Academic literature on the topic 'Political aspects of Communicable diseases'
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Journal articles on the topic "Political aspects of Communicable diseases"
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Gani, Azmat. "Some Aspects of Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases in Pacific Island Countries." Social Indicators Research 91, no. 2 (July 30, 2008): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9276-x.
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Hindhede, Anette Lykke. "The Communicability of Non-Communicable Diseases: An Overview of Sociological Contributions to Ideas of Contagion." Sociological Research Online 23, no. 3 (April 18, 2018): 655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780418769669.
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There has been a tremendous rise in media coverage and medical research on the rapid increase of so-called non-communicable diseases. Such diseases have apparently reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In this article, I argue for the fruitfulness of investigating the communicable aspect of non-communicable diseases from a distinct sociological view of non-communicable diseases as infectious. I conduct a historical anamnesis of sociological theories that inform contemporary sociological thinking about contagion and/or collective action and the social clustering of (health) behaviour, with a particular focus on the notions of imitation, suggestion, and habitus formation. I argue that the notion of contagion is not only about biology but also about being actualised by lifestyle diseases. Based on the seminal work of Philip Strong on epidemic psychology, I discuss how – in dealing with the present threat to public order – a societal reaction in terms of a profound sense of public alarm and the generation of an outbreak of control strategies has emerged as another powerful epidemic or moral panic challenged by how to isolate the source of ‘infection’. The article concludes by asserting that there still very much remains a divide between the paradigms of the individual and the social in the production of scientific knowledge about these diseases and causality. Considering health-related risk behaviour as a socially organised rather than an individual phenomenon provides more useful data for public health interventions aimed at changing health lifestyles.
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POGGE, THOMAS. "The Health Impact Fund: Boosting Pharmaceutical Innovation Without Obstructing Free Access." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 1 (January 2009): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180108090129.
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In an earlier piece in these pages,1 I described the health effects of the still massive problem of global poverty: The poor worldwide face greater environmental hazards than the rest of us, from contaminated water, filth, pollution, worms, and insects. They are exposed to greater dangers from people around them, through traffic, crime, communicable diseases, sexual violence, and potential exploitation by the more affluent. They lack means to protect themselves and their families against such hazards, through clean water, nutritious food, satisfactory hygiene, necessary rest, adequate clothing, and safe shelter. They lack the means to enforce their legal rights or to press for political reform.
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Jovanović, Slobodan. "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the insurance industry." Tokovi osiguranja 37, no. 1 (2021): 41–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tokosig2101041j.
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In this paper, the author analyses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on internal and external aspects of insurance organizations, and particularly on insurance terms and conditions. The introductory part provides general remarks on the impact of the pandemic on community and economy, also defining the subject of the paper. In the second part, the author explores how insurers responded to new working conditions and behaved in relation to their self-organization and to the public and the insured persons. Particular developments in a macroeconomic and political context relating to covering losses from COVID-19 are also analyzed. The author concludes that a certain delay in making the amendments and supplements to the list of communicable diseases was justified, whereas the main characteristic of extended cover for COVID-19 provided by domestic insurers is not the reimbursement of medical treatment costs but the payment of daily allowance and provision of information and particular services. In addition, the author concludes that wordings used to exclude the risk of communicable diseases may create particular dilemmas as to whether a loss event may be considered insured, depending on the circumstances and time of its occurrence, and depending on the provisions of positive legal regulations.
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Tabassum, Reshman. "Health Paradox of Indigenous people in Bangladesh: Unravelling aspects of mass media campaigns in changing health behaviors to prevent non-communicable diseases." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 6, no. 2 (April 22, 2017): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v6i2.31831.
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Bangladesh, a developing country, has one of the highest rates of age-standardized mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The prevalence of NCDs is steadily increasing within all population groups, including indigenous communities in Bangladesh. Indigenous people, non-dominant communities of society, are individuals having distinctive social, economic or political systems, and preserving own languages, cultures and beliefs. Contemporary research proposes that negative health behaviors, especially tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption are becoming escalating problems in Bangladesh. Indigenous communities with low health literacy are less receptive to health information and are unlikely to embrace positive health behaviors. Three major barriers to change health behaviors toward preventing NCDs among indigenous people in Bangladesh are: unawareness of the severity and/or importance of NCDs; absence of health literacy or knowledge on NCDs; and lack of advocacy for health intervention programs for indigenous patients suffering from NCDs. Intertwined within socio-economic delusions and discrepancies, indigenous people miss out on health care to prevent NCDs. Mass media campaigns have both an extensive coverage and an awareness-constructing potential to educate and influence intended audiences attitudes on changing health related behaviors. Bangladesh can change health behaviors within indigenous communities by adopting some effective strategies, including using multifaceted mass media to intensify coverage of the health campaigns, underpinning stereotyping health beliefs and conveying unidentified details about NCDs, and developing risk-reduction strategies for indigenous patients suffering from NCDs. Multi-stakeholder and intergovernmental mechanisms and mass media campaigns can be effective options for changing health behaviors of indigenous people in Bangladesh.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.6(2) 2016: 17-22
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Smith, Julia. "Towards Critical Analysis of the Political Determinants of Health Comment on "How Neoliberalism Is Shaping the Supply of Unhealthy Commodities and What This Means for NCD Prevention"." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 9, no. 3 (November 2, 2019): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.102.
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The recent perspective article "How Neoliberalism Is Shaping the Supply of Unhealthy Commodities and What This Means for NCD Prevention," by Lencucha and Throw, interrogates how the dominant neoliberal paradigm restricts meaningful policy action to prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It contributes an NCD perspective to the existing literature on neoliberalism and health, which to date has been dominated by a focus on HIV, gender and trade agreements. It further advances the emerging commercial determinants of health (CDoH) scholarship by calling for more nuanced analysis of how the governance of both health and the economy facilitates corporate influence in policy-making. In political science terms, Lencucha and Throw are calling for greater structural analysis. However, their focus on the pragmatic, as opposed to political, aspects of neoliberalism reflects a hesitancy within health scholarship to engage in political analysis. This depoliticization of health serves neoliberal interests by delegitimizing critical questions about who sustains and benefits from current institutional norms. Lencucha and Throw’s call for greater interrogation of the structures of neoliberalism forms a basis from which to advance analysis of the political determinants of health.
