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Journal articles on the topic 'Photonic sensor'
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1
Sharma, Dr Sunil, Prof Chin Shiuh Shieh, Prof Mong-Fong Horng, Dr Riya Sen, Prof Prasun Chakrabarti, and Dr Sandip Das. "V-Grooved Gold-Coated Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Sensitivity Analysis of Tumor Detection in the Near-Infrared Region." Photonics Letters of Poland 17, no. 2 (2025): 42–44. https://doi.org/10.4302/plp.v17i2.1338.
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The proposed study introduced a V-Grooved Gold-Coated Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) sensor, which exhibits top-notch performance in tumor identification when operating in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range from 700–2500 nm. When using a V-groove structure attached to a 0.05 μm gold (Au) coating, it enhances the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect, which improves both light-matter interaction and sensor operational efficiency. Performance analysis in COMSOL Multiphysics demonstrated that the sensor possesses a high sensitivity of 10,714.28 nm/RIU and a resolution of 1.92 × 10⁻⁵ RIU enabling it to detect slight variations in biological tissue refractive index effectively. Response wavelength shifts were confirmed through effective mode index analysis, where strong mode confinement occurred when testing normal cells (RI = 1.35) compared to tumor-infected cells (RI = 1.40–142). The proposed PCF had its confinement loss optimized to remain below 10⁻³ dB/cm, producing minimal propagation loss while keeping optical efficiency high. Full Text: PDF References R.K. Verma, S. Kumar, A. Jindal, "Highly Sensitive V-Grooved SPR PCF Biosensor for Cancer Detection", Optical and Quantum Electronics 55(5) (2022). CrossRef S. Sharma, L. Tharani, "Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Design for Enhanced Tumor Detection: Structural Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis", Photonics Lett. Poland 16(2), 25 (2024). CrossRef S. Yadav et al. "A Novel Approach for Identification of Cancer Cells Using a Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Sensor in the Terahertz Regime", Plasmonics 18(5), 1 (2023). CrossRef A. Yasli, "Cancer Detection with Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Photonic Crystal Fiber Biosensor", Plasmonics 16(12), 1 (2021). CrossRef N. Ayyanar, G.T. Raja, M. Sharma, D.S. Kumar, "Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Refractive Index Sensor for Early Detection of Cancer", IEEE Sensors Journal, 18(17), 7093 (2018). CrossRef S. Sharma, S. Das, C.S. Shieh et al. "Design and Numerical Analysis of a Gold-Coated Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Metabolic Disorder Detection with Deep Learning Assistance", Plasmonics (2025). CrossRef R. Kasztelanic et al., "Influence of the core shape on the quality of fiber sensors based on D-shape fiber", Photon. Lett. Poland 16(3), 43 (2024). CrossRef S. Sharma, L. Tharani, "Photonics for AI and AI for photonics integration : Materials and characteristics", J. Inform. Optim. Sciences 45(3), 805 (2024). CrossRef
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Upadhyay, Jaitesh, Dr Shobi Bagga, and Dr Dhirendra Mathur. "Deep Learning Driven Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis for Lung Cancer Detection Using HC-PCF and Convolutional Neural Networks." Photonics Letters of Poland 17, no. 2 (2025): 45–47. https://doi.org/10.4302/plp.v17i2.1341.
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A Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) detection system for lung cancer diagnosis through deep learning (DL) technology is implemented in a special Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fibre (HC-PCF) sensor platform. COMSOL Multiphysics is used to simulate the HC-PCF. A hexagonal lattice structure of silica material with 1 μm pitch dimensions and 0.5 μm air hole diameters allow for exceptional light guidance and VOC interaction when detecting exhaled breath components. The sensor achieves a remarkable refractive index sensitivity of 920 nm/RIU for detecting cancerous and non-cancerous VOC profiles. The refractive index measurements of lung cancer-related VOC samples fell within 1.380 to 1.392, while VOC samples from healthy patients ranged from 1.350 to 1.360. Sensor spectral response data processing relied on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model that was trained to distinguish different VOC signature patterns. When applied to a dataset of 1,200 breath samples consisting of 600 cancer-positive and 600 healthy specimens, the CNN architecture reached a 96.3% overall classification accuracy combined with 94.7% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity. Full Text: PDF References S. Sharma, L. Tharani, "Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Design for Enhanced Tumor Detection: Structural Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis", Photonics Lett. Poland 16(2), 25 (2024). CrossRef A. Yasli, "Cancer Detection with Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Photonic Crystal Fiber Biosensor", Plasmonics 16, 1605 (2021). CrossRef S. Sharma, S. Das, C.S. Shieh et al. "Design and Numerical Analysis of a Gold-Coated Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Metabolic Disorder Detection with Deep Learning Assistance", Plasmonics (2025). CrossRef N. Ayyanar, G.T. Raja, M. Sharma, D.S. Kumar, "Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Refractive Index Sensor for Early Detection of Cancer", IEEE Sensors Journal 18(17), 7093 (2018). CrossRef S. Sharma, L. Tharani, "Photonics for AI and AI for photonics integration : Materials and characteristics", J. Information and Optimization Sciences 45(3), 805 (2024). CrossRef M. Babińska, A. Władziński, "Enhanced Sensitivity of Absorption Spectroscopy Glucose Detection by Machine Learning", Photonics Lett. Poland 17(1), 16 (2025). CrossRef M. Babińska, A. Władziński, T. Talaśka, M. Szczerska, "Machine Learning Enhanced Optical Fiber Sensor For Detection Of Glucose Low Concentration In Samples Mimicking Tissue", Photonics Lett. Poland 17(1), 20 (2025). CrossRef
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Dhavamani, Vigneshwar, Srijani Chakraborty, S. Ramya, and Somesh Nandi. "Design and Simulation of Waveguide Bragg Grating based Temperature Sensor in COMSOL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2161, no. 1 (2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2161/1/012047.
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Abstract With the advancements in the domain of photonics and optical sensors, Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, owing to their increased advantages, have been researched widely and have proved to be useful in sensing applications. Moreover, the advent of Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) demands the incorporation of optical sensing in waveguides, which can be integrated on silicon photonic chips. In this paper, the design of a sub-micron range Waveguide Bragg Grating (WBG) based temperature sensor with high peak reflectivity and thermal sensitivity is proposed. The flexibility of COMSOL Multiphysics software is explored to simulate the sensor and the results are verified with the analytical values calculated using MATLAB. The simulation is carried out for the proposed design having 16000 gratings and a corresponding peak reflectivity of 0.953 is obtained. A thermal sensitivity of 80 pm/K is achieved, which is approximately eight times better than that of FBG based sensor.
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Mohebbi, M. "Refractive index sensing of gases based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 4, no. 1 (2015): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-209-2015.
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Abstract. Silicon photonic crystal sensors have become very attractive for various optical sensing applications. Using silicon as a material platform provides the ability to fabricate sensors with other photonic devices on a single chip. In this paper, a new optical sensor based on optical resonance in a one-dimensional silicon photonic crystal with an air defect is theoretically studied for refractive index sensing in the infrared wavelength region. The air defect introduces a cavity into the photonic crystal, making it suitable for probing the properties of a gas found within the cavity. This photonic crystal nanocavity is designed to oscillate at a single mode with a high quality factor, allowing for refractive index sensing of gases with a high sensitivity. A method is presented to maximize the sensitivity of the sensor and to obtain a very narrow bandwidth cavity mode for good sensor resolution. We change the thickness of the air layers linearly in the photonic crystals on both sides of the nanocavity and show that a sensitivity of 1200 nm RIU−1 can be achieved. We present a detailed analysis of the sensor and variations of the layer thicknesses, the cavity length, and the number of periodic layers in the photonic crystal are investigated. This optical sensor has a much simpler design and higher sensitivity compared to other photonic crystal sensors reported previously.
