Ag and Mn metals in southeastern Yunnan Province, China. Few studies are available concerning the distribution and mineralization of Ag, restricting further resource exploration. In this study, detailed mineralogy, chronology, and geochemistry are examined with the aim of revealing Ag occurrence and its associated primary base-metal and supergene mineralization. Results show that manganite and romanèchite are the major Ag-bearing minerals. Cassiterite from the Mn–Ag ores yielded a U–Pb age of 436 ± 17 Ma, consistent with the Caledonian age of the Nanwenhe granitic pluton. Combined with other geochemical proxies (Zn-Pb-Cu-Sn), the Sanbao Mn–Ag deposit may originally be of magmatic hydrothermal origin, rather than sedimentary. The Ag-rich (Zn-Pb (Sn)-bearing) ore-forming fluids generated during the intrusion of the granite flowed through fractures and overprinted the earlier Mn mineralization. Secondary Ag (and possibly other base-metals) enrichment occurred through later supergene weathering and oxidation.
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Radosavljevic, Slobodan, Jovica Stojanovic, Aleksandar Pacevski, Ana Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic, and Vladan Kasic. "A review of Pb-Sb(As)-S, Cu(Ag)-Fe(Zn)-Sb(As)-S, Ag(Pb)-Bi(Sb)-S and Pb-Bi-S(Te) sulfosalt systems from the Boranja orefield, West Serbia." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique, no. 77 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1677001r.
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Recent mineralogical, chemical, physical, and crystallographic investigations of the Boranja orefield showed very complex mineral associations and assemblages where sulfosalts have significant role. The sulfosalts of the Boranja orefield can be divided in four main groups: (i) Pb-Sb(As)-S system with ?Fe and ?Cu; (ii) Cu(Ag)-Fe(Zn)-Sb(As)-S system; (iii) Ag(Pb)-Bi(Sb)-S; (iv) and Pb-Bi-S(Te) system. Spatially, these sulfosalts are widely spread, however, they are the most abundant in the following polymetallic deposits and ore zones: Cu(Bi)-FeS Kram-Mlakva; Pb(Ag)-Zn-FeS2 Veliki Majdan (Kolarica-Centralni revir-Kojici); Sb-Zn-Pb-As Rujevac; and Pb-Zn-FeS2-BaSO4 Bobija. The multi stage formation of minerals, from skarnhydrothermal to complex hydrothermal with various stages and sub-stages has been determined. All hydrothermal stages and sub-stages of various polymetallic deposits and ore zones within the Boranja orefield are followed by a variety of sulfosalts.
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Li, J., A. W. Rate, and R. J. Gilkes. "Fractionation of trace elements in some non-agricultural Australian soils." Soil Research 41, no. 7 (2003): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02146.
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The fractionation of Ag, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in highly weathered soils was investigated using 5 operationally defined fractions: exchangeable, organic, amorphous Fe oxides, crystalline Fe oxides, and residual fraction. Crystalline Fe oxide and residual phases were the dominant hosts of Ag in the original soils, but for soils to which soluble Ag was added, much Ag was in the crystalline Fe oxide fractions and only a relatively small proportion of Ag was in the residual fraction. Crystalline Fe oxides and the residual fraction were also the major hosts to Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn.
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Mansurov, M. I., B. H. Galandarov, U. I. Karimli, and A. I. Huseynov. "Distribution of Gold and Associated Ore-Bearing Elements in Gold-Copper-Pyrite Ores of the Kyzylbulag Deposit (Lesser Caucasus, Azerbaijan)." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 3 (207) (October 2, 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2020-3-51-59.
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The article presents the results of studies of the distribution of gold and associated ore elements in gold-copper pyrite ores of the Kyzylbulag deposit. It was established that the elemental composition of ores and host rocks of the deposit includes Cu, Pb, Au, Ag, Ni, As, Sb, Bi, and Mo, of which Au, Cu, Ag, and Zn are the more stable. The behavior of elements was also studied for the entire ore body, as a result of which they are divided by cluster analysis at R (5 %) - 0.1 into two groups: 1) Au, Cu and Ag; 2) Pb and Zn. The closest relationship in the first group was found between Au and Cu, Au and Ag, Ag and Cu; and in the second, between Pb and Zn. Acquired results confirm that gold and the copper are the major components of ore in the field expressed generally in the mineral paragenesis of chalcopyrite - native gold shown in the independent hydrothermal stage of ore deposition.
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Tao, Zhongping, Bingli Liu, Ke Guo, et al. "3D Primary Geochemical Halo Modeling and Its Application to the Ore Prediction of the Jiama Polymetallic Deposit, Tibet, China." Geofluids 2021 (August 19, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6629187.
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The identification of primary geochemical haloes can be used to predict mineral resources in deep-seated orebodies through the delineation of element distributions. The Jiama deposits a typical skarn–porphyry Cu–polymetallic deposit in the Gangdese metallogenic belt of Tibet. The Cu–polymetallic skarn, Cu–Mo hornfels, and Mo ± Cu porphyry mineralization there exhibit superimposed geochemical haloes at depth. Three-dimensional (3D) primary geochemical halo modeling was undertaken for the deposit with the aim of providing geochemical data to describe element distributions in 3D space. An overall geochemical zonation of Zn(Pb) → Au → Cu(Ag) → Mo gained from geochemical cross-sections, together with dip-direction skarn zonation Pb–Zn(Cu) → Cu(Au–Ag–Mo) → Mo(Cu) → Cu–Mo(Au–Ag) and vertical zonation Cu–(Pb–Zn) → Mo–(Cu) → Mo–Cu–(Ag–Au–Pb–Zn) → Mo in the #24 exploration profile, indicates potential mineralization at depth. Integrated geochemical anomalies were extracted by kernel principal component analysis, which has the advantage of accommodating nonlinear data. A maximum-entropy model was constructed for deep mineral resources of uncertainty prediction. Three potential deep mineral targets are proposed on the basis of the obtained geochemical information and background.
