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1
Min, Yuru, Chenyao Yuan, Donglei Fu, and Jingquan Liu. "Formaldehyde Gas Sensors Fabricated with Polymer-Based Materials: A Review." Chemosensors 11, no. 2 (2023): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020134.
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Formaldehyde has been regarded as a common indoor pollutant and does great harm to human health, which has caused the relevant departments to pay attention to its accurate detection. At present, spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and other methods have been proposed for formaldehyde detection. Among them, the gas sensor is especially suitable for common gaseous formaldehyde detection with the fastest response speed and the highest sensitivity. Compared with the formaldehyde sensors based on small molecules, the polymer-based sensor has higher selectivity but lower sensitivity because the polymer-based sensor can realize the specific detection of formaldehyde through a specific chemical reaction. Polymer-related formaldehyde sensors can be very versatile. They can be fabricated with a single polymer, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), polymer/metal-oxide composites, different polymers, polymer/biomass material composites, polymer/carbon material composites, and polymer composites with other materials. Almost all of these sensors can detect formaldehyde at ppb levels under laboratory conditions. Moreover, almost all polymer nanocomposite sensors have better sensitivity than single polymer sensors. However, the sensing performance of the sensor will be greatly reduced in a humid environment due to the sensitive coating on the gaseous formaldehyde sensor, which is mostly a hydrophilic polymer. At present, researchers are trying to improve the sensitive material or use humidity compensation methods to optimize the gaseous formaldehyde sensor. The improvement of the practical performance of formaldehyde sensors has great significance for improving indoor living environments.
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Nagar, Malhar A., and Davide Janner. "Polymer-Based Optical Guided-Wave Biomedical Sensing: From Principles to Applications." Photonics 11, no. 10 (2024): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100972.
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Polymer-based optical sensors represent a transformative advancement in biomedical diagnostics and monitoring due to their unique properties of flexibility, biocompatibility, and selective responsiveness. This review provides a comprehensive overview of polymer-based optical sensors, covering the fundamental operational principles, key insights of various polymer-based optical sensors, and the considerable impact of polymer integration on their functional capabilities. Primary attention is given to all-polymer optical fibers and polymer-coated optical fibers, emphasizing their significant role in “enabling” biomedical sensing applications. Unlike existing reviews focused on specific polymer types and optical sensor methods for biomedical use, this review highlights the substantial impact of polymers as functional materials and transducers in enhancing the performance and applicability of various biomedical optical sensing technologies. Various sensor configurations based on waveguides, luminescence, surface plasmon resonance, and diverse types of polymer optical fibers have been discussed, along with pertinent examples, in biomedical applications. This review highlights the use of biocompatible, hydrophilic, stimuli-responsive polymers and other such functional polymers that impart selectivity, sensitivity, and stability, improving interactions with biological parameters. Various fabrication techniques for polymer coatings are also explored, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Special emphasis is given to polymer-coated optical fiber sensors for biomedical catheters and guidewires. By synthesizing the latest research, this review aims to provide insights into polymer-based optical sensors’ current capabilities and future potential in improving diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes in the biomedical field.
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Alberti, Giancarla, Camilla Zanoni, Vittorio Losi, Lisa Rita Magnaghi, and Raffaela Biesuz. "Current Trends in Polymer Based Sensors." Chemosensors 9, no. 5 (2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9050108.
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This review illustrates various types of polymer and nanocomposite polymeric based sensors used in a wide variety of devices. Moreover, it provides an overview of the trends and challenges in sensor research. As fundamental components of new devices, polymers play an important role in sensing applications. Indeed, polymers offer many advantages for sensor technologies: their manufacturing methods are pretty simple, they are relatively low-cost materials, and they can be functionalized and placed on different substrates. Polymers can participate in sensing mechanisms or act as supports for the sensing units. Another good quality of polymer-based materials is that their chemical structure can be modified to enhance their reactivity, biocompatibility, resistance to degradation, and flexibility.
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Salunkhe, Tejaswi Tanaji, and Il Tae Kim. "Sequential Dual Coating with Thermosensitive Polymers for Advanced Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 6 (2023): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23062898.
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We systematically designed dual polymer Fabry–Perrot interferometer (DPFPI) sensors, which were used to achieve highly sensitive temperature sensors. The designed and fabricated DPFPI has a dual polymer coating layer consisting of thermosensitive poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC) polymers. Four different DPFPI sensors were developed, in which different coating optical path lengths and the resultant optical properties were generated by the Vernier effect, changing the sequence of the applied polymers and varying the concentration of the coating solutions. The experimental results confirmed that the PC_PMMA_S1 DPFPI sensor delivered a temperature sensitivity of 1238.7 pm °C−1, which was approximately 4.4- and 1.4-fold higher than that of the PMMA and PMMA_PC_S1-coated sensor, respectively. Thus, the results reveal that the coating sequence, the compact thickness of the dual polymer layers, and the resultant optical parameters are accountable for achieving sensors with high sensitivity. In the PC_ PMMA-coated sensor, the PMMA outer layer has comparatively better optical properties than the PC, which might produce synergistic effects that create a large wavelength shift with small temperature deviations. Therefore, it is considered that the extensive results with the PC_PMMA_S1 DPFPI sensor validate the efficacy, repeatability, reliability, quick reaction, feasibility, and precision of the temperature readings.
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Khayal, Areeba. "A NOVEL ROUTE FOR THE FORMATION OF GAS SENSORS." International journal of multidisciplinary advanced scientific research and innovation 1, no. 6 (2021): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53633/ijmasri.2021.1.6.04.
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The rapid development of conductive polymers shows great potential in temperature chemical gas detection as their electrical conductivity is often changed upon spotlight to oxidative or reductive gas molecules at room temperature. However, the relatively low conductivity and high affinity toward volatile organic compounds and water molecules always exhibit low sensitivity, poor stability and gas selectivity, which hinder their practical gas sensor applications. In addition, inorganic sensitive materials show totally different advantages in gas sensors like high sensitivity, fast response to low concentration analytes, high area and versatile surface chemistry, which could harmonize the conducting polymers in terms of the sensing individuality. It seems to be a good option to combine inorganic sensitive materials with polymers for gas detection for the synergistic effects which has attracted extensive interests in gas sensing applications. In this appraisal the recapitulation of recent development in polymer inorganic nanocomposites-based gas sensors. The roles of inorganic nanomaterials in improving the gas sensing performances of conducting polymers are introduced and therefore the progress of conducting polymer inorganic nanocomposites including metal oxides, metal, carbon (carbon nanotube, graphene) and ternary composites are obtainable. Finally, conclusion and perspective within the field of gas sensors incorporating conducting polymer inorganic nanocomposites are summarized. Keywords: Gas sensor, conducting polymer, polymer-inorganic nanocomposites; conducting organic polymers nanostructure, synergistic effect, polypyrrole (PPY), polyaniline (PANI).
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Carvalho, Mauro dos Santos de, Michael Rapp, Achim Voigt, and Marian Dirschka. "The Use of Polyurethane Composites with Sensing Polymers as New Coating Materials for Surface Acoustic Wave-Based Chemical Sensors—Part II: Polyurethane Composites with Polylaurylmetacrylate, Polyisobutene, and Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-co-vinylidene Fluoride): Coating Results, Relative Sensor Responses and Adhesion Analysis." Coatings 14, no. 7 (2024): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070778.