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Butt, Muhammad A., Marcin Juchniewicz, Mateusz Słowikowski, Łukasz Kozłowski, and Ryszard Piramidowicz. "Mid-Infrared Photonic Sensors: Exploring Fundamentals, Advanced Materials, and Cutting-Edge Applications." Sensors 25, no. 4 (2025): 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041102.
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Mid-infrared (MIR) photonic sensors are revolutionizing optical sensing by enabling precise chemical and biological detection through the interrogation of molecules’ unique vibrational modes. This review explores the core principles of MIR photonics, emphasizing the light–matter interactions within the 2–20 µm wavelength range. Additionally, it examines innovative sensor architectures, such as integrated photonic platforms and optical fibers, that enhance sensitivity, specificity, and device miniaturization. The discussion extends to groundbreaking applications in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, industrial processes, and security, highlighting the transformative impact of these technologies. This comprehensive overview aims to illuminate the current state-of-the-art while inspiring future developments in MIR photonic sensing.
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Butt, Muhammad A., Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, Svetlana N. Khonina, Grigory S. Voronkov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova, and Ruslan V. Kutluyarov. "A Review on Photonic Sensing Technologies: Status and Outlook." Biosensors 13, no. 5 (2023): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13050568.
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In contemporary science and technology, photonic sensors are essential. They may be made to be extremely resistant to some physical parameters while also being extremely sensitive to other physical variables. Most photonic sensors may be incorporated on chips and operate with CMOS technology, making them suitable for use as extremely sensitive, compact, and affordable sensors. Photonic sensors can detect electromagnetic (EM) wave changes and convert them into an electric signal due to the photoelectric effect. Depending on the requirements, scientists have found ways to develop photonic sensors based on several interesting platforms. In this work, we extensively review the most generally utilized photonic sensors for detecting vital environmental parameters and personal health care. These sensing systems include optical waveguides, optical fibers, plasmonics, metasurfaces, and photonic crystals. Various aspects of light are used to investigate the transmission or reflection spectra of photonic sensors. In general, resonant cavity or grating-based sensor configurations that work on wavelength interrogation methods are preferred, so these sensor types are mostly presented. We believe that this paper will provide insight into the novel types of available photonic sensors.
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Latif, Usman, Adnan Mujahid, Muhammad Zahid, Ghulam Mustafa, and Akhtar Hayat. "Nanostructured Molecularly Imprinted Photonic Polymers for Sensing Applications." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 4 (2020): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190206144415.
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This review article focused on fabrication of sensors by using a combination of highly ordered photonic crystals and molecular imprinted polymers as artificial recognition materials. In this article, we have discussed fundamental principle of photonic crystals, various synthetic approaches and their use in sensing applications. Moreover, nanostructuring of recognition materials, by using photonic crystals, for sensor fabrication and sensing mechanism has also been discussed. Molecular imprinted photonic polymer layers have been applied for developing sensor devices for diverse analytes such as environmental toxins, nerve gas agents, explosives, drug molecules and others. A comprehensive comparison of molecular imprinted photonic polymers based sensor systems has also been summarized in the table which contains all the related information about colloidal structure, polymer system including monomer, cross-linker and initiator as well as target analytes. Finally, emerging strategies and current challenges involved in the design of more efficient molecular imprinted photonic sensors and their possible solutions are also briefly discussed.
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Hoang, Thu Trang, Van Dai Pham, Thanh Son Pham, Khai Q. Le, and Quang Minh Ngo. "Sensitive Near-Infrared Refractive Index Sensors Based on D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fibers." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 11 (2021): 5535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19469.
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We report a numerical study of D-shaped photonic crystal fiber based plasmonic refractive index sensor with high resolution and sensitivity in the near-infrared region. D-shaped photonic crystal fiber is formed by side polishing one part of photonic crystal fiber. It has a polishing surface where plasmonic gold layer is coated to modulate the resonant wavelength and enhance the refractive index sensitivity. Several D-shaped photonic crystal fiber plasmonic sensors with various distances from the photonic crystal fiber’s core to the polishing surface and gold thicknesses are designed and their characteristics are analyzed by the finite element method. The simulation results indicate that distance from the photonic crystal fiber’s core to the polishing surface causes modifications in the loss intensity, the resonant wavelength, and the refractive index sensitivity of D-shaped photonic crystal fiber plasmonic sensor. Mass production of refractive index sensors were achieved using a simple fabrication process, whereby the D-shaped photonic crystal fiber is grinded where distance from the photonic crystal fiber’s core to the polishing surface is less than one layer thickness and then coated with the gold layer. For the refractive index sensing applications, the maxima theoretical resolution and sensitivity of D-shaped photonic crystal fiber plasmonic sensor reach 2.98 × 10 6refractive index unit and 6,140 nm/refractive index unit in range of 1.30–1.37, respectively. We also report an initial fabrication of the D-shaped photonic crystal fiber following the standard stack-and- draw method to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed device by using our in-house equipments. The proposed D-shaped photonic crystal fiber plasmonic sensor design in this work would be useful for the development of cheap refractive index sensors with high sensitivity and resolution.
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Ozer, Zafer, Selami Palaz, Amirullah M. Mamedov, and Ekmel Ozbay. "Multi - Purpose Photonic Crystal-Based Sensor Design by Finite Element Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2315, no. 1 (2022): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2315/1/012040.
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Abstract Due to the full reflection of electromagnetic waves, certain frequencies cannot propagate in photonic crystals. Waveguides and resonators obtained by removing some rods in photonic crystals with band gap are sensitive to small changes in refractive index. Using this sensitivity, photonic crystal-based sensors can be designed for different purposes. The refractive index changes when the sample with different refractive index is placed in the detection area. Sensors sensitive to refractive index change, detect samples with different refractive indices placed in the detection area by shifting the resonant wavelength of the sensor. In this study, photonic crystal-based multi-purpose sensor was designed and analyzed by finite element method. The sensitivity and quality factor of the sensors were examined.
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Chigrinov, Vladimir, Jiatong Sun, and Xiaoqian Wang. "Photoaligning and Photopatterning: New LC Technology." Crystals 10, no. 4 (2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040323.
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We demonstrate a physical model of photoalignment and photopatterning based on rotational diffusion in solid azo-dye nanolayers. We also highlight the new applications of photoalignment and photopatterning in display and photonics such as: (i) liquid crystal (LC) E-paper devices, including optically rewritable LC E-paper on flexible substrates as 3D E-paper, as well as optically rewritable technology for photonics devices; (ii) photonics LC devices, such as LC Switches, polarization controllers and polarization rotators, variable optical attenuators, LC filled photonic crystal fiber, switchable diffraction grating; (iii) patterned micro-polarizer array using photo-alignment technology for image sensor; (iv) electrically tunable liquid crystal q-plates; (v) electrically switchable liquid crystal Fresnel lens; (vi) liquid crystal optical elements with integrated Pancharatnam-Berry phases. We are sure, that in the field of (LC), the main point is no longer display research, but new photonic applications of LC are emerging in telecommunication, fiber optical communication systems, sensors, switchable lenses, LC light converters and other LC photonics devices.