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Radmard, Kaikhosrov, Hassan Zamanian, Mohamad Reza Hosseinzadeh, and Ahmad Ahmadi Khalaji. "Geochemistry and statistical analyses of porphyry system and epithermal veins at Hizehjan in northwestern Iran." Geologos 23, no. 3 (2017): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/logos-2017-0020.
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Abstract Situated about 130 km northeast of Tabriz (northwest Iran), the Mazra’eh Shadi deposit is in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt (AAB). Intrusion of subvolcanic rocks, such as quartz monzodiorite-diorite porphyry, into Eocene volcanic and volcano-sedimentary units led to mineralisation and alteration. Mineralisation can be subdivided into a porphyry system and Au-bearing quartz veins within andesite and trachyandesite which is controlled by fault distribution. Rock samples from quartz veins show maximum values of Au (17100 ppb), Pb (21100 ppm), Ag (9.43ppm), Cu (611ppm) and Zn (333 ppm). Au is strongly correlated with Ag, Zn and Pb. In the Au-bearing quartz veins, factor group 1 indicates a strong correlation between Au, Pb, Ag, Zn and W. Factor group 2 indicates a correlation between Cu, Te, Sb and Zn, while factor group 3 comprises Mo and As. Based on Spearman correlation coefficients, Sb and Te can be very good indicator minerals for Au, Ag and Pb epithermal mineralisation in the study area. The zoning pattern shows clearly that base metals, such as Cu, Pb, Zn and Mo, occur at the deepest levels, whereas Au and Ag are found at higher elevations than base metals in boreholes in northern Mazra’eh Shadi. This observation contrasts with the typical zoning pattern caused by boiling in epithermal veins. At Mazra’eh Shadi, quartz veins containing co-existing liquid-rich and vapour-rich inclusions, as strong evidence of boiling during hydrothermal evolution, have relatively high Au grades (up to 813 ppb). In the quartz veins, Au is strongly correlated with Ag, and these elements are in the same group with Fe and S. Mineralisation of Au and Ag is a result of pyrite precipitation, boiling of hydrothermal fluids and a pH decrease.
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Mitovski, Aleksandra, Dragana Zivkovic, Dragan Manasijevic, Dusko Minic, Ljubisa Balanovic, and Nada Strbac. "Thermodynamic analysis and phase equilibria investigation in Pb−Zn−Ag system." Chemical Industry 64, no. 2 (2010): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind100115007m.
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Physico-chemical processes that take place during the refining process in the extractive metallurgy of lead, are connected with ternary Pb?Zn?Ag system, which is necessary to study from the theoretical practical and aspects. Such investigation is important from production point of view, because of the phenomena that occur during desilvering of lead which is one of the important stages during lead refining process. Process of lead desilvering binds to ternary system Pb?Zn?Ag, which was the reason for numerous investigations, both from thermodynamic point of view and in terms of testing and determining the phase diagram, bearing in mind the theoretical, and practical importance of knowledge about the processes which are going in investigated system. The paper presents the results of thermodynamic analysis and investigation of phase equilibria of the Pb?Zn?Ag ternary system using the method of thermodynamic predictions and phase diagrams calculations, respectively, and the experimental results of metalography obtained by optical microscopy. Phase diagram of the vertical section Pb?Zn80Ag20 is presented, obtained by CALPHAD calculation methodology, and using PANDAT thermodynamic software, compared to experimental results obtained by DTA analysis. The results show a pronounced break in solubility, which is characteristic for the whole ternary Pb?Zn?Ag system. Also, it can be noticed that the thermodynamic properties follow the behavior of this system, which is expressed through positive deviation of Raoult?s law, pointing to the lack of lead affinity compared to the other two components in the system. The optical microscopy results of the investigated system show the following: - Sample L1 (weight% Pb = 98): the structure of the observed section shows double eutectic (Pbsol+Zn?Agsol) which lies in the base of the primary crystals of lead (Pbsol) - Samples L2?L5: the structure consists of a dual eutectic (Pbsol+Zn?Agsol) and primary crystals Zn?Agsol Also, it can be noticed certain structural inhomogenity, as a consequence of stratification that occurs in the ternary Pb?Zn?Ag system. However the metalography investigation results confirm the results obtained by defining the phase diagram and mutually agree relatively well in accordance with existing literature data.
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Yiming, ZHAO, and LI Daxin. "Pb-Zn-Ag-bearing Manganoan Skarns of China." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 78, no. 2 (2010): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00162.x.
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Stadler, Adrian-Mihail, Juan Ramírez, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Bruno Vincent. "Supramolecular reactions of metallo-architectures: Ag2-double-helicate/Zn4-grid, Pb4-grid/Zn4-grid interconversions, and Ag2-double-helicate fusion." Chemical Science 7, no. 6 (2016): 3689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc04403k.
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A Ag<sup>+</sup> dinuclear double-helicate was converted into a Zn<sup>2+</sup> tetranuclear grid, and a Pb<sup>2+</sup> grid, into a Zn<sup>2+</sup> grid; a Ag<sup>+</sup> heterostranded double helicate was obtained from two homostranded helicates.
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Testa, Francisco, Lejun Zhang, and David Cooke. "Physicochemical Conditions of Formation for Bismuth Mineralization Hosted in a Magmatic-Hydrothermal Breccia Complex: An Example from the Argentine Andes." Minerals 8, no. 11 (2018): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110486.
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The San Francisco de los Andes breccia-hosted deposit (Frontal Cordillera, Argentina) is characterized by complex Bi–Cu–Pb–Zn–Mo–As–Fe–Ag–Au mineralization. After magmatic-hydrothermal brecciation, tourmaline and quartz partially cemented open spaces, followed by quiescent periods where Bi–Cu–Pb–Zn ore formed. Bismuth ore precipitation is characterized by Bi-sulfides, sulfosalts, and tellurosulfide inclusions, which temporally co-exist with Ag-telluride inclusions and chalcopyrite. Three distinct Bi mineralizing stages have been defined based on the following mineral assemblages: (1) Bismuthinite (tetradymite–hessite inclusions); (2) Bismuthinite (tetradymite–hessite inclusions) + cosalite (tetradymite inclusions) + chalcopyrite; and (3) Cosalite (tetradymite inclusions) + chalcopyrite. Overall, Ag-poor bismuthinite hosts both Bi-tellurosulfide and Ag-telluride inclusions, whereas Ag-rich cosalite only hosts tetradymite inclusions.
