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Journal articles on the topic 'Pinker'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Pinker, Steven. "Steven Pinker." New Scientist 192, no. 2578 (2006): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(06)61106-8.

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Dickins, Tom. "How the mind works. Steven Pinker. Allen Lane: W. W. Norton, 1998. Pp. 660." Applied Psycholinguistics 21, no. 1 (2000): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271640023107x.

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Steven Pinker has written a very lengthy new book that, as the dust cover informs the reader, attempts to do for the rest of the mind what he did for language in his 1994 bestseller, The Language Instinct. What The Language Instinct did was to expand on Pinker and Bloom's (1990) thesis that language is an evolved system, an intricately designed set of mechanisms that must have been shaped by natural selection. What The Language Instinct did not do was provide a specific thesis about how language actually evolved. That Pinker did not provide a theory of actual language origins in his 1994 book is not a weakness. Indeed, Pinker's work has provided a useful rubric for subsequent linguistic theorizing (cf. Hurford, Studdert-Kennedy, & Knight, 1998). It is this directional strategy that also appears to be at the heart of “how the mind works.” Critically, Pinker wants the reader to think about three main ideas (see the interview with Pinker in The Evolutionist): (1) computation; (2) evolution; and (3) specialization.

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3

Fraser, Alasdair, and Frank Loeffler. "George Douglas Pinker." BMJ 334, no. 7608 (2007): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39255.292627.be.

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4

Aronson, Ronald. "PINKER AND PROGRESS." History and Theory 52, no. 2 (2013): 246–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hith.10666.

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5

Torpey, John. "Pinker and progress." Theory and Society 47, no. 4 (2018): 511–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11186-018-9320-z.

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6

Candiotto, Kleber. "“Nova Síntese”: um diálogo inacabado entre Pinker e Fodor." Revista de Filosofia Aurora 22, no. 30 (2010): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/rfa.v22i30.2236.

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“Nova Síntese”, ou psicologia evolucionista, é a conjunção entre Teoria Computacional da Mente e biologia evolucionista, indicada por Pinker como uma alternativa viável para compreender o funcionamento da mente. Pinker procura sustentar a tese de que a mente humana é um sistema de órgãos resultantes da seleção natural que funcionam computacionalmente. Apoiado em Chomsky, Pinker revela sua concepção inatista de mente, a qual, de certa forma, também é compartilhada por Fodor. Todavia, Fodor considera que a síntese entre Teoria Computacional da Mente e biologia evolucionista não produz resultados significativos, pois é incapaz de explicar aspectos globais da mente humana, tais como a abdução. Este trabalho apresenta as divergências entre Pinker e Fodor quanto às possíveis contribuições da psicologia evolucionista para a compreensão da mente, tendo por objetivo identificar, à luz de tal debate, os atuais desafios da ciência cognitiva.

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7

Micale, Mark S. "What Pinker Leaves Out." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 1 (2018): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440113.

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The Better Angels of Our Nature is severely compromised by an overly narrow conception of human violence, a cramped statistical source base, and ideologically predetermined interpretations. Despite its aspirations to comprehensive coverage, the work singularly fails to incorporate violence of a colonial, or indigenous, or environmental, or biological, or technological nature. Ultimately, Pinker’s lengthy, attention-grabbing tome is most noteworthy for what it leaves out.

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8

Narasimhan, R. "Steven Pinker on 'Mentalese'." World Englishes 16, no. 1 (1997): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-971x.00055.

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9

Hayashi, Alden M. "Pinker and the Brain." Scientific American 281, no. 1 (1999): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0799-32.

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10

Saint-Gerand, Jacques-Philippe. "Steven Pinker, L’instinct du langage." Questions de communication, no. 24 (December 31, 2013): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/questionsdecommunication.8739.

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Butler, Sara M. "Getting Medieval on Steven Pinker." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 1 (2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440105.

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Steven Pinker’s view of the Middle Ages as an era of hyperviolence, in which governments engaged in democide and civilians lived in terror, is not supported by the evidence. By analyzing Pinker’s sources for the medieval period and providing a clearer understanding of the difficulties involved in extracting statistical data from medieval England’s criminal justice system, this article hopes to demonstrate that Pinker’s thesis about the civilizing process is not tenable. While the medieval world was violent, we cannot definitively say just how violent it actually was, and whether it was any more or less violent than we are today.