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Chen, Lawrence R., Maria-Iulia Comanici, Parisa Moslemi, Jingjing Hu, and Peter Kung. "A Review of Recent Results on Simultaneous Interrogation of Multiple Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Sensors Using Microwave Photonics." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (2019): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020298.
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We review recent results on exploiting microwave photonics to enable simultaneous interrogation of multiple fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based sensors. In particular, we describe the use of (1) microwave photonic filtering and (2) chirped microwave pulse generation and compression as a means to map the wavelength (spectral) changes in the response of FBG-based sensors (specifically, an in-fiber Fabry-Pérot cavity sensor based on FBGs, FBG sensors directly, and a linearly chirped FBG sensor) to applied temperature (or strain) to the power of a radio-frequency signal (i.e., a wavelength-to-power mapping) or to the correlation peak of the compressed microwave signal. The approaches support high-resolution and high-speed interrogation and can be suitable for large scale sensing networks.
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Cognetti, John S., Daniel J. Steiner, Minhaz Abedin, et al. "Disposable photonics for cost-effective clinical bioassays: application to COVID-19 antibody testing." Lab on a Chip 21, no. 15 (2021): 2913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1lc00369k.
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Rice-sized (1 × 4 mm) silicon nitride ring resonator photonic sensor chips paired with plastic micropillar fluidic cards for sample handling and optical detection yield a “disposable photonics” assay platform.
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Al-Hmoud, Mohannad, and Rasha Alyahyan. "High sensitivity and low detection limit sensor based on a slotted nanobeam cavity." Photonics Letters of Poland 14, no. 3 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i3.1161.
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In this work, the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) method is used to design and analyze a refractive index sensor based on a slotted photonic crystal nanobeam cavity. These type of cavities support a high quality-factor and a small volume, and therefore is attractive for optical sensing. We demonstrate that when immersing our proposed sensor in water it can possess a high-quality factor of 2.0×10^6, high sensitivity of 325 nm/RIU, and a detection limit of 2.4×10^(-7) RIU. We believe that our proposed sensor is a promising candidate for potential applications sensing like in optofluidic- and bio-sensing. Full Text: PDF ReferencesE. Chow, A. Grot, L. Mirkarimi, M. Sigalas, G. Girolami, "Ultracompact biochemical sensor built with two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity", OSA Trends Opt. Photonics Ser. 97 909 (2004). CrossRef S. Kim, H-M. Kim, Y-H. Lee, "Single nanobeam optical sensor with a high Q-factor and high sensitivity", Opt. Lett. 40 5351 (2015). CrossRef D-Q, Yang, B Duan, X, Liu, A-Q, Wang, X-G, Li, Y-F, Ji, "Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities for Nanoscale Optical Sensing: A Review", Micromachines 11 (2020). CrossRef P.B. Deotare, M.W. McCutcheon, I.W. Frank, M. Khan, M. Lončar, "High quality factor photonic crystal nanobeam cavities", Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 121106 (2009). CrossRef P. Seidler, K. Lister, U. Drechsler, J. Hofrichter, T. Stöferle, "Slotted photonic crystal nanobeam cavity with an ultrahigh quality factor-to-mode volume ratio", Opt. Express 21 32468 (2013). CrossRef H. Choi, M. Heuck, D. Englund, "Self-Similar Nanocavity Design with Ultrasmall Mode Volume for Single-Photon Nonlinearities", Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 223605 (2017). CrossRef M. Al-Hmoud, S. Bougouffa, "Simultaneous high Q/V-ratio and optimized far-field emission pattern in diamond slot-bridge nanobeam cavity", Results Phys. 26 104314 (2021). CrossRef Q. Quan (2014). CrossRef M.A. Butt, C. Tyszkiewicz, P. Karasiński, M. Zięba, D. Hlushchenko, T. Baraniecki, A. Kaźmierczak, R. Piramidowicz, M. Guzik, A. Bachmatiuk, "Development of a low-cost silica-titania optical platform for integrated photonics applications", Opt. Express 30 23678 (2022). CrossRef D-Q. Yang, B. Duan, X. Liu, A-Q. Wang, X-G. Li, Y-F. Ji, ""Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities for Nanoscale Optical Sensing: A Review", Micromachines 72, 11 (2020). CrossRef Y.N. Zhang, Y. Zhao, R.Q Lv, "A review for optical sensors based on photonic crystal cavities", Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 233 374 (2015). CrossRef P. Lalanne, S. Mias, and J.P. Hugonin, "Two physical mechanisms for boosting the quality factor to cavity volume ratio of photonic crystal microcavities", Opt. Express 12 458 (2004). CrossRef C. Sauvan, G. Lecamp, P. Lalanne, J.P Hugonin, "Modal-reflectivity enhancement by geometry tuning in Photonic Crystal microcavities", Opt. Express 13 245 (2005). CrossRef J.T. Robinson, C. Manolatou, L. Chen, M. Lipson, "Ultrasmall Mode Volumes in Dielectric Optical Microcavities", Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 143901 (2005). CrossRef S. Olyaee, M. Seifouri, R. Karami, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, "Designing low power and high contrast ratio all-optical NOT logic gate for using in optical integrated circuits", Opt. Quantum Electron. 51 1 (2019). CrossRef
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Sidorov A. I. and Vidimina Yu. O. "Temperature sensor on base of pne-dimensional photonic crystal with defect." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 9 (2022): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.09.54840.3355-22.
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The results of computer simulation of optical properties of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal with defect, based on semiconductor-dielectric layers are presented. As semiconductor silicon and germanium were used. The influence of temperature on spectral position of defect transmission band was studied. It was shown that for photonic crystal based on silicon temperature sensitivity is 0.07 nm/K and 2.6 dB/K. For photonic crystal based on germanium --- 0.37 nm/K and 7.8 dB/K. This makes such photonic crystals promising for use in temperature sensors as sensitive element. Keywords: temperature sensor, photonic crystal, photonic bandgap, transfer matrix.
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Kumar, Abhishek, Manoj Gupta, Prakash Pitchappa, Yi Ji Tan, Nan Wang, and Ranjan Singh. "Topological sensor on a silicon chip." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 1 (2022): 011101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097129.
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An ultrasensitive photonic sensor is vital for sensing matter with absolute specificity. High specificity terahertz photonic sensors are essential in many fields, including medical research, clinical diagnosis, security inspection, and probing molecular vibrations in all forms of matter. Widespread photonic sensing technology detects small frequency shifts due to the targeted specimen, thus requiring ultra-high quality ( Q) factor resonance. However, the existing terahertz waveguide resonating structures are prone to defects, possess limited Q-factor, and lack the feature of chip-scale CMOS integration. Here, inspired by the topologically protected edge state of light, we demonstrate a silicon valley photonic crystal based ultrasensitive, robust on-chip terahertz topological insulator sensor that consists of a topological waveguide critically coupled to a topological cavity with an ultra-high quality ( Q) factor of [Formula: see text]. Topologically protected cavity resonance exhibits strong resilience against disorder and multiple sharp bends. Leveraging on the extremely narrow linewidth (2.3 MHz) of topological cavity resonance, the terahertz sensor shows a record-high figure of merit of [Formula: see text]. In addition to the spectral shift, the intensity modulation of cavity resonance offers an additional sensor metric through active tuning of critical coupling in the waveguide-cavity system. We envision that the ultra-high Q photonic terahertz topological sensor could have chip-scale biomedical applications such as differentiation between normal and cancerous tissues by monitoring the water content.