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Setyanto, Setyanto, and Setiady Setiady. "KANDUNGAN LOGAM DASAR DI DALAM ENDAPAN LETAKAN PANTAI DAN LEPAS PANTAI PERAIRAN PAMEUNGPEUK, GARUT, JAWA BARAT. INDIKASI ADANYA MINERALISASI HIDROTHERMAL DI DARAT." Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 3, no. 3 (2008): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v3i3.165.
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Sebaran hasil analisis geokimia untuk logam dasar baik contoh-contoh pantai maupun lepas pantai memperlihatkan adanya pengelompokan kandungan baik untuk unsur-unsur Tembaga (Cu), Timbal (Pb), dan seng (Zn) ataupun logam emas (Au) dan perak (Ag). Perbedaan lingkungan pengendapan di pantai dan lepas pantai berpengaruh kepada kandungan logam dasar. Di lingkungan pantai kandungan unsur logam dasar yaitu Cu, Pb dan Zn rata-rata lebih tinggi dari pada lingkungan pengendapan lepas pantai. Kandungan emas (Au) dan perak (Ag) dipantai juga lebih tinggi di bandingkan dengan di lepas pantai. Sebaran logam dasar dari timur ke barat memperlihatkan variasi kandungan yang juga berbeda antara logam dasar P, Cu dan kandungan Zn. Kandungan Zn selalu lebih tinggi daripada kandungan Pb dan Cu. Variasi ini juga terlihat berbeda antara lingkungan pantai dengan variasi yang jauh lebih mencolok/variatif pada lingkungan lepas pantai.
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Outa, James Omondi, Chrispin O. Kowenje, Christof Plessl, and Franz Jirsa. "Distribution of arsenic, silver, cadmium, lead and other trace elements in water, sediment and macrophytes in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: spatial, temporal and bioindicative aspects." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 2 (2019): 1485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06525-9.
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AbstractThis is the first detailed report on the distribution of Ni, As, Sr and Ag in water, sediments and macrophytes from Lake Victoria, complemented with recent data on the heavy metals Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. The study was conducted over an 11-month period at five sites in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria: four sites in the Winam Gulf influenced by various anthropogenic pressures including a site near Kisumu City, and one in the main lake, perceived to have lesser direct anthropogenic influence. Compared with the main lake site, the water in Winam Gulf had significantly higher values for electrical conductivity and concentrations of dissolved components: organic carbon and bound nitrogen, as well as major and most trace elements. This contamination is also evident in surface sediments, which contained significantly higher levels of Cr, Zn, As, Ag, Cd and Pb compared with the main lake site. The mean levels of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ag and Pb exceeded probable effect levels at least at one of the gulf sites. The sediments at the Kisumu City site were classified as severely polluted with Cu (up to 259 mg/kg dw) and Pb (up to 1188 mg/kg dw). The sediment cores showed significantly higher levels of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb in the surface (0–3 cm) versus subsurface (22–25 cm) layer at the Kisumu City site, indicating increasing pollution by these elements within the last 15 years. This is also the first report on trace elements in the emergent water plant Vossia cuspidata and submerged plant Ceratophyllum demersum from this lake. Even though the accumulation of most elements is comparable between C. demersum (whole plant) and V. cuspidata roots, the latter shows a better bioindicative potential. Contamination of the gulf with Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd and Pb is well mirrored in V. cuspidata roots. V. cuspidata strongly restricts the acropetal transport of trace elements, and hence using the shoots as fodder does not pose a risk to livestock.
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Mondillo, N., M. Boni, G. Balassone, M. Joachimski, and A. Mormone. "The Jabali nonsulfide Zn–Pb–Ag deposit, western Yemen." Ore Geology Reviews 61 (September 2014): 248–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.02.003.
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Arayamparambil, Jeethu Jiju, Markus Mann, Xiaohui Liu, et al. "Electrochemical Evaluation of Pb, Ag, and Zn Cyanamides/Carbodiimides." ACS Omega 4, no. 2 (2019): 4339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b02748.
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Lottermoser, B. G. "Mobilization of heavy metals from historical smelting slag dumps, north Queensland, Australia." Mineralogical Magazine 66, no. 4 (2002): 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461026640043.
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AbstractSlag dumps occur at several historical smelting sites in north Queensland, Australia. The microcrystalline slags contain primary slag phases, relict flux, ore and furnace materials and secondary weathering related minerals. Common primary slag phases are glass, Zn-rich fayalite (± Zn-rich kirschsteinite) and Zn-rich hedenbergite. Other minor minerals include wollastonite, Zn-rich melilite, Zn-rich iscorite (Fe7SiO10), magnetite as well as a number of sulphides (pyrrhotite, galena, bornite, sphalerite, wurtzite), metallic phases (Ag, Cu, Pb, Sb), alloys (Cu3Sn), and unknown metal compounds. The slag materials contain wt.% concentrations of Zn and elevated levels of Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and W. Glass, hedenbergite and fayalite/kirschsteinite are the main repositories of Zn, whereas much of the Cu and Pb is hosted by glass, sulphides, Cu3Sn alloys, metallic Cu and Pb, and unknown CuSb, AsSnPb and FeAsCu compounds. The slags are undergoing contemporaneous reaction with air and rainwater. The weathering results in the release of metals and metalloids from primary slag phases, particularly from glass, and the partial immobilization of these metals in secondary soluble and insoluble minerals in the slag heaps. Zinc exhibits pronounced chemical mobility and reports together with elevated Ca and sulphate into surface seepages (up to 10.2 mg l−1 Zn at pH 6.97). The slag dumps represent long-term sources of metal pollutants, particularly of Zn, to local ground and surface waters.
