Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polymères bactériens'
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Roger, Olivier. "Etude d'oligosaccharides bioactifs issus d'exopolysaccharides bactériens : obtention, caractérisation et relation structure/fonction." Paris 13, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA132032.
Full textUnsual expolysaccharides 5EPS) produced by heterotrophic aerobic and mesophilic bacteria originating from hydrothermal vent, were reviewed as a new source of polysaccharidic structure determination of the EPS GY785, synthesized by Alteromonas infernus. A highly branched nonasaccharidic repetitive unnit was identified using chemical modifications and nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy. His 10 puissance 6 g/mol polysaccharide is composed of glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, and ontaibns a single branched ramification and one sulphate group. .
Lelchat, Florian. "Enzymes de dépolymérisation d'exopolysaccharides bactériens marins." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0070/document.
Full textExopolysaccharides (EPSs) are a class of biopolymer synthesized by Eukarya, Archea and Procarya.Bacterial EPSs are involved in biofilm establishment and biofouling phenomenon. These polymers have physicochemical and biological properties suitable with biotechnological valorization. At the opposite, their involvment in biofouling of pathogenic strains can be problematic.Enzymatic depolymerization process are necessary for EPSs structural elucidation, Bioactive oligosaccharides production or to disrupt polysaccharidic biofilms. The highlight of enzymatic phenomenon can help to understand biogeochimical process in the ocean. Nevertheless the important structural diversity as well as their complexity make the sourcing of specific enzymes difficult.Two strategies were used to find enzymes.1. The bacterial way by using EPS-producing marine strains2. The viral way, with marine bacteriophages.For the need of the study, several EPS-substrates were produced and characterized. The majority of them were totally new. An enzymatic screening on 11 marine Alteromonas strains shown that 6 were able to depolymerize their EPS in an endogenous way. A bioprospection was realized to isolates marine bacteriophages with potential viral Cazymes. 10 out of 33 phages were selectionned for their ability to be infectious with their hosts in EPS production induced. Finally, a host/virus system was chosen. The bacteriophages infecting Cobetia marina DSMZ 4741 (named Carin-1 to 5) were studied. The polysaccharidase activities of Carin-1 and Carin-5 on the L6 EPS were studied more deeply. In parallel, the complete structural elucidation of the L6 EPS was realized
Wendels, Sophie. "Synthesis and elaboration of new biobased hemostatic adhesives from bacterial polymers." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAE006.
Full textPolyurethanes (PUs) are a major family of polymers used in a large range of fields. Moreover, they display a wide spectrum of physico-chemical, mechanical and structural properties. In this regard, they have shown suitable for biomedical applications and are used in this domain since decades. The current variety of biomass available has extended the diversity of starting materials for the elaboration of new biobased macromolecular architectures, allowing the development of biobased PUs with advanced properties. Nowadays, there is a need for more environmentally friendly and effective solutions for tissue adhesive purposes. In this frame, new renewably sourced PU-based hemostatic adhesives have been successfully designed. Chosen biomasses were mainly from bacterial ressources and vegetable oils, but not only. Many different adhesive formulations were obtained and characterized, and the developed adhesives offer a broad range of specific properties such as viscosity, curing time, tissue adhesion and exothermy. PUs, corresponding to the final adhesives chemical state in contact with the tissue, were also prepared and studied. They exhibited tailored physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties, close to diverse tissue native mechanical properties. Cytotoxicity and degradation, which are key parameters for biomedical applications, were also investigated
Krapf, Marie-Ève. "Agrégation de cellules bactériennes par des polymères cationiques (polyéthylèneimine) : influence de la masse moléculaire du polymère et de la présence/absence de surstructures exopolymériques bactériennes sur la déshydratation des boues biologiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0089/document.
Full textAfter dewatering, a biological sludge still contains an average water content of 70%, thus causing huge environmental problems. To achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying physicochemical interactions inducing water retention in the sludge, the bacterial sludge was modeled by a pure strain producing or not surface appendages, depending on the growth temperature. These bacterial suspensions were flocculated by polyethyleneimine of various molecular weights. Measurements of optical density, electrophoretic mobility, conductivity, pH, absorbance, particle size, as well as AFM and TEM observations were performed. This allowed to characterize aggregates structures and to estimate the influence of molecular weight and concentration of polymer and presence/absence of surface appendages. Measurements of elasticity, spring constant and turgor pressure were carried out by force spectroscopy allowing to characterize nanomechanical properties of aggregates. In a second step, a dewatering of these flocculated suspensions was performed by centrifugation, process used in some wastewater treatment plants. Measurements of elasticity and viscosity were carried out by rheology. Correlations with dryness measurements allowed to conclude that the presence/absence of surface appendages, and also the molecular weight and concentration of the polymer have a significant impact on biological sludge dewatering
Gornard, Sophie. "Isolement et caractérisation de bactéries marines associées à l'algue brune Ascophyllum nodosum pour la dépolymérisation enzymatique du fucane." Paris 13, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA132031.