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12

O’Connell, Jeffrey, and Michael Ruse. "Curate’s Egg: Pinker on Progress." Quarterly Review of Biology 93, no. 4 (2018): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/700769.

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13

Horder, Jamie. "Strange stuff indeed." Think 6, no. 17-18 (2008): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175600003158.

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INOGUCHI, TAKASHI. "War Occurrence: Hyper-Insecurity and Multilateral Institutions." Japanese Journal of Political Science 16, no. 3 (2015): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109915000146.

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Two lines of argument seem to stand solidly without seeing eye to eye with each other about the current world order. Steven Pinker, the American psychologist, writes about the steady reduction in human violence in settling disputes among humankind (Pinker, 2012). John Mearsheimer, the American political scientist, writes about the structurally almost inevitable conflicts of interest between great powers in the early twenty-first century in his analysis of hegemonic competition between the United States and China (Mearsheimer, 2005). It is not necessary to note that their arguments are made looking at conflicts of interest and use of violence from very different angles and time ranges. Yet their differences are stark and clear. Pinker says that the future is bright and shining due to the non-use of violence. Mearsheimer says that the future is dark and potentially devastating due to the consequences of the high tensions surrounding the conflicts of interest. The question posed at the outset is thus: Is the current era one of peace or war?

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15

Pacheco, Gionatan Carlos. "ILUMINISMO AGORA." Sapere Aude 10, no. 20 (2019): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2177-6342.2019v10n20p845-848.

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16

Comstock, Lindy B. "Suffix interference in Russian." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4351.

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The phenomenon of “suffix interference” has been used as evidence for a distinction between inflectional and derivational processes (e.g. Pinker & Prince, 1988; Pinker, 1999; Pinker & Ullman, 2002). Yet much of the work on affix priming exists in English, a morphologically poor language, and suffix interference appears inconsistently in cross-linguistic data. The greater reliance on morphological complexity in Russian, and its use of an infinitival suffix and aspectual affixes that may bridge the distinction between traditional definitions of inflectional and derivational word forms, call into question how generalizable the original findings on suffix interference may be for morphologically-complex languages. Investigating these questions, this paper provides unexpected findings: suffix interference is absent in Russian, inflectional suffixes reveal significantly more robust priming effects, and the infinitival suffix is best considered a special case of affix priming, failing to pattern with either inflectional or derivational suffixes. Thus, Russian appears to defy the assumption that inflections are “stripped” during morphological parsing; instead, verbal inflections prove the greatest facilitators of morphological priming. A linear mixed effects model indicates these effects cannot be explained by frequency alone.

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Micale, Mark S., and Philip Dwyer. "Introduction." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 1 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440102.

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In the closing months of 2011, Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker published The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and Its Causes.1 Weighing in at over eight hundred closely printed pages, Pinker’s book advances a bold, revisionist thesis: despite the relentless deluge of violent, sensationalist stories in the pervasive electronic media of our day, Pinker proposes, violence in the human world, in nearly every form, has in fact declined dramatically. Over the past several thousand years, and particularly since the eighteenth century, homicides, criminal assaults, war casualties, domestic violence, child abuse, animal abuse, capital punishment, lynching, and rape have all been steadily diminishing in frequency.

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18

Dupré, John. "How the Mind Works. Steven Pinker." Philosophy of Science 66, no. 3 (1999): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/392700.

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19

Sharpe, Mike. "Steven Pinker and the New Enlightenment." Challenge 61, no. 2 (2018): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05775132.2018.1457466.

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20

Dortier, Jean-François. "L'Instinct du langage. Steven Pinker, 1994." Sciences Humaines N°211, no. 1 (2010): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sh.211.0011.

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21

Bartlett, Tom, and Alexandre Lévy. "Le rationalisme Honni de Steven Pinker." Books N° 100, no. 9 (2019): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/books.100.0064.

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22

Malhotra, Ashok Kumar. "Appraisal of Steven Pinker’s Position on Enlightenment." Dialogue and Universalism 31, no. 2 (2021): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202131231.