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Oh, Chang Yul, Hee-Ra Roh, Young Min Kim, Jin Soo Lee, Hae Young Cho, and Young-Ho Kim. "A new solder wetting layer for Pb-free solders." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 2 (2009): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0047.
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We developed a new Cu–Zn wetting layer for Pb-free solders. By adding Zn to the Cu wetting layer, intermetallic growth in the Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) solder interfaces was delayed. Cu3Sn intermetallic compounds and microvoids were not observed in the SAC/Cu–Zn interfaces after aging. The drop reliability of the SAC solder/Cu–Zn joints was excellent.
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Cabała, Jerzy, Rafał Warchulski, Dariusz Rozmus, Dorota Środek, and Eligiusz Szełęg. "Pb-Rich Slags, Minerals, and Pollution Resulted from a Medieval Ag-Pb Smelting and Mining Operation in the Silesian-Cracovian Region (Southern Poland)." Minerals 10, no. 1 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010028.
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Since the 12th century in the Silesian-Cracovian area, lead, litharge, and silver have been produced by the pyrometallurgical processing of Pb-Ag-Zn ore. Slags and soils contaminated with heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, As) were the subject of this research. Samples were collected during archaeological works in the area of early medieval metallurgical settlement. The main goals of the analyses (Scanning Electron Miscroscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)) were the determination of the mineralogical composition of furnace batches and smelting temperatures and conditions. In soils, the anthropogenic phases enriched in Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, P, and primary minerals like goethite, ferrihydrite, sphalerite, galena, smithsonite, minrecordite, cerussite, gypsum, anglesite, jarosite, and hemimorphite were identified. The soil from former metallurgical settlements contained up to 1106 mg·kg−1 Pb, 782 mg·kg−1 Zn, 4.7 mg·kg−1 Cd in the fine fraction. Much higher heavy metal concentrations were observed in the waste products of ore rinsing, up to 49,282 mg·kg−1 Pb, 64,408 mg·kg−1 Zn, and 287 mg·kg−1 Cd. The medieval smelting industry and Pb-Ag-Zn ore processing are marked by highly anomalous geochemical pollution (Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ba) in the topsoil. The methods of mineralogical investigation, such as SEM-EDS or EMPA, can be used to identify mineralogical phases formed during metallurgical processes or ore processing. Based on these methods, the characteristic primary assemblage and synthetic phases were identified in the area polluted by medieval metallurgy and mining of Pb-Ag-Zn ores, including MVT (Mississippi Valley Type) deposits. The minerals distinguished in slags and the structural features of metal-bearing aggregates allow us to conclude that batches have included mostly oxidised minerals (PbCO3, ZnCO3, CaZn(CO3)2, FeOOH), sulfides (PbS and ZnS) and quartz (SiO2). The laboratory experiment of high-temperature heating of the examined slags showed that smelting temperatures used in the second half of 13th century were very high and could have reached up to 1550 °C. The results indicate, that geochemical and mineralogical methods can be used to obtain important information from archaeological sites, even after archaeological work has long ceased.
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Burt, R., T. Weber, S. Park, S. Yochum, and R. Ferguson. "Trace Element Concentration and Speciation in Selected Mining-Contaminated Soils and Water in Willow Creek Floodplain, Colorado." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/237071.
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Long-term mining activities in the mountains around Creede, Colorado have resulted in significant contamination in soils and water in the Willow Creek floodplain. Total major and trace were determined for soils and water and sequential chemical extraction for soils. Objectives were to determine concentrations and potential reactivity of trace elements and investigate their relationship with other soil and water properties. Water trace elements showed significant variability among sites, ranging from 347 to 12108 μg/L. Relative trend showed (Zn > Sr > Ba) > (Mn > W > Cd) > (Sn > V≈Ni≈Cu > Co) > (Ag). Soil trace elements showed significant short-range spatial variability, ranging from 2819 to 19274 mg/kg. Relative trend showed (Pb≈Zn > Mn > Ba > P) > (As > Cu > Sr > V > Cd > Sb≈Ag) > (Co≈Cr > Mo≈Sn≈Ni) > (Be≈W > Se≈Hg). Predominant fractions were oxide, specifically-sorbed/carbonate bound, and residual. Water soluble and exchangeable fractions showed (Zn≈Cd) > Pb and Cd > Zn > Pb, respectively. Mobility factors for highly contaminated soils showed Cd≈Zn > Pb > Cu > As.
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Zivkovic, D., D. Minic, D. Manasijevic, J. Sestak, and Z. Zivkovic. "Thermal analysis and prediction of phase equilibria in ternary Pb-Zn-Ag system." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 47, no. 1 (2011): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb1101023z.
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Ternary Pb-Zn-Ag system is typical for some physicochemical processes going on in refining phase in the extractive metallurgy of lead. Therefore, investigation of mentioned system is important from both theoretical and practical research of the phenomena occurring during the lead desilverizing process. The results of experimental investigation using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermodynamic calculation of phase equilibria in Pb-Zn-Ag system according to CALPHAD method, in the sections with Zn:Ag mass ratio equal to 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50, are presented in this paper.
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Cruzado-Tafur, Edith, Katarzyna Bierla, Lisard Torró, and Joanna Szpunar. "Accumulation of As, Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn by Native Plants Growing in Soils Contaminated by Mining Environmental Liabilities in the Peruvian Andes." Plants 10, no. 2 (2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020241.
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The capability of native plant species grown in polluted post-mining soils to accumulate metals was evaluated in view of their possible suitability for phytoremediation. The study areas included two environmental liabilities in the Cajamarca region in the Peruvian Andes. The content of As, Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn was determined in individual plant organs and correlated with soil characteristics. The degree of the pollution depended on the metal with results ranging from uncontaminated (Cd) to moderately (Zn), strongly (As, Cu), and extremely contaminated (Pb, Ag) soils. The metals were mainly present in the fractions with limited metal mobility. The bioaccumulation of the metals in plants as well the translocation into overground organs was determined. Out of the 21 plants evaluated, Pernettya prostrata and Gaultheria glomerate were suitable for Zn, and Gaultheria glomerata and Festuca sp. for Cd, phytostabilization. The native species applicable for Cd phytoremediation were Ageratina glechonophylla, Bejaria sp., whereas Pernettya prostrata Achyrocline alata,Ageratina fastigiate, Baccharis alnifolia, Calceolaria tetragona, Arenaria digyna, Hypericum laricifolium, Brachyotum radula, and Nicotiana thyrsiflora were suitable for both Cd and Zn. None of the studied plants appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb, Cu, As and Ag.
