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Journal articles on the topic 'Persistent developmental stuttering'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Kumar, Amardeep, and Sabish Balan. "Fluoxetine for Persistent Developmental Stuttering." Clinical Neuropharmacology 30, no. 1 (2007): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnf.0000240950.18821.19.

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2

Ranjan, Sanjeev, Vinit Sawhney, and Prabha S. Chandra. "Persistent developmental stuttering: treatment with risperidone." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 2 (2006): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01774_1.x.

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3

Sommer, Martin, Kathrin Knappmeyer, Evke Jane Hunter, Alexander Wolffvon Gudenberg, Nicole Neef, and Walter Paulus. "Normal interhemispheric inhibition in persistent developmental stuttering." Movement Disorders 24, no. 5 (2009): 769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22383.

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4

Tran, Nancy L., Gerald A. Maguire, David L. Franklin, and Glyndon D. Riley. "Case Report of Aripiprazole for Persistent Developmental Stuttering." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28, no. 4 (2008): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e31817ea9ad.

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5

Corbera, S., M. J. Corral, C. Escera, and M. A. Idiazabal. "Abnormal speech sound representation in persistent developmental stuttering." Neurology 65, no. 8 (2005): 1246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000180969.03719.81.

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6

Mock, Jeffrey R., Anne L. Foundas, and Edward J. Golob. "Speech preparation in adults with persistent developmental stuttering." Brain and Language 149 (October 2015): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2015.05.009.

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7

Foundas, A. L., D. M. Corey, V. Angeles, A. M. Bollich, E. Crabtree-Hartman, and K. M. Heilman. "Atypical cerebral laterality in adults with persistent developmental stuttering." Neurology 61, no. 10 (2003): 1378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000094320.44334.86.

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8

Dias, Fernando Machado Vilhena, Patrícia Matos Pereira, Flavia Costa de Proença Doyle, and Antônio Lúcio Teixeira. "Psychiatric Disorders in a Patient With Persistent Developmental Stuttering." Clinical Neuropharmacology 34, no. 5 (2011): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0b013e31822b9ead.

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9

Frigerio-Domingues, Carlos E., Zoi Gkalitsiou, Alexandra Zezinka, et al. "Genetic factors and therapy outcomes in persistent developmental stuttering." Journal of Communication Disorders 80 (July 2019): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.03.007.

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10

Kronfeld-Duenias, Vered, Ofer Amir, Ruth Ezrati-Vinacour, Oren Civier, and Michal Ben-Shachar. "Dorsal and ventral language pathways in persistent developmental stuttering." Cortex 81 (August 2016): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.001.

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11

Donaher, Joseph, Christina Deery, and Sarah Vogel. "The Preschool Stuttering Screen for Health Care Professionals." Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders 21, no. 2 (2011): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/ffd21.2.59.

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Healthcare professionals require a thorough understanding of stuttering since they frequently play an important role in the identification and differential diagnosis of stuttering for preschool children. This paper introduces The Preschool Stuttering Screen for Healthcare Professionals (PSSHP) which highlights risk factors identified in the literature as being associated with persistent stuttering. By integrating the results of the checklist with a child’s developmental profile, healthcare professionals can make better-informed, evidence-based decisions for their patients.

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12

Watkins, Ruth V., Ehud Yairi, and Nicoline Grinager Ambrose. "Early Childhood Stuttering III." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 5 (1999): 1125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4205.1125.

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This investigation evaluated the expressive language abilities of 84 preschool-age children who stuttered, 62 who recovered from stuttering, and 22 who persisted in stuttering. The participants were identical to those identified in E. Yairi and N. G. Ambrose (1999) and E. Paden, E. Yairi, and N. G. Ambrose (1999). A range of lexical, morphological, and syntactic measures—calculated from spontaneous language samples of approximately 250–300 utterances in length collected relatively near stuttering onset—were used to examine the children's expressive language skills. For the purpose of analysis and comparison to normative data, children were grouped into three age intervals, in terms of the age at which they entered the study (2- to 3-year-olds, 3- to 4-year-olds, and 4- to 5-year-olds). Findings revealed similarity in the expressive language abilities of children whose stuttering persisted as opposed to abated at all age intervals. In addition, persistent and recovered stutterers displayed expressive language abilities near or above developmental expectations, based on comparison with normative data, at all age intervals. Children who entered the study at the youngest age level consistently demonstrated expressive language abilities well above normative expectations; this pattern was found for both persistent and recovered groups. These findings provide relatively limited information to assist in the early differentiation of persistence in or recovery from stuttering, but they do shed light on theoretical issues regarding the nature and character of early stuttering and potential associations with language learning.

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13

Reitzes, Peter, and Greg Snyder. "The Infusion of Interactive Digital Media With Self-Help and Stuttering Treatment." Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders 19, no. 1 (2009): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/ffd19.1.28.

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Abstract Limitations in the science of stuttering and stuttering therapy result in a failure to eradicate the stuttering phenomenon in clients with persistent developmental stuttering. Subsequently, many clients who stutter continue to live with the negative social consequences of stuttered speech, which include the potential for social marginalization and a reduction in quality of life. Consequently, current stuttering treatments, as well as a grass-roots self-help movement, have evolved to address these challenges faced by the stuttering population. This paper discusses the application of self-help styled interactive content over a digital media, in the form of audio and video podcasting, in stuttering support and treatment.

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14

Yairi, Ehud, and Nicoline Grinager Ambrose. "Early Childhood Stuttering I." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 5 (1999): 1097–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4205.1097.

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The divergent developmental course of stuttering with its two major paths, persistency and spontaneous (unaided) recovery, has been a focus of scientific attention because of its critical theoretical, research, and clinical perspectives. Issues concerning factors underlying persistency and recovery and their implications for early intervention have stirred considerable controversy among scientists. In light of the intense interest, the scarcity of direct essential epidemiological data concerning the magnitude of the two paths and the timing of recovery is problematic. Most past studies have used retrospective methodologies. The few longitudinal studies have been severely limited in scope or objective data. The purpose of the investigation reported herein is to study the pathognomonic course of stuttering during its first several years in early childhood with special reference to the occurrence of persistent and spontaneously recovered forms of the disorder. Employing longitudinal methodology with thorough, frequent periodic follow-up observations, multiple testing, and recording of extensive speech samples, 147 preschool children who stutter have been closely followed for several years from near the onset of stuttering. In this, the first of three related articles, we present findings regarding the current stuttering status of 84 of these children, who have been followed for a minimum of 4 years after their onset of stuttering. The data indicate continuous diminution in the frequency and severity of stuttering over time as many children progressed toward recovery. Our findings lead to conservative estimates of 74% overall recovery and 26% persistency rates. The process of reaching complete recovery varied in length among the children and was distributed over a period of 4 years after onset. Detailed analyses of phonological and language skills pertaining to differentiation of the developmental paths of children who persist and those who recover are presented in the two other articles in the series (E. P. Paden et al., 1999, and R. V. Watkins et al., 1999).

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15

Sommer, Martin, Martin A. Koch, Walter Paulus, Cornelius Weiller, and Christian Büchel. "Disconnection of speech-relevant brain areas in persistent developmental stuttering." Lancet 360, no. 9330 (2002): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09610-1.

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16

Kang, Changsoo, and Dennis Drayna. "A role for inherited metabolic deficits in persistent developmental stuttering." Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 107, no. 3 (2012): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.07.020.

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17

Maguire, Gerald, David Franklin, Nick G. Vatakis, et al. "Exploratory Randomized Clinical Study of Pagoclone in Persistent Developmental Stuttering." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 30, no. 1 (2010): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181caebbe.

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18

Viswanath, Nagalapura, Hee Suk Lee, and Ranajit Chakraborty. "Evidence for a Major Gene Influence on Persistent Developmental Stuttering." Human Biology 76, no. 3 (2004): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hub.2004.0050.

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19

Kronfeld-Duenias, Vered, Oren Civier, Ofer Amir, Ruth Ezrati-Vinacour, and Michal Ben-Shachar. "White matter pathways in persistent developmental stuttering: Lessons from tractography." Journal of Fluency Disorders 55 (March 2018): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.09.002.

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20

Neef, Nicole E., Christoph Bütfering, Tibor Auer, et al. "Altered morphology of the nucleus accumbens in persistent developmental stuttering." Journal of Fluency Disorders 55 (March 2018): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.04.002.

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21

Belyk, Michel, Shelly Jo Kraft, and Steven Brown. "Stuttering as a trait or a state revisited: motor system involvement in persistent developmental stuttering." European Journal of Neuroscience 45, no. 4 (2017): 622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13512.

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22

Boley, Nathaniel, Sanath Patil, Emily O. Garnett, et al. "Association Between Gray Matter Volume Variations and Energy Utilization in the Brain: Implications for Developmental Stuttering." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 6S (2021): 2317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00325.

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Purpose The biological mechanisms underlying developmental stuttering remain unclear. In a previous investigation, we showed that there is significant spatial correspondence between regional gray matter structural anomalies and the expression of genes linked to energy metabolism. In the current study, we sought to further examine the relationship between structural anomalies in the brain in children with persistent stuttering and brain regional energy metabolism. Method High-resolution structural MRI scans were acquired from 26 persistent stuttering and 44 typically developing children. Voxel-based morphometry was used to quantify the between-group gray matter volume (GMV) differences across the whole brain. Group differences in GMV were then compared with published values for the pattern of glucose metabolism measured via F 18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the brains of 29 healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography. Results A significant positive correlation between GMV differences and F 18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was found in the left hemisphere (ρ = .36, p < .01), where speech-motor and language processing are typically localized. No such correlation was observed in the right hemisphere (ρ = .05, p = .70). Conclusions Corroborating our previous gene expression studies, the results of the current study suggest a potential connection between energy metabolism and stuttering. Brain regions with high energy utilization may be particularly vulnerable to anatomical changes associated with stuttering. Such changes may be further exacerbated when there are sharp increases in brain energy utilization, which coincides with the developmental period of rapid speech/language acquisition and the onset of stuttering during childhood. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14110454

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23

Andrade, Claudia Regina Furquim de, Fernanda Chiarion Sassi, Fabiola Juste, and Lucia Iracema Zanotto de Mendonça. "Persistent developmental stuttering as a cortical-subcortical dysfunction: evidence from muscle activation." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 66, no. 3b (2008): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2008000500010.

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BACKGROUND: One contemporary view of stuttering posits that speech disfluencies arise from anomalous speech motor control. PURPOSE: To verify the rest muscle tension and speech reaction time of fluent and stuttering adults. METHOD: 22 adults, divided in two groups: G1 - 11 fluent individuals; G2 - 11 stutterers. Electromyography recordings (inferior orbicularis oris) were collected in two different situations: during rest and in a reaction time activity. RESULTS: The groups were significantly different considering rest muscle tension (G2 higher recordings) and did not differ when considering speech reaction time and muscle activity during speech. There was a strong positive correlation between speech reaction time and speech muscle activity for G2 - the longer the speech reaction time, the higher the muscle activity during speech. CONCLUSION: In addition to perceptible episodes of speech disfluency, stutterers exhibit anomalies in speech motor output during fluent speech. Correlations with a possible cortical-subcortical disorder are discussed.

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24

Ibraheem, OlaA, and AmalS Quriba. "Auditory neural encoding of speech in adults with persistent developmental stuttering." Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology 30, no. 2 (2014): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1012-5574.133221.

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25

Gray-Holland, Susan, Namrata Shah, and Shanti Thirumalai. "Are we overlooking Tourette syndrome in children with persistent developmental stuttering?" Journal of Pediatric Neurology 05, no. 02 (2015): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1557378.

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26

Conner, Peggy S. "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Application to Remediation of Persistent Developmental Stuttering." Brain Stimulation 10, no. 1 (2017): e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.069.

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27

Kronfeld-Duenias, Vered, Ofer Amir, Ruth Ezrati-Vinacour, Oren Civier, and Michal Ben-Shachar. "The frontal aslant tract underlies speech fluency in persistent developmental stuttering." Brain Structure and Function 221, no. 1 (2014): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0912-8.

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28

Walsh, Bridget, Anna Bostian, Seth E. Tichenor, Barbara Brown, and Christine Weber. "Disfluency Characteristics of 4- and 5-Year-Old Children Who Stutter and Their Relationship to Stuttering Persistence and Recovery." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 8 (2020): 2555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00395.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to document disfluency behaviors expressed by 4- and 5-year-old children who stutter and to identify whether stuttering characteristics at this age are predictive of later stuttering recovery or persistence. Method We analyzed spontaneous speech samples from 47 children diagnosed with developmental stuttering when they were 4–5 years old. Based on their eventual diagnosis made the final year of participation in the longitudinal study when the children were 6–9 years old, the children were divided into two groups: children who eventually recovered from stuttering ( n = 29) and children who were persisting ( n = 18). We calculated a composite weighted stuttering-like disfluency (SLD) index of overall severity that considers the frequency, type, and number of repetition units of SLDs. The frequency and type of typical disfluencies were also examined. Results Higher weighted SLD scores at ages 4–5 years were associated with a higher probability of persistent stuttering. The weighted SLD also significantly discriminated between children who would eventually be diagnosed as persisting or recovered from stuttering. The frequency and type of typical disfluency did not distinguish the two groups of children; however, children who were persisting had significantly higher frequencies of part-word repetitions and dysrhythmic phonations (i.e., blocks, prolongations, and broken words) and maximum number of part-word repetitions compared to children who eventually recovered from stuttering. Conclusions Previous findings in younger, 2- to 3-year-old children who stutter did not suggest a relationship between the severity and type of children's SLDs and their eventual stuttering outcome. Yet, by the age of 4–5 years, we found that the weighted SLD, a clinically applicable tool, may be used to help identify children at greater risk for stuttering persistence. We propose that the weighted SLD be considered, along with other predictive factors, when assessing risk of stuttering persistence in 4- and 5-year-old children who are stuttering.

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Buzzeti, Paula Bianca Meireles de Moura, and Cristiane Moço Canhetti de Oliveira. "Immediate effect of delayed auditory feedback on stuttering-like disfluencies." Revista CEFAC 20, no. 3 (2018): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216201820319417.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the immediate effects of delayed auditory feedback on stuttering-like disfluencies in people who stutter. Methods: a cross-sectional and experimental study. The effect of delayed auditory feedback was analyzed in thirty individuals, from eight to 46 years old, diagnosed with persistent developmental stuttering. Participants should present at least 3% of stuttering-like disfluencies and mild stuttering according to the Stuttering Severity Instrument. The following procedures were used: audiological evaluation, fluency evaluation in two listening situations - with Non-altered and delayed auditory feedback - and the Stuttering Severity Instrument. The Fono Tools software was used to cause the delay effect. Data analysis was performed using pertinent statistical tests. Results: there was no decrease in most stuttering-like disfluencies. There was a statistically significant reduction in word repetition and flow of syllables per minute. Conclusion: the delay in auditory feedback caused, as an immediate effect, the reduction of word repetition and speech rate, in syllables per minute.

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30

Huang, Hsin-hsin, and Mark Pfuetze. "Using EMDR to Address Social Anxiety With Clients Who Stutter: Treatment Considerations." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 15, no. 1 (2021): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/emdr-d-20-00035.

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This article describes the treatment considerations when providing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to treat clients who stutter. Since stuttering is often developed in childhood and persists into adulthood, it has long-term impacts on the educational, social, psychological, and professional development of those who stutter. While stuttering can present with physiological impairments not amendable to psychological interventions, EMDR therapy may effectively decrease the psychological stressors (such as social anxiety and shame) that can intensify stuttering. The authors present an extensive literature review on the traumatic experiences and adverse effects of stuttering. They also discuss essential treatment guidelines when using EMDR to work with people who stutter (PWS), including processing developmental trauma when stuttering, experiences of being bullied because of stuttering, shame and internalized negative self-statements, distrust of one's body due to inability to control one's speaking, and the social anxiety and avoidance in dealing with triggering situations. The clinical instructions are illustrated with a case example of a 40-year-old college professor who experienced anxiety and shame related to persistent developmental stuttering, and who sought treatment due to difficulties speaking in front of his classes. After completing 20 sessions of EMDR therapy, the client reported decreased social anxiety and shame and was able to teach courses comfortably. Further research considerations using EMDR treatment with PWS are recommended.

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31

BODUR, SAHIN, YASEMIN TAS TORUN, HESNA GÜL, et al. "Parental attitudes in children with persistent developmental stuttering: a case-control study." Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) 46, no. 4 (2019): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000204.

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32

Yang, Yang, Fanlu Jia, Peter T. Fox, Wai Ting Siok, and Li Hai Tan. "Abnormal neural response to phonological working memory demands in persistent developmental stuttering." Human Brain Mapping 40, no. 1 (2018): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24366.

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33

Foundas, A. L., A. M. Bollich, D. M. Corey, M. Hurley, and K. M. Heilman. "Anomalous anatomy of speech-language areas in adults with persistent developmental stuttering." Neurology 57, no. 2 (2001): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.57.2.207.

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34

Perkins, William H. "Anomalous anatomy of speech–language areas in adults with persistent developmental stuttering." Neurology 58, no. 2 (2002): 332.2–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.58.2.332-a.

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35

GIRAUD, A. "Severity of dysfluency correlates with basal ganglia activity in persistent developmental stuttering." Brain and Language 104, no. 2 (2008): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2007.04.005.

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36

Bharadwaj, Ashwin, and Chittaranjan Andrade. "Efficacy of aripiprazole in severe, persistent, socially- and occupationally-impairing developmental stuttering." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 48 (February 2020): 101861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101861.

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37

Busan, Pierpaolo, Giovanni Del Ben, Simona Bernardini, et al. "Altered Modulation of Silent Period in Tongue Motor Cortex of Persistent Developmental Stuttering in Relation to Stuttering Severity." PLOS ONE 11, no. 10 (2016): e0163959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163959.

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38

Chow, Ho Ming, Emily O. Garnett, Hua Li, et al. "Linking Lysosomal Enzyme Targeting Genes and Energy Metabolism with Altered Gray Matter Volume in Children with Persistent Stuttering." Neurobiology of Language 1, no. 3 (2020): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/nol_a_00017.

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Developmental stuttering is a childhood onset neurodevelopmental disorder with an unclear etiology. Subtle changes in brain structure and function are present in both children and adults who stutter. It is a highly heritable disorder, and 12–20% of stuttering cases may carry a mutation in one of four genes involved in intracellular trafficking. To better understand the relationship between genetics and neuroanatomical changes, we used gene expression data from the Allen Institute for Brain Science and voxel-based morphometry to investigate the spatial correspondence between gene expression patterns and differences in gray matter volume between children with persistent stuttering ( n = 26, and 87 scans) and their fluent peers ( n = 44, and 139 scans). We found that the expression patterns of two stuttering-related genes ( GNPTG and NAGPA) from the Allen Institute data exhibited a strong positive spatial correlation with the magnitude of between-group gray matter volume differences. Additional gene set enrichment analyses revealed that genes whose expression was highly correlated with the gray matter volume differences were enriched for glycolysis and oxidative metabolism in mitochondria. Because our current study did not examine the participants’ genomes, these results cannot establish the direct association between genetic mutations and gray matter volume differences in stuttering. However, our results support further study of the involvement of lysosomal enzyme targeting genes, as well as energy metabolism in stuttering. Future studies assessing variations of these genes in the participants’ genomes may lead to increased understanding of the biological mechanisms of the observed spatial relationship between gene expression and gray matter volume.

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Balamurali, G., S. Bukhari, J. Carter, and A. Sofat. "Improvement of persistent developmental stuttering after surgical excision of a left perisylvian meningioma." British Journal of Neurosurgery 24, no. 4 (2010): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2010.489654.

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40

Mozaffarilegha, Marjan, and Hojjat Adeli. "Visibility graph analysis of speech evoked auditory brainstem response in persistent developmental stuttering." Neuroscience Letters 696 (March 2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.12.015.

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41

Max, Ludo, Mahrukh Kadri, Takashi Mitsuya, and Venu Balasubramanian. "Similar within-utterance loci of dysfluency in acquired neurogenic and persistent developmental stuttering." Brain and Language 189 (February 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2018.12.003.

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42

Tendera, A., R. Wells, M. Belyk, D. Varyvoda, C. A. Boliek, and D. S. Beal. "Motor sequence learning in children with recovered and persistent developmental stuttering: preliminary findings." Journal of Fluency Disorders 66 (December 2020): 105800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105800.

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43

Hall, Kelly Dailey, Ofer Amir, and Ehud Yairi. "A Longitudinal Investigation of Speaking Rate in Preschool Children Who Stutter." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 6 (1999): 1367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1367.

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Both clinical and theoretical interest in stuttering as a disorder of speech motor control has led to numerous investigations of speaking rate in people who stutter. The majority of these studies, however, has been conducted with adult and school-age groups. Most studies of preschoolers have included older children. Despite the ongoing theoretical and clinical focus on speaking rate in young children who stutter and their parents, no longitudinal or cross-sectional studies have been conducted to answer questions about the possible developmental link between stuttering and the rate of speech, or about differences in rate development between preschool children who stutter and normally fluent children. This investigation compared changes in articulatory rate over a period of 2 years in subgroups of preschool-age children who stutter and normally fluent children. Within the group of stuttering children, comparisons also were made between those who exhibited persistent stuttering and those who eventually recovered without intervention. Furthermore, the study compared two metrics of articulatory rate. Spontaneous speech samples, collected longitudinally over a 2-year period, were analyzed acoustically to determine speaking rate measured in number of syllables and phones per second. Results indicated no differences among the 3 groups when articulation rate was measured in syllables per second. Using the phones per second measure, however, significant group differences were found when comparing the control group to the recovered and persistent groups.

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Tavano, Alessandro, Pierpaolo Busan, Massimo Borelli, and Giovanna Pelamatti. "Risperidone Reduces Tic-Like Motor Behaviors and Linguistic Dysfluencies in Severe Persistent Developmental Stuttering." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 31, no. 1 (2011): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e318205694f.

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45

Jossinger, Sivan, Vered Kronfeld-Duenias, Avital Zislis, Ofer Amir, and Michal Ben-Shachar. "Speech rate association with cerebellar white-matter diffusivity in adults with persistent developmental stuttering." Brain Structure and Function 226, no. 3 (2021): 801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02210-7.

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46

Garnett, Emily O., Ho Ming Chow, and Soo-Eun Chang. "Neuroanatomical Correlates of Childhood Stuttering: MRI Indices of White and Gray Matter Development That Differentiate Persistence Versus Recovery." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 8S (2019): 2986–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-csmc7-18-0356.