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Zhang, Chunhuan, Haiyun Dong, Chuang Zhang, Yuqing Fan, Jiannian Yao, and Yong Sheng Zhao. "Photonic skins based on flexible organic microlaser arrays." Science Advances 7, no. 31 (2021): eabh3530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh3530.
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Flexible photonics is rapidly emerging as a promising platform for artificial smart skins to imitate or extend the capabilities of human skins. Organic material systems provide a promising avenue to directly fabricate large-scale flexible device units; however, the versatile fabrication of all-organic integrated devices with desired photonic functionalities remains a great challenge. Here, we develop an effective technique for the mass processing of organic microlaser arrays, which act as sensing units, on the chip of photonic skins. With a bilayer electron-beam direct writing method, we fabricated flexible mechanical sensor networks composed of coupled-cavity single-mode laser sources on pliable polymer substrates. These microlaser-based mechanical sensor chips were subsequently used to recognize hand gestures, showing great potential for artificial skin applications. This work represents a substantial advance toward scalable construction of high-performance and low-cost flexible photonic chips, thus paving the way for the implementation of smart photonic skins into practical applications.
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Edappadikkunnummal, Shiju, Rahul Chembra Vasudevan, Sruthy Dinesh, Sheenu Thomas, Narayana Rao Desai, and Sharafudeen Kaniyarakkal. "Detection of Hemoglobin Concentration Based on Defective One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals." Photonics 9, no. 9 (2022): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090660.
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The significance of the optical biosensor is its ability to detect biomolecules in their natural form. Among them, photonic crystal-based biosensors analyze the refractive index changes due to molecular interaction, and that is correlated to the sample concentration instead of sample mass. In this paper, we report the sensing performance of a one-dimensional photonic crystal-based sensor for the detection of hemoglobin concentration using an asymmetric periodic structure with a single defect. We have used the transfer matrix method to analyze the reflectance properties of the photonic crystal. The resonant dip in the spectra and its shift with hemoglobin concentration is the basis of our sensor design. The proposed sensor is efficient in sensing hemoglobin concentration, the sensitivity and other sensor parameters were derived numerically, and the obtained parameters are comparable to the many of the reported values of photonic crystal-based sensors. The dependence of the defect layer thickness on the position of resonant dips and sensitivity is also demonstrated in our work. The numerical results prove that these photonic crystal biosensors are simple, cost effective and highly accurate for detecting the hemoglobin concentration.
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Raj, Rajnish, Pooja Lohia, and D. K. Dwivedi. "Optical Fibre Sensors for Photonic Applications." Sensor Letters 17, no. 10 (2019): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2019.4152.
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Recent development in optical fiber and numerous advantages of light over electronic system have boosted the utility and demand for optical fibre sensor in modern era. Optical fibre sensor is used to measure the various parameters like temperature, pressure, vibration, rotation etc. Optical fibre sensor offers a wide spectrum of advantage over traditional sensing system in terms of longer lifetime and small in size. Optical fibre has been considered as not only the substitutes of conventional sensors but also the unique solutions in the field of scientific engineering and industrial research. This paper reports the status of optical fibre sensor and its application in detail.
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Butt, Muhammad A., Grigory S. Voronkov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova, Ruslan V. Kutluyarov, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, and Svetlana N. Khonina. "Environmental Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review on Optical Waveguide and Fiber-Based Sensors." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (2022): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12111038.
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Globally, there is active development of photonic sensors incorporating multidisciplinary research. The ultimate objective is to develop small, low-cost, sensitive, selective, quick, durable, remote-controllable sensors that are resistant to electromagnetic interference. Different photonic sensor designs and advances in photonic frameworks have shown the possibility to realize these capabilities. In this review paper, the latest developments in the field of optical waveguide and fiber-based sensors which can serve for environmental monitoring are discussed. Several important topics such as toxic gas, water quality, indoor environment, and natural disaster monitoring are reviewed.
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Pinto, Ana M. R., and Manuel Lopez-Amo. "Photonic Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications." Journal of Sensors 2012 (2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/598178.
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Photonic crystal fibers are a kind of fiber optics that present a diversity of new and improved features beyond what conventional optical fibers can offer. Due to their unique geometric structure, photonic crystal fibers present special properties and capabilities that lead to an outstanding potential for sensing applications. A review of photonic crystal fiber sensors is presented. Two different groups of sensors are detailed separately: physical and biochemical sensors, based on the sensor measured parameter. Several sensors have been reported until the date, and more are expected to be developed due to the remarkable characteristics such fibers can offer.
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Briant, Tristan, Stephan Krenek, Andrea Cupertino, et al. "Photonic and Optomechanical Thermometry." Optics 3, no. 2 (2022): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt3020017.
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Temperature is one of the most relevant physical quantities that affects almost all processes in nature. However, the realization of accurate temperature standards using current temperature references, like the triple point of water, is difficult due to the requirements on material purity and stability of the environment. In addition, in harsh environments, current temperature sensors with electrical readout, like platinum resistors, are difficult to implement, urging the development of optical temperature sensors. In 2018, the European consortium Photoquant, consisting of metrological institutes and academic partners, started investigating new temperature standards for self-calibrated, embedded optomechanical sensor applications, as well as optimised high resolution and high reliability photonic sensors, to measure temperature at the nano and meso-scales and as a possible replacement for the standard platinum resistant thermometers. This article presents an overview of the results obtained with sensor prototypes that exploit photonic and optomechanical techniques for sensing temperatures over a large temperature range (5 K to 300 K). Different concepts are demonstrated, including ring resonators, ladder-like resonators and suspended membrane optomechanical thermometers, highlighting initial performance and challenges, like self-heating that need to be overcome to realize photonic and optomechanical thermometry applications.
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Li, Yunqiang, Chuntian Chen, Xin Liu, Aina Gong, and Tao Shen. "Performance comparison and analysis of D-type single and dual-core PCF-SPR sensors." Physica Scripta 98, no. 9 (2023): 095025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/acf081.
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Abstract Surface plasmon resonance sensors, based on photonic crystal fibers, have demonstrated immense potential in various application fields, owing to their structural design flexibility, operability, and superior sensing capabilities. Despite the potential, the design of photonic crystal fibers with various structures has been a challenging task, due to manufacturing constraints. Thus, this paper aims to explore the design rules of photonic crystal fibers based on surface plasmon resonance, by proposing and designing four photonic crystal fiber sensors with distinct structures. The study investigates the influence of single-core, double-core, and large and small air holes on the sensor’s performance, through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, data acquisition, and analysis. Through our research, we have discovered that by altering the size of pores surrounding the fiber core, as well as the fiber core’s single-mode and dual-mode configurations, we were able to increase the sensitivity of the sensor from its lowest value of 266 nm RIU−1 to as high as 2066 nm RIU−1, an improvement of nearly eightfold. The findings suggest that the sensor with double-core air hole structure exhibits relatively better performance. This analysis is expected to aid in the design of high-performance photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensors.
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Preussler, Stefan, Fabian Schwartau, Joerg Schoebel, and Thomas Schneider. "Photonic Components for Signal Generation and Distribution for Large Aperture Radar in Autonomous Driving." Frequenz 73, no. 11-12 (2019): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2019-0143.
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Abstract Fully autonomous driving, even under bad weather conditions, requires use of multiple sensor systems including radar imaging. Microwave photonics, especially the optical generation and distribution of radar signals, can overcome many of the electronic disadvantages. This article will give an overview about several photonic components and how they could be incorporated into a photonic synchronized radar system, where all the complexity is shifted to a central station. A first proof-of-concept radar experiment with of the shelf telecommunication equipment shows an angular resolution of 1.1°. Furthermore an overview about possible photonic electronic integration is given, leading to comprising low complexity transmitter and receiver chips.