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Bernstein, Justin, and Pierce Randall. "Against the Public Goods Conception of Public Health." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phaa021.
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Abstract Public health ethicists face two difficult questions. First, what makes something a matter of public health? While protecting citizens from outbreaks of communicable diseases is clearly a matter of public health, is the same true of policies that aim to reduce obesity, gun violence or political corruption? Second, what should the scope of the government’s authority be in promoting public health? May government enact public health policies some citizens reasonably object to or policies that are paternalistic? Recently, some theorists have attempted to address these questions by arguing that something is a matter of public health if and only if it involves a health-related public good, such as clean water or herd immunity. Relatedly, they have argued that appeals to the promotion of public health should only be used to justify the provision of health-related public goods. This public goods conception of public health (PGC) is meant to enjoy advantages over its rivals in three respects: it provides a better definition of public health than rival views, it respects moral disagreement, and it avoids licensing objectionably paternalistic public health policies. We argue, however, that the PGC does just as poorly, or worse, than its rivals in all three respects.
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Lupton, Deborah, and Mike Michael. "“For Me, the Biggest Benefit Is Being Ahead of the Game”:The Use of Social Media in Health Work." Social Media + Society 3, no. 2 (April 2017): 205630511770254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305117702541.
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Using social media in the workplace raises a number of issues for any occupation. In this article, we report the findings of a study that investigated how social media are used in a field of health work. The study uses semi-structured interviews conducted by telephone with 15 participants working in communicable disease in Australia. We identified several key features shaping the use of social media. These included the sociomaterial aspects of the workplace (to what extent employees were provided with access to and allowed to use the Internet), the affordances of social media technologies (fast and real-time communication and sharing, opportunities to easily connect with peers as well as the public, and the casual tone of interactions), tacit norms and assumptions about professional behavior and social media (whether social media are considered to be appropriate tools to use for work and how they should best be used), the specific nature of people’s work (how sensitive, stigmatized, contentious, or political were the diseases they focused on), and the nature of people’s own experiences (how other social media users responded to them, what value they perceived they gained from using social media for work, and the types of networks they were able to establish). The findings of this study highlight the importance of context when considering how people use social media in the workplace.
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Prescott, Susan, Alan Logan, and David Katz. "Preventive Medicine for Person, Place, and Planet: Revisiting the Concept of High-Level Wellness in the Planetary Health Paradigm." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020238.
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Experts in preventive medicine and public health have long-since recognized that health is more than the absence of disease, and that each person in the ‘waiting room’ and beyond manifests the social/political/economic ecosystems that are part of their total lived experience. The term planetary health—denoting the interconnections between the health of person and place at all scales—emerged from the environmental and preventive health movements of the 1970–1980s. Roused by the 2015 Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report, the term has more recently penetrated mainstream academic and medical discourse. Here, we discuss the relevance of planetary health in the era of personalized medicine, gross environmental concerns, and a crisis of non-communicable diseases. We frame our discourse around high-level wellness—a concept of vitality defined by Halbert L. Dunn (1896–1975); high-level wellness was defined as an integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of individuals within the total lived environment. Dunn maintained that high-level wellness is also applicable to organizations, communities, nations, and humankind as a whole—stating further that global high-level wellness is a product of the vitality and sustainability of the Earth’s natural systems. He called for a universal philosophy of living. Researchers and healthcare providers who focus on lifestyle and environmental aspects of health—and understand barriers such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation—are fundamental to maintaining trans-generational vitality at scales of person, place, and planet.
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Finardi, Corrado, and Gianluca Tognon. "“Is ‘junk food’ an ‘healthy’ concept?” the challenges of the current debate." British Food Journal 116, no. 8 (July 29, 2014): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2013-0155.
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Purpose – The term “junk food” is for the most part currently used in the widest political and media debate, without reference to something tangible. The purpose of this paper is to pinpoint the delicate issues involved in moving towards a trans-national, unified, consensual definition of the term “junk food”, including social, economic, cultural, nutritional and methodological problems. Design/methodology/approach – Departing from the work done by international bodies (WHO, FAO-Codex Alimentarius, OECD, EFSA and European Commission) authors descriptively investigate possible background elements able to frame the surrounding debate about “junk food” (“nutrient profiles”, labelling provisions, institutional aspects, etc.). Findings – Presently there is a lack of a global consensus and of scientific basis to define clearly what constitutes “junk food” either on regional areas or globally. Despite of good metrics able to classify foods according to their nutritional quality, policy making relies yet on the concept that only diets or single nutrients can be focused as “good or bad”. Practical implications – A “junk food” taxonomy could be helpful to harmonize trade policies in internal markets (i.e. the EU) and at global level; but also to gain a wider social support for “hard” policy measures intending to counteract non-communicable-diseases (NCDs), and more generally, obesity and overweight. Social implications – A clear basis for “junk food” definition could be the first step to introduce otherwise controversial and easily opposable public health policies and campaigns, due to private interests of the different stakeholders. Even consumers may perceive food policies (in the sake of “food taxes” or “traffic light labelling”) as unfair, whereas not robust scientific ground has been previously given at the highest possible level. Originality/value – The value of this descriptive paper consists in addressing the shortcomings of global and regional nutritional policies framework in front of the emerging trend of “globesity”. Conclusions stress the need to find support for broader food policies (labelling, taxes, education, bans, etc.) which currently are on the rise but lack fundamental aspects of scientific and hence social support.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Political aspects of Communicable diseases"
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Weinstein, Philip. "Changing representations of mosquito borne disease risk in Reunion." University of Western Australia. European Languages and Studies Discipline Group. French Studies, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0174.