Full textFucan constituted of sulfated L-fucose is extracted from brown seaweeds. Since 1987, this bioactive polysaccharide is studied by the Unity of Marine research n°2 constituted of the Research Laboratory on Macromolecules (CNRS, Paris 13) and IFREMER (Nantes). Currently its properties have never been used for therapeutic purposes. This is partly due to the lack of knowledge about its fine structure and moleculary mecanisms responsible for its activities. The aim of this work was to develoop enzymes for the characterisation of the structure of fucan. The Seaweed Manufacturing Technology Center, inclined to diversify its production of oligosaccharides, made its technical means available for this research about bacterial enzymes able to degrade fucan. Our research enable us to find two bacteria called B and C and associated to the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, able to degrade fucan. We optimized their culture conditions and their storage. Then we found that these bacteria belonging to the Flavobacteriaceae correspond to two new bacterial species. These bacteria produce an extracellular sulfatase activity and extracellular enzymes responsible for fucan degradation. The fucanase activity of the bacteria B could have an exolytic mecanism and the fucanase activity of the bacteria C could be endolytic. The grade of activity of the extracellular enzymes was low. So we look for intracellular and periplasmic enzymes associated to the bacteria C. The results let us thinks that the fucanase activity of this bacteria could be intracellular and could have a periplasmic localisation. The characterisation of these enzymes should be continued. The purified enzymes should indeed be useful for the understanding of biological properties of the fucan. They could also enable a selective depolymerisation of this polysaccharide
Shen, Cheng. "Nouveau systèmes polymères pour la dépollution de l'eau : rétention des métaux et des bactéries." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13386.
Full textCousseau, Thomas. "Etude du microenvironnement matriciel de biofilms de Bacillus subtilis : polymères extracellulaires et comportement bactérien." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CERG0981.
Full textBacillus subtilis is a ubiquitous gram-positive bacterium that lives in different terrestrial and aquatic environments. Various extracellular polymers involved in the composition of the B. subtilis biofilm matrix have been described. Polysaccharides are the basis of these mechanical properties, the viscoelasticity being modulated by the content of the biofilm in different extracellular polymers such as amyloid proteins and extracellular DNA.The aim of this work was to study the role of exopolymers in B. subtilis biofilms using the type CIP52.65T strain and various other wild, clinical and mutant strains. The composition of the matrix varies according to the presence of sucrose in the culture medium, so the effects of supplementation of the medium Trypticase Soy (TS) sucrose (20% w/v) were studied on the planktonic growth, matrix polymer production and biofilm formation for all these B. subtilis strains. Finally, among the proteins in the matrix, B. subtilis produces an amyloid-forming protein called TasA. Its exact role in the biofilm remains poorly understood. The purpose of this second study was to better understand the self-assembly mechanism of TasA and to understand its role in the matrix. By grouping all the characterizations carried out on the biofilms and the amyloid peptides, the biomimetic matrix design made it possible to carry out a first approach on the mechanical properties of this one, by reproducing artificial matrices based on exopolysaccharides (levan), amyloid peptides and DNA
Marois, Yves. "Etude d'un nouveau polymère biorésorbable d'origine bactérienne pour l'enduction de prothèses vasculaires." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON13511.
Full textFadli, Fatma Zohra. "Adhérence et prolifération de streptococcus pyogènes sur des copolymères biospécifiques : Etude de la sensibilité à la pénicilline G des bactéries proliférant sur ces polymères." Paris 13, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA132029.
Full textNguema, Edzang Ronald W. "Synthèse et caractérisation de polymères à propriétés rédox pour un contrôle des propriétés d'adhésion bactérienne." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0006/document.
Full textDue to the reversible redox properties of ferrocene and its antibacterial activity, ferrocenyl-based polymers are useful for the synthesis of new anti-adhesive binders for marine antifouling coatings. This study reports the homopolymerization and copolymerization with lauryl methacrylate of ferrocenyl-based methacrylic monomers. Ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (FMMA) as well as four novel monomers, namely 2- (ferrocenylmethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (FMOEMA), 3-(ferrocenylmethoxy)propyl methacrylate (FMOPMA),4-(ferrocenylmethoxy)butyl methacrylate (FMOBMA) and 2-(ferrocenylmethoxy)methylethyl methacrylate (FMOMEMA) were first synthesized, and subsequently polymerized by the RAFT process. The homopolymerization kinetics were investigated by in situ NMR. The radical polymerization was controlled by using 2-cyanoprop-2-yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) as a chain transfer agent, at 70 °C in deuterated toluene. These monomers containing a ferrocenyl moiety with alcoxy linkers were found to be as reactive as FMMA in RAFT polymerization, resulting in conversions of 96% and in polymers with low dispersities (ÐM < 1.6). Monomer conversion follows a first order kinetics (up to 80%) with a linear increase in the molecular mass as a function of the monomer conversion. By using the FMMA monomer as a reference, the length of the alcoxy linker between the ferrocene unit and the backbone was increased for FMOEMA, FMOPMA, FMOMEMA and FMOBMA to improve the mobility of the side groups. This increase in macromolecular mobility led to a significant decrease of glass transition temperatures of the homopolymers. In addition, diblock copolymers exhibited two glass transition temperatures indicating that the two blocks are incompatible. The electrochemical properties of the monomers and those of the polymers were characterized using cyclic voltammetry. Finally, the anti-adhesive properties of these homopolymers and diblock copolymers toward marine bacteria were evaluated
Petit, Anne-Cécile. "Modifications d'un exopolysaccharide biosynthétisé par une bactérie issue des écosystèmes hydrothermaux profonds." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S153.