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Steven Pinker presents four ideals of Enlightenment in his popular book Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. He argues his case brilliantly and convincingly through cogent arguments in a language comprehensible to the reader of the present century. Moreover, whether it is reason or science or humanism or progress, he defends his position powerfully. He justifies his views by citing 75 graphs on the upswing improvement made by humanity in terms of prosperity, longevity, education, equality of men and women, health, political freedom and medical breakthroughs. Though Pinker makes an excellent case for the positive contributions of Enlightenment; however he ignores the negative aspects that are responsible for causing a great schism between the white race and others who are black and brown. The paper highlights some of these negative comments made by such Enlightenment thinkers as Montesquieu, Voltaire, Chambers, Down and Down and others. Through their literary and scientific writings, these scholars and researchers downgraded the black and brown races, thus causing a rift that led to slavery, colonialism and apartheid. The paper reveals these negative aspects ignored by Pinker in his otherwise well-researched book on Enlightenment. Since Pinker presents a one-sided case by including only the positive contributions of Enlightenment, I recommend that he should write a sequel to his present work outlining the negative aspects responsible for numerous political, social and environmental problems facing humanity today. By using dialectical logic in place of logic of contraries, he might be able to synthesize both the positive and negative aspects of Enlightenment. He can then argue that humanity might be propelled to make progress more efficiently at a faster pace toward humanism and world peace.

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23

Hirschkop, Ken. "Bakhtin contra darwinianos e cognitivistas." Bakhtiniana: Revista de Estudos do Discurso 11, no. 1 (2016): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-457324722.

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RESUMO Este artigo se inicia com uma crítica à teoria da linguagem defendida pelos cientistas cognitivistas, tal como Steven Pinker (O instinto da linguagem), que descrevem, em termos gramaticais, a complexidade da linguagem humana. Suas explicações sobre a pragmática da linguagem, contudo, são demasiadamente simplistas. Pinker é visto como um idealista, em parte porque imagina o contexto de fala apenas enquanto informação compartilhada, negligenciando, desse modo, a complexidade representada pelas condições enunciativas, bem como por ver a linguagem enquanto dados a serem processados entres duas máquinas computacionais sem corpos. Examinam-se, então, as diferentes posições de Bakhtin sobre a linguagem. Para ele, as pessoas falam com seus corpos e não apenas com seu cérebro. Diferentemente de Pinker ou Saussure, Bakhtin não acreditava que temos dicionários em nossas cabeças, que são consultados quando bem desejarmos. Para Bakhtin, a experiência da linguagem consiste não em uma série de posições tomadas, mas em uma série de tentativas fracassadas para encontrar uma posição, porque não há posição disponível na qual atenderíamos às exigências que são colocadas sobre nós. Ao ressaltar o discurso do outro e a linguagem, Bakhtin é um realista e propicia um contraponto útil para as posições ingênuas e idealistas tomadas por alguns cientistas cognitivistas.

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24

Moussaly, Omer. "A Historicist Critique of Steven Pinker’s Interpretation of Progress." Dialogue and Universalism 31, no. 2 (2021): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202131232.

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This article presents an alternative account of the Enlightenment project than the one offered by Steven Pinker in Enlightenment Now. It also offers some insights into how historic changes concretely occurred. Based on a Marxian reading of history we attempt to complete the portrait of human progress that Pinker provides. The main arguments in support of our alternative explanation of social progress are based on insights taken from important works written by such intellectuals as Giovanni Arrighi, Andre Gunder Frank, Antonio Gramsci, Chris Harman, Eric Hobsbawm, C. L. R. James, Karl Korsch, Domenico Losurdo, Georg Lukács, Rosa Luxemburg and Herbert Marcuse. We believe that our explanation of progress is complementary to Pinker’s and provides a more realistic appreciation of the Enlightenment project.

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25

Geoffrey Galt Harpham. "Get Shorty: Steven Pinker on the Enlightenment." Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture 2, no. 2 (2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26613/esic.2.2.95.

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26

Barfield, Dominic, and Sophie Adamantos. "Feline blood transfusionsA pinker shade of pale." Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 13, no. 1 (2011): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2010.11.006.

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27

Johnson, Scott H. "Article Commentary: Commentary on Tarr & Pinker." Psychological Science 2, no. 3 (1991): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00134.x.

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28

Langendoen, D. Terence. "How the mind works By Steven Pinker." Language 75, no. 1 (1999): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1999.0086.

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29

Hocutt, Max. "Review of Pinker (2002): The blank slate." Consciousness & Emotion 4, no. 1 (2003): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ce.4.1.12hoc.