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Pirri, Ida Venerandi. "Willyamite from the Pb-Zn-Ag-Sb deposit of Argentiera, Nurra, NW Sardina." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 2 (1992): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/2/0395.
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Djunaidi, Muhammad Cholid, and Abdul Haris. "Pemisahan Logam Berat Menggunakan Membran Cair Berpendukung dengan Variabel Konsentrasi Ion Logam dan pH Fasa Umpan." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 6, no. 2 (2003): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.6.2.1-4.
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Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pemisahan logam berat Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb dan Zn menggunakan teknik Membran Cair Berpendukung (SLM) dengan asam di2etilheksilfosfat (D2EHPA) sebagai pembawa. Pemisahan dilakukan dalam perangkat SLM selama 5 jam. Analisa dilakukan dengan mengukur konsentrasi logam di fasa umpan dengan AAS dan pengukuran konsetrasi ion hydrogen dengan pH meter. Hasil yang diperoleh memperlihatkan bahwa tranport dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi logam, konsentrasi ion hidrogen dan selektifitas pembawa terhadap logam. Pembwa D2EHPA cukup selektif untuk pemisahan logam berat dengan urutan: Zn>Ag>Cu>Pb>Ni.Kata kunci: SLM, logam berat, selektifitas, pembawa, D2EHPA.
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Lee, Jin Soo, Hyo Taek Chon, and Myung Chae Jung. "Toxic Risk Assessment and Environmental Contamination of Heavy Metals around Abandoned Metal Mine Sites in Korea." Key Engineering Materials 277-279 (January 2005): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.277-279.542.
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In order to investigate the levels of heavy metal contamination and to assess the risk of the adverse health effects on human exposure to toxic heavy metals influenced by past mining activities, environmental geochemical surveys were undertaken around abandoned metal mine sites (Okdong Cu-Pb-Zn, Dokok Au-Ag-Cu and Hwacheon Au-Ag-Pb-Zn mines). High concentrations of heavy metals were found in tailings from the Okdong (72 As mg/kg, 53.6 Cd mg/kg, 910 Cu mg/kg, 1,590 Pb mg/kg, 5,720 Zn mg/kg), the Dokok (254 As mg/kg, 98.2 Cd mg/kg, 2,550 Cu mg/kg, 4,200 Pb mg/kg, 18,020 Zn mg/kg) and the Hwacheon (72 As mg/kg, 12.4 Cd mg/kg, 580 Pb mg/kg, 1,300 Zn mg/kg) mines. Elevated levels of As, Cd, Pb and Zn were also found in agricultural soils from these mine areas. Human risk effects are classified into a cancer effect and a toxic (noncancer) effect. The hazard index representing a toxic risk for As was higher value than 1.0 in the Okdong and the Hwacheon mine sites, as was that for Cd in the Okdong and Dokok mine sites. Therefore, toxic risks for As and Cd exist via exposure (ingestion) to the contaminated soil, groundwater and rice grains in these mine areas. The cancer risk for As by the consumption of groundwater used as drinking water from the Okdong and the Hwacheon mine areas was 7E-4 and 1E-4, respectively. These risk levels exceed the acceptable risk (1 in 100,000) for regulatory purposes.
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Wei, Chen, Zhilong Huang, Zaifei Yan, Yusi Hu, and Lin Ye. "Trace Element Contents in Sphalerite from the Nayongzhi Zn-Pb Deposit, Northwestern Guizhou, China: Insights into Incorporation Mechanisms, Metallogenic Temperature and Ore Genesis." Minerals 8, no. 11 (2018): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110490.
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The Nayongzhi Zn-Pb deposit, located in the southeastern margin of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou (S-Y-G) Zn-Pb metallogenic province, China, has been recently discovered in this region and has an estimated resource of 1.52 Mt of metal at average grades of 4.82 wt % Zn and 0.57 wt % Pb. The ore bodies are hosted in the Lower Cambrian Qingxudong Formation dolostone and occur as stratiform, stratoid and steeply dipping veins. The predominant minerals are sphalerite, galena, dolomite, calcite with minor pyrite, and barite. In this paper, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique has been used to investigate the concentrations of Fe, Cd, Ge, Ga, Cu, Pb, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Co and Mn in bulk grain sphalerite from the Nayongzhi deposit, in an effort to provide significant insights into the element substitution mechanisms, ore-forming temperature and genesis of the deposit. This study shows that those trace elements (i.e., Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ga, Ge, Ag, and Co) are present in the form of isomorphism in sphalerite, and strong binary correlation among some elements suggests direct substitution as Zn2+↔Fe2+ and coupled substitutions as Zn2+↔Ga3+ + (Cu, Ag)+ and Zn2+↔In3+ + Sn3+ + □ (vacancy), despite there being no clear evidence for the presence of Sn3+. Sphalerite from the Nayongzhi deposit is enriched in Cd, Ge and Ga and depleted in Fe, Mn, In and Co, which is similar to that of the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposit and significantly different from that of the Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposit, Sedimentary-exhalative (Sedex) deposit, skarn, and epithermal hydrothermal deposit. Moreover, the ore-forming temperature is relatively low, ranging from 100.5 to 164.4 °C, as calculated by the GGIMFis geothermometer. Geological characteristics, mineralogy and trace element contents of sphalerite suggest that the Nayongzhi deposit is a MVT deposit. In addition, according to the geological characteristics, Ag content in sphalerite, and Pb isotope evidence, the Nayongzhi deposit is distinct from the deposits associated with the Indosinian Orogeny in S-Y-G Zn-Pb metallogenic province (e.g., Huize, Daliangzi, Tianbaoshan and Tianqiao deposits), thus, suggesting that multi-stage Zn-Pb mineralization may have occurred in this region.