Full textLefaux, Sandra. "Biodégradation de films polymères à usage agricole : caractérisation physico-chimique des résidus et identification biomoléculaire des bactéries actives." Le Mans, 2005. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2005/2005LEMA1011.pdf.
Full textIn the environment the use of long-cycle polymers for agricultural purposes faced with a waste accumulation problem. Last decades the recent legislation involved an increased interest for biodegradable polymer materials. Before marketing of these new materials, it required to examine their inocuity for the environmental medium. In a biodegradability study of agricultural materials, an aerobic experimental set-up based on the Sturm test was elaborated. It consisted of bioreactors, thermoregulation system, electrovanes and CO2 infrared analyser (IRGA). It continuously measured bacterial carbon dioxide evolution during biodegradation test. The biodegradability results of different materials (principally make up plant polymers and polyesters) were compared. The agricultural soil bacteria degrading these materials were characterised by biomolecular analysis. In first this study used 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) analysis and used 16S-23S intergenic spacer region (ISR) analysis in second part. Results showed that the 16S-23S polymorphism was more efficient to discriminate bacterial sequences than 16S rDNA. This methodology was a rapid tool and allowed to specific bacterial race identification of degraded material. Concurrently to this study, degradation intermediate analysis was carried out with electronic microscopy and spectroscopic measurements (infrared and NMR). Surface erosion and chemical changes were found for all tested polymer materials. Results obtained with market film with confidential composition were exposed
Raynaud, Jean-Pierre. "Etude d'un nouvel exopolysaccharide fongique : identification de la souche productrice ; optimisation de la production ; propriétés physico-chimiques du polymère." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30313.
Full textLe, Costaouëc Tinaïg. "Élucidation structurale et modifications d'un exopolysaccharide bactérien d'origine hydrothermale." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2062.
Full textBacteria are known to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) with a great diversity of structures and are an important source of polysaccharides with new properties. Among those, the EPS HYD 657 or deepsane is produced by a marine bacteria: Alteromonas macleodii subsp. Fijiensis biovar deepsane, collected around deep-sea hydrothermal vents. This high molecular weigh EPS (>106 g/mol) is already used in cosmetics but its structure remained unknown so that the first aim of this study consists in elucidating its repeating unit. The data show a very complex branched repeating unit of 16-18 sugars with 7 different types of monosaccharides (neutral and acidic) and 3 types of substituents (sulphate, lactyl and pyruvyl groups). Analyses of native and oligomeric fragments from Smith degradation allow us to identify two oligosaccharides of this repeating unit and the position of two substituents. In order to enlarge the application field of this EPS, two depolymerization processes were studied. After comparison of the first one know process (free-radical depolymerization) and development of a second one (ball-milling), two low molecular weigh EPS were prepared and sulphate groups were added: they show interesting properties in modulating a way of the immune system. To enlarge depolymerization tools of this EPS, the research of enzymatical activities s developed in the third part. Protein extracts were generated by cultivating the strain producing J IN L 657 under EPS-producing conditions. One of those extracts was shown to be active to depolymerize this EPS
Lepage, Thibaut. "Modélisation du chromosome bactérien en vue de la conception de réseaux biologiques de régulation dans l'espace cellulaire." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0042/document.
Full textSuperhelicity strongly affects the 3D structure of DNA. When supercoiled, circular DNA (or linear DNA with topolocically constrained ends) folds and forms loops called plectonemes, bringing some distant parts of the chromosme close to one another in space, thus perturbing the transcription regulation network of the cell. Bacterial chromosomes are negatively supercoiled and superhelicity is known to play a important role in the regulation of the transcription. However, due to the global nature of the topological constraint imposed to the DNA, current methods have only been able to simulate small moelcules (up to a few kilobasepairs, KB). This thesis presents a novel algorithm used to performed Monte-Carlo simulations of supercoiled DNA, featuring a local approach to the topological constraint via the computation of the twist of the molecule. Using this efficient algorithm, stimulations of long molecules (tens of KB) were performed and shed a new light on debated questions about the structure of supercoiled DNA at this scale. This method allows to study the effect of the position of genes along the DNA on their co-localisation and co-regulation, and to envision the possibility of simulating the folding of a whole bacterial chromosome
Oziat, Julie. "Electrode 3D de PEDOT : PSS pour la détection de métabolites électrochimiquement actifs de Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEM026/document.