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[Truncated abstract] In March 2005, the Indian Ocean island of Reunion, a former colony and now overseas department of France, saw the first cases of what was to become a massive epidemic of the mosquito borne viral infection Chikungunya. More than 250,000 people, one third of the Island's population, were subject to high fevers, rash, and joint and muscle pains over the next 18 months, yet the public health authorities in metropolitan France were arguably slow to take the epidemic seriously. The research presented here explores attitudes underlying the management of the epidemic by examining both metropolitan and local representations of mosquito borne disease from historical, epidemiological and media perspectives. The research seeks to answer the general question Does colonial history continue to influence the representation and management of mosquito borne disease in Reunion? Three parallel approaches are taken to answering this question, using a common framework of tropicality (a Western discourse that exalts the temperate world over its tropical counterpart, and overlaps with colonialism and orientalism). ... Several factors are likely to have contributed to the persistence of tropicality in public health practice in Reunion: Othering as a universal phenomenon; the cost of administering interventions to combat tropical diseases in the remote environments of French overseas departments and territories; the denial of a serious public health risk as a cultural trait in Reunion; and the significant role of the colonies in forming and maintaining the French national identity. It has to be acknowledged that historically, tropicalism does appear to have played one positive role in the management of mosquito borne disease:
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Guilloux, Alain. "Humanitarianism in national and global governance: a study of Taiwan's responses to diseases anddisasters." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37894237.
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Walls, Wemme Ensor. "An analysis of the medical and legal aspects related to the educational placement in the public schools of children with human immunodeficiency virus infection." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77754.
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The purpose of this study has been to examine and analyze the salient medical and legal aspects related to the educational placement of children in public schools with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The study attempts to provide information that will serve as a resource to public school personnel who are among the professionals that must make informed decisions on public school attendance policies for children with a lethal, complex, and controversial disease.
New developments in medicine and in the courts have crucial implications for existing policies and for the development of new policies related to the issue. By examining precedents and patterns in the emerging area of AIDS litigation and legislation, the study serves as a resource for school officials enabling them to make informed proactive decisions.
The methodology used in the study was legal research. Primary and secondary sources of law were utilized. Nonlegal research materials included medical research and data that might serve as evidence in legal disputes concerning the educational placement of children with the HIV infection.
In addition to medical evidence related to educational placement issues, the information gathered for the study included an examination of the state antidiscrimination disease laws, state special education laws, state communicable disease laws, and state and selected local policy statements for sixteen states; an analysis of the relevant legal issues of the Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; and an examination of the constitutional issues pertinent to educational placement of children with AIDS. Case law “in point” or “analogous” to the issue was presented. The concluding chapter summarizes the findings from Chapters Two, Three, Four and includes recommendations for decision-making and policy based on the medical and legal information presented.
There is no medical evidence to support the exclusion of children from regular school attendance based on the suspicion of or identification of HIV infection. Awareness of sound medical evidence to support educational decision-making provides a means of projecting a solidly grounded policy to the school population and community at large. Health care precautions should be taken and routine procedures established for the removal of blood and/or body fluids in cases of accident or injury. Routine precautions should be followed by all school personnel regardless of whether an HIV-infected individual is present.Ed. D.
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Asafu-Agyei, Nana Akua. "Stigma Perceived by Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Attending the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann in Dakar, Senegal." Yale University, 2008. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-08062007-113316/.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated stigma is pervasive throughout the world. This stigma affects the ability of HIV-positive individuals to cope with their illness and it also affects behaviors around sexual practices, disclosure to others and the use of healthcare. The purpose of the research project was to examine the experience of internalized stigma among HIV-positive persons and their perceptions of stigmatizing attitudes in the community. The study also examined disclosure of HIV serostatus and identified factors contributing to disclosure and stigma in Senegal, a low prevalence Muslim country in West Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann in the form of a structured interview using a newly developed stigma instrument. The interviews were carried out in French and/or Wolof and the participants were interviewed during a routine visit to Fann Hospital. 15 men and 28 women aged between 19 and 55 years participated in the study. The mean period of time since diagnosis was 3.6 years (+/- 2.5 years). The stigma instrument showed a mean internalized stigma score of 5.4 +/- 3.5 (maximum score: 15) and an even higher level of perceived stigmatizing attitudes in the community of 7.9 +/- 4.8. Males had greater stigma scores than females. Almost 80 percent of the people interviewed had received some counseling, yet less than two-thirds of the study participants had disclosed their HIV status to others. People who had disclosed their HIV status used counseling less. The majority of subjects reported positive experiences with healthcare personnel in the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Fann Hospital. The level of internalized stigma and the perception of stigmatizing attitudes in the community are high with males experiencing more guilt. About three-fifths of the participants in the study had not disclosed their HIV status to even one other person; men disclosed their serostatus more frequently than women. Women were more likely to use counseling services compared to their male counterparts, and individuals who had disclosed their serostatus attended counseling less. Finally, despite the level of stigma perceived, the majority of people interviewed reported positive experiences with healthcare workers.
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Johnson, Tina V. "The Influence of Social Network Graph Structure on Disease Dynamics in a Simulated Environment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33173/.
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The fight against epidemics/pandemics is one of man versus nature. Technological advances have not only improved existing methods for monitoring and controlling disease outbreaks, but have also provided new means for investigation, such as through modeling and simulation. This dissertation explores the relationship between social structure and disease dynamics. Social structures are modeled as graphs, and outbreaks are simulated based on a well-recognized standard, the susceptible-infectious-removed (SIR) paradigm. Two independent, but related, studies are presented. The first involves measuring the severity of outbreaks as social network parameters are altered. The second study investigates the efficacy of various vaccination policies based on social structure. Three disease-related centrality measures are introduced, contact, transmission, and spread centrality, which are related to previously established centrality measures degree, betweenness, and closeness, respectively. The results of experiments presented in this dissertation indicate that reducing the neighborhood size along with outside-of-neighborhood contacts diminishes the severity of disease outbreaks. Vaccination strategies can effectively reduce these parameters. Additionally, vaccination policies that target individuals with high centrality are generally shown to be slightly more effective than a random vaccination policy. These results combined with past and future studies will assist public health officials in their effort to minimize the effects of inevitable disease epidemics/pandemics.