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Hoi, Pham Van, Nguyen Thuy Van, Pham Van Dai, Le Huu Thang, Nguyen Van An, and Pham Thanh Binh. "Wavelength Shift Measurement Method Without Use of Spectrometer: The New Way for Environment Photonic Sensors." Communications in Physics 28, no. 2 (2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/28/2/11040.
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The photonic sensors have shown very effectively for measuring the toxic contents in the liquid and air environments. In principle, the photonic sensors based on measurement of wavelength shift between reference condition and testing environments that we need use the spectrometer with high cost. In this paper, we present new configurations of photonic devices for measuring wavelength shift without use of spectrometer, which has a large potential for application in sensing technique with low cost. There are two configurations of photonic sensors are presented: i) first of them is based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) combined with DFB laser diode with controlling wavelength emission by laser temperature and ii) second one is used the fiber ring laser from Erbium-doped fiber and two FBG operated as reference and sensing probe. The etched-fiber Bragg grating (e-FBG) as sensing probe is suitable for bio- and/ or chemical sensors. A novel photonic sensor can increase sensitivity and measuring accuracy of device by the narrow line-width of reflection spectra from laser and the sensor can determine a refractive index variation of 2x10-4, which is similarly for high resolution spectrometer. The experimental results show that this sensing method could determine different mixing ratios of organic solvents in liquid environment with good repeatability, high accuracy and rapid response.Keywords:
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Nisha, Narendra Kumar, and Bhuvneshwer Suthar. "Design of Linear Magnetic Field Sensor Based on Periodically Magnetized Cold Plasma." Journal of Condensed Matter 1, no. 01 (2023): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.61343/jcm.v1i01.4.
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We have analyzed the impact of a linear magnetic field on the photonic band gaps exhibited by bulk cold plasma, under external square-wave-like periodic magnetic field of fixed magnitude, conceived as an extrinsic photonic crystal. Here photonic band gaps are determined using transfer matrix method (TMM). Here, the impact of an additional linear magnetic field is determined on the band gaps of plasma photonic crystal with constant magnitude of square like periodic magnetic field, for normal incidence. We determine how the additional and magnetic magnetic field affects the photonic band structure (PBS) and reflectance for such extrinsic photonic crystal. It is noted that, as we increase the additional applied magnetic field, the central frequency of band gaps is shifted toward higher frequency regions in GHz. The band edge increases linearly with the applied magnetic field. The shifting in lower band edge less as compared to upper edge. Sensor is a device which detect the stimuli and give output, and many physical parameters can be measured by sensors. The shifting of band edges can be utilized in design of magnetic field sensor. Here shifting in band gaps by variation in the additional applied magnetic field are determined. The larger value of sensitivity gives a good result for sensing-based application. This analysis is based on the band gaps of extrinsic photonic crystal, and can be employed in design of magnetic field sensor with good sensitivity. Moreover, it can find applications in tunable optical devices.
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Khudyakov, Dmitry S. "Capabilities of image sensors with a photonic avalanche diode." Analysis and data processing systems, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2782-2001-2022-2-69-80.
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In many fields of science and technology there is a need to record fast running processes and phenomena, often occurring in low light conditions. In such cases, there is a need to use highly sensitive image sensors. Such sensors can be constructed on the basis of photon avalanche diodes capable of capturing even single photons. However, creating this type of sensor with high performance, in particular, with high resolution, presents a number of technological challenges, as they are more complex than traditional CMOS (Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor) and CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) sensors. Using recent advances and new circuitry, Canon created the first megapixel image sensor with a photon avalanche diode (Single Photon Avalanche Diode, SPAD). In this article, in addition to general issues related to image sensors with photon avalanche diode, the design, operation, characteristics, features and possible applications of Canon’s SPAD megapixel sensor are discussed. In particular, the methods of photon counting and time-of-flight are discussed, as well as the dynamic range of the sensor, the possibilities of sensor application for imaging in the infrared range, and the prospects for wide application of SPAD sensors in the near future. As a result, it can be noted that in addition to direct use for obtaining high-quality 2D-images of fast processes running in low light conditions, such a sensor can be used for taking images in the infrared range, to obtain 3D-images for xReality, measuring the distance to objects, obtaining a depth map, as well as in areas of science and technology that are new for such devices, including, for example, quantum computing.
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Jebur, Raed, and Raad Hamdan Thaher. "Development of an Optical Crystal Fiber Sensor for Early Detection of Tuberculosis." AlKadhum Journal of Science 1, no. 2 (2023): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.61710/akjs.v1i2.59.
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To this day, tuberculosis remains one of the most severe threats to public health on a global scale, which is why there is a pressing need for the development of diagnostic techniques that combine high levels of precision, speed in producing findings, mobility, and risk reduction. This work's planned scope is constructing a photonic crystal fiber sensor with a susceptible non-complex core intended to detect tuberculosis at wavelengths ranging from 1 µm to 2.2 µm. This study introduces an innovative biomedical photonic crystal fiber sensor capable of accurately detecting tuberculosis bacteria across all four strains and effectively distinguishing between them. To carry out numerical studies, the proposed structure uses a technique known the full-vector finite element method (FV-FEM). Compared to earlier biomedical sensors based on photonic crystal fiber, the sensor that has been developed demonstrates an exceptionally high relative sensitivity in detecting various kinds while also displaying a deficient level of loss. The proposed sensor has an effective size of 38 µm2, a sensitivity of 99.9%, and a low confinement loss of 10-11 dB/m. To validate the usefulness of the proposed layout and establish its integrity, a detailed analysis is performed by contrasting the results of this study with the most current research published on photonic crystal fiber.
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González, Evelyn Yamel, José Antonio Medina, and José Guadalupe Murillo. "High sensitivity photonic crystal sensor based on transition between photonic bands." Laser Physics 32, no. 10 (2022): 106202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ac9526.
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Abstract In this work, we performed a study of an interferometric high sensitivity photonic crystal (PhC) sensor applied to measure glucose concentration in human urine samples. The architecture of the photonic sensor numerically simulated is based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer formed by a coupled waveguide-cavity system. The sensor operates using photonic mode transitions detected from the photonic band diagram analysis, driven by changes in the glucose concentration in the urine samples that affect the refractive index of the optical sampling cavity. The photonic mode transition causes a phase shift between the wave traveling in the reference arm of the interferometer and the propagating electromagnetic wave in the sensing cavity containing the probing sample. As a consequence, the transmittance at the output of the interferometer can be modulated, making it extremely sensitive to changes in the refractive index of the sensing cavity. Since the PhC sensor studied works under variations in transmittance, we proposed a sensitivity coefficient as a function of the change in transmittance per unit change in the refractive index. The sensitivity achieved by the photonic sensor presents a value of 7000%/RIU, which indicates a variation in transmittance of 70% for changes in the refractive index of 0.01. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using photonic transitions between modes as a sensing tool in integrated photonic devices.
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Voronkov, Grigory, Aida Zakoyan, Vladislav Ivanov, et al. "Fully integrated optical sensor system with intensity interrogation." Information and Control Systems, no. 6 (December 27, 2022): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2022-6-20-30.