Full textDuring infections, microorganisms fast identification is critical to improve patient treatment and to better manage antibiotics use. Electrochemistry exhibits several advantages for rapid diagnostic: it enables easy, cheap and in situ analysis in most liquids. Its use for bacterial identification is recent and comes from the discovery of molecules giving strong redox signals in the bacterial supernatant of the Pseudomonas genus.This thesis focuses on the supernatants analysis of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacteria is the fourth cause of nosocomial infections in Europe. First, the interest of supernatants electrochemical analysis for identification was evaluated. For this, after the study of four redox biomarkers of this bacterium in model solutions, supernatant electrochemical analysis of several strains of P. aeruginosa was performed. The results are promising. They highlight a complex strain-dependant electrochemical signature of the supernatant.Following, we focused in the amplification of the electrochemical detection through the use of the conductive polymer PEDOT: PSS. This polymer was chosen for its good electrochemical properties, its biocompatibility and its easy shaping. It was first used as a thin films to confirm its amplification power through biomarker adsorption. Then, a 3D electrode was made by freeze drying. The use of this type of electrode can further amplify the detection by increasing the exchange surface as well as confining the bacteria in the electrode
Remy, Paul-Philippe. "Rôle de différents compartiments microbiens (biofilms, matières en suspension, sédiments de surface) et de leurs constituants (bactéries, polymères extracellulaires et biominéraux) sur la méthylation et la réduction de HgII." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0076/document.
Full textMonomethylmercury formation, the neurotoxic form of mercury, is mainly linked to anaerobic microbial activity. In order to assess the relative contribution of several microbial compartments (biofilms, raw water and sediment) we evaluated methylation of samples from ponds of temperate area (Lorraine, France) and from subarctic ponds (Nunavik, Quebec). Biofilms were not found to specifically promote mercury methylation, whereas sediment emerges as the main compartment involved in mercury methylation. The formation of methylmercury is positively linked to the temperature and to nutrients. Thus, by increasing the open water period, the water temperature and of the microbial activity, current climate changes may turn these ponds in preferential location for mercury methylation in the subarctic ecosystem. Finally, the reactivity of green rust, a mineral which can be produced by bacterial activity of environmental biofilms, may compete with mercury methylation by reducing HgII into Hg0
Pancani, Elisabetta. "Development and advanced characterisation of antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles to fight intracellular bacteria." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS513/document.
Full textThe treatment of intracellular infections is very challenging given the ability of bacteria to “hide” inside the cells of the host, especially the ones of the immune system, thus hampering the action of many antimicrobial agents. The battle against these bacteria has been further exacerbated by the increasing diffusion of antimicrobial resistant strains. In this frame, nanoparticles (NPs) are a very promising strategy to overcome the limitations of free antimicrobial agents by administering them in an optimized manner.This PhD work, performed as part of the European Project ITN Cyclon Hit, aimed at the development and advanced characterisation of antibiotic-loaded biodegradable and biocompatible NPs made of poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (lactic-co-glycolic) (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) or of polymerised cyclodextrins (pCDs).The first two chapters are dedicated to the encapsulation of powerful but challenging drugs in polymeric NPs. Firstly, these carriers were employed for the simultaneous delivery of a potent drug combination recently discovered, ethionamide (ETH) and its booster, for tuberculosis therapy. Secondly, they were used to address the challenges related to the incorporation of a first-generation quinolone, pipemidic acid (PIP), with the aim of optimising its intracellular delivery in infections such as salmonellosis.The efficient co-incorporation of ETH and booster had to overcome several technological barriers. These drugs presented solubility, crystallisation and bioavailability-related problems which were overcome thanks to the developed NPs. Our engineered PLA and pCD NPs were both able to efficiently co-encapsulate the two molecules. Among the in depth-characterised formulations, pCDs NPs displayed the best physico-chemical properties and were shown to host the drugs both in the CD cavities and in confined spaces inside NPs crosslinked polymer. The pCD NPs were administered in vivo by endotracheal route directly to the infection site. Empty NPs were shown non-toxic after repeated pulmonary administration of high doses. Moreover, loaded pCD NPs led to a 3-log decrease in the pulmonary bacterial load of infected animals after only 6 administrations. Similarly, the incorporation of PIP faced challenges mainly related to PIP crystallization and burst release. Unfortunately, PIP displayed poor affinity for all the studied polymeric materials and its physical encapsulation was unsuccessful. Thus, an alternative approach was developed by coupling PIP to PCL by using an original catalyst-free drug-initiated reaction. The PCL-PIP conjugate self-assembled in NPs with up to 27 wt% PIP which were thoroughly characterised. However, the conjugate couldn’t be enzymatically degraded. With the design of novel PCL-PIP conjugates, this self-assembly approach could represent a promising strategy.The deep understanding of the structure and composition of complex core-corona nanocarriers containing one or two active molecules is crucial for their optimisation. The last two chapters are devoted to the innovative application of AFM-IR, an original nanospectroscopic method combining atomic force microscopy (AFM) with infrared (IR) spectroscopy, to the chemical analysis of PLGA NPs or to their label-free detection after cell internalisation.AFM-IR is able to provide chemical characterisation at the nanometer scale (resolution ~10nm). One main breakthrough here is the application of the recently developed tapping mode allowing the investigation of single polymeric NPs. The specific IR signal of NPs constituents was used to unravel the chemical composition of their core and corona as well as to precisely locate the drug. Moreover, the AFM-IR in contact mode enabled for the first time the label-free localisation and unambiguous chemical identification of NPs inside cells using the polymer IR specific response as a fingerprint. This work paves the way for countless application of this technique in the field of drug delivery
Mitiouchkina, Ekaterina. "Intérêt de l'utilisation de supports pour l'amélioration du rendement du traitement par boues activées à basses températures : application au traitement des eaux usées dans les régions froides." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ECAP0900.