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Li, Zhenli, Lin Ye, Yusi Hu, et al. "Trace elements in sulfides from the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit, Yunnan Province, China: Implications for trace-element incorporation mechanisms and ore genesis." American Mineralogist 105, no. 11 (2020): 1734–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-6950.
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Abstract The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic province (SYGMP) is an important region for Pb-Zn resources in China. However, considerable controversy remains as to whether the Pb-Zn deposits are Mississippi Valley Type (MVT). The Maozu deposit, a typical example of the carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in the SYGMP, occurs in the late Ediacaran Dengying Formation and its ore bodies are divided into three types: lower layer (LL), vein layer (VL), and upper layer (UL) ore bodies based on their spatial relationship. In this study, laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to systematically analyze the trace-element compositions of sphalerite and galena in these three ore bodies. The results show that sphalerite is characterized by Cd and Ge enrichment; Fe, Mn, and Co depletion; and local In and Sn enrichment. Most of these elements likely appear as solid solutions in sphalerite and show a wide compositional variation, which is probably related to the medium- and low-temperature mixing of the ore-forming fluids. The local enrichment of In and Sn is likely attributed to the long-distance migration of ore-forming fluids through In-Sn-bearing volcaniclastic rocks. In vs. Sn and (Cu + Sb) vs. (Ag + Ge) show strong correlations and similar element distribution in the mapped images, indicating that these elements may be incorporated into sphalerite via a coupled substitution for Zn as 2In3+ + Sn4+ + 2☐ ↔ 5Zn2+ (☐ = vacancies) and 4(Cu+ + Sb3+) + (Ge4+ + 2Ag+) + 2☐ ↔ 13Zn2+. Galena is enriched in Ag and Sb with minor Cd and Se and depleted in Bi, and most of the elements may occur as solid solutions. Ag vs. Sb in galena displays a strong positive correlation, implying the coupled substitution of Ag+ + Sb3+ ↔ 2Pb2+. Notably, the majority of the trace-element concentrations gradually decrease in the order LL → UL except Fe, Co, Cu, and Ge, while Fe, In, and Sn in sphalerite and Ag and Sb in galena have the highest concentration in the VL, indicating that the VL is a secondary migration channel for the ore-forming fluids. Furthermore, the trace-element compositions of the sulfides in the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit are consistent with the typical MVT deposit (hosted in the carbonate sequence) but are markedly different from sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX), volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) and skarn-type deposits. Based on these results, as well as the geological and geochemical characteristics of the deposit, the Maozu Pb-Zn deposit is an MVT deposit.
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Kot, Karolina, Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk, et al. "Interactions between 14 Elements in the Human Placenta, Fetal Membrane and Umbilical Cord." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (2019): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091615.
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The aim of the study was to investigate relationships between the concentrations of macroelements (Ca), microelements (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sn, Sr, V, Zn) and heavy metals (Ag, Cd, Pb) in the placenta, fetal membrane and umbilical cord. Furthermore, we examined relationships between the concentrations of these metals in the studied afterbirths and maternal age, gestational age, placenta parameters (breadth, length, weight) and newborn parameters (length, weight and Apgar score). This study confirms previously reported Zn-Cd, Pb-Cd and Ni-Pb interactions in the placenta. New types of interactions in the placenta, fetal membrane and umbilical cord were also noted. Analysis of the correlations between metal elements in the afterbirths (placenta, fetal membrane and umbilical cord) and biological parameters showed the following relationships: maternal age and Mn (in the fetal membrane); gestational age and Cr, Fe, Zn (in the fetal membrane), Ag and Cu (in the umbilical cord); newborn’s length and Sr (in the placenta), Ag (in the umbilical cord); newborn’s weight and Sr (in the placenta), Cu (in the fetal membrane), Ag (in the umbilical cord); Apgar score and Ca, Cr and Ni (in the umbilical cord); placenta’s length and Cr and Sn (in the fetal membrane), Cu (in the umbilical cord); placenta’s width and Mo, Pb (in the placenta) and placenta weight and Sr (in the placenta), Ag, Fe, Mn (in the fetal membrane). The results show the influence of metals on the placenta, mother and newborn parameters, and the same point indicates the essential trace elements during the course of pregnancy.
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Wang, Jia, Qifei Huang, Ting Li, et al. "Bioleaching mechanism of Zn, Pb, In, Ag, Cd and As from Pb/Zn smelting slag by autotrophic bacteria." Journal of Environmental Management 159 (August 2015): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.013.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Preparation of New Complexes." Baghdad Science Journal 10, no. 3 (2013): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.3.497-508.
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This paper deals with the preparation and investigation studies of a number of new complexes of Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Hg(II) , Ag(I) , Pt(IV) and Pb(II).The complexes were formed by the reaction of the mentioned metal ions with the ligand which is derived from oxadiazole (OXB), 2- (2-butyl) thio-5- phenyl – 1,3,4 – oxadiazole in the mole ratio (1:1) , (1:2) and (1:3) (metal to ligand ).The result complexes having general formulae :M(OXB)Cl2] [M(OXB)X2]H2O [ M= Cu(II) , Zn(II) M= Hg(II) , Pb(II) [M(OXB)2 X2] X= Cl– M = Cu (II), Zn (II), Hg (II), Pb (II) X= Cl–, NO3-, CH3COO- [Pt(OXB)3]Cl4 [Ag(OXB)]NO32-(2-??????? ) ???? -5- ???? –4,3,1– ???????????? OXB = These complexes have been characterized by variety of chemical, physical and spectroscopic techniques , such as elemental analysis , molar conductance , Infrared absorption spectra , electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements . These studies indicate that the tetracoordinate complexes have either square planer or tetrahedral structures and the hexacoordinate complexes while that bidentate complexes for Ag(I) have been found to have non-linear (deviated) structure . Furthermore, the prepared complexes ability was tested as their bactericidal materials.