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Poget, Gaël. "Legal aspects of facilitation in civil aviation : health issues." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81228.
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As you probably know, to board the B777-300ERi in Geneva for Anchorage via London, is not just that simple. With your ticket you bought several days before, you come to the airport, check in, pay airport's fees, go through the customs and security checks, walk in the terminal following signs, maybe you stop in the duty free shops, and finally find your gate. By this time, you are ready to board, about one hour after you enter the airport.We will be essentially interested in air law that is why, the purpose of this master's thesis is to consider the legal aspect of facilitation in civil aviation. The term facilitation refers to the process that passengers, crew, luggage, cargo and mail have to go through when they cross borders to fly from a point A to a point B.
Recently, an aspect of facilitation took an outstanding importance: health issues. At the end of last year, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak was a real threat to international civil aviation because passengers (and crews) could have been exposed to an infected person inside the terminal or on board the plane, also, aircrafts were considered a fast vector of this disease through the world. The economic consequences for airlines and airports were very painful.
iBoeing 777-300 Extended Range.
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Nyström-Rosander, Christina. "Chlamydia pneumoniae in Aortic Valve Sclerosis and Thoracic Aortic Disease : Aspects of Pathogenesis and Therapy." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Infektionssjukdomar, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-2140.
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The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp), a common human pathogen, has been associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The aetiology of non-rheumatic aortic valve sclerosis has, however, not been clarified. In two prospective studies of 42 and 46 patients undergoing surgical valve replacement because of aortic valve stenosis, the presence of Cp DNA could be demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 49% and 35% of the sclerotic valves as compared to 9 % and 0%, respectively, of valves from forensic control cases with no heart valve disease. Some inflammatory and infectious diseases are associated with trace element changes. Eleven of 15 trace elements showed changed concentrations in sclerotic valve tissue compared to control valves in support of an active process in the sclerotic valves. Notable was an increased iron concentration in the patients´ valves suggesting a possible link to Cp. Furthermore, a disturbed trace element balance existed in the patients´ sera, the pattern of which was compatible with ongoing infection. In a prospective study of 38 patients operated on for thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection, Cp DNA was detected byPCR in 12 % of the aneurysms and the result was confirmed byelectron microscopy(EM). In none of the dissection patients could Cp be demonstratedin the removed tissues. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for doxycycline and azithromycin increased with longer Cp preincubation times when tested in vitro. EMwas performed to visualise the inactivation at a cellular level.Thus, the results demonstrate Cp in the tissues in non-rheumatic aortic valve sclerosis and in thoracic aortic aneurysm but not in aortic dissection.
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Murray, Emma Jane. "The social terrain of endemic tuberculosis in and around Cape Town." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5387.
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Thesis (MPhil (Communicable Diseases)) (Dept of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Community Health))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global control of the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic remains one of the greatest health challenges of the 21st century, despite the availability of effective treatment over the past 50 years. The rising incidence of transmitted (primary) drug resistant TB threatens the very fabric of conventional TB control efforts, which are already strained by a rampant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Ongoing transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a key factor that sustains the TB epidemic in endemic areas such as the socio-economically deprived townships of Cape Town, South Africa. My research explores the disease context, or social terrain, of TB in this endemic setting. It is primarily concerned with how the social terrain of endemic TB may contribute to ongoing transmission and the potential that it holds for enhancing TB control efforts. Analyses of qualitative data from eight township research sites in and around Cape Town show that pragmatic and novel approaches are required to pierce through the enormity of TB as a political and economic problem. Broadening the current biomedical focus on treating individual patients, to include more holistic community-based interventions, can and should be developed. Data were collected as part of qualitative pre-intervention community surveys conducted in 2005 and 2006 for a public health intervention trial (ZAMSTAR) performed in Zambia and South Africa. Twenty-four communities were selected as research sites and this study draws on the survey data collected in the trial’s eight South African sites. Although the data were collected for the ZAMSTAR trial, the aims and analyses presented in this study - which seek to improve our understanding of how the social terrain is meaningful for TB control - remain independent of ZAMSTAR. Through a retrospective analysis of the South African data, I inductively present three distinctive ways in