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This work presents the application of the methodology for the sensitization of surface acoustic wave-based sensors (SAW), developed in the first part of this work. The strategy of the method is the obtention of sensing layers with tailored chemical environments by taking advantage of the wide variety of chemical composition of the organic polymers, which have been used as sensing polymers, and combining them with polyurethane (PU) to form polymeric composites that show enhanced properties as sensing materials for the SAW sensor technology. In the first part of this work, the ultrasonic and adhesion characterization was correlated to the sensor responses of PU-polybutylmethacrylate (PBMA) composites of different relative concentrations of the sensing polymer (PBMA) and PU. The resulting coating layers obtained with the PU polymer composites improved the chemical and mechanical properties of the sensing layer without interfering with the quality of their sensor responses in comparison to those with the pristine polymer as the sensing material. In this second part of this work, three new polyurethane polymeric composites were analyzed. The new sensing materials were produced using polylaurylmetacrylate (PLMA), polyisobutene (PIB), and poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-co-vinylidene fluoride) (PCTFE) as the sensing polymers combined with PU. The results of the new PU polymer composites showed consequently different properties depending on the type of sensing polymer used, reproducing, however, the previous features achieved with PU and polybutylmetacrylate (PBMA) composites, like the improvements in the adhesion and the resistance against an organic solvent and preserving, in each case, the sensor response characteristic of each sensing polymer used, as was also observed for the PU-PBMA polymeric composites. The results obtained with the new sensing materials validated the strategy and confirmed its generalization as a very suitable methodology for the sensitization of SAW sensors, strongly indicating the applicability and reliability of the method, which makes possible the choice of virtually any chemical environments for the sensitization of SAW sensor systems.
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Chen, Weifeng, Shaona Chen, Weimin Hu, Dejiang Li, and Zhongxu Dai. "The Preparation Approaches of Polymer/graphene Nanocomposites and their Appilcation Research Progress as Electrochemical Sensors." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 20, no. 4 (2017): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v20i4.356.
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Graphene, a two-dimensional sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms packed into a honeycomb lattice, can be combined with various polymers through different methods and techniques. Polymer/graphene nanocomposites are expected to not only preserve the fa-vorable properties of graphene and polymers, but also greatly enhance the intrinsic properties due to the synergetic effect between them. In this review, the preparation approaches of graphene/polymer nanocomposites, including melt blending, solution blending, in-situ polymeri-zation and in-situ synthesis, were presented comprehensively in order to study the relationship between these approaches and the final characteristics and performances. Each approach had different influences on the final properties of the nanocomposites. The advantages and disadvantages of the preparation methods were discussed respectively. Additionally, the application researches of the polymer/graphene nanocomposites as electrochemical sensors, were introduced in detail. With regard to some important or novel sensors, the mechanisms were proposed for reference. Finally, conclusions were given and the issues waiting to be settled for further development were pointed out. The current review demonstrates that polymer/graphene nanocomposites exhibit superior electrochemical performances and will be applied practically in the field of sensor devices.
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Latif, Usman, Adnan Mujahid, Muhammad Zahid, Ghulam Mustafa, and Akhtar Hayat. "Nanostructured Molecularly Imprinted Photonic Polymers for Sensing Applications." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 4 (2020): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190206144415.
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This review article focused on fabrication of sensors by using a combination of highly ordered photonic crystals and molecular imprinted polymers as artificial recognition materials. In this article, we have discussed fundamental principle of photonic crystals, various synthetic approaches and their use in sensing applications. Moreover, nanostructuring of recognition materials, by using photonic crystals, for sensor fabrication and sensing mechanism has also been discussed. Molecular imprinted photonic polymer layers have been applied for developing sensor devices for diverse analytes such as environmental toxins, nerve gas agents, explosives, drug molecules and others. A comprehensive comparison of molecular imprinted photonic polymers based sensor systems has also been summarized in the table which contains all the related information about colloidal structure, polymer system including monomer, cross-linker and initiator as well as target analytes. Finally, emerging strategies and current challenges involved in the design of more efficient molecular imprinted photonic sensors and their possible solutions are also briefly discussed.
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Constantinoiu, Izabela, and Cristian Viespe. "Hydrogen Detection with SAW Polymer/Quantum Dots Sensitive Films." Sensors 19, no. 20 (2019): 4481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204481.
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Regarding the use of hydrogen as a fuel, it is necessary to measure its concentration in air at room temperature. In this paper, sensitive composite films have been developed for surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, using quantum dots (QDs) and polymers. Si/SiO2 QDs were used due to having a high specific surface area, which considerably improves the sensitivity of the sensors compared to those that only have a polymer. Si/SiO2 QDs were obtained by laser ablation and analyzed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two types of polymers were used: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Polymer and polymer with QDs compositions were deposited on the sensor substrate by drop casting. A heat treatment was performed on the films at 80 °C with a thermal dwell of two hours. The sensors obtained were tested at different hydrogen concentrations at room temperature. A limit of detection (LOD) of 452 ppm was obtained by the sensor with PDMS and Si/SiO2 QDs, which was heat treated. The results demonstrated the potential of using QDs to improve the sensitivity of the SAW sensors and to achieve a heat treatment that increases its adsorption capacity of the gas molecules.
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Muangrat, Worawut, Rungroj Maolanon, Sirapat Pratontep, Supanit Porntheeraphat, and Winadda Wongwiriyapan. "Polymer-Coated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Ethanol and Dichloromethane Discrimination." Advanced Materials Research 802 (September 2013): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.802.267.
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Sensor response and pattern recognition of polymer-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were investigated. Printed circuit board (PCB) with Cu/Au interdigitated electrode was used as sensor platform. SWNTs network was firstly formed on PCB by drop-casting. For polymer-coated SWNTs preparation, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and thiophene were employed as polymers to coat on SWNTs by spin coating; PMMA/SWNTs and thiophene/SWNTs. Raman spectra showed no obvious structure changes of SWNTs after polymer coating. Next, gas sensing test was conducted. Pristine SWNTs, PMMA/SWNTs and thiophene/SWNTs were exposed to vapors of ethanol and dichloromethane at room temperature. From normalized sensor response results, it was found that pristine SWNTs and PMMA/SWNTs showed the highest response to ethanol and dichloromethane vapors, respectively. In order to discriminate vapors between ethanol and dichloromethane, pattern recognition technique was utilized. Principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that pattern recognition of ethanol and dichloromethane vapors can be discriminated by using pristine SWNTs and polymer-coated SWNTs sensors.
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ERTUĞRUL UYGUN, Hilmiye Deniz, and Münire Nalan DEMİR. "The Role of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers In Sensor Technology: Electrochemical, Optical and Piezoelectric Sensor Applications." Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 10, no. 4 (2023): 1081–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1285655.
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With the help of molecular imprinting technology, artificial receptors can be made and used for identification. This technique's limitless application increases polymer technology and makes it adaptable to other technologies. In this study, examples of sensor applications are used to explain molecular imprinting technology (MIT) and its brief history. MIT can be used to create polymer-based artificial receptors with remarkable selectivity and affinity to detect any target molecules that can be imprinted on a polymer. A monomer is synthesized around a template molecule to create a selective cavity that serves as an artificial receptor. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) offer a wide range of uses and have recently garnered much attention. These polymers' production methods, production kinds, and molecular imprinting techniques are all thoroughly detailed. The outstanding properties of MIPs make a crucial contribution to sensor applications offering selective, fast, easy, and cost-effective analysis, which became very popular after Clark published his first biosensor study. Apart from the biological recognition receptors, MIPs have the advantage that they are not affected by physical conditions of the environment, such as temperature, pH, and ion strength. To overcome the biological recognition receptors' disadvantages, molecularly imprinted polymers can be used for sensor development. From the point of view of the review, the combination of MIPs and sensors was explained and proposed as an informative paper.
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Qian, Jintian, Ruiqin Tan, Mingxia Feng, Wenfeng Shen, Dawu Lv, and Weijie Song. "Humidity Sensing Using Polymers: A Critical Review of Current Technologies and Emerging Trends." Chemosensors 12, no. 11 (2024): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12110230.
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In the post-pandemic era, human demand for a healthy lifestyle and a smart society has surged, leading to vibrant growth in the field of flexible electronic sensor technology for health monitoring. Flexible polymer humidity sensors are not only capable of the real-time monitoring of human respiration and skin moisture information but also serve as a non-contact human–machine interaction method. In addition, the development of moist-electric generation technology is expected to break free from the traditional reliance of flexible electronic devices on power equipment, which is of significant importance for the miniaturization, reliability, and environmentally friendly development of flexible devices. Currently, flexible polymer humidity sensors are playing a significant role in the field of wearable electronic devices and thus have attracted considerable attention. This review begins by introducing the structural types and working principles of various humidity sensors, including the types of capacitive, impedance/resistive, frequency-based, fiber optic, and voltage-based sensors. It mainly focuses on the latest research advancements in flexible polymer humidity sensors, particularly in the modification of humidity-sensitive materials, sensor fabrication, and hygrosensitivity mechanisms. Studies on material composites including different types of polymers, polymers combined with porous nanostructured materials, polymers combined with metal oxides, and two-dimensional materials are reviewed, along with a comparative summary of the fabrication and performance mechanisms of related devices. This paper concludes with a discussion on the current challenges and opportunities faced by flexible polymer humidity sensors, providing new research perspectives for their future development.