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Rueda, Luis. "Exploración geológica preliminar del Depósito Mineralógico del Cerro Huakajchi Chico en Bolivia." Revista Ingeniería 2, no. 3 (2020): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33996/revistaingenieria.v2i3.19.
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El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar sondeos de perforación a diamantina en relación a sondaje HCD-004. El área de estudio se localiza en la provincia Tomás Frías del departamento de Potosí. La campaña de prospección geoquímica, dio como resultado anomalías en Zn, Pb y Ag que corresponden a una estructura oxidada tipo stockwork emplazada en una ignimbrita (0,141 % de Zn, 0,149 % de Pb y 4,2 ppm de Ag). Se analizó la presencia de Sn por el método AAS Espectrofotometría de Absorción atómica - Fire Assays. Los sondajes HCD-005 y HCD-006 siguieron anomalías geoquímicas y la traza de la estructura que controla la brecha hidrotermal cortada en el pozo de la primera fase, en ambos pozos la recuperación fue superior al 95 % que se considera buena. Se procedió a realizar una estimación del recurso mineralógico el peso específico determinado fue de 2,58 gr/cc obteniéndose un tonelaje total de 1.947.841,82 Tn con valores de 0,34 % de Zn y 0,075 % de Pb.
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Wei, Ma, Hou Jing, Chen Yao, Pan Mingchen, and Sun Hailong. "Mineralization and metallogenic model of Daletingchagan Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic ore in Dong Ujimqin, Inner Mongolia." International Journal of Geology 1, no. 1 (2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26789/ijg.2016.002.
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Daletingchagan Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic ore, located 70 km away to the Baogeda Mountain in Dong Ujimqin, Inner Mongolia, is a Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic orefield, found based on that Geological prospecting institute of Liaoning province carry out the synthesis method for prospecting project of Baogeda forest field. This mineral deposit could be divided into two ore block, genetic types of west ore block is contact metasomatic type, east ore block is shallow epithermal deposit related to volcanic agencies and the subvolcanic, this paper is mainly on comprehensive study of east ore block mineralization, aiming at providing a beneficial reference of further exploration for concession.
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Djordjevic, P., N. Mitevska, I. Mihajlovic, Dj Nikolic, D. Manasijevic, and Z. Zivkovic. "The effect of copper content in the matte on the distribution coefficients between the slag and the matte for certain elements in the sulphide copper concentrate smelting process." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 48, no. 1 (2012): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb111115012d.
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This paper presents the results of investigating the dependence of distribution coefficient LS/MMe for: Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb, As, Ni, Ag, Au and Bi, between the slag and the matte, on the copper content in matte. The research was conducted under industrial conditions of copper concentrate smelting, in the reverberatory furnace in the copper smelter in Bor, Serbia. It was found that with the increase of the copper content in the matte, distribution coefficient between slag and matte for Cu, Zn and Pb increases, for Ag and Se decreases, while for Ni, As and Sb has an insignificant change. Au and Bi are almost entirely concentrated in the matte.
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Witherly, Ken, and Graeme Mackee. "Geophysical Responses over the Cannington Ag-Zn-Pb Deposit-Queensland." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2015, no. 1 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2015ab179.
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Feltrin, L., J. G. McLellan, and N. H. S. Oliver. "Modelling the giant, Zn–Pb–Ag Century deposit, Queensland, Australia." Computers & Geosciences 35, no. 1 (2009): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2007.09.002.
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Burney, David, and Clive R. Neal. "Method for quantifying and removing polyatomic interferences on a suite of moderately volatile elements (Zn, Se, Rb, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Bi) during solution-mode ICP-MS." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 34, no. 9 (2019): 1856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ja00003h.
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Batista-Rodríguez, José Alberto, and Marco Antonio Pérez-Flores. "Contribution of ERT on the Study of Ag-Pb-Zn, Fluorite, and Barite Deposits in Northeast Mexico." Minerals 11, no. 3 (2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030249.
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The results on the effectiveness of five 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey profiles for Ag-Pb-Zn, fluorite, and barite exploration Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) and on the magmatic deposits of northeast Mexico, are presented. The profiles were made in areas with mining activities or mineralization outcrops. Schlumberger, dipole-dipole, and Wenner array configurations were used on the measurements. The results showed that electric resistivity can be used to distinguish between mineralized zones. In magmatic-type Pb-Zn and MVT Pb-Zn deposits, resistivity values are shown as low. In magmatic-type fluorite and MVT fluorite deposits, as well as the MVT barite deposit, low-resistivity values are related to Fe sulfides and clays. With these results it is possible to connect observed surface mineralization with underground mineralization. New mineralized zones are also found and their geometries, extensions, and dipping are reported. Therefore, lower resistivity values can be linked to mineral bodies with higher Ag-Pb-Zn contents, as well as bodies enriched in Fe sulfides, Fe oxides, and clays in the fluorite and barite mineralizations. In most ERT models, fractures and faults are identified, indicating a structural control on mineralization. From the geoelectric patterns we can infer the magmatic and MVT origin of these mineral deposits.
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Chen, Chen, Xuanbing Wang, Ruidong Xu, et al. "PbO2 modified with TiO2-NTs composite materials with enhanced OER electrocatalytic activity for Zn electrowinning." RSC Advances 11, no. 11 (2021): 6146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08448d.
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Scheffer, Christophe, Alexandre Tarantola, Olivier Vanderhaeghe, et al. "The Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag–Rich Vein and Breccia Detachment-Related Deposits (Greece): Involvement of Evaporated Seawater and Meteoric Fluids During Postorogenic Exhumation." Economic Geology 114, no. 7 (2019): 1415–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4670.