Full textTravailleur, Lucy. "Composites mortier-polymère en couche mince : impact du séchage et de la colonisation microbienne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2040.
Full textPolymer-modified mortars are widely used as protection and/or repair materials. Indeed, the addition of polymer allows modifying the properties of materials especially by promoting their adhesion, while reducing their permeability. However, studies rarely take into account the actual conditions of application on worksite. Those studies are generally realised on massive materials whereas, in fact, polymer-modified mortars are applied into thin layers. In addition, on site, the requirements regarding materials curing are not always applied, and water transfers car occur. Finally, studies on material durability do not consider possible interactions between polymer-modified mortars and microorganisms, which lead to moderate yet aesthetically detrimental degradations. Accordingly, the aim of this thesis is to study the behaviour of polymer-modified mortars applied into thin layers when they are exposed to worksite conditions. To do so, studies were realised in order to understand better the properties of polymer-modified mortars at early age. Firstly, it was showed that polymers have a delaying effect on cement hydration. This effect was partially linked to the adsorption of polymer on cement grains, but mostly due to the complexation of calcium ions following polymer hydrolysis. Then, polymer-modified mortars were exposed to an air flow during hardening, in order to simulate their air drying when curing conditions are not respected. It was noted that polymers do not allow slowing down water evaporation. Besides, mortars with a thickness of less than 20 mm do not retain enough water to ensure cement hydration after 24 hours of drying. Further studies were realised on hardened polymer-modified mortars in order to evaluate their resistance to biocolonisation in the case of their use as a protection material for façades and sewer systems. In the first case, results showed an influence of curing on the bioalteration of mortars, which needs to be verified in a new test campaign. Besides, the colonisation of mortars was limited by the high surface pH of the samples, even after three months. This study allowed recommending the necessity of an abiotic pre-treatment in order to reduce the surface pH to allow the growing of microorganisms. In the second case, results showed that polymer-modified mortars behaved the same way as neat Portland mortars. Indeed, after four months of conservation in the biodeterioration chamber, all mortars showed deterioration depths of 0.5 to 1 mm. Thus, the presence of polymers does not limit biodeterioration
Moll, Nicolas. "Étude et réalisation d'un système immunocapteurs à ondes de Love : application à la détection de toxines, de virus ou de bactéries." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13385.
Full textOrnstein, Roxanne. "Développement de sondes fluorogéniques pour le suivi du métabolisme et de la croissance de bactéries en gouttes." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS288.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this project is to identify functional diversity within bacteria from the same patient. Bacteria secrete a lot of enzymes to digest their environment and these extracellular enzymatic activities are the markers of bacterial species, their phenotype, viability and state of development. Fluorescence is a powerful and sensitive method to track enzyme activity. Our first goal is to synthesize enzymatic fluorogenic probes whose fluorescence is controlled by the deprotonation of a phenol function. For continuous follow up of bacteria, one major concern is the potential toxicity of probe. To address this problem probes are linked to a hydrophilic polymer in order to increase their solubility and reduce toxicity for bacteria, as they are cell impermeant. Example of the β-galactosidase enzyme, a well-established marker of Escherichia coli, will be presented
Cottenye, Nicolas. "Antimicrobial surfaces based on self-assembled nanoreactors : from block copolymer synthesis to bacterial adhesion studies." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598560.
Full textGammoudi, Ibtissem. "Biocapteur à base de bactéries pour le contrôle environnemental." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985827.