which the social terrain is meaningful for TB control. First, the interaction between social cohesion and social diversity may be an important variable that predicts community response to public health interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of TB in these endemic areas. This is demonstrated by triangulating ZAMSTAR’S adaptation of a social systems model with further analysis of the research sites. Second, the study identifies a common discourse running through the sites that stigmatizes TB as both a dirty and HIV-related disease. It is argued that this may be significantly contributing to TB diagnostic delay and I call for more holistic approaches to TB control that can reduce perceived marginalization and TB-HIV stigma. Third, congregate settings emerge as noteworthy visible features of social terrain that clearly have the potential to facilitate TB transmission within communities. The pre-intervention surveys qualitatively described public spaces within each research site and the use thereof. Basic principles of TB transmission are applied to these descriptions, developing a novel method of mapping the relative transmission risk possibly posed. Innovative use of similar approaches could identify likely transmission “hot spots” that may serve as focal points for targeted interventions, such as adjustments that increase ventilation or encourage TB suspects to seek urgent medical diagnosis and treatment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beheer van tuberkulose (TB) bly steeds een van die grootste gesondheids uitdagings van die 21ste eeu, ten spyte van die beskikbaarheid van effektiewe behandeling vir die afgelope 50 jaar. Die stygende insidensie van oorgedraagde (primêre) middelweerstandige TB bedreig die wese van konvensionele TB kontrole programme, wat reeds gebuk gaan onder die oorweldigende impak van die menslike immuungebrek virus (MIV) epidemie. Ononderbroke oordrag van Mycobacterium tuberculosis is ‘n kardinale faktor wat die epidemie onderhou in areas soos die sosioekonomies agtergeblewe dele van Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika. My navorsing ondersoek sosiale terrein (konteks) van TB in hierdie hiperendemiese konteks. Dit is primêr gemoeid met die moontlike bydrae van die sosiale terrein tot voortgaande TB oordrag en die potensiaal wat dit mag inhou om TB kontrole te verbeter. Analise van kwalitatiewe data van agt agtergeblewe gemeenskappe in en om Kaapstad wys dat nuwe en pragmatiese benaderings benodig word om die volle omvang van TB as ‘n politieke en ekonomiese problem aan te spreek. Data is versamel as deel van kwalitatiewe pre-intervensie gemeenskapsopnames wat gedoen is gedurende 2005 en 2006 vir ‘n publieke gesondheid intervensie studie (ZAMSTAR) in Zambië en Suid-Afrika. Die studie sou poog om die TB prevalensie betekenisvol te verlaag in gemeenskappe wat erg geaffekteer word deur MIV. Vir navorsings doeleindes is vier-en-twintig gemeenskappe geselekteer, waaronder agt Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskappe. My studie analiseer kwalitatiewe data wat versamel is in hierdie agt gemeenskappe, wat verskeie observasie en deelnemende tegnieke ingespan het. Die studie poog om algemene begrip te verbeter van hoe die sosiale terrein betekenisvol kan wees in TB kontrole; dit is my eie werk en is totaal onafhanklik van die groter ZAMSTAR studie. Induktiewe retrospektiewe analise van data identifiseer drie voorbeelde wat illustreer hoe die sosiale terrein betekenisvol mag wees vir TB kontrole. Eerstens, die interaksie tusses sosiale kohesie en sosiale diversiteit mag ‘n belangrike verandelike wees wat gemeenskapsrespons tot publieke gesondheidsintervensies voorspel. Dit word geïllustreer deur die toepassing van ‘n sosiale sisteme model (soos aangepas deur ZAMSTAR) en analise van ander aanvullende data. Tweedens, identifiseer die studie ‘n gemeenskaplike diskoers in alle navorsings gemeenskappe wat TB stigmatiseer as beide ‘n vuil en MIV-verwante siekte. Dit word geargumenteer dat hierdie verskynsel moontlik betekenisvol bydra tot vertraging van TB diagnose en die nodigheid vir meer holistiese benaderings wat marginalisasie en TB-HIV stigma kan verminder word uitgewys. Derdens blyk dit dat openbare vergaderplekke ‘n belangrike deel van die sosiale terrein vorm en duidelik die potensiaal het om TB oordrag binne gemeenskappe te fasiliteer. Die pre-intervensie opnames het alle openbare vergaderplekke sorgvuldig beskryf en basiese beginsels van TB oordrag is gebruik om vergaderplekke geografies te kaart volgens die moontlike transmissie risiko wat dit mag inhou. Innoverende gebruik van GIS-gebasseerde benaderings, soortgelyk aan die metode wat gebruik is om potensiële “transmission hot spots” te kaart, mag bydra om intervensies beter te fokus, deur bv. verbeterde ventilasie te verskaf of mense met simptome van TB aan te moedig om dringend mediese hulp te soek.
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Reddy, Sumanth G. "A Comparative Analysis of Diseases Associated with Mining and Non-Mining Communities: A Case Study of Obusai and Asankrangwa, Ghana." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4839/.
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Disease prevalence varies with geographic location. This research pursues a medical geographic perspective and examines the spatial variations in disease patterns between Obuasi, a gold mining town and Asankrangwa, a non gold mining town in Ghana, West Africa. Political ecology/economy and the human ecology frameworks are used to explain the prevalence of diseases. Mining alters the environment and allows disease causing pathogens and vectors to survive more freely than in other similar environments. Certain diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections, ear infections, sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS and syphilis, certain skin diseases and rheumatism and joint pains may have a higher prevalence in Obuasi when compared to Asankrangwa due to the mining in Obuasi.