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Introduction: Today sensor systems based on integrated photonics devices are the most important branch of embedded information and control systems for various functions. The output characteristics of a sensor system are significantly determined by the efficiency of the interrogator. The intensity interrogator based on a microring resonator can provide a high scanning rate and sensitivity that meets the requirements of a wide range of applications. Purpose: To develop an effective sensor system composed of a refractometric sensor and an interrogator located on the same photonic integrated circuit for marker-free determination of the concentration of substances in liquids. Methods: We use the numerical simulation of electromagnetic field propagation in a waveguide system (integrated silicon waveguides on a silicon dioxide substrate) in the research. The simulation has been carried out using the Ansys Lumerical environment, the FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) solver. The parameters of the microring resonators were optimized to obtain the coupling coefficients between the waveguides, providing the operation in the critical coupling mode. Results: We propose the concept of a fully integrated photonic sensor system based on micro-ring add-drop resonators. A sensor based on microring resonators has been developed, which consists of two half-rings with a radius of 18 μm, connected by sections of straight waveguides 3 μm long. An interrogator represented by a microring resonator with a radius of 10 µm has been developed. According to simulation results with a broadband source, the achieved sensor sensitivity was 110 nm per refractive index change, or 1350 dB per refractive index change. We propose a technique for choosing the optimal characteristics of the sensor and interrogator targeted to improve the complete system efficiency. Practical relevance: Sensor systems based on photonic integrated circuits can meet the demand for devices characterized by low power consumption, small size, immunity to electromagnetic interference and low cost.
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Ballato, John, and Andrew James. "Photonic Crystal Temperature Sensor." Optics and Photonics News 10, no. 12 (1999): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.10.12.000032.
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Savchenkov, A. A., W. Liang, V. S. Ilchenko, et al. "Photonic E-field sensor." AIP Advances 4, no. 12 (2014): 122901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4902895.
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Kilic, Onur. "PHOTONIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE SENSOR." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132, no. 2 (2012): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4742591.
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Chaudhary, Sushank, Abhishek Sharma, Sunita Khichar, Xuan Tang, Xian Wei, and Lunchakorn Wuttisittikulkij. "High Resolution-Based Coherent Photonic Radar Sensor for Multiple Target Detections." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 11, no. 3 (2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan11030049.
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The last decade witnessed remarkable growth in the number of global road accidents. To minimize road accidents, transportation systems need to become more intelligent. Multiple detection of target vehicles under adverse weather conditions is one of the primary challenges of autonomous vehicles. Photonic radar sensors may become the promising technology to detect multiple targets to realize autonomous vehicles. In this work, high-speed photonic radar is designed to detect multiple targets by incorporating a cost-effective wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) scheme. Numerical simulations of the proposed WDM-based photonic radar is demonstrated in terms of received power and signal to noise (SNR) ratio. The performance of the proposed photonic radar is also investigated under diverse weather conditions, particularly low, medium, and thick fog. The proposed photonic radar demonstrated a significant range resolution of 7 cm when the target was placed at 80 m distance from the photonic radar sensor-equipped vehicle. In addition to this, traditional microwave radar is demonstrated to prove the effectiveness of the proposed photonic radar.
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Fischer, Jakob, Timo Schuster, Christian Wächter, et al. "Isolated sensor networks for high-voltage environments using a single polymer optical fiber and LEDs for remote powering as well as data transmission." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 7, no. 1 (2018): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-193-2018.
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Abstract. Many applications in high voltage or explosive environments require sensors which are electrically isolated from other components of a system. These sensors need remote powering as well as wireless or isolated data transmission links. A possible solution can be based on optically powered optical sensor links. These typically employ four different photonic components: for the data communication a fast LED as a transmitter and a photo diode as a receiver, furthermore for sensor powering a high-power light source and a photonic power converter. Additionally, two optical fibers are required for optical remote powering and the optical data link. In this paper we demonstrate an optically powered optical sensor link using only low-cost high-brightness LEDs and a single polymer optical fiber (POF) for all of these tasks. Coupling efficiencies, power transmission and modulation bandwidths are analyzed for LEDs with different colors. Potentials for many mW of electrical remote powering and Mbit s−1 sensor data links are demonstrated over 10 m of POF. This approach can be used for almost any electronic sensor with moderate power requirements.
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Sharma, Sunil, and Lokesh Tharani. "Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Design for Enhanced Tumor Detection: Structural Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis." Photonics Letters of Poland 16, no. 2 (2024): 25–27. https://doi.org/10.4302/plp.v16i2.1254.
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This paper introduces an advanced Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) sensor tailored for the sensitive detection of tumor cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), particularly relevant for leptomeningeal spread diagnosis. The PCF sensor leverages guided mode resonance (GMR) for its unique optical properties, with the resonant wavelength being highly sensitive to refractive index variations. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted, considering key structural parameters such as pitch and diameter, material properties including the refractive index of the core and liquid filling, and environmental factors like temperature and pressure. Proposed approach integrates a specific biomarker, the refractive index variation induced by the presence of tumor cells (Δn), into the PCF sensor design. The calibration curve, developed through experimental data, correlates observed changes in resonance wavelength (Δλres) with varying concentrations of tumor cells in the CSF. The PCF's dynamic response is optimized for rapid and precise detection, while uniform sensitivity across the sensing depth and volume is ensured. These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed PCF sensor for accurate and early-stage tumor detection, contributing to the advancement of photonic sensing technologies in medical diagnostics. Full Text: PDF References E. Yablonovitch, "Inhibited Spontaneous Emission in Solid-State Physics and Electronics", Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059 (1987). CrossRef M.F.H. Arif, K. Ahmed, S. Asaduzzaman, M.A.K. Azad, "Design and optimization of photonic crystal fiber for liquid sensing applications, Photonic Sens. 6(3), 279 (2016). CrossRef Y. Kamiura, T. Kurisawa, C. Fujikawa, and O. Mikami, "Polymer Spot Size Expanders for High Efficiency Optical Coupling in Optical Interconnection", Photonics Lett. Pol., 14(3), 62 (2022). CrossRef S. Sharma, L. Tharani, R.K. Sharma, S. Sharma, L. Tharani, R.K. Sharma, Proceedings of ICAIAA 2019 Springer, Singapore (2020). CrossRef
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Liu, Wei, Xuefeng Liu, Jiabao Ren, Chen Cui, and Shujie Xu. "Chemically/Magnetically Dual-Responsive Nanoparticles for Multipurpose Colorimetric Sensor." E3S Web of Conferences 213 (2020): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021302025.
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Magnetically responsive colloidal photonic crystals can change their structural color according to the external magnetic field, which has been widely studied in recent years. However, due to lack of recognition ability towards non-magnetic analytes, these photonic crystals can be applied to constructing a sensor only when an additional stimuli responsive unit is involved. To address this problem, we used a functional protein to modify the magnetically responsive colloidal particles to construct chemically/magnetically dualresponsive nanoparticles. For a proof of concept research in this manuscript, we modified the colloidal particles with streptavidin, and the as obtained nanoparticles were used to detect biotinylated protein via a binding and assembling strategy, which is impossible for conventional photonic crystal sensors. Not only qualitative and quantitative detections were achieved, but also the average diameters of the biotinylated protein were correctly estimated. These results have demonstrated a multipurpose detection feature of our proposed colorimetric sensor.
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Puumala, Lauren S., Samantha M. Grist, Jennifer M. Morales, et al. "Biofunctionalization of Multiplexed Silicon Photonic Biosensors." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010053.
