Academic literature on the topic 'Phloem. Woody plants'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Phloem. Woody plants.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Phloem. Woody plants"
1
Robert, Elisabeth M. R., Nele Schmitz, Paul Copini, Edo Gerkema, Frank J. Vergeldt, Carel W. Windt, Hans Beeckman, Nico Koedam, and Henk Van As. "Visualization of the stem water content of two genera with secondary phloem produced by successive cambia through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)." Journal of Plant Hydraulics 1 (October 6, 2014): e006. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/jph.2014.e006.
Full textAbstract:
Shrubs and trees with secondary phloem tissue produced by successive cambia mainly occur in habitats characterized by a periodical or continuous lack of water availability. The amount of this secondary phloem tissue in stems of Avicennia trees rises with increasing soil water salinity and decreasing inundation frequency. Hence, increased water storage in secondary phloem tissue produced by successive cambia was put forward to be advantageous in harsh environmental conditions. It was however never tested whether the secondary phloem cells over the entire stem of woody species showing this wood anatomical feature are indeed water-filled as expected. In this preliminary and pioneering study, we use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the stem water content of three species with successive cambia, the mangroves Avicennia marina and A. officinalis and the non-mangrove Bougainvillea spectabilis. Measurements were conducted in living plants. We tested the hypothesis that not only the outermost phloem tissue has high water content but also the secondary phloem tissues over the entire stem from the bark inward to the pith, herewith serving as water storage sites. We can conclude that all secondary phloem tissue of both Bougainvillea and Avicennia has high water contents. This aligns with the contribution of secondary phloem tissue produced by successive cambia to ecological success in conditions of physiological drought. Further study should however be done to understand the mechanisms through which this secondary phloem tissue contributes to the water household of plants in conditions of water shortage.
2
Sun, Yiming, Sha Ren, Shenglong Ye, Qiaoyan Tian, and Keming Luo. "Identification and Functional Characterization of PtoMYB055 Involved in the Regulation of the Lignin Biosynthesis Pathway in Populus tomentosa." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 4857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144857.
Full textAbstract:
Wood, which is mainly composed of lignified secondary cell wall, is the most abundant biomass in woody plants. Previous studies have revealed that R2R3-type MYB transcription factors are important regulators of the formation of the secondary cell wall in vascular plants. In this study, we isolated the R2R3-type MYB transcription factor gene PtoMYB055, which is mainly expressed in xylem and phloem tissue, from Populus tomentosa and demonstrate that PtoMYB055 is a key regulator of lignin biosynthesis. PtoMYB055 as a transcriptional activator is localized to the nucleus. Overexpression of PtoMYB055 upregulates expression of lignin biosynthetic genes in transgenic poplar plants, resulting in ectopic deposition of lignin in phloem tissue and an increase in thickness of the secondary cell wall. In sum, PtoMYB055 is a transcriptional activator that is involved in regulating lignin biosynthesis during the formation of the secondary cell wall in poplar.
3
Petit, Giai, and Alan Crivellaro. "Comparative axial widening of phloem and xylem conduits in small woody plants." Trees 28, no. 3 (March 17, 2014): 915–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014-1006-1.
Full text
4
Casey, Christine A., and Michael J. Raupp. "Effect of Supplemental Nitrogen Fertilization on the Movement and Injury of Azalea Lace Bug (Stephanitis pyrioides(Scott)) to Container-grown Azaleas." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 17, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-17.2.95.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Certain arthropods feed selectively and perform better on plants and plant tissues with elevated levels of nitrogen. Yet it is a common practice to use supplemental nitrogen in the production and maintenance of woody landscape plants. The link between elevated nitrogen levels and improved performance of herbivorous arthropods is particularly strong for sap suckers in the order Heteroptera, the majority of which are phloem feeders. There have been no studies to date on the effects of fertilization of woody plants on important mesophyll-feeding Heteroptera, such as azalea lace bug. We examined the relationship between the movement and injury of azalea lace bug and levels of fertilization of azaleas. The objective of this study was to determine if this insect responded to supplemental nitrogen fertilization in a way similar to many phloem-feeding Heteroptera and mesophyll-feeding Acarina. In these taxa, numerous studies documented improved performance and increased host plant injury as a result of supplemental nitrogen fertilization. We measured injury and colonization by azalea lace bug of azaleas receiving four levels of nitrogen fertilization. Plants with elevated nitrogen levels were preferentially chosen by azalea lace bug but did not exhibit greater levels of leaf injury.
5
Schweingruber, Fritz Hans. "Annual Growth Rings and Growth Zones in Woody Plants in Southern Australia." IAWA Journal 13, no. 4 (1992): 359–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001290.