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Bue, Martine Eriksen. "Women's vulnerability, sexual power and prevention of stigma : what do prevention campaigns tell us." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86385.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIV-epidemic that is evident in South Africa today is infecting more women than men. This is mostly due to the vulnerability that women are facing in sexual relationships, where they are not able to negotiate the terms and conditions of their sexual engagement. Patriarchy, the culture of masculinity and a general male dominance influence women’s dependency on their man and agency inside and outside of the home, and contribute to the oppression of women both generally in society and sexually. Women have by this not the control over their own bodies and are for this reason in a high-risk position of contracting HIV. The vulnerability is further linked to the stigmatisation that women experience if they do try to negotiate preventative measures to reduce the risk of transmission. The fear of being stigmatised as ‘loose’ or HIV-positive by both men and women if suggesting condom use, inhibits women to propose the necessary actions for protection. Stigmatising behaviours also impact on a person’s fear of becoming HIV-positive and reduces the likelihood of getting tested, disclose one’s status to sexual partners and receive treatment. This thesis examines cultural and socio-economic issues that contribute to gender inequality in South Africa, and can generate stigma towards women on the basis of HIV and AIDS. This is done by using radical feminism as the theoretical framework for contextualising how women are situated in the South African society, in terms of general and sexual agency. Through the method of content analysis and the findings from the theoretical framework, the thesis further analyses how the three HIVprevention campaigns loveLife, Brothers for Life and TAC manage to address the issues related to stigma based on HIV/AIDS, which are directed towards women. Race, class and gender are all factors that influence the likelihood of becoming HIV-infected and of becoming stigmatised. Women’s low social status situates women in a position where they are more probable to be the object of stigmatisation since they already are considered lower in rank. If the women also are of colour, poor and low educated the chances of becoming stigmatised on the basis of HIV and AIDS are even more likely, the same is the chances of becoming HIV-infected. This indicates that poor, uneducated black women are the group that is most vulnerable towards stigmatisation as well as towards HIV-transmission. Socio-economic and cultural factors have a strong influence on the gender inequality in sexual relationships found in South Africa, which cause HIV to spread and can generate stigmatising behaviours. Stigmatisation on the basis of HIV/AIDS is therefore important to address in order to reduce the number of new HIV-infections. The three campaigns analysed for this thesis did neither directly address stigma on a general level nor directed towards women. The campaigns are therefore considered to be missing an important feature of HIV-prevention in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse Vigsepidemie infekteer meer vroue as mans. Dit is die geval weens die kwesbaarheid wat vroue ervaar in seksuele verhoudings, waar vroue nie die mag het om die omstandighede van hul seksuele interaksies te onderhandel nie. Patriargie, die kultuur van manlikheid en ‘n algemene manlike dominansie beïnvloed vroue se mag en dra by tot die onderdrukking van vroue, beide in die samelewing in die algemeen en in seksuele verhoudings. Om hierdie rede het vroue nie beheer oor hul eie liggame nie en daarom ervaar hulle ‘n hoë risiko om MIV op te doen. Hierdie kwesbaarheid word ook verbind aan die stigmatisering wat vroue ervaar wanneer hulle probeer om voorkomende aksie te neem ten einde die risiko van Vigsoordrag te verminder. Die vrees om deur mans en ander vroue gestigmatiseer te word as iemand met ‘losse sedes’, of as iemand wat MIV-positief is wanneer hulle kondoomgebruik voorstel, weerhou vroue daarvan om die nodige voorkomende aksie vir selfbeskerming te neem. Stigmatiserende gedrag het ook ‘n impak op ‘n mens se vrees om MIV-positief te word en verminder die waarskynliheid dat jy jouself vir die virus sal laat toets, dat iemand hul status aan seksuele maats sal verklaar, of behandeling sal ontvang. Diegene wat reeds MIV onder lede het is bang om hul status te verklaar weens die gepaardgaande stigma. Hierdie tesis ondersoek kulturele en sosio-ekonomiese kwessies wat bydra tot geslagsongelykheid in Suid-Afrika, en wat stigma kan veroorsaak teenoor vroue met betrekking tot MIV and Vigs. Die studie analiseer dan of Vigsveldtogte hierdie stigma kan aanspreek. Dit word gedoen deur radikale feminisme toe te pas as ‘n teoretiese raamwerk om vroue se plek in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing te kontekstualiseer, beide in terme van algemene en seksuele mag. Die metode van inhoudsanalise word toegepas om drie Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte (loveLife, Brothers for Life en TAC) te analiseer en vas te stel of en hoe hulle kwessies wat betrekking het op stigma teenoor vroue aanspreek. Sosio-ekonomiese en kulturele faktore het ‘n sterk invloed op die geslagsongelykeid in seksuele verhoudings in Suid-Afrika; dit lei daartoe dat MIV versprei word en kan stigmatiserende gedrag vererger. Om hierdie rede is dit belangrik dat MIV/Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte stigmatisering aanspreek ten einde gedrag te wysig en om die getal nuwe Vigsbesmettings te laat daal. Die drie veldtogte wat in hierdie tesis geanaliseer is het beide nagelaat om stigma direk aan te spreek op ‘n algemene vlak, en was ook nie direk gerig op vroue nie. Die veldtogte kan daarom beskou word as ontoereikend deurdat hulle belangrike komponente van MIV-voorkomig in Suid-Afrika misgekyk het.
Books on the topic "Political aspects of Communicable diseases"
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Schönteich, Martin. Sociopolitical security and communicable disease. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 2004.
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The health of nations: Infectious disease, environmental change, and their effects on national security and development. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002.
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J, Selgelid Michael, ed. Ethics and security aspects of infectious disease control: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Farnham Surrey: Ashgate, 2012.
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Contagion: Disease, government, and the "social question" in nineteenth-century France. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1999.
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Understanding the politics of pandemic scares: An introduction to global politosomatics. London: Routledge, 2012.
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T, Price-Smith Andrew, ed. Contagion and chaos: Disease, ecology, and national security in the era of globalization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009.
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Medical interventions for bioterrorism and emerging infections. Newtown, PA: Handbooks in Health Care Co., 2004.
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Curson, P. H. Plague anatomy: Health security from pandemics to bioterrorism. Barton, A.C.T: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2005.
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Gersovitz, Mark. Human behaviour and the transmission of infectious disease: An economist's perspective. [Adelaide]: University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Political aspects of Communicable diseases"
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Raphael, Dennis. "The Social Determinants of Non-communicable Diseases: A Political Perspective." In Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, 95–113. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7594-1_7.
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Cvjetanovic, B. "Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit Aspects of Preventive Measures Against Communicable Diseases." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 23 - Human Rights in Health, 187–203. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470715390.ch11.
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Alegana, Victor A., and Peter M. Atkinson. "Geography of Disease Burden: Case Studies in Namibia and Eritrea." In Practicing Health Geography, 29–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63471-1_3.