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Rapp, Michael, Achim Voigt, Marian Dirschka, and Mauro dos Santos de Carvalho. "The Use of Polyurethane Composites with Sensing Polymers as New Coating Materials for Surface Acoustic Wave-Based Chemical Sensors—Part I: Analysis of the Coating Results, Sensing Responses and Adhesion of the Coating Layers of Polyurethane–Polybutylmethacrylate Composites." Coatings 13, no. 11 (2023): 1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111911.
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The sensing layers for surface acoustic wave-based (SAW) sensors are the main factor in defining the selectivity and reproducibility of the responses of the sensor systems. Among the materials used as sensing layers for SAW sensors, polymers present a wide range of advantages, from availability to a large choice of chemical-sensing environments. However, depending on the physical–chemical properties of the polymer, issues about the chemical and mechanical stability of the sensing layer have been reported that can compromise the application of sensor systems in the long-term. The sensor properties are defined basically by the properties of the coating material and the quality of the coating process. The strategy used to improve the properties of polymeric coating layers for SAW technology involved the use of polyurethane (PU) in combination with a second polymer that is responsible for the sensing properties of the resulting layer; this is obtained by a reproducible and robust coating procedure. In this first part of our research, we used polymer composites of different compositions of polybutylmetacrylate (PBMA) as the sensing polymer with polyurethane. The analysis of the coating (ultrasonic parameters), the relative sensor responses and the adhesion results for the PU–PBMA composites were determined. The ultrasonic analysis and the relative sensor responses showed very reproducible and precise results, indicating the reproducibility and robustness of the coating process. Accurate correlations between the results of the ultrasonic parameters due to the coating and the relative sensor responses for the organic analytes analyzed were obtained, showing a precise quantitative relationship between the results and the constitution of the composite coating materials. The composites show practically no significant sensor responses to water. The PU–PBMA composites substantially enhanced adhesion to the surface of the piezoelectric sensor element in comparison to the coating with pure PBMA, without loss of its sensing properties. Other PU–polymer composites will be presented in the future, as well as an analysis of the selectivity for the organic analytes for these types of coating materials.
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Garcia, David, Ronan Le Goff, Maxime Gasse, and Alexandre Aussem. "Optimal Sensor Locations for Polymer Injection Molding Process." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 1724–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.1724.
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The subject discussed in this article concerns the determination of optimal sensor (pressure & temperature) configurations for polymer injection moulds. A sensor configuration is considered optimal when it is able to predict the product quality (dimension, warpage, etc.) with a good accuracy (from experimental data provided by these sensors). Initially, plastic engineers integrated sensors in moulds to acquire knowledge about their processes and to have better understanding of physical phenomenon. This article presents a numerical methodology to identify optimal combinations of sensors. The methodology is firstly based on polymer injection molding simulation to collect virtual sensor data. In a second step, virtual sensor data are analyzed by modern data-driven modeling techniques to identify optimal sensor configurations.
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Bu, Yingxuan, Jian Wu, Zheming Zhang, Qiandiao Wei, Benlong Su, and Youshan Wang. "Design and Analysis of Porous Elastomeric Polymer Based on Electro-Mechanical Coupling Characteristics for Flexible Pressure Sensor." Polymers 16, no. 5 (2024): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050701.
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Elastomeric polymers have gained significant attention in the field of flexible electronics. The investigation of the electro-mechanical response relationship between polymer structure and flexible electronics is in increasing demand. This study investigated the factors that affect the performance of flexible capacitive pressure sensors using the finite element method (FEM). The sensor employed a porous elastomeric polymer as the dielectric layer. The results indicate that the sensor’s performance was influenced by both the structural and material characteristics of the porous elastomeric polymer. In terms of structural characteristics, porosity was the primary factor influencing the performance of sensors. At a porosity of 76%, the sensitivity was 42 times higher than at a porosity of 1%. In terms of material properties, Young’s modulus played a crucial role in influencing the performance of the sensors. In particular, the influence on the sensor became more pronounced when Young’s modulus was less than 1 MPa. Furthermore, porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with porosities of 34%, 47%, 67%, and 72% was fabricated as the dielectric layer for the sensor using the thermal expansion microsphere method, followed by sensing capability testing. The results indicate that the sensor’s sensitivity was noticeably influenced within the high porosity range, aligning with the trend observed in the simulation.
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Booth, Marsilea Adela, Sally Ann Harbison, and Jadranka Travas-Sejdic. "Developing Polypyrrole-Based Oligonucleotide Biosensors." Materials Science Forum 700 (September 2011): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.700.215.
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Many medical, forensic science, environmental and general scientific difficulties may be aided by the existence of suitable biosensors such as gene sensors, body fluid detection DNA sensors, disease detection DNA sensors etc. The sensor technology described here uses the conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPy) as both sensing element and transducer of sensing events. Stability and reproducibility are necessary characteristics of practical biosensors. The stability of polymers can be investigated using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This work discusses research focused towards creating a stable, reproducible sensor surface for oligonucleotide detection. The effect of electropolymerisation conditions (electropolymerisation method, solvent and electrolyte used), post-growth treatment (cycling and EIS experiments), and the sensing-environment conditions on sensor stability and applicability will be discussed.
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Korostynska, Olga, Khalil Arshak, Arousian Arshak, Edric Gill, Padraig Creedon, and Shane Fitzpatrick. "Polymer Based Micro Sensors Arrays for Ph and Glucose Monitoring." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.354.
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Novel method of manufacturing micro sensors arrays for biomedical applications using BioForce NanoeNablerTM is reported. The operation of pH and glucose sensing elements is based on the properties of polymers, which exhibit a change in their electrical characteristics (such as resistance or capacitance) on exposure to solutions with different concentrations of pH or glucose. A sensor for glucose was successfully fabricated using the enzyme glucose oxidase immobilized within the polymer poly (o-phenylenediamine). This sensor was then successfully miniaturized utilizing immobilization for a dry process. The concentrations used for the microsensor were between 1 mM and 6 mM. Samples containing different concentrations of glucose were applied to the sensor while the system was being monitored for variances in either current or conductance. The resulting changes in the electrical characteristics of the sensor monitored in real time were found to be proportional to the different concentrations of glucose applied. Microscaled interdigitated electrodes were used for sensors array, with 48 sensors places on one chip. It is envisaged that findings of this work would form the basis for miniaturised point-of-care diagnostic system.
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Ocola, Leonidas E., Yale Wang, Ralu Divan, and Junhong Chen. "Multifunctional UV and Gas Sensors Based on Vertically Nanostructured Zinc Oxide: Volume Versus Surface Effect." Sensors 19, no. 9 (2019): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092061.
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This article reports that it is possible to make multifunctional sensing devices with ZnO infiltrated polymers while the sensing interactions could occur throughout the polymer. As such, we find that infiltrated devices with SU-8 polymer can result in highly sensitive UV sensors. Mesh dielectric core devices were found to make sensitive gas sensors with a better than 5 ppm sensitivity for formaldehyde and NO2. A new type of p-n junction device is further demonstrated that is sensitive to UV illumination, thus making it an enhanced UV sensor. Sensing devices relying on volume interactions, such as light absorption, can significantly benefit from the infiltrated polymer. In contrast, devices that rely on surface interactions, such as gas sensors, do not gain performance in any significant way with or without the infiltrated polymer.
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Mutlu, Mustafa Umut, Osman Akin, Mustafa M. Demir, and Ümit Hakan Yildiz. "Fabrication of Polymer Nanofiber-Conducting Polymer Fabric and Noncontact Motion Sensing Platform." Materials Science Forum 915 (March 2018): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.915.207.