Full textAlcheikh, Anas. "Réponse des ostéoblastes sur des surfaces en titane modifiées par greffage des groupements ioniques pour des applications cliniques en odontologie (chirurgie, orthodontie et implantologie)." Paris 13, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA132019.
Full textTitanium is a material of choice for orthopedic and dental applications. To confer with titanium surfaces antibacterial properties and improve its potential for osseointegration LBPS team proposed the functionalization of polymers "bioactive". Our work fits into this theme, we have studied both the adherence of S. Aureus and the response of osteoblasts on titanium surfaces grafted with poly (styrene sulfonate) polyNaSS. Bioactive titanium surfaces were performed by grafting polyNaSS obtained by radical copolymerization Three types of titanium surface were used for biological tests: non-modified titanium, oxidized titanium, titanium grafted. The bacterial adhesion was investigated on titanium surfaces grafted and ungrafted, pre-adsorbed plasma proteins or not. Counting of bacteria was followed by labeling bacteria with fluorescein and quantification by image analysis. Indeed, we showed that the modification of titanium surfaces by grafting a polymer "bioactive" such as poly (styrene sulfonate) can inhibit (> 70%) adherence of S. Aureus. This property probably involves inhibiting the amount and / or conformation of adsorbed proteins that may mediate bacterial adhesion. In parallel, we explored the response using osteoblastic cells in fetal rat calvaria in culture. The results showed that the grafting of poly (styrene sulfonate) does not alter the number of adherent cells on titanium, or morphology. It does not interfere either with proliferation, as evidenced by the kinetics of cell proliferation similar on all three surfaces tested. However, the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase on the grafted surface was significantly higher (p <0. 01) than those observed on control surfaces, mineralization nodules were visible on the three titanium surfaces tested. However, the sum of the areas on the titanium surface grafted was significantly (p <0. 05) greater than that observed on the surface of oxidized titanium and unmodified. In conclusion, the grafting of titanium surfaces with these bioactive polymers sulfonates one hand inhibits the adhesion of S. Aureus and the other not only does not interfere with the adhesion and proliferation but stimulates differentiation of osteoblastic cells. These surfaces could be interesting for clinical application in coatings of implants, particularly in the field of orthopedics to prevent peri-implant infections
Daniel, Marc. "Utilisation du méthanol pour une production microbienne de PHB : quelques aspects physiologiques et biochimiques." Compiègne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987COMPD056.
Full textBacteria beeing able both to utilize methanol as sole source of carbon and energy and to accumulate poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate are essentially restricted to pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria (PPFM), all of them assimilate methanol through the serine pathway. Favourable conditions for the culture of PPFM with a high cell density were set up and, owing to the toxicity of methanol for these micro-organisms an automatic fed-batch technique was designed. Two strains (Methylobacterium organophilum NCIB 11278 and Pseudomonas 135) exhibiting a high specific growth rate were studied in more detail. Both of them do not accumulate PHB under unrestricted growth conditions, however any limitation or complete starvation of the nitrogen source and starvations of either phosphate or magnesium result in the initiation of polyester accumulation. With M. Organophilum the concomitant exocellular excretion of a polysaccharide with PHB accumulation generally occurs. PHB yields experimentally determined with pseudomonas 135 under various accumulation conditions are much lower than theoretical predictions that we could established. The relaxation of any mineral starvation in the absence of methanol leads to a prompt intracellular degradation of the polymer. The enzymes involved in the metabolism seem to be constitutive. One of them, the beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase was partially purified, subsequently the relevant inhibitions, their consequences for the regulation of the intracellular degradation of the polyester and the distribution of the molecular weights were considered. Finally, the potentiality of methanol for a microbial production of PHB and the improvements which could be achieved are discussed
Scolari, Vittore Ferdinando. "Physics of bacterial nucleoid organiation and large-scale gene expression." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066649/document.
Full textThe genomic DNA of bacteria exists in a complex and dynamic protein-rich state, which is highly organized at various lengthscales. This thesis describes a work of physical modeling and data analysis focused on the E. coli genome organization, in the form of the "nucleoid'', and on how nucleoid organization affects gene expression.The first part of the work is a review of the recent experimental andt heoretical advances quantifying the physical organization (compactionand geometry) of the bacterial chromosome with its complement of proteins (the nucleoid). In particular, we highlight the role that statistical and soft condensed matter physics play in describing this system of fundamental biological importance.A second part of the work discusses a simple polymer physics model inspired by two main features of the nucleoid: osmotic self-adhesion and protein bridging. Results are summarized by a qualitative characterization of the phase diagram of this model which shows the general feature that distinct domains may form without the need forintra-specific interactions.The thesis also covers several data analysis approaches to test possible connections between the physical organization of the nucleoid with gene expression (RNA-Seq) and protein binding (ChIP-Seq) datasets. This latter part contains a description of the NuST webtool, which consists of a database which collect datasets from past experiments and an implementation of simple multi scale statistical analysis tools. Additionally, we introduce a correlation study of a large number (about 300) of genome-wide expression data-sets, also compared to the outcome to the published genome interaction map (Hi-C)data
Kulaga, Emilia. "Antimicrobial coatings for soft materials." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MULH5312/document.