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30

Fitzpatrick, Matthew P., and Catherine Kevin. "Theorising the history of violence after Pinker." Rethinking History 24, no. 3-4 (2020): 332–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642529.2020.1847897.

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31

François, Jacques. "Steven Pinker - Le langage est un instinct." Les Grands Dossiers des Sciences Humaines N° 46, no. 3 (2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/gdsh.046.0026.

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32

Mitzen, Jennifer. "The Irony of Pinkerism." Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 2 (2013): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592713001114.

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This is quite a book. Its sheer heft is daunting, its central claim bold and sweeping, its data relentless. While the planet goes “cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity,” Steven Pinker argues, the human species has been progressing. We have reduced the fear of violent death for an ever-greater proportion of the population across the centuries. Pinker argues that every sort of violence has declined, from interpersonal cruelty to interstate war, beginning toward the end of the medieval period and extending to today. He then identifies the causes of decline so that we can know what can extend the trend into the future. This will allow us, as he puts it, to “obsess not just over what we have been doing wrong but also over what we have been doing right” (p. xxvi).

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33

Kaye, Alan S. "Linguistic notes on English orthography and current usage." English Today 22, no. 1 (2006): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607840600109x.

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Two inter-related essays deal with matters of current English usage. The first is on an orthographic theme, while the second is on a lexical one. (1) On the letters ‘ph’ in English, (2) On Beedham on Pinker on ‘computer mouse’

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34

Dwyer, Philip. "Whitewashing History." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 1 (2018): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440107.

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In Steven Pinker’s The Better Angels of Our Nature, there is a before and an after. Before the Enlightenment, the world was superstitious, cruel, and violent; after the Enlightenment, the world was rational and more peaceful. Pinker thus reduces violence to a fairly simplistic concept: all violence can be equated with irrationality, unreason, and ignorance. History is never as straightforward as Pinker would have his readers believe, and violence is a much more complex notion that is often driven not by superstition or unreason, but perfectly “rational” motives. This article argues that there is little causal connection between Enlightenment values and the decline in violence and that changes came about as a result of a complex series of reasons, some of them less than edifying. It raises the interesting question of whether ideas drive history, or whether they are simply the “ideological” bedrock on which change is grounded.

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35

Kirov, Christo, and Ryan Cotterell. "Recurrent Neural Networks in Linguistic Theory: Revisiting Pinker and Prince (1988) and the Past Tense Debate." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (December 2018): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00247.

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Can advances in NLP help advance cognitive modeling? We examine the role of artificial neural networks, the current state of the art in many common NLP tasks, by returning to a classic case study. In 1986, Rumelhart and McClelland famously introduced a neural architecture that learned to transduce English verb stems to their past tense forms. Shortly thereafter in 1988, Pinker and Prince presented a comprehensive rebuttal of many of Rumelhart and McClelland’s claims. Much of the force of their attack centered on the empirical inadequacy of the Rumelhart and McClelland model. Today, however, that model is severely outmoded. We show that the Encoder-Decoder network architectures used in modern NLP systems obviate most of Pinker and Prince’s criticisms without requiring any simplification of the past tense mapping problem. We suggest that the empirical performance of modern networks warrants a reexamination of their utility in linguistic and cognitive modeling.

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Krajcsi, Attila, and Ildikó Király. "Könyvismertetés." Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle 57, no. 4 (2002): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/mpszle.57.2002.4.7.

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Bevezetés a pszichológia komputációs és evolúciós elméleteibe [Pinker, Steven: Hogyan muködik az elme?] (Krajcsi Attila) 635 Társaink megértése - a cselekvések látható és a szándékok láthatatlan világa [Bíró Szilvia: A „naiv pszichológiai értelmezés” kezdetei: a racionális cselekvés elvének kísérleti vizsgálata csecsemokorban] (Király Ildikó) 638

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37

Beedham, Christopher. "Irregularity in language: Saussure versus Chomsky versus Pinker." WORD 53, no. 3 (2002): 341–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2002.11432533.

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38

McBeath, Graham B., and Stephen A. Webb. "Social Work, Modernity and Post Modernity." Sociological Review 39, no. 4 (1991): 745–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1991.tb00874.x.