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Conductive polymer-electrospun polymer nanofiber network was combined to host iron oxide nanoparticles providing micrometer thick sensing interface. The sensor has fabricated as free-standing fabric exhibiting 10 to 100 KOhm base resistivity upon bias applied. The moving object has been sensed through the electrostatic interactions between fibers and object. The sensing range has been found to be 1-5 cm above the surface of fabric. By the controlled combination of conductive polymers electrospun polymer nanofibers effective device miniaturization has been provided without loss of performance. The noncontact motion sensor platform has unique flexibility and light weight holding a potential for wearable sensor technology.
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Lielpetere, Anna, Kavita Jayakumar, Dónal Leech, and Wolfgang Schuhmann. "Cross-Linkable Polymer-Based Multi-layers for Protecting Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors against Uric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, and Biofouling Interferences." ACS Sensors 8 (March 21, 2023): 1756–65. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.3c00050.
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The lifetime of implantable electrochemical glucose monitoring devices is limited due to the foreign body response and detrimental effects from ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) interferents that are components of physiological media. Polymer coatings can be used to shield biosensors from these interferences and prolong their functional lifetime. This work explored several approaches to protect redox polymer-based glucose biosensors against such interferences by designing six targeted multi-layer sensor architectures. Biological interferents, like cells and proteins, and UA and AA interferents were found to have individual effects on the current density and operational stability of glucose biosensors, requiring individual protection and treatment. Protection against biofouling can be achieved using a poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-<em>co</em>-glycidyl methacrylate) (MPC) zwitterionic polymer coating. An enzyme-scavenging approach was compared to electrostatic repulsion by negatively charged polymers for protection against AA and UA interferences. A multi-layer novel polymer design (PD) system consisting of a cross-linkable negatively charged polyvinylimidazole-polysulfostyrene co-polymer inner layer and a cross-linkable MPC zwitterionic polymer outer layer showed the best protection against AA, UA, and biological interferences. The sensor protected using the novel PD shield displayed the lowest mean absolute relative difference between the glucose reading without the interferent and the reading value with the interferent present and also displayed the lowest variability in sensor readings in complex media. For sensor measurements in artificial plasma, the novel PD extends the linear range (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.99) of the sensor from 0–10 mM for the control to 0–20 mM, shows a smaller decrease in sensitivity, and retains high current densities. The application of PD multi-target coating improves sensor performance in complex media and shows promise for use in sensors operating in real conditions.
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Ramanavicius, Simonas, Arunas Jagminas, and Arunas Ramanavicius. "Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Affinity Sensors (Review)." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060974.
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Recent challenges in biomedical diagnostics show that the development of rapid affinity sensors is very important issue. Therefore, in this review we are aiming to outline the most important directions of affinity sensors where polymer-based semiconducting materials are applied. Progress in formation and development of such materials is overviewed and discussed. Some applicability aspects of conducting polymers in the design of affinity sensors are presented. The main attention is focused on bioanalytical application of conducting polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) ortho-phenylenediamine. In addition, some other polymers and inorganic materials that are suitable for molecular imprinting technology are also overviewed. Polymerization techniques, which are the most suitable for the development of composite structures suitable for affinity sensors are presented. Analytical signal transduction methods applied in affinity sensors based on polymer-based semiconducting materials are discussed. In this review the most attention is focused on the development and application of molecularly imprinted polymer-based structures, which can replace antibodies, receptors, and many others expensive affinity reagents. The applicability of electrochromic polymers in affinity sensor design is envisaged. Sufficient biocompatibility of some conducting polymers enables to apply them as “stealth coatings” in the future implantable affinity-sensors. Some new perspectives and trends in analytical application of polymer-based semiconducting materials are highlighted.
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Giuffrida, Simone Giuseppe, Weronika Forysiak, Pawel Cwynar, and Roza Szweda. "Shaping Macromolecules for Sensing Applications—From Polymer Hydrogels to Foldamers." Polymers 14, no. 3 (2022): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030580.
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Sensors are tools for detecting, recognizing, and recording signals from the surrounding environment. They provide measurable information on chemical or physical changes, and thus are widely used in diagnosis, environment monitoring, food quality checks, or process control. Polymers are versatile materials that find a broad range of applications in sensory devices for the biomedical sector and beyond. Sensory materials are expected to exhibit a measurable change of properties in the presence of an analyte or a stimulus, characterized by high sensitivity and selectivity of the signal. Signal parameters can be tuned by material features connected with the restriction of macromolecule shape by crosslinking or folding. Gels are crosslinked, three-dimensional networks that can form cavities of different sizes and forms, which can be adapted to trap particular analytes. A higher level of structural control can be achieved by foldamers, which are macromolecules that can attain well-defined conformation in solution. By increasing control over the three-dimensional structure, we can improve the selectivity of polymer materials, which is one of the crucial requirements for sensors. Here, we discuss various examples of polymer gels and foldamer-based sensor systems. We have classified and described applied polymer materials and used sensing techniques. Finally, we deliberated the necessity and potential of further exploration of the field towards the increased selectivity of sensory devices.
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de Rijk, Tim Mike, and Walter Lang. "Low-Cost and Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensor with Mold-Printed Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Polydimethylsiloxane." Sensors 21, no. 15 (2021): 5069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155069.
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Flexible pressure sensors with piezoresistive polymer composites can be integrated into elastomers to measure pressure changes in sealings, preemptively indicating a replacement is needed before any damage or leakage occurs. Integrating small percentages of high aspect ratio multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into polymers does not significantly change its mechanical properties but highly affects its electrical properties. This research shows a pressure sensor based on homogeneous dispersed MWCNTs in polydimethylsiloxane with a high sensitivity region (0.13% kPa−1, 0–200 kPa) and sensitive up to 500 kPa. A new 3D-printed mold is developed to directly deposit the conductive polymer on the electrode structures, enabling sensor thicknesses as small as 100 μm.
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Spychalska, Kamila, Dorota Zając, Sylwia Baluta, Kinga Halicka, and Joanna Cabaj. "Functional Polymers Structures for (Bio)Sensing Application—A Review." Polymers 12, no. 5 (2020): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051154.
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In this review we present polymeric materials for (bio)sensor technology development. We focused on conductive polymers (conjugated microporous polymer, polymer gels), composites, molecularly imprinted polymers and their influence on the design and fabrication of bio(sensors), which in the future could act as lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices. LOC instruments enable us to perform a wide range of analysis away from the stationary laboratory. Characterized polymeric species represent promising candidates in biosensor or sensor technology for LOC development, not only for manufacturing these devices, but also as a surface for biologically active materials’ immobilization. The presence of biological compounds can improve the sensitivity and selectivity of analytical tools, which in the case of medical diagnostics is extremely important. The described materials are biocompatible, cost-effective, flexible and are an excellent platform for the anchoring of specific compounds.
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Wang, Yuhang, Cancan Yan, Chenlong Liang, et al. "Sensitive Materials Used in Surface Acoustic Wave Gas Sensors for Detecting Sulfur-Containing Compounds." Polymers 16, no. 4 (2024): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16040457.
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There have been many studies on surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors for detecting sulfur-containing toxic or harmful gases. This paper aims to give an overview of the current state of polymer films used in SAW sensors for detecting deleterious gases. By covering most of the important polymer materials, the structures and types of polymers are summarized, and a variety of devices with different frequencies, such as delay lines and array sensors for detecting mustard gas, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide, are introduced. The preparation method of polymer films, the sensitivity of the SAW gas sensor, the limit of detection, the influence of temperature and humidity, and the anti-interference ability are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the films are analyzed, and the potential application of polymer films in the future is also forecasted.
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Xiao, Bin, Funa Zhuang, Jing Wang, Zhongyu Yao, and Shanshan Wang. "Robust Strain Sensor with High Sensitivity Based on Polymer-Encapsulated Microfiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer." Polymers 16, no. 19 (2024): 2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16192810.