Full textAbstract:
Cross sections of 760 trunks of approximately 670 species from 47 families of shrubs, dwarf shrubs, and trees were examined to study the incidence and appearance of different categories of growth zones. In montane/alpine sites with relatively cool winter temperatures all the woody plants form distinct growth rings similar to those seen in boreal and temperate regions throughout the world, and thus these rings are considered to represent annual rings. Most species from this phytogeographical zone are useful for crossdating. In the savannahs, the jarrah and karri woodlands of the southwest and the subtropical rain forests of the southeast identifiable growth zones are formed in most species. The approximate age of the woods can be determined, but crossdating is difficult or impossible. In the desert areas woody plants form irregular growth zones, the number of which may correspond to the incidence of rainfall, and age determination and crossdating is mostly impossible. Members of the well-studied families Cupressaceae, Epacridaceae and Myrtaceae form growth zones that are more distinct than the Mimosaceae and Proteaceae. Included phloem is present in all Chenopodiaceae, one Loranthaceae and two species of Verbenaceae.
6
Povilus, Rebecca A., Jeffrey M. DaCosta, Christopher Grassa, Prasad R. V. Satyaki, Morgan Moeglein, Johan Jaenisch, Zhenxiang Xi, et al. "Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (March 31, 2020): 8649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922873117.
Full textAbstract:
For more than 225 million y, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ∼140 million y ago (MYA), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium, the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem, which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here, we sequenced and assembled a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compared it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (e.g., monocots and Nelumbo). This revealed lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also found the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent loss of vascular cambium reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent events of trait loss. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness—one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.
7
Raven, J. A. "The physiology ofSalix." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 98 (1992): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007442.
Full textAbstract:
SynopsisSalixhas many physiological features in common with other deciduous woody plants, e.g. C3photosynthesis, occurrence of latitudinal photoperiodic ecotypes, and organic N (no) flux to the shoot in the xylem. Special points about the physiology ofSalixspp. which may have impact on their ecology and economic uses include: (i) relatively high (for woody plants) light-saturated rate of photosynthesis on a leaf area or leaf dry weight basis, (ii) sex differences in water (transpiration) costs of growth, (iii) very limited seed longevity and a wide range of temperature and light conditions permitting germination, and (iv) ready rooting and establishment of naturally or artificially detached twigs and branches. Areas in which work onSalixhas been especially influential for the development of plant physiology include: (i) the analysis of phloem functioning using aphids, (ii) the role of photoinhibition under natural conditions, and (iii) the realisation that the woody habit need not constrain the achieved activity of enzymes and hence N-based metabolic rates.
8
Gao, Jing, Steve Arthurs, and Runqian Mao. "Asymmetric Interaction between Aphis spiraecola and Toxoptera citricida on Sweet Orange Induced by Pre-Infestation." Insects 11, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070414.
Full textAbstract:
Indirect interactions between herbivorous insects that share the same host have been focused on insects feeding on herbaceous plants, while few studies investigate similar interactions on woody plants. We investigated performance and feeding behavior of two citrus aphids, Aphis spiraecola Patch and Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy, on sweet orange as affected by prior infestation of conspecifics and heterospecifics. Results showed that pre-infestation-induced interactions between A. spiraecola and T. citricida were asymmetric, with A. spiraecola gaining more fitness. In detail, pre-infestation by A. spiraecola decreased adult weight, enhanced survival rate and accelerated phloem sap acceptance of conspecifics. However, A. spiraecola pre-infestation did not affect performance or feeding behavior of T. citricida. In another infestation sequence, the pre-infestation of T. citricida did not affect conspecifics, but positively affected heterospecifics, indicated as a decreased pre-reproductive period, enhanced survival rate, adult weight, fecundity, and feeding efficiency, i.e., faster access and acceptance of phloem sap, and longer phloem sap ingestion duration. Furthermore, we found A. spiraecola pre-infestation enhanced amino acid concentration, amino acid to sugar ratio, activated salicylic acid and jasmonic acid marker gene expression, while T. citricida pre-infestation only depressed jasmonic acid marker gene expression. Changes in nutrient and phytohormone-dependent defense probably underlie the asymmetric effect.
9
Verdaguer, Dolors, Pedro J. Casero, and Marisa Molinas. "Lateral root development in a woody plant, Quercus suber L. (cork oak)." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-077.
Full textAbstract:
The distribution and the ontogenesis of lateral roots have been investigated in the Mediterranean woody species Quercus suber L. (cork oak). Lateral roots arose in protoxylem-based ranks and a tendency to clumping was observed. Three stages are distinguished in lateral root primordium development. Lateral root primordia are derived mainly from pericycle cells. The endodermis contributed to the initial lateral root development, forming an endodermal cover that sloughs off with lateral root emergence. The unemerged lateral roots show an incipient layered root meristem; this meristem can be classified as a closed type meristem. Primary vascular connection takes place with the xylem strand opposite the lateral root primordium and the two adjacent phloem strands. Primary vascular connector elements are derived from pericyclic derivative cells. Vascular parenchyma cells contribute mainly in the development of the cambium and the subsequent secondary xylem and phloem connector elements. The secondary vascular elements of the lateral root and parent root differentiate in continuity. Vascular connection is discussed in relation to the root vascular plexus described in monocotyledonous and in some herbaceous dicotyledonous plants. An endodermis with suberized lamellae is continuous between the lateral and parent root in emerged lateral roots.Key words: lateral root, development pattern, apical lateral root meristem, root vascular connection, Quercus suber L.