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AbstractAfrica continues to experience the highest infectious disease burden despite an increase in investments. These include investments in malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, as well as in communicable diseases. The global targets are to reduce the burden of these diseases through improved surveillance, prevention of outbreaks, effective case management, elimination and eventually, eradication. Achieving these targets, however, is limited by the poor geographic descriptions of the disease burden. Of the big five infectious disease burdens, malaria is the most advanced in terms of mapping its distribution. Malaria cartography has since formed the evidence-base for the design of many national malaria control programmes. This chapter focuses on malaria as an example, demonstrating its geographical descriptions. The availability of georeferenced malaria case data whether based on prevalence or incidence indicators has been used extensively in the mapping of geographical extents at national and sub-national scales. However, routine surveillance data is emerging as a valuable methodology of tracking burden in sub-Saharan Africa. A particular focus of this chapter is the use of routine national health systems surveillance data to describe, at a fine-scale, the distribution of malaria. However, routine data can be applied to the cartographic description of other diseases beyond malaria. The methodological aspects of burden estimation from routine surveillance platforms and cartography are highlighted.
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Ricci, Angela, Silvia Sabbadini, Laura Miozzi, Bruno Mezzetti, and Emanuela Noris. "Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing for crop protection against viruses." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection, 72–85. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0072.
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Abstract Since the beginning of agriculture, plant virus diseases have been a strong challenge for farming. Following its discovery at the very beginning of the 1990s, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has been widely studied and exploited as an integrative tool to obtain resistance to viruses in several plant species, with high target-sequence specificity. In this chapter, we describe and review the major aspects of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), as one of the possible plant defence methods, using genetic engineering techniques. In particular, we focus our attention on the use of RNAi-based gene constructs to introduce stable resistance in host plants against viral diseases, by triggering post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Recently, spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), consisting of the topical application of small RNA molecules to plants, has been explored as an alternative tool to the stable integration of RNAi-based gene constructs in plants. SIGS has great and innovative potential for crop defence against different plant pathogens and pests and is expected to raise less public and political concern, as it does not alter the genetic structure of the plant.
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Ricci, Angela, Silvia Sabbadini, Laura Miozzi, Bruno Mezzetti, and Emanuela Noris. "Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing for crop protection against viruses." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection, 72–85. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0008.
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Abstract Since the beginning of agriculture, plant virus diseases have been a strong challenge for farming. Following its discovery at the very beginning of the 1990s, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has been widely studied and exploited as an integrative tool to obtain resistance to viruses in several plant species, with high target-sequence specificity. In this chapter, we describe and review the major aspects of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), as one of the possible plant defence methods, using genetic engineering techniques. In particular, we focus our attention on the use of RNAi-based gene constructs to introduce stable resistance in host plants against viral diseases, by triggering post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Recently, spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), consisting of the topical application of small RNA molecules to plants, has been explored as an alternative tool to the stable integration of RNAi-based gene constructs in plants. SIGS has great and innovative potential for crop defence against different plant pathogens and pests and is expected to raise less public and political concern, as it does not alter the genetic structure of the plant.
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Polguj, Michal, Ludomir Stefanczyk, and Miroslaw Topol. "The Epidemiological, Morphological, and Clinical Aspects of the Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery (Arteria Lusoria)." In Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases - Attributes of Lifestyle and Nature on Humankind. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64604.
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Ali, Shazia, Amat Us Samie, Asma Ali, Aashiq Hussain Bhat, Tariq Mir, and Barre V. Prasad. "Mental Health." In Biopsychosocial Perspectives and Practices for Addressing Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases, 18–29. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2139-7.ch002.
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Global health issues are a global burden and are relatively common in industrialized societies. The World Health Organization and researchers have developed and rebuilt tools to report the burden of disease affecting mortality and health of the people. Apart from America and Europe, which are at an average of global burden for mental health disease, in some regions it is a major priority to be addressed globally. In South East Asia, one of the affected regions is Kashmir, Northern Indian. Disasters have manifested in various forms encompassing the natural calamities of earthquake, flood, landslides and manmade calamities of violence. Trauma due to manmade calamities has taken over as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the most productive working age group of 12-35 years. The chapter aims to understand the patterns of resilience in people surviving war and conflict in Kashmir over last 60 years. The focus is on the young population of society. Generations in Kashmir have faced the psychosocial impact of ongoing political conflict since the 1980's.
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Rothstein, William G. "Medical School Enrollments and Admissions Policies." In American Medical Schools and the Practice of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195041866.003.0025.
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After shortages of physicians developed in the 1950s and 1960s, federal and state governments undertook programs to increase the number of medical students. Government funding led to the creation of many new medical schools and to substantial enrollment increases in existing schools. Medical schools admitted larger numbers of women, minority, and low-income students. The impact of medical schools on the career choices of students has been limited. Federal funding for medical research immediately after World War II was designed to avoid politically controversial issues like federal aid for medical education and health care. The 1947 Steelman report on medical research noted that it did not examine “equally important” problems, such as financial assistance for medical education, equal access to health care, continuing medical education for physicians, or “the mass application of science to the prevention of many communicable diseases.” The same restraints prevailed with regard to early federal aid for the construction of medical school research facilities. Some medical school research facilities were built with the help of federal funds during and after World War II, but the first federal legislation specifically designed to fund construction of medical school research facilities was the Health Research Facilities Act of 1956. It provided matching grants equal to 50 percent of the cost of research facilities and equipment, and benefited practically all medical schools. In 1960, medical schools received $13.8 million to construct research facilities. This may be compared to $106.4 million for research grants and $41.5 million for research training grants in the same year. Federal grants for research and research training were often used for other activities. As early as 1951, the Surgeon General's Committee on Medical School Grants and Finances reported that “Public Health Service grants have undoubtedly improved some aspects of undergraduate instruction in every medical school,” with most of the improvements resulting from training rather than research grants. By the early 1970s, according to Freymann, of $1.3 billion given to medical schools for research, “about $800 million was 'redeployed' into institutional and departmental support. . . . The distinction between research and education became as fluid as the imagination of the individual grantees wished it to be.”
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Ramrattan, Dindial. "The Case for a Preventative Approach to Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) in Trinidad and Tobago." In Towards epistemic sovereignty: (Re)-thinking development in a changing global Political Economy., 415–26. WASD, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.47556/b.outlook2010.8.34.
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Fink, Doug. "Infectious Diseases." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812968.003.0014.