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A robust strain sensor is demonstrated based on a microfiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MMZI) encapsulated by the polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Benefiting from the low Young’s modulus of PDMS, both a robust structure and high sensitivity can be realized based on three different encapsulations. In the experiment, the proposed sensors are fabricated and tested with strain sensitivities ranging from −20.95 pm/με to 127.00 pm/με within the wavelength range of 1200–1650 nm. Compared with the bare MMZI sensor, at least one order of magnitude higher sensitivity is reached. To further evaluate the performance of the sensor, the dependences of sensitivity on probing wavelength and the different types and quantities of polymers used in encapsulation are discussed. Results show that the sensitivity of the sensor will increase with the probing wavelength. The type and quantity of polymer used are also very critical to sensitivity. Additionally, a response time of 24.72 ms can be reached. Good recoverability and repeatability of the sensor are also demonstrated by repeated experiments. The strain sensor demonstrated here shows the advantages of simple fabrication, robust structure, high and tunable sensitivity, fast response, good recoverability and repeatability.
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Weng, Jianan, Wei Wu, Minghao Qian, et al. "Surface-Driven Phase Segregation in Conducting Polymer Thin Films Enables High Selectivity and Storage Stability of Chemiresistive Sensors in Humid Air." Polymers 17, no. 7 (2025): 979. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17070979.
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Chemiresistive sensors integrated with functionalized conductive polymers have emerged as promising candidates for wearable applications, offering adequate protection against highly toxic and widely prevalent organophosphate compounds, due to their high sensitivity, room-temperature operation, and straightforward fabrication process. However, these chemiresistive sensors exhibit poor resistance to water vapor due to the intrinsic properties of these conducting polymers, likely leading to false sensor alarms. In this study, we engineered a series of water-vapor-resistant, yet organophosphate-sensitive, conducting polymers by electro-copolymerizing hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-grafted 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT-HFIP) with EDOT comonomers bearing hydrophobic alkyl groups of varying lengths (ethyl, butyl, and hexyl). The typical results indicated that increasing the alkyl length and alkyl-bearing EDOT comonomer composition significantly enhanced the water resistance of the EDOT-HFIP copolymers and the copolymer-integrated chemiresistive sensor, but this improvement came at the unacceptable cost of compromising the organophosphate sensitivity. To address this issue, we developed a surface-driven phase-segregation strategy to enrich the alkyl chains on the surface while concentrating the HFIP groups beneath it by treating the silica substrates using oxygen plasma before polymer spin coating, thus decoupling and optimizing the two mutually competing characteristics. Finally, the chemiresistive sensor integrated with the EDOT-HFIP copolymer containing 10% hexyl-grafted EDOT comonomer exhibited an organophosphate (DMMP) resistive response 657 times higher than that to water vapor, and more than two times that of a PEDOT-HFIP sensor, while preserving the original specific sensitivity of the PEDOT-HFIP sensor. Furthermore, it demonstrated a markedly improved shelf storage stability, being directly exposed to air for 14 days without any special protection. We envision that this surface-driven phase-segregation strategy could offer a promising solution to the significant challenge of air moisture interference in highly sensitive polymer sensors, promoting their practical use in real-world applications.
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Nurqomariyah, Susi, Asnawati Asnawati, Neran Neran, and Siswoyo Siswoyo. "Voltammetric Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Polypyrrole and Its Response Characteristic to Alcohol." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 16, no. 2 (2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v16i2.1485.
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Conducting polymer is a used material for many purposes, including active compound of chemical sensor. Polypyrrole, one type of conducting polymers, is frequently used because of its advantages, namely owing high conductivity, strong mechanical properties and relatively stable compound. This research was aimed to develop an alcohol sensor based on polypyrrole. Electropolymerisation of the polypyrrole was carried out using cyclic voltammetric technique. This research investigated some parameters electropolymerisation, namely variation of dopant electrolyte concentration, potential scan-rate, surface morphology of the polymer resulted, characteristic of the sensor performance when exposed to some alcohol compounds. According to the result of investigation, it was found that variation of potential scan-rate and dopant concentration has significant effect to the electropolymerisation process as well as to the resulted polymer, as indicated by the voltammogram profiles, the surface morphology of the resulted polymer and the response of resistance change of the polymer when exposed to the alcohol compounds.Keywords: polypyrrole, conducting polymer, alcohol sensor, cyclic voltammetry, electropolymerisation.
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Bow, Yohandri, Adi Syakdani, Indah Purnamasari, and Rusdianasari Rusdianasari. "Uji Kinerja Sensor Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) Simazin secara Potensiometri." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 5, no. 2 (2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v5i2.221.
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Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) adalah polimer sintetis dengan rongga yang spesifik untuk molekul target. Rongga (cavities) diperoleh akibat pembuangan template, dimana rongga tersebut berfungsi mengenal molekul dengan ukuran, struktur serta sifat-sifat fisika kimia yang sama dengannya. Polimer yang dihasilkan dari teknik MIP ini diterapkan pada permukaan material sensor sebagai instrumen pendeteksi dan penganalisis simazin. Keunggulan dari MIP adalah sistem sensor yang telah mampu memberikan hasil analisis suatu cemaran secara cepat, mudah dan dalam konsentrasi yang rendah (ppm). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat MIP simazin sebagai sensor cemaran dan uji kinerja secara potensiometri. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan kondisi optimum pembuatan Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) simazin diperoleh dengan komposisi 6,02 mL kloroform; simazin 0,025 g; 0,9 mL methacrylic acid (MAA); 1,57 mL ethylene glycol methacrylic acid (EGMA); 0,07 g benzoyl peroxide (BPO) dengan waktu pemanasan selama 150 menit pada temperatur 70oC. Uji kinerja sensor dilakukan secara potensiometri dan diperoleh sensor MIP simazin yang dibuat memiliki sensitivitas dan stabilitas pada rentang konsentrasi 0,01-1,0x10-3 ppm dengan batas deteksi sebesar 0,01x10-3 ppm dan masa pakai mencapai 90 hari.Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) is a technique of polymer preparation derived from cross-linked polymers and it has cavities that are appropriate with templates. Those cavities also functions as media of molecular mechanical interaction that have the same size, shape, structure and physical chemistry. Polymers resulted from MIP techniques are applied on the surface of the sensor material as detecting instrument and analyzer of simazine. The advantages of MIP are based on its sensor systems that have been able to provide quick and easy pollutant analysis results (ppm). The aim(s) of this research are to synthesize MIP simazine as sensors of pollutant and performance with potentiometric. In the result of the research, it is shown the optimum condition of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) simazine obtained with composition of 6.02 mL chloroform; 0.025 g simazine; 0.9 mL methacrylic acid (MAA); 1.57 mL ethylene glycol methacrylic acid (EGMA); 0.07 g benzoyl peroxide (BPO) with heating time 150 minutes at 70oC. The sensor performance test was carried out in potentiometric way and it was got that the designed MIP simazine has sensitivity and stability in the concentration range of 0.01-1.0x10-3 ppm with detection limit of 0.01x10-3 ppm, and life time reached 90 days.
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Wang, Zhihua, Songyi Yang, Shuang Miao, Qiongfeng Shi, Tianyiyi He, and Chengkuo Lee. "A Motion-Balanced Sensor Based on the Triboelectricity of Nano-Iron Suspension and Flexible Polymer." Nanomaterials 9, no. 5 (2019): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9050690.
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With the development of the Internet of Things and information technology, a large number of inexpensive sensors are needed to monitor the state of the object. A wide variety of sensors with a low cost can be made using the difference in charge attractiveness between flexible polymers and other materials. Compared to the two solid materials, a sensor made of a solid polymer-liquid has a large contact area and low friction. A motion-balanced sensor is presented based on the polytetrafluoroethene pipe and nano-iron suspension. The effect of the concentration and volume of the nano-iron suspension on the output voltage of the sensor is analyzed. The motion-balanced sensor can be used to measure the tilt angle of the object and there is a linear relationship between the output voltage and the tilt angle. A comparison test is performed to a commercial acceleration sensor with PZT-5. The test results show that the frequency characteristics and amplitude characteristics of the motion-balanced sensor are consistent with those of the acceleration sensor. The motion-balanced sensor can be used to determine the state of exercise such as walking, running, etc. The motion-balanced sensor has broad application prospects for monitoring the bridges and power towers balance, stroke patients’ health assessment, etc.