Full textDespite strict operative procedures to minimize microbial contaminations, bacterial infection of implants significantly raises postoperative complications of surgical procedures. One of the promising approaches is to adjust and control antimicrobial properties of the implant surface. New types of antibacterial coatings prepared via plasma polymer functionalization step have been developed. These coatings contain and release in a control way a bioactive agent. Controlled release was achieved by the fabrication of plasma polymer multilayer systems, which consist of two layers of Maleic Anhydride Plasma Polymer deposited on the surface of Polypropylene made surgical mesh. In between plasma polymer layers, silver nanoparticles are trapped as an antibacterial agent reservoir. Owing to differences between mechanical properties of the plasma-polymer thin films and the elastic bulk substrates, tensile strengths generate cracks within the plasma polymer, which might be used as diffusive channels for bioactive substances, here silver ions. The cracks can be controlled mechanically in a reversible way. The tailoring of the spontaneous release of bioactive agent is achieved by the modification of the second plasma polymer deposition conditions. In addition, during mechanical stimulation of the designed material, control over silver ion release is achieved through an elongation-dependent releasing process allowed by the reversible control of the cracks. In the field of textiles and other soft biomaterials, this strategy is promising due to the mechanical stresses that naturally occur at the implant location. In regard of possible application of the developed system as a future biomaterial, the impact of different types of commonly used sterilization procedures on the properties of developed material was studied. The effects of autoclaving and electron beam sterilization methods on the surface chemistry, the dispersion of embedded silver nanoparticles in the plasma polymer and the cracks formation of the developed material was verified. Results showed the compatibility of the developed system with electron beam sterilization method. The antibacterial properties of the new material have been evaluated. The effect of developed system on planktonic bacteria, bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on stretched and unstretched system was studied. The membrane integrity of the adhered bacteria and bacteria in biofilms was followed during the study as an indicator of the physiologic state of bacteria. Results suggested that the sensitivity of bacteria to low concentrations of released silver ions resulted in the formation of different types of structures of the biofilms on the studied materials. The results give a strong base on the future of intelligent, silver containing materials that control the release at the site of infection. Our results show that low doses of silver may be sufficient to control infection by acting on the structure of bacterial biofilms
Desrousseaux, Camille. "Prévention de l'adhésion bactérienne et du développement du biofilm sur les dispositifs médicaux de la perfusion via les surfaces nanostructurées." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1PP03.
Full textMedical device-related infections are a public health concern and an economic burden. The role of biofilms in medical device-related infections is clearly established. Preventive hygiene measures are not often sufficient to prevent biofilms formation. One promising way of preventing device-related infections is the development of medical devices with surfaces or materials that reduce either microbial viability using biocidal substances or microbial adhesion with topographical modifications.Developing nanostructured polymeric surfaces, which could have applications in medical devices, and testing their impact on bacterial adhesion and biofilm development were the main goals of this thesis. First of all, the polymer was replicated on an aluminum anodized oxide nanostructured mold (AAO), characterized by highly ordered nanopores. An anodization station was made in order to create molds. Then, the reproducibility of the process fabrication was validated (pore diameter: 51 ± 6 nm, deepness 97 ± 9 nm, interpore espace: 102 ± 6 nm). Several replication techniques with ABS were tested including polymers solutions and melted polymers. The selected method was the one with the most reproducible results pillar diameter: 56 ± 7 nm, interpillar distance: 101 ± 16 nm, length: 73 ± 33 nm) and the most representative of industrial injection processes. The created surfaces were then characterized (MEB, DSC, ATR-FTIR, wettability). The fabrication process does not seem to degrade the ABS material and the topographical change increases the hydrophilicity of the surface. A stability study showed that the nanopillars were resistant to several sterilization processes (ethylene oxide, H2O2 plasma, Beta irradiation) and were maintained through time, which is an important element for applications in medical-devices.The second step of our work consisted of assessing bacterial adhesion on control and nanostructured ABS samples. Several biofilm tests were made with S. epidermis in static and dynamic conditions. Between 3 and 48 hours of culture, bacteria were removed from the surfaces and then viable plate counting was performed. No significant differences were observed between the samples. Microscopic observations (MEB, CSLM) seemed to confirm this result. Other bacteria with different morphologies were tested (S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa): bacterial adhesion was similar for the two surfaces. Therefore, we can conclude that our developed ABS surfaces with these specific nanopillars do not have an anti-adhesion effect on the tested bacteria. Recent researches showed that spacing between nanopillars is a critical factor on bacterial adhesion. The following step of our work would be to test new nanostructures using AAO molds with bigger interpore distance
Iyer, Sweta. "Textiles luminescents utilisant des produits biosourcés : une approche bio-inspirée." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I026.