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In this article we argue that current reform proposals coming from Robert Pinker and others are challenging the universalist premises of generic social work. Pinker et al. argue that social work should, for the sake of efficiency and performance, be a connected set of specialist activities. This ‘determinate dispersal’ which we recognise as falling within the remit of postmodern strategies, we contrast with the far more libertarian ideas of the noted post-modern theorist J.F. Lyotard. Thus we site the political and cultural meanings of Pinker's ideas between generic social work which upholds ideas of universal ethical values and universal provision, and those of Lyotard whose anti-foundationalism proposes a radically heterogeneous society with no central value-structure. We express our concern that the ‘new specialist’ remit may allow too much power to the social worker. Thus we have considerable sympathy for Lyotard's call for a radical anonistics – a field wherein the inequalities of power between say, a worker and her client, to some extent can be redressed.

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Ortiz García, Javier. "La traducción de textos de lingüística desde una perspectiva práctica." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 51, no. 4 (2005): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.51.4.02ort.

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Abstract This paper intends to provide a practical approach to the translation of texts dealing with linguistics. For that, four translations (English into Spanish) are analyzed: Metaphors We live By (Lakoff y Johnson, 1981), Linguistics. An Introduction (Radford et al. 1999), The Language Instinct (Pinker 1994) y Words and Rules (Pinker 1999); these texts were chosen because of the different strategies developed in the translating process. According to these different translating strategies, and studying some examples from the texts, this case study establishes a four-folded categorization and offers a supposedly justified terminology for each of them: (i) the “agglutinant” strategy is the one developed by the translator of Words and Rules who, due to the nature of the source text, is virtually invisible; (ii) the “pseudoisolating” strategy (Linguistics) is positioned between the previous translator’s invisibility and the next strategies, namely, (iii) the “isolating” procedure (Metaphors), and (iv) the “superisolating” strategy (Instinct), which turns the translator into a visible author. The examples analyzed and the proposed terminology for the four strategies show that the translation of texts dealing with linguistics require the translator a well-defined approach; the translator’s approach (or his/her lack of approach) may well vary the final results of the translation. Résumé Cet article présente une contribution à la pratique de la traduction de textes relevant du champ de la linguistique. Nous nous proposons ainsi d’analyser, dans une perspective constructive, les traductions à l’espagnol de quatre livres de linguistique dont la langue originale est l’anglais. Ces quatre ouvrages ont été sélectionnés en raison des différentes stratégies que les traducteurs ont adoptées au cours du processus de traduction: Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff y Johnson, 1981), Linguistics. An Introduction (Radford et al., 1999), The Language Instinct (Pinker 1994) et Words and Rules (Pinker 1999). En fonction des stratégies des traducteurs et à partir de quelques exemples extraits des traductions, cette étude établit une quadruple catégorisation et propose une terminologie qui se justifie pour chacune des stratégies: i) stratégie « agglutinante » adoptée par le traducteur de Words and Rules, lequel, en raison des caractéristiques du texte source, se montre quasiment invisible; ii) stratégie « pseudo-isolante » qui se situe entre l’invisibilité précédente et la visibilité suivante de iii) stratégie « isolante » (Metaphors) et de iv) stratégie « super- isolante » (Instinct).Les exemples analysés et la terminologie proposée démontrent que la traduction de textes de type linguistique requièrent un positionnement bien précis du traducteur. En effet, les résultats inhérents à ce positionnement (ou à son absence) peuvent faire varier substantiellement le résultat final de la traduction.

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40

Cazden, Courtney B. "The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Languages.Steven Pinker." American Anthropologist 97, no. 2 (1995): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00270.

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41

Cole, David. "I don't think so: Pinker on the mentalese monopoly." Philosophical Psychology 12, no. 3 (1999): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095150899105765.

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42

B. Lee, Richard. "Hunter-gatherers on the best-seller list: Steven Pinker and the “Bellicose School's” treatment of forager violence." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 6, no. 4 (2014): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-04-2014-0116.