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Martinez-Ramirez, Laura G., Iván Hernández-Romano, Cipriano Guzmán-Cano, et al. "Experimental Demonstration to Enhance the Curvature Sensitivity of a Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on a Waist-Enlarged Technique Using Polymer." Photonics 11, no. 3 (2024): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11030262.
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A fiber curvature sensor based on a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) constructed using the waist-enlarged technique to splice a segment of non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF) between two segments of single mode fiber (SMF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. All fabricated sensors presented an improvement in their curvature sensitivity when they were coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. The sensor that exhibited the best performance was 6.5 cm long, with a curvature sensitivity of 8.27 nm/m−1 in a range of 0.69 m−1 (from 1.08 to 1.77 m−1). This sensitivity is 3.22 times higher than that of the sensor without polymer. Additionally, the sensor coated with polymer exhibited cross-sensitivity that is 2.23 times smaller than the sensor without polymer. The easy fabrication and notable performance of this device makes it alluring for structural health monitoring.
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Budi, Gunawan, and Sudarmaji Arief. "The Use of Polymer Based Gas Sensor for Detecting Formalin in Food Using Artificial Neural Network." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 15, no. 4 (2017): 1641–50. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v15i4.6164.
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The usage of formalin as preservative substance in food is dangerous and make much threat to public society. Yet, it is difficult to identify the presence of formalin in food sensory. It commonly requires laboratory-based testing to detect the formalin. This work describes a detector system of formalin presence in food which employs a series of polymer-based gas sensor and uses a neural network detection method. The sensors are the polymer-carbon composite which made of the polymer mixed with active carbon. There are four types of polymer used, i.e. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000, PEG200, PEG20M, and PEG1450. The polymer-carbon composite provided a unique characteristic when it is exposed to vapor of food with or without formalin. The resistance of each polymer is different for each detected vapor. The combination of those sensors gives a pattern of voltage output on the sensors when they are exposed certain gas so that every gas has its unique output pattern. The method of detection uses an algorithm of back-propagation of the neural network. That voltage pattern of sensors serves as input to an artificial intelligence program. The result shows that the system has the accuracy of 75% in detecting formalin in food.
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Jaya, P. Ambhore, S. Adhao Vaibhav, and S. Cheke Rameshwar. "Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Fluorescent Sensors A Promising Tool for Food and Environment Analysis." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 4, no. 3 (2020): 539–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3892379.
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Molecular imprinting technology MIT , also called as molecular template technology, it is a novel and innovative technology use in material chemistry, polymer chemistry, biochemistry, and other different approaches. Molecularly imprinted fluorescence sensor MIFs , a technique used to know the unique and selective capability of 3 dimensional cross linked polymer called the molecularly imprinted polymers MIPs . The MIPs has wide variety of applicability, correct plasticity, stability, excessive selectivity and their inner recognition sites can be selectively combined with template molecules to obtain selective detection. Molecularly imprinted fluorescence sensor MIFs carries fluorescent substance into molecularly imprinted polymer synthesis and transforms the binding sites between target molecules and molecularly imprinted materials into detected or readable fluorescence signals. This sensor shows the advantages of excessive sensitivity and selectively of fluorescence detection. Molecular imprinting materials shows research significance and broad application prospects. This review gives importance on progress in the construction and application of MIFs turned into reviewed with emphasis on the practice principle, detection methods, and molecular recognition mechanism widely used for food analysis. Jaya P Ambhore | Vaibhav S Adhao | Rameshwar S Cheke "Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Fluorescent Sensors: A Promising Tool for Food and Environment Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30560.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/30560/molecularly-imprinted-polymerbased-fluorescent-sensors-a-promising-tool-for-food-and-environment-analysis/jaya-p-ambhore
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Ray, Bishakha, Saurabh Parmar, Varsha Vijayan, Satyendra Vishwakarma, and Suwarna Datar. "Detection of trace volatile organic compounds in spiked breath samples: a leap towards breathomics." Nanotechnology 33, no. 20 (2022): 205505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac4c5e.
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Abstract Breathomics is the future of non-invasive point-of-care devices. The field of breathomics can be split into the isolation of disease-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their detection. In the present work, an array of five quartz tuning fork (QTF)-based sensors modified by polymer with nanomaterial additive has been utilized. The array has been used to detect samples of human breath spiked with ∼0.5 ppm of known VOCs namely, acetone, acetaldehyde, octane, decane, ethanol, methanol, styrene, propylbenzene, cyclohexanone, butanediol, and isopropyl alcohol which are bio-markers for certain diseases. Polystyrene was used as the base polymer and it was functionalized with 4 different fillers namely, silver nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide composite, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, zinc ferrite nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide composite, and cellulose acetate. Each of these fillers enhanced the selectivity of a particular sensor towards a certain VOC compared to the pristine polystyrene-modified sensor. Their interaction with the VOCs in changing the mechanical properties of polymer giving rise to change in the resonant frequency of QTF is used as sensor response for detection. The interaction of functionalized polymers with VOCs was analyzed by FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopy. The collective sensor response of five sensors is used to identify VOCs using an ensemble classifier with 92.8% accuracy of prediction. The accuracy of prediction improved to 96% when isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and methanol were considered as one class.
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Nuru, Safarov*. "POLYMER - SILICON SENSOR FOR DETERMINATION FLOW." Global Journal of Engineering Science and Research Management 3, no. 9 (2016): 19–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.62006.
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Research stream in sea is an actual problem for studying the physical processes proceeding at oceans and the seas. There are two main problems at development of the sensor contacting to an aquatic environment: if electrodes of the sensors measuring a stream are isolated from water, water pressure renders destroying influence on the sensor measuring a stream; if electrodes of the sensor adjoin to water, the water environment shunts electrodes and brings distortions in physical value of electric parameters of the sensor. We offer the hybrid organic-silicon sensor for measuring simultaneously temperature fields and the space a profile of the heat stream of an aquatic environment. The measurement can be carried out both in near-surface areas, and on various depths in an aquatic environment. The application for this purpose of organic-composite materials allows extending a research range.
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Wang, Haixiu, Zufei Feng, Fupeng Lin, et al. "Research on Temperature-Switched Dopamine Electrochemical Sensor Based on Thermosensitive Polymers and MWCNTs." Polymers 15, no. 6 (2023): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15061465.
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A temperature-controlled electrochemical sensor was constructed based on a composite membrane composed of temperature-sensitive polymer poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH). The sensor has good temperature sensitivity and reversibility in detecting Dopamine (DA). At low temperatures, the polymer is stretched to bury the electrically active sites of carbon nanocomposites. Dopamine cannot exchange electrons through the polymer, representing an “OFF” state. On the contrary, in a high-temperature environment, the polymer shrinks to expose electrically active sites and increases the background current. Dopamine can normally carry out redox reactions and generate response currents, indicating the “ON” state. In addition, the sensor has a wide detection range (from 0.5 μM to 150 μM) and low LOD (193 nM). This switch-type sensor provides new avenues for the application of thermosensitive polymers.
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Enser, Herbert, Christina Offenzeller, Marcel Knoll, Wolfgang Hilber, and Bernhard Jakoby. "Capacitive Contact Sensor on an Elastic Polymer Sheet." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (2018): 1515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131515.
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There is an increasing need for embedded sensors integrated into parts and mechanical components, which are often polymer based. We investigated a solution to print capacitive sensors onto elastic polymer sheets to monitor the physical contact with other adjacent components. The capacitive sensors are oriented in an array across the surface of said sheet to monitor the contact and the distance to a neighboring electrically conductive object. In the particularly investigated setup, the sheet is embedded between to metallic (aluminum) plates and the capacitance of the sensor is changed due to the compression of the dielectric material between the interdigital fingers constituting the sensor.
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Zhigerbayeva, Guldana, Nurxat Nuraje, Amanzhol Turlybekuly, and Salimgerey Adilov. "Pure 3D Conducting Polymer Network for an Ultra-Sensitive and Flexible Hydrogen Gas Sensor at Room Temperature." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 50 (2024): 2707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01502707mtgabs.