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Abstract The formation of ore deposits in the Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag district was associated with Miocene detachment that accommodated orogenic collapse and exhumation of high-grade nappes across the ductile-brittle transition. This district consists of (1) low-grade porphyry Mo style, (2) Cu-Fe skarn, (3) high-temperature carbonate replacement Pb-Zn-Ag, and (4) vein and breccia Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. The vein and breccia mineralization locally contains high-grade silver in base metal sulfides that are cemented by fluorite and carbonate gangue. The rare earth element contents of these gangue minerals, chondrite-normalized patterns, and fluid inclusion studies suggest that they precipitated from a low-temperature hydrothermal fluid. Primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in fluorite and calcite are characterized by a wide range of homogenization temperatures (92°–207°C) and salinities of up to 17.1 wt % NaCl equiv. Secondary fluid inclusions only represent <5 vol % of the total fluid trapped. Fluids extracted from inclusions in fluorite have values of δD = –82.1 to –47.7‰ (Vienna-standard mean ocean water [V-SMOW]) and δ18O = –10.4 to –5.1‰ (V-SMOW). These data and low ratios of Cl/Br measured by crush-leach analyses for fluids in fluorite (102–315) and calcite (162–188) are compatible with the ore fluid being the result of mixing of meteoric water with evaporated seawater. These data suggest that fluids leading to the deposition of late Pb-Zn-Ag–rich vein- and breccia-style mineralization in Lavrion were related to circulation of mixed evaporated seawater and meteoric fluids that was enhanced by brittle deformation. This contrasts with the fluids of magmatic origin related to the formation of low-grade porphyry Mo, Cu-Fe skarn, and high-temperature carbonate replacement deposits spatially related to the Plaka granodiorite.
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Chutas, N. I., and R. O. Sack. "Ore genesis at La Colorada Ag-Zn-Pb deposit in Zacatecas, Mexico." Mineralogical Magazine 68, no. 6 (2004): 923–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046860231.
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AbstractLa Colorada, in Zacatecas State, Mexico is an epithermal Ag-Zn-Pb system hosted in Mesozoic calcareous sedimentary rocks overlain by Tertiary volcanic rocks. The dominant vein is associated with a fault system that accommodates Tertiary normal and strike-slip faulting. The ore consists of fahlore [(Cu,Ag)10(Zn,Fe)2(Sb,As)4S13], polybasite [(Ag,Cu)16Sb2S11]–pearceite [(Ag,Cu)16As2S11] solid solution, pyrargyrite [Ag3SbS3]–proustite [Ag3AsS3] solid solution, acanthite-argentite [Ag2S], and native silver; associated sulphides include galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The Ag:Sb of the bulk concentrate from the mine is 1.076 and the Ag:Pb is 0.088. Compositions of the assemblages fahlore + pyrargyrite-proustite + sphalerite, and fahlore + polybasite-pearceite solid solution + (Ag,Cu)2S solid solution + sphalerite encapsulated in quartz and sphalerite indicate a primary depositional temperature of ∼325°C for a depth between 725 and 960 m below the inferred palaeosurface, which is in accord with fluid-inclusion data for higher elevations in the mine.
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Oertel, N. "Trend Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentration of the Suspended Matter in the River Danube." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 3 (1994): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0086.
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The systematic investigation of heavy metal content in suspended matter is suitable for distinguishing point and non-point sources and for establishing trends of pollution if the dataset is analysed separately, considering the low and high average water discharge periods. At the examined reach of the Danube (at 1669 km) Ag,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn can be considered as constant and/or intermittent pollutants derived from a few point sources of pollution situated upstream. In the late eighties Ag,Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn concentration of suspended matter had been increased mainly in the range of low average water discharge (LWD), which provides evidence for an increase in emission.
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Sack, R. O., J. V. G. Lynch, and F. Foit. "Fahlore as a petrogenetic indicator: Keno Hill Ag-Pb-Zn District, Yukon, Canada." Mineralogical Magazine 67, no. 5 (2003): 1023–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461036750141.
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AbstractFahlores [~(Cu,Ag)10(Zn,Fe)2Sb4S13] from the Keno Hill mining district, central Yukon, Canada record virtually the entire petrogenetic history of a Cretaceous hydrothermal system extending over 40 km outward from the Mayo Lake granitic pluton. These fahlores are an essential constituent of polymetallic sulphide veins developed in a graphitic Mississippian quartzite, where they occur in association with sphalerite, pyrargyrite, galena and siderite. Fahlores exhibit pronounced east-west zoning in average Ag/(Ag+Cu) and Zn/(Zn+Fe) values, with these simultaneously increasing and decreasing from east to west over 20 km of hydrothermal activity. These zonations are coupled with average Ag/(Ag+Cu) and Zn/(Zn+Fe) values in fahlore roughly paralleling the 300°C isotherm for fahlores in equilibrium with pyrargyrite, miargyrite and sphalerite in the simple system Ag2S-Cu2S-ZnS-FeS-Sb2S3. Early high-Ag, high-Zn fahlores from the eastern and western mines have Ag/(Ag+Cu) and Zn/(Zn+Fe) values requiring temperatures ≥400°C, in agreement with temperatures established from the As-content of arsenopyrite coexisting with pyrite, pyrrhotite and sphalerite. Ag/(Ag+Cu) and Zn/(Zn + Fe) values in later, main-stage fahlores are consistent with the 250–310°C range of temperatures established for boiling of Keno Hill fluids. Finally, Ag- and Fe-rich fahlores were produced by retrograde Fe-Zn exchange with sphalerite or crystallized from late-stage epithermal fluids which produced polybasite, stephanite, acanthite and wire silver. One such fahlore exhibits unmixing into high-Ag and low-Ag varieties. This is the first reported miscibility gap for freibergite fahlores and confirms the earlier prediction of such gaps.
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Jian, Long, Jian Guo Gao, and Yan Dao. "The Elemental Association Characteristics of Pb-Zn Deposits in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Border Area in Southwest China." Advanced Materials Research 868 (December 2013): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.117.
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The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border region is one part of energy sources, and is the regions with most abundant petroleum mineral resources. This paper presents ore characteristics, the characteristics of the associations of primary minerals and gangues, concluding association between Lead-zinc ore and element combination in ore occurrences in Pb-Zn deposits, which summarize common element in Lead-zinc ore of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Cd, Ge, As, Sb, Hg, Bi, Sn, Mn, Ba and so on.