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Purpose – The question of violence in hunter-gatherer society has animated philosophical debates since at least the seventeenth century. Steven Pinker has sought to affirm that civilization, is superior to the state of humanity during its long history of hunting and gathering. The purpose of this paper is to draw upon a series of recent studies that assert a baseline of primordial violence by hunters and gatherers. In challenging this position the author draws on four decades of ethnographic and historical research on hunting and gathering peoples. Design/methodology/approach – At the empirical heart of this question is the evidence pro- and con- for high rates of violent death in pre-farming human populations. The author evaluates the ethnographic and historical evidence for warfare in recorded hunting and gathering societies, and the archaeological evidence for warfare in pre-history prior to the advent of agriculture. Findings – The view of Steven Pinker and others of high rates of lethal violence in hunters and gatherers is not sustained. In contrast to early farmers, their foraging precursors lived more lightly on the land and had other ways of resolving conflict. With little or no fixed property they could easily disperse to diffuse conflict. The evidence points to markedly lower levels of violence for foragers compared to post-Neolithic societies. Research limitations/implications – This conclusion raises serious caveats about the grand evolutionary theory asserted by Steven Pinker, Richard Wrangham and others. Instead of being “killer apes” in the Pleistocene and Holocene, the evidence indicates that early humans lived as relatively peaceful hunter-gathers for some 7,000 generations, from the emergence of Homo sapiens up until the invention of agriculture. Therefore there is a major gap between the purported violence of the chimp-like ancestors and the documented violence of post-Neolithic humanity. Originality/value – This is a critical analysis of published claims by authors who contend that ancient and recent hunter-gatherers typically committed high levels of violent acts. It reveals a number of serious flaws in their arguments and use of data.

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Halle, Morris. "Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language by Steven Pinker." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4, no. 7 (2000): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01503-5.

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Fodor, Jerry. "Reply to Steven Pinker 'So How Does The Mind Work?'." Mind and Language 20, no. 1 (2005): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0268-1064.2005.00275.x.

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Freedman, Lawrence. "Stephen Pinker and the long peace: alliance, deterrence and decline." Cold War History 14, no. 4 (2014): 657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2014.950243.

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Leisering, Lutz. "John Offer and Robert Pinker (eds) (2017), Social Policy and Welfare Pluralism: Selected Writings of Robert Pinker, Bristol: Policy Press, £80.00, pp. 352, hbk." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 03 (2019): 643–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000308.

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LEISERING, LUTZ. "John Offer and Robert Pinker (eds) (2017), Social Policy and Welfare Pluralism: Selected Writings of Robert Pinker, Bristol: Policy Press, £80.00, pp. 352, hbk." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 03 (2019): 643–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000473.

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Šulcs, Ivars. "Neue und wenig bekannte Arten der Lepidopteren-Fauna Lettlands. 13. Mitteilung." Entomologica Fennica 3, no. 2 (1992): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83595.

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Faunistic and ecological notes are given on 66 Latvian species of Lepidoptera, 31 of which are new to the fauna. Of these, 13 are also new to Estonia and Lithuania: Ectoedemia albibimaculella (Larsen), E. longicaudella Klimesch, Tinea pallescentella Stainton, Bucculatrix noltei Petry , Agonopterix bipunctosa (Cuttis), Coleophora conyzae Zeller, C. gardesanella Toll, Metzneria aestivella (Zeller), Scrobipalpa nitentella (Fuchs), Epinotia indecorana (Zetterstedt), Pammene clanculana (Tengström), Dichrorampha uralensis (Danilevsky), Eupithecia ochridata Pinker. 2341 species of Lepidoptera are now known from Latvia.

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Vosters, Rik. "'Wordt Er hier Nog Nederlands Gespreekt?'." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 79 (January 1, 2008): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.79.05vos.

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This study investigates the phenomenon of weakening or regularization in Dutch verb morphology synchronically: how often do forms such as kiesde 'choosed' or graafde 'digged' occur, how acceptable are they, and what factors influence the production of weakified rather than strong forms? Based on production and acceptability tasks in a sample of 240 Dutch and Flemish informants, the observations of weakification will be outlined in detail, with particular reference to geographical variation and to various aspects of the 'past tense debate' (Pinker, 1998).

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Bourke, Joanna. "The Rise and Rise of Sexual Violence." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 1 (2018): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440111.

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This article explores Pinker’s analysis of sexual violence in modern history. It argues that his analysis is flawed because of a selective choice of data, a minimization of certain harms, the application of an evolutionary psychology approach, the failure to interrogate new forms of aggression, and a refusal to acknowledge the political underpinnings of his research. By failing to acknowledge and then control for his own ideological bias, Pinker has missed an opportunity to convincingly explain the changing nature of violence in our societies.

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