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Hydrogen (H2) is considered a next-generation energy source with diverse applications across valuable social, economic, and industrial sectors, including transportation, biomedical, power generation, and space exploration. Due to its low ignition energy and wide flammable range, there is an urgent global demand for ultrasensitive, lightweight, portable, wearable, and flexible hydrogen sensors to identify early gas leaks and prevent environmental and economic implications. In this study, we present a flexible hydrogen gas sensor based on conducting polymers, namely polypyrrole (PPY) with graphene nanoparticles, synthesized by the bi-continuous microemulsion polymerization method. The one-step scalable synthetic procedure enables the design of 1D, 2D, and 3D conducting polymers and their nanocomposites with tunable morphological and electrical properties. The unique multilayered oil-to-water nature of the bi-continuous microemulsion allows the fabrication of pure mesoporous 3D conducting polymers and their composites without the addition of any cross-linkers with excellent electrical properties. The 3D pure porous polymer network acts as a monolithic conducting framework that facilitates electron and ion transport and promotes the diffusion of molecules and ions more efficiently than 1D or 2D structures. The soft and porous nature of the polymer improves the interaction and adsorption of the target gas molecules and sensing material by increasing the number of active sites. This 3D PPY_graphene flexible network synthesized by the bi-continuous microemulsion method is successfully utilized to fabricate an ultra-sensitive flexible gas sensor. The performance of the sensor can be modified based on the reactor design. The sensor exhibits a notable response to 1 ppm of H2 gas. At room temperature, the fabricated sensor displayed 14 and 20 seconds of response and recovery time, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, no study has explored the application of 3D pure conducting polymers and their nanocomposites for hydrogen gas sensors using the bi-continuous microemulsion polymerization method, yielding such exceptional sensing results. Figure 1
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Xiao, Fan, Shunyu Jin, Wan Zhang, Yingxin Zhang, Hang Zhou, and Yuan Huang. "Wearable Pressure Sensor Using Porous Natural Polymer Hydrogel Elastomers with High Sensitivity over a Wide Sensing Range." Polymers 15, no. 12 (2023): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122736.
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Wearable pressure sensors capable of quantifying full-range human dynamic motionare are pivotal in wearable electronics and human activity monitoring. Since wearable pressure sensors directly or indirectly contact skin, selecting flexible soft and skin-friendly materials is important. Wearable pressure sensors with natural polymer-based hydrogels are extensively explored to enable safe contact with skin. Despite recent advances, most natural polymer-based hydrogel sensors suffer from low sensitivity at high-pressure ranges. Here, by using commercially available rosin particles as sacrificial templates, a cost-effective wide-range porous locust bean gum-based hydrogel pressure sensor is constructed. Due to the three-dimensional macroporous structure of the hydrogel, the constructed sensor exhibits high sensitivities (12.7, 5.0, and 3.2 kPa−1 under 0.1–20, 20–50, and 50–100 kPa) under a wide range of pressure. The sensor also offers a fast response time (263 ms) and good durability over 500 loading/unloading cycles. In addition, the sensor is successfully applied for monitoring human dynamic motion. This work provides a low-cost and easy fabrication strategy for fabricating high-performance natural polymer-based hydrogel piezoresistive sensors with a wide response range and high sensitivity.
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López-Luna, Ángel, Patricia Arroyo, Daniel Matatagui, Carlos Sánchez-Vicente, and Jesús Lozano. "A Versatile SAW Sensor-Based Modular and Portable Platform for a Multi-Sensor Device." Micromachines 16, no. 2 (2025): 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16020170.
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This study presents the development and characterization of a novel electronic nose system based on customized surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors. The system includes four sensors, customized with different custom polymer coatings, in order to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The main innovation lies in the design of a robust and versatile switching electronics system that allows for the integration of the SAW sensors into portable systems, as well as interoperability with other gas sensor technologies. The system includes a modular architecture that allows multiple sensor arrays to be combined to improve the selectivity and discrimination of complex gas mixtures. To verify the proper performance of the system and the detection capability of the manufactured sensors, experimental laboratory tests have been carried out. Specifically, ethanol and acetone measurements up to a 2000 ppm concentration have been performed. These preliminary experimental results demonstrate the capability of the SAW sensors with different response patterns across the sensor array. In particular, the sensor made with the polyvinyl acetate polymer exhibits high sensitivity to both VOCs.
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Majewski, Jacek. "Low Humidity Characteristics of Polymer-Based Capacitive Humidity Sensors." Metrology and Measurement Systems 24, no. 4 (2017): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2017-0048.
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AbstractPolymer-based capacitive humidity sensors emerged around 40 years ago; nevertheless, they currently constitute large part of sensors’ market within a range of medium (climatic and industrial) humidity 20−80%RH due to their linearity, stability and cost-effectiveness. However, for low humidity values (0−20%RH) that type of sensor exhibits increasingly nonlinear characteristics with decreasing of humidity values. This paper presents the results of some experimental trials of CMOS polymer-based capacitive humidity sensors, as well as of modelling the behaviour of that type of sensor. A logarithmic functional relationship between the relative humidity and the change of sensor output value at low humidity is suggested.
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Amoah, Cephas, and W. G. Skene. "Survey of Sustainable Wearable Strain Sensors Enabled by Biopolymers and Conductive Organic Polymers." Gels 11, no. 4 (2025): 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040235.
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The field of wearable sensors has evolved with operating devices capable of measuring biomechanics and biometrics, and detecting speech. The transduction, being the conversion of the biosignal to a measurable and quantifiable electrical signal, is governed by a conductive organic polymer. Meanwhile, the conformality of skin to the substrate is quintessential. Both the substrate and the conductive polymer must work in concert to reversibly deform with the user’s movements for motion tracking. While polydimethylsiloxane shows mechanical compliance as a sensor substrate, it is of environmental interest to replace it with sustainable and degradable alternatives. As both the bulk of the weight and area of the sensor consist of the substrate, using renewable and biodegradable materials for its preparation would be an important step toward improving the lifecycle of wearable sensors. This review highlights wearable resistive sensors that are prepared from naturally occurring polymers that are both sustainable and biodegradable. Conductive polythiophenes are also presented, as well as how they are integrated into the biopolymer for sensors showing mechanical compliance with skin. This polymer is highlighted because of its structural conformality, conductivity, and processability, ensuring it fulfils the requirements for its use in sensors without adversely affecting the overall sustainability and biodegradability of resistive sensors. Different sustainable resistive sensors are also presented, and their performance is compared to conventional sensors to illustrate the successful integration of the biosourced polymers into sensors without comprising the desired elasticity and sensitivity to movement. The current state-of-the-art in sustainable resistive sensors is presented, along with knowledge of how biopolymers from different fields can be leveraged in the rational design of the next generation of sustainable sensors that can potentially be composted after their use.
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Terán-Alcocer, Álvaro, Francisco Bravo-Plascencia, Carlos Cevallos-Morillo, and Alex Palma-Cando. "Electrochemical Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers for the Aqueous Detection of Biologically Relevant Molecules." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010252.
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Electrochemical sensors appear as low-cost, rapid, easy to use, and in situ devices for determination of diverse analytes in a liquid solution. In that context, conducting polymers are much-explored sensor building materials because of their semiconductivity, structural versatility, multiple synthetic pathways, and stability in environmental conditions. In this state-of-the-art review, synthetic processes, morphological characterization, and nanostructure formation are analyzed for relevant literature about electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymers for the determination of molecules that (i) have a fundamental role in the human body function regulation, and (ii) are considered as water emergent pollutants. Special focus is put on the different types of micro- and nanostructures generated for the polymer itself or the combination with different materials in a composite, and how the rough morphology of the conducting polymers based electrochemical sensors affect their limit of detection. Polypyrroles, polyanilines, and polythiophenes appear as the most recurrent conducting polymers for the construction of electrochemical sensors. These conducting polymers are usually built starting from bifunctional precursor monomers resulting in linear and branched polymer structures; however, opportunities for sensitivity enhancement in electrochemical sensors have been recently reported by using conjugated microporous polymers synthesized from multifunctional monomers.