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Silicon photonic (SiP) sensors offer a promising platform for robust and low-cost decentralized diagnostics due to their high scalability, low limit of detection, and ability to integrate multiple sensors for multiplexed analyte detection. Their CMOS-compatible fabrication enables chip-scale miniaturization, high scalability, and low-cost mass production. Sensitive, specific detection with silicon photonic sensors is afforded through biofunctionalization of the sensor surface; consequently, this functionalization chemistry is inextricably linked to sensor performance. In this review, we first highlight the biofunctionalization needs for SiP biosensors, including sensitivity, specificity, cost, shelf-stability, and replicability and establish a set of performance criteria. We then benchmark biofunctionalization strategies for SiP biosensors against these criteria, organizing the review around three key aspects: bioreceptor selection, immobilization strategies, and patterning techniques. First, we evaluate bioreceptors, including antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acid probes, molecularly imprinted polymers, peptides, glycans, and lectins. We then compare adsorption, bioaffinity, and covalent chemistries for immobilizing bioreceptors on SiP surfaces. Finally, we compare biopatterning techniques for spatially controlling and multiplexing the biofunctionalization of SiP sensors, including microcontact printing, pin- and pipette-based spotting, microfluidic patterning in channels, inkjet printing, and microfluidic probes.
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Mohammadi, Masoud, Mahmood Seifouri, Elham Boyerahmadi, and R. Udaiyakumar. "Exploring Refractive Index Ultra Compact Nano Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Resonant Cavities." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (2020): 2926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9271.
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In this paper, an ultra-compact photonic crystal sensor based resonant cavities is proposed with improved quality factor, sensitivity and detection limit. The proposed sensor has 2D pillar photonic crystals with hexagonal array of dielectric rods. The refractive index of dielectric rods, radius of rods, filling factor (r/a) and lattice constant of the proposed structure are 3.46, 108 nm, 0.2 and 542 nm, respectively. The mean transmission efficiency, Quality factor, sensitivity, Figure of Merit (FOM) and limit of detection (LOD) are calculated as 92.2%, 9975.8, 371 nm/RIU, 2366 and 4.5 x 10-5 RIU, respectively. The corresponding electric field distributions and it band characteristics are studied using finite different time domain method (FDTD) and plan wave expansion (PWE). The cross-section of the proposed structure is 86 /xm2 and is desirable for photonic integrated circuits (PIC) and ultra-compact optical sensors.
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Wang, Yingwen, Shu Yang, Binjie Xin, et al. "Study on the Preparation and Application of Flexible Photonic Crystal Hydrogel Sensors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2610, no. 1 (2023): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2610/1/012053.
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Abstract With the development of deformation structured color materials and sensor signal analysis, the combination of photonic crystals with optical structure characteristics and highly sensitive hydrogels in the environment can stimulate response under conditions of mechanical deformation, temperature, humidity, pH, etc. Optical-based hydrogel sensors avoid these disadvantages of conventional sensors, such as non-destructive measurements, high-speed transmission, almost interference-free, telemetry remote control, and many other advantages. This paper introduces the optical properties of photonic crystals and the synthesis of hydrogel polymers, and describes the working principle of photonic crystal hydrogel sensors. There is no systematic generalization of the direction of flexible sensors, so this paper summarizes the progress in the direction of physical, chemical, and biological sensors, and reviews the related research applications, and discusses the potential future directions and development challenges.
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Fotiadis, Konstantinos, Evangelia Chatzianagnostou, Dimosthenis Spasopoulos, et al. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Single-Arm Bimodal Plasmo-Photonic Refractive Index Sensors." Sensors 24, no. 12 (2024): 3705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24123705.
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In this paper, we study both theoretically and experimentally the sensitivity of bimodal interferometric sensors where interference occurs between two plasmonic modes with different properties propagating in the same physical waveguide. In contrast to the well-known Mach–Zehnder interferometric (MZI) sensor, we show for the first time that the sensitivity of the bimodal sensor is independent of the sensing area length. This is validated by applying the theory to an integrated plasmo-photonic bimodal sensor that comprises an aluminum (Al) plasmonic stripe waveguide co-integrated between two accessible SU-8 photonic waveguides. A series of such bimodal sensors utilizing plasmonic stripes of different lengths were numerically simulated, demonstrating bulk refractive index (RI) sensitivities around 5700 nm/RIU for all sensor variants, confirming the theoretical results. The theoretical and numerical results were also validated experimentally through chip-level RI sensing experiments on three fabricated SU-8/Al bimodal sensors with plasmonic sensing lengths of 50, 75, and 100 μm. The obtained experimental RI sensitivities were found to be very close and equal to 4464, 4386, and 4362 nm/RIU, respectively, confirming that the sensing length has no effect on the bimodal sensor sensitivity. The above outcome alleviates the design and optical loss constraints, paving the way for more compact and powerful sensors that can achieve high sensitivity values at ultra-short sensing lengths.
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Duman, Elifcan, Can Altınelataman, and Adnan Tokaç. "The role and importance of photonic sensors in seafood safety applications." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, no. 3 (2020): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.3.16.
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Microbiological, chemical, sensory analyses known as traditional methods are used for determination of fish quality including many concepts such as microbiological quality, sensory quality, nutritional properties, product specific properties, freshness, species-specific physical properties. With the developing technology; these time-consuming and error-free analyzes have been replaced by sensor technology, which is very suitable for quality measurements in order to achieve the expected speed and high standard and to be open to improvement. In this study, optical sensors and their applications are emphasized and a general evaluation is made about the usability of seafood processing technology in terms of food safety.
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Abd El-Ghany, S. E.-S., Walaa M. Noum, Z. S. Matar, Zaky A. Zaky, and Arafa H. Aly. "Optimized bio-photonic sensor using 1D-photonic crystals as a blood hemoglobin sensor." Physica Scripta 96, no. 3 (2020): 035501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/abd49c.
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Bing Wei, Bing Wei, Changyun Zhao Changyun Zhao, Gencheng Wang Gencheng Wang, et al. "Silicon photonic current sensor based on multimode interference." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 3 (2016): 031301–31304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.031301.
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Bolshakov, Evgenii Sergeevich, Aleksander Vadimovich Ivanov, Andrei Arkad’evich Kozlov, et al. "A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 13 (January 25, 2022): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.9.
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A modern level of nanotechnology allows us to create conceptually new test systems for chemical analyses and to develop sensitive and compact sensors for various types of substances. However, at present, there are very few commercially available compact sensors for the determination of toxic and carcinogenic substances, such as organic solvents that are used in some construction materials. This article contains an overview of how 3D photonic crystals are used for the creation of a new test system for nonpolar organic solvents. The morphology and structural parameters of the photonic crystals, based upon a crystalline colloidal array with a sensing matrix of polydimethylsiloxane, have been determined by using scanning electron microscopy and by the results of specular reflectance spectroscopy based on the Bragg–Snell law. A new approach has been proposed for the application of this sensor in chemical analysis for the qualitative detection of saturated vapors of volatile organic compounds due to configuration changes of the photonic bandgap, recorded by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The exposure of the sensor to aromatic (benzene, toluene and p-xylene) and aliphatic (n-pentane, n-heptane, n-octane and n-decane) hydrocarbons has been analyzed. The reconstitution of spectral parameters of the sensor during the periodic detection of saturated vapors of toluene has been evaluated.
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Rostamian, Ali, Ehsan Madadi-Kandjani, Hamed Dalir, Volker J. Sorger, and Ray T. Chen. "Towards lab-on-chip ultrasensitive ethanol detection using photonic crystal waveguide operating in the mid-infrared." Nanophotonics 10, no. 6 (2021): 1675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0576.