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Infectious diseases are global and local. They impact health and disease in every country, but protean factors— cultural, geographical, and political— determine their particular local distribution. Every single patient is globally colonized by microorganisms, but singular behaviours, genetics and co- morbidities significantly determine what organisms cause disease in any individual. The practice of infectious diseases medicine necessarily demands an understanding of the person and the world in which they live. This chapter will emphasize the importance of context in assessing patients for infectious diseases. In terms of global mortality, communicable diseases remain the leading causes of mortality. Despite the evocative epithet of ‘infectious diseases’, these are not all caused by creatures that creep and crawl. Cosmopolitan diseases (i.e. universally distributed infections such as influenza or bacterial pneumonia) represent a huge burden wherever medicine is practised. However, it is important to note that in high- resource settings, infection imported by travel and migration is increasing. In particular, the international traffic of emerging infections, such as Zika virus, and anti-microbial resistance (AMR) are already major healthcare problems. As the world shrinks and the climate changes, the distribution of infectious diseases will continue to change. The threat of AMR no longer looms— it is a present and real danger. In the time it will take for disciples of this text to reach the end of their specialty training, AMR will account annually for more deaths than cancer. The delivery of almost all interventional, surgical, and immunomodulatory therapies depends on our ability to provide effective anti- microbial prophylaxis and rescue. The ability of organisms to adapt rapidly to novel iatrogenic selection pressures means that the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and manifold other pathogens will be compromised, not simply anti- bacterial agents. The future of modern medicine depends on the global healthcare community sharing both concern and responsibility. This chapter will include cases pertaining to the management of AMR.
Conference papers on the topic "Political aspects of Communicable diseases"
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Erna, Mutiara, and Dr Syarifah. "Non-Communicable Diseases in Medan City 2016." In 2nd International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icosop-17.2018.33.
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Liu, Chengcheng. "Strategies on healthy urban planning and construction for challenges of rapid urbanization in China." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/subf4944.
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In the past 40 years, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization development in the world. The infrastructure, urban environment and medical services of cities have been improved significantly. The health impacts are manifested in the decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases and the significant increase of the life span of residents. However, the development of urbanization in China has also created many problems, including the increasing pollution of urban environment such as air, water and soil, the disorderly spread of urban construction land, the fragmentation of natural ecological environment, dense population, traffic congestion and so on. With the process of urbanization and motorization, the lifestyle of urban population has changed, and the disease spectrum and the sequence of death causes have changed. Chronic noncommunicable diseases have replaced acute infectious diseases and become the primary threat to urban public health. According to the data published by the famous medical journal The LANCET on China's health care, the economic losses caused by five major non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) will reach US$23 trillion between 2012 and 2030, more than twice the total GDP of China in 2015 (US$11.7 trillion). Therefore, China proposes to implement the strategy of "Healthy China" and develop the policy of "integrating health into ten thousand strategies". Integrate health into the whole process of urban and rural planning, construction and governance to form a healthy, equitable and accessible production and living environment. China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. The main strategies from national system design to local planning are as follows. First of all, the top-level design of the country. There are two main points: one point, the formulation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan determines the first batch of 38 pilot healthy cities and practices the strategy of healthy city planning; the other point, formulate and implement the national health city policy and issue the National Healthy City. The evaluation index system evaluates the development of local work from five aspects: environment, society, service, crowd and culture, finds out the weak links in the work in time, and constantly improves the quality of healthy city construction. Secondly, the reform of territorial spatial planning. In order to adapt to the rapid development of urbanization, China urban plan promote the reform of spatial planning system, change the layout of spatial planning into the fine management of space, and promote the sustainable development of cities. To delimit the boundary line of urban development and the red line of urban ecological protection and limit the disorderly spread of urban development as the requirements of space control. The bottom line of urban environmental quality and resource utilization are studied as capacity control and environmental access requirements. The grid management of urban built environment and natural environment is carried out, and the hierarchical and classified management unit is determined. Thirdly, the practice of special planning for local health and medical distribution facilities. In order to embody the equity of health services, including health equity, equity of health services utilization and equity of health resources distribution. For the elderly population, vulnerable groups and patients with chronic diseases, the layout of community health care facilities and intelligent medical treatment are combined to facilitate the "last kilometer" service of health care. Finally, urban repair and ecological restoration design are carried out. From the perspective of people-oriented, on the basis of studying the comfortable construction of urban physical environment, human behavior and the characteristics of human needs, to tackle "urban diseases" and make up for "urban shortboard". China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. Committed to the realization of a constantly developing natural and social environment, and can continue to expand social resources, so that people can enjoy life and give full play to their potential to support each other in the city.
Reports on the topic "Political aspects of Communicable diseases"
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Ng, Shu Wen, Thomas Hoerger, and Rachel Nugent. Preventing Non-communicable Diseases Using Pricing Policies: Lessons for the United States from Global Experiences and Local Pilots. RTI Press, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.pb.0025.2105.
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Preventing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in an effective and sustainable way will require forward-looking policy solutions that can address multiple objectives. This was true pre–COVID-19 and is even more true now. There are already examples from across the globe and within the United States that show how these may be possible. Although there are still many unknowns around how the design, targeting, level, sequencing, integration, and implementation of fiscal policies together can maximize their NCD prevention potential, there is already clear evidence that health taxes and particularly sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are cost-effective. Nonetheless, policies alone may not succeed. Political will to prioritize well-being, protections against industry interference, and public buy-in are necessary. If those elements align, pricing policies that consider the context in question can be designed and implemented to achieve several goals around reducing consumption of unhealthy SSBs and foods, narrowing existing nutritional and health disparities, encouraging economic and social development. The US and its local and state jurisdictions should consider these pricing policy issues and their contexts carefully, in collaboration with community partners and researchers, to design multi-duty actions and to be prepared for future windows of opportunities to open for policy passage and implementation.