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Lai, Qin-Teng, Qi-Jun Sun, Zhenhua Tang, Xin-Gui Tang, and Xin-Hua Zhao. "Conjugated Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Pressure Sensors." Molecules 28, no. 4 (2023): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041627.
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Flexible sensors are the essential foundations of pressure sensing, microcomputer sensing systems, and wearable devices. The flexible tactile sensor can sense stimuli by converting external forces into electrical signals. The electrical signals are transmitted to a computer processing system for analysis, realizing real-time health monitoring and human motion detection. According to the working mechanism, tactile sensors are mainly divided into four types—piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric tactile sensors. Conventional silicon-based tactile sensors are often inadequate for flexible electronics due to their limited mechanical flexibility. In comparison, polymeric nanocomposites are flexible and stretchable, which makes them excellent candidates for flexible and wearable tactile sensors. Among the promising polymers, conjugated polymers (CPs), due to their unique chemical structures and electronic properties that contribute to their high electrical and mechanical conductivity, show great potential for flexible sensors and wearable devices. In this paper, we first introduce the parameters of pressure sensors. Then, we describe the operating principles of resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensors, and review the pressure sensors based on conjugated polymer nanocomposites that were reported in recent years. After that, we introduce the performance characteristics of flexible sensors, regarding their applications in healthcare, human motion monitoring, electronic skin, wearable devices, and artificial intelligence. In addition, we summarize and compare the performances of conjugated polymer nanocomposite-based pressure sensors that were reported in recent years. Finally, we summarize the challenges and future directions of conjugated polymer nanocomposite-based sensors.
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Joshi, Kunal, Marquese Pollard, Andrea Chiari, and Tarik Dickens. "Concrete–fiber-reinforced polymer interfacial bond monitoring with self-triggering sensors." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 12 (2018): 2557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18770859.
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External bonding with fiber-reinforced polymers is currently one of the most popular technologies for rehabilitation of concrete structures. However, the effectiveness of the technology largely depends on the strength of the bond between the fiber-reinforced polymer laminate and the concrete substrate. This article provides a system to monitor the loss of bond between the fiber-reinforced polymer laminate and the concrete. Fiber optic sensors are broadly accepted as a structural health monitoring device for fiber-reinforced polymer materials by integrating the sensors into the host material. A recent development in fiber optic sensor technology is the mechanoluminescence-based optoelectronic sensors. Concrete beams strengthened with multifunctional fiber-reinforced polymer laminates were tested in shear using these sensors to evaluate the bond strength of the composite system. The sensors showed response to shear stress transfer in the adhesive layer which was observed to be as low as 2 MPa. The inclusion of sensors does not affect the bond strength (3.35 MPa), for both beams with sensors and without sensors. Real-time failure detection of fiber-reinforced polymer–strengthened beams was successfully achieved in this study. In future, the scheme aims at providing a tool to reduce the response time and decision making involved in the maintenance of deficient structures.
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Lin, Xin, Ying Liu, Yong Zhang, et al. "Polymer-Assisted Pressure Sensor with Piezoresistive Suspended Graphene and Its Temperature Characteristics." Nano 14, no. 10 (2019): 1950130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292019501303.
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A polymer-assisted pressure sensor with piezoresistive suspended graphene is proposed and fabricated with high yield. Our sensor exhibits a good pressure response comparable to that of commercial sensors. The sensitivity is estimated to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]kPa[Formula: see text], higher than that of similar Si-based pressure sensors. The influence of the temperature on the sensor performance is systematically analyzed. An inverse temperature response is observed, and a nonnegligible temperature effect on the sensor resistance is demonstrated. Considering the temperature-induced cavity pressure change, a new temperature–resistance model is built to explain the nonlinearity of the sensor response to the temperature variation. Experiments under different test voltages show the influence of the current thermal effect, which is similar to that of temperature and nonnegligible for high-precision pressure sensors. Our new sensor holds great potential for practical application, and the findings on the temperature characteristics open up a route to further improve the sensor performance.
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Petermann, Ann, Thomas Hildebrandt, Uwe Morgner, Bernhard Roth, and Merve Meinhardt-Wollweber. "Polymer Based Whispering Gallery Mode Humidity Sensor." Sensors 18, no. 7 (2018): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072383.
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Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are versatile high sensitivity sensors, but applications regularly suffer from elaborate and expensive manufacturing and read-out. We have realized a simple and inexpensive concept for an all-polymer WGM sensor. Here, we evaluate its performance for relative humidity measurements demonstrating a sensitivity of 47 pm/% RH. Our results show the sensor concepts’ promising potential for use in real-life applications and environments.
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Sappati, Kiran, and Sharmistha Bhadra. "Piezoelectric Polymer and Paper Substrates: A Review." Sensors 18, no. 11 (2018): 3605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113605.
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Polymers and papers, which exhibit piezoelectricity, find a wide range of applications in the industry. Ever since the discovery of PVDF, piezo polymers and papers have been widely used for sensor and actuator design. The direct piezoelectric effect has been used for sensor design, whereas the inverse piezoelectric effect has been applied for actuator design. Piezo polymers and papers have the advantages of mechanical flexibility, lower fabrication cost and faster processing over commonly used piezoelectric materials, such as PZT, BaTiO3. In addition, many polymer and paper materials are considered biocompatible and can be used in bio applications. In the last 20 years, heterostructural materials, such as polymer composites and hybrid paper, have received a lot of attention since they combine the flexibility of polymer or paper, and excellent pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of ceramics. This paper gives an overview of piezoelectric polymers and papers based on their operating principle. Main categories of piezoelectric polymers and papers are discussed with a focus on their materials and fabrication techniques. Applications of piezoelectric polymers and papers in different areas are also presented.
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Yampolskyi, A. L., O. V. Makarenko, and D. V. Zaporoshchenko. "Plasmon Resonance Properties of Au, Cu and Ag Multi-layered Structures with P(VDF-TrFE)." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 68, no. 9 (2023): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe68.9.594.
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The theoretical modeling of the optical response of layered metal-polymer structures, which can be employed as plasmonic sensors, is carried out. The calculation of their linearly polarized light reflection is performed with the use of the well-known matrix method, which describes the electromagnetic radiation propagation through a sequence of homogeneous flat-parallel media layers. In this way, the attenuated total reflection curves of the structures containing metal films (Au, Cu, or Ag) and a polymer dielectric are obtained and analyzed. A new sensor is proposed, which will utilize the ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer separating metal films. This might be a perspective idea for the creation of tunable plasmonic sensors. The dependencies of the angular position of a surface plasmon resonance versus the thicknesses of structure’s layers, as well as versus the refractive index of the medium contacting to the free surface of a sensor, are considered. This makes it possible to carry out the approximate search for optimal constructive parameters of a sensor, namely, the thicknesses of metal and polymer layers, and to make conclusion about its resulting sensitivity and working range. It is found that the sensors based on a single metal film and a couple of such films separated by a polymer differ 1 ... 1.3 times in the sensitivity (single metal film demonstrates a more rapid resonant angle shift with analyte refractive index variation). It is established that the employment of Au, Cu, or Ag gives no significant changes in the sensitivity of a two-metal-layer sensor with a polymer, but the widest refractive index registration range may be expected for a Cu-based sensor.
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Alam, Mir Waqas, Shahidul Islam Bhat, Hassan S. Al Qahtani, et al. "Recent Progress, Challenges, and Trends in Polymer-Based Sensors: A Review." Polymers 14, no. 11 (2022): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112164.
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Polymers are long-chain, highly molecular weight molecules containing large numbers of repeating units within their backbone derived from the product of polymerization of monomeric units. The materials exhibit unique properties based on the types of bonds that exist within their structures. Among these, some behave as rubbers because of their excellent bending ability, lightweight nature, and shape memory. Moreover, their tunable chemical, structural, and electrical properties make them promising candidates for their use as sensing materials. Polymer-based sensors are highly utilized in the current scenario in the public health sector and environment control due to their rapid detection, small size, high sensitivity, and suitability in atmospheric conditions. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to highlight the current progress in polymer-based sensors. More importantly, this review provides general trends and challenges in sensor technology based on polymer materials.