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Abstract Thanks to the unique molecular fingerprints in the mid-infrared spectral region, absorption spectroscopy in this regime has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Contrary to commercially available infrared spectrometers, which are limited by being bulky and cost-intensive, laboratory-on-chip infrared spectrometers can offer sensor advancements including raw sensing performance in addition to utilization such as enhanced portability. Several platforms have been proposed in the past for on-chip ethanol detection. However, selective sensing with high sensitivity at room temperature has remained a challenge. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an on-chip ethyl alcohol sensor based on a holey photonic crystal waveguide on silicon on insulator-based photonics sensing platform offering an enhanced photoabsorption thus improving sensitivity. This is achieved by designing and engineering an optical slow-light mode with a high group-index of n g = 73 and a strong localization of the modal power in analyte, enabled by the photonic crystal waveguide structure. This approach includes a codesign paradigm that uniquely features an increased effective path length traversed by the guided wave through the to-be-sensed gas analyte. This PIC-based lab-on-chip sensor is exemplary, spectrally designed to operate at the center wavelength of 3.4 μm to match the peak absorbance for ethanol. However, the slow-light enhancement concept is universal offering to cover a wide design-window and spectral ranges towards sensing a plurality of gas species. Using the holey photonic crystal waveguide, we demonstrate the capability of achieving parts per billion levels of gas detection precision. High sensitivity combined with tailorable spectral range along with a compact form-factor enables a new class of portable photonic sensor platforms when integrated with quantum cascade laser and detectors.
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Baba, Toshihiko. "Photonic and Iontronic Sensing in GaInAsP Semiconductor Photonic Crystal Nanolasers." Photonics 6, no. 2 (2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6020065.
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The GaInAsP semiconductor photonic crystal nanolaser operates at room temperature by photopumping and emits near-infrared light at a wavelength longer than 1.3 μm. Immersion of the nanolaser in a solution causes its laser characteristics to change. Observation of this phenomenon makes it possible to perform biosensing without a fluorescent label or a chromogenic substrate. The most common phenomenon between many photonic sensors is that the resonance wavelength reflects the refractive index of attached media; an index change of 2.5 × 10−4 in the surrounding liquid can be measured through an emission wavelength shift without stabilization. This effect is applicable to detecting environmental toxins and cell behaviors. The laser emission intensity also reflects the electric charge of surface ions. The intensity varies when an electrolyte or a negatively charged deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is positively or negatively charged in water, is accumulated on the surface. This effect allows us to detect the antigen-antibody reaction of a biomarker protein from only the emission intensity without any kind of spectroscopy. In detecting a small amount of DNA or protein, a wavelength shift also appears from its concentration that is 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those of the conventional chemical methods, such as the enzyme-linked immuno-solvent assay. It is unlikely that this wavelength behavior at such low concentrations is due to the refractive index of the biomolecules. It is observed that the electric charge of surface ions is induced by various means, including plasma exposure and an electrochemical circuit shifting the wavelength. This suggests that the superhigh sensitivity is also due to the effect of charged ions. Thus, we call this device an iontronic photonic sensor. This paper focuses on such a novel sensing scheme of nanolaser sensor, as an example of resonator-based photonic sensors, in addition to the conventional refractive index sensing.
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Skorobogatiy, Maksim. "Microstructured and Photonic Bandgap Fibers for Applications in the Resonant Bio- and Chemical Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2009 (2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/524237.
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We review application of microstructured and photonic bandgap fibers for designing resonant optical sensors of changes in the value of analyte refractive index. This research subject has recently invoked much attention due to development of novel fiber types, as well as due to development of techniques for the activation of fiber microstructure with functional materials. Particularly, we consider two sensors types. The first sensor type employs hollow core photonic bandgap fibers where core guided mode is confined in the analyte filled core through resonant effect in the surrounding periodic reflector. The second sensor type employs metalized microstructured or photonic bandgap waveguides and fibers, where core guided mode is phase matched with a plasmon propagating at the fiber/analyte interface. In resonant sensors one typically employs fibers with strongly nonuniform spectral transmission characteristics that are sensitive to changes in the real part of the analyte refractive index. Moreover, if narrow absorption lines are present in the analyte transmission spectrum, due to Kramers-Kronig relation this will also result in strong variation in the real part of the refractive index in the vicinity of an absorption line. Therefore, resonant sensors allow detection of minute changes both in the real part of the analyte refractive index (10−6–10−4 RIU), as well as in the imaginary part of the analyte refractive index in the vicinity of absorption lines. In the following we detail various resonant sensor implementations, modes of operation, as well as analysis of sensitivities for some of the common transduction mechanisms for bio- and chemical sensing applications. Sensor designs considered in this review span spectral operation regions from the visible to terahertz.
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Christofi, Aristi, Georgia Margariti, Alexandros Salapatas, et al. "Determining the Nutrient Content of Hydroponically-Cultivated Microgreens with Immersible Silicon Photonic Sensors: A Preliminary Feasibility Study." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 5937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23135937.
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Microgreens have gained attention for their exceptional culinary characteristics and high nutritional value. The present study focused on a novel approach for investigating the easy extraction of plant samples and the utilization of immersible silicon photonic sensors to determine, on the spot, the nutrient content of microgreens and their optimum time of harvest. For the first time, it was examined how these novel sensors can capture time-shifting spectra caused by the molecules’ dynamic adhesion onto the sensor surface. The experiment involved four types of microgreens (three types of basil and broccoli) grown in a do-it-yourself hydroponic installation. The sensors successfully distinguished between different plant types, showcasing their discriminative capabilities. To determine the optimum harvest time, this study compared the sensor data with results obtained through standard analytical methods. Specifically, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two basil varieties were juxtaposed with the sensor data, and this study concluded that the ideal harvest time for basil microgreens was 14 days after planting. This finding highlights the potential of the immersible silicon photonic sensors for potentially replacing time-consuming analytical techniques. By concentrating on obtaining plant extracts, capturing time-shifting spectra, and assessing sensor reusability, this research paves the way for future advancements in urban farming.
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Mazingue, T., M. Lomello-Tafin, C. Hernandez-Rodriguez, et al. "Pellet photonic innovant gas sensor using catalysis and integrated photonics." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 222 (January 2016): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.107.
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Vainos, Nikolaos A. "Remote-Point Photonic Sensors (Rphos): Concepts-Materials-Devices." Optical Data Processing and Storage 4, no. 1 (2018): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/odps-2018-0005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Photonic sensors receive an increasing global attention focusing on critical applications such as the protection of the environment, the health and safety of the citizens. In this work we are concerned with sensing of gaseous environments and focus on a novel class of nanocomposite sensor materials, which are capable to react to external stimulant-agents. These interactions amend their optical properties, fact which provides the means for optical detection. An unpowered sensor device is thus formed, which is interrogated optically and remotely to provide quantitative detection of the “agent”. “Sensing-by-light” thus unfolds the emerging conceptsof “Remote-point Photonic Sensors (RPHOS)”,we review and revisit in this work. The method offers unique means for spatially localized, real-time, multivariable sensing. This “point-in-space” detection may be contrasted to opticalpath- integrating LIDAR operations. Synergy with diffractive and holographic approaches enhance detectability and offer further innovative modes of operation. The low cost of this unpowered sensor-head, the flexibility of fabrication, the capacity for parallel / multiplexed/ data transmission and the immunity to electromagnetic interference, makes this technology ideal for use in harsh and adverse environments of industrial and security applications.