Full textTransfer of knowledge inspired by nature to technological applications has enabled scientists to create sustainable solutions. Nature has designed a few biobased molecules that are responsible for bioluminescence and photoluminescence in some living species. In this thesis, the potential use of luminescence phenomena existing in nature toward the attainment of luminescent textiles was explored. In the first part of the thesis, a detailed literature study on luminescence phenomena seen in nature, was reviewed. The results allowed the selection of luminous bacteria reaction system based upon the availability, regeneration of the substrate, and cost of biochemicals. The selected ‘luminous bacteria’ bioluminescent reaction involves two enzyme(s) bacterial luciferase (Luc) and FMN reductase (Red), a biobased substrate flavin mononucleotide (FMN) along with co-factors such as NADH and a long-chain aldehyde. Eco technologies such as air atmospheric plasma and cold remote plasma treatment were used for textile fiber surface activation, allowingenzyme immobilization. Primarily, the catalytic activity and luminescence efficiency of the luminous bacteria system were evaluated and optimized in the aqueous phase, by intensity measurements using a luminometer. Furthermore, the optimized reaction system was incorporated onto textiles to evaluate the bioluminescence effect. The evaluation of the bioluminescent system on textiles showed that the relative light intensity (RLU) as high as 60,000 RLU equivalent to that of LED light could be achieved. The study revealed its first successful attempt to utilize a biomimetic strategy for immobilization of enzyme(s) involved in the luminous bacteria reaction system onto a plasma-activated microfibrous nonwoven textile to attain bioluminescent materials that can be used for various applications. Besides, flavin mononucleotide widely known as 'FMN' is a biobased resource derived from riboflavin (RF). The isoalloxazine ring present in both the RF and FMN molecules attributes the photoluminescence phenomenon. Thus, with the emulation and design to obtain biomimetic luminescent textiles/bioluminescent materials using FMN as a substrate in enzymatic process, the potential use of native FMN molecule as such to produce photoluminescent textiles was also explored. Different functionalisation methods were used to immobilize the FMN inside the textile fiber or at the fiber surface, to produce photoluminescent textiles whose quantum efficiencies were determined Cellulosic textiles functionalized using diffusion method, exhibit greenish-yellow fluorescence, but possess equally multifunctional properties, such as UV protection and coloration. Later, the ability of FMN to implement photoluminescent textiles was explored using inkjet and chromojet (digital printing techniques) by immobilizing FMN on different textile fiber surface(cellulose and polyester). Some of such functionalized fabrics exhibit additionally, antibacterial properties along with other properties mentioned.. Furthermore, the photodegradation study of FMN on printed textiles resulted in varying fluorescence intensity and wavelength, shifting from yellow, to blue and then to white fluorescence, depending on the light irradiation time and intensity. Thereafter, glow-in-dark patterned PET nonwoven panels were designed after surface activation with plasma, using certain biopolymers through screen printing and coating methods. This can allow textile surface pattern designers to create light-emitting textiles with interesting aesthetic expressions. Hence, the study enabled to explore the use of biobased products to produce photoluminescent and bioluminescent textiles using functionalization and eco-technological methods
Rubio, Céline. "Compréhension des mécanismes d'adhésion des biofilms en milieu marin en vue de la conception de nouveaux moyens de prévention." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066325.
Full textBudimir, Milica. "Modification of carbon nanocomposites by electromagnetic irradiation for biomedical application." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I050.
Full textMicrobial contamination is a very important issue worldwide which affects multiple aspects of our everyday life: health care, water purification systems, food storage, etc. Traditional antibacterial therapies are becoming less efficient, because inadequate use and disposal of antibiotics have triggered mutations in bacteria that have resulted in many antibiotic-resistant strains. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop new antibacterial materials that will effectively combat both planktonic bacteria and their biofilms in an innovative manner. In this context, the goal of this thesis was to develop two different carbon/polymer nanocomposites (reduced graphene oxide/polyethylenimine and carbon quantum dots/polyurethane) which exhibit excellent antibacterial properties through two different effects: photothermal and photodynamic. Electromagnetic irradiation was used (near-infrared laser radiation or gamma rays) in these experiments, for the purpose of triggering the photothermal effect and enhancing the photodynamic effect of the nanocomposites. In the first experimental part of this thesis, a simple and efficient strategy for bacteria capture and their eradication through photothermal killing is presented. The developed device consists of a flexible Kapton interface modified with gold nanoholes (Au NH) substrate, coated with reduced graphene oxide-polyethyleneimine thin films (K/Au NH/rGO-PEI). The K/Au NH/rGO–PEI device was efficient in capturing and eliminating both planktonic Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria after 10 min of NIR (980 nm) irradiation. Additionally, the developed device could effectively destroy and eradicate Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) biofilms after 30 min of irradiation. In the second experimental part, the preparation of