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Purpose We review two recent neuroanatomical studies of children who stutter (CWS), one that examines white matter integrity and the other that focuses on cortical gray matter morphology. In both studies, we sought to examine differences between children whose stuttering persists (“persistent”), children who recovered from stuttering (“recovered”), and their nonstuttering peers (“controls”). Method Both of the reviewed studies use data from a large pediatric sample spanning preschool- to school-age children (3–10 years old at initial testing). Study 1 focused on surface-based measures of cortical size (thickness) and shape (gyrification) using structural magnetic resonance imaging, whereas Study 2 utilized diffusion tensor imaging to examine white matter integrity. Results In both studies, the main difference that emerged between CWS and fluent peers encompassed left hemisphere speech motor areas that are interconnected via the arcuate fasciculus. In the case of white matter integrity, the temporoparietal junction and posterior superior temporal gyrus, both connected via the left arcuate fasciculus, and regions along the corpus callosum that contain fibers connecting bilateral motor regions were significantly decreased in white matter integrity in CWS compared to controls. In the morphometric study, children who would go on to have persistent stuttering specifically had lower cortical thickness in ventral motor and premotor areas of the left hemisphere. Conclusion These results point to aberrant development of cortical areas involved in integrating sensory feedback with speech movements in CWS and differences in interhemispheric connectivity between the two motor cortices. Furthermore, developmental trajectories in these areas seem to diverge between persistent and recovered cases.

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Han, Tae-Un, John Park, Carlos F. Domingues, et al. "A study of the role of the FOXP2 and CNTNAP2 genes in persistent developmental stuttering." Neurobiology of Disease 69 (September 2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.019.

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Forster, David C., and William G. Webster. "Speech-Motor Control and Interhemispheric Relations in Recovered and Persistent Stuttering." Developmental Neuropsychology 19, no. 2 (2001): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn1902_1.

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Tahaei, Ali Akbar, Hassan Ashayeri, Akram Pourbakht, and Mohammad Kamali. "Speech Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response in Stuttering." Scientifica 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/328646.

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Auditory processing deficits have been hypothesized as an underlying mechanism for stuttering. Previous studies have demonstrated abnormal responses in subjects with persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) at the higher level of the central auditory system using speech stimuli. Recently, the potential usefulness of speech evoked auditory brainstem responses in central auditory processing disorders has been emphasized. The current study used the speech evoked ABR to investigate the hypothesis that subjects with PDS have specific auditory perceptual dysfunction.Objectives. To determine whether brainstem responses to speech stimuli differ between PDS subjects and normal fluent speakers.Methods. Twenty-five subjects with PDS participated in this study. The speech-ABRs were elicited by the 5-formant synthesized syllable/da/, with duration of 40 ms.Results. There were significant group differences for the onset and offset transient peaks. Subjects with PDS had longer latencies for the onset and offset peaks relative to the control group.Conclusions. Subjects with PDS showed a deficient neural timing in the early stages of the auditory pathway consistent with temporal processing deficits and their abnormal timing may underlie to their disfluency.

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Giorgetti, Marília de Paula, Cristiane Moço Canhetti de Oliveira, and Célia Maria Giacheti. "Behavioral and social competency profiles of stutterers." CoDAS 27, no. 1 (2015): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20152013065.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the behavioral and social competency profiles of individuals who stutter and to compare them with persons who do not stutter, according to their parents; to correlate the behavioral and the social competence performances with the severity of stuttering. METHODS: Sixty-four participants, aged 6 to 18 years, of both genders, were divided into two groups: the study group (SG), composed of 32 individuals with persistent developmental stuttering, and the control group (CG), composed of 32 fluent individuals. The procedures used were fluency assessment, stuttering severity instrument, and the Child Behavior Checklist inventory. RESULTS: In the behavioral profile of the SG, the mean of the total score and that of the internalizing problems were classified as clinical. The comparison between the groups showed differences in the behavioral profile concerning the total score, and in the internalizing and externalizing problems; and in the social profile, concerning the total score and activity scale. There were no statistically significant differences in the scales among the mild, moderate, and severe stuttering. CONCLUSION: According to the information provided by parents, children who stutter showed peculiar behavior and social competence, with a higher tendency to manifest alterations in this area, in comparison to those who do not stutter. Fear, nervousness/tension, guilt, anxiety, perfectionism, and worry were the most frequent alterations in relation to the behavior, whereas damages in the social field and in the habitual communication situations characterized the social competence of persons who stutter.

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