10
Lekhak, Manoj M., Amit D. Gondaliya, Shrirang R. Yadav, and Kishore S. Rajput. "Stem anatomy at various developmental stages of secondary growth in Turbina corymbosa (Convolvulaceae)." Plant Ecology and Evolution 151, no. 2 (August 22, 2018): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2018.1389.
Full textAbstract:
Background – Population growth of lianas in the tropical forest is credited to their ability of CO2 sequestration and efficiency of the narrow stems to supply water required for the amount of foliage it bears. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. (Convolvulaceae Juss.) is one of the fast-growing invasive species of scrambling woody lianas. It covers trees entirely within a short period to compete with above-ground resources (particularly sunlight). However, no information is available on how it manages to cope up with an increasing demand of water supply and mineral nutrients. What are the structural and developmental patterns adapted by this species to expand the stem diameter for efficient supply of below-ground resources? Therefore, our aim was to investigate the secondary growth patterns and structure of secondary xylem and phloem in T. corymbosa.Methods – Several samples of the stem with various diameters were studied using a histological method. Morphological and anatomical analyses were carried out using light microscopy.Key results – With the initiation of secondary growth, stems lose their circular outline rapidly due to unequal deposition of secondary xylem and formation of successive cambia. New successive cambia initiate from parenchymatous cells as small crescent-shaped fragments on asymmetric/opposite sides and result in a different stem conformation. Though several segments of successive cambia are formed, very few stem samples form complete cambium rings. The secondary xylem formed by successive cambia is diffuse porous with indistinct growth rings and is composed of both wide and narrow (fibriform) vessels, tracheids, fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The secondary phloem consists of sieve tube elements, companion cells, axial and ray parenchyma cells. In fully grown plants, cambial action (internal cambium) occurrs between the intraxylary phloem and protoxylem and produces secondary xylem and phloem near the pith region.Conclusion – Structural alterations and unequal deposition of conducting elements, occurrence of intraxylary phloem and flattening of the stem are suggested to facilitate rapid growth of the plants by providing required minerals and nutrients. Internal cambium formed at the periphery of the pith is bidirectional and produces secondary xylem externally and intraxylary phloem internally. Continued development of intraxylary phloem from the internal cambium provides an additional path for rapid and safe translocation of photosynthates.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phloem. Woody plants"
1
Helfter, Carole. "Non-invasive measurements of phloem and xylem sap flow in woody plants by a laser-based heat pulse technique." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2172.
Full textAbstract:
The ambition of the work presented in this thesis is to address the need for nondestructive, repeatable measurements of long-distance transport of photosynthates through the phloem vascular tissue of woody plants. Quantification of long-distance phloem transport is believed to be able to provide information relevant to the forest carbon cycle as well as to a plant's response to changes in its environment. However, due to the fragility of the tissue, invasive techniques such as used routinely for the monitoring of water flow through the xylem are not applicable. Consequently, very little field data on phloem transport rates and patterns are currently available.
Book chapters on the topic "Phloem. Woody plants"
1
Dalton, David R. "Grapevine from Grafting." In The Chemistry of Wine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687199.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
The history of cutting deeply into the vascular tissues of one growing, strong, host plant and then inserting a part of another plant in such a way that they join together is called grafting (originally from the Greek, “graphion” referring to the sharpened end of piece to be inserted, the scion). The original cut into the host plant, the rootstock, is made into the vascular cambium of the plant (i.e., that part of the plant stem that contains the meristem, which is the plant tissue made up of undifferentiated cells where growth can take place). The piece to be grafted, the scion, is also cut to its vascular tissue. The vascular joining is called inosculation, and the process can be traced back to the early cultivation of fruit trees. Healthy, fruit- bearing crops from the stock of the scion rather than that of the rootstock are known to result. That is, the meristem adapts. The vascular cambium itself consists of cells that are already partially specialized (e.g., the “xylem” for the woody tissue that carries water and some water soluble mineral nutrients and the “phloem” for carrying carbohydrates and other similar nutrients). The plan is that the undifferentiated cells, as well as those partially differentiated, will accommodate the scion to the rootstock, and the phloem from the root-stock will learn to feed the growing scion graft. Should the graft “take,” the matured scion will, with the advent of photosynthesis (vide infra), return the favor to the rootstock. Both will profit. One story of the grafting process and the interaction between plants and the insects that feed on the plants as applied to the wine industry has been told often. A family of plant par¬asitic insects which are native to North America, the Phylloxeridae (Genus: Daktulosphaira; Species: vitifolia, Fitch, 1855, commonly called “phylloxera”) were involved. Grapevines in North America had built resistance to some members of the Phylloxeridae family and had, apparently, been able to match genetic changes in the insect with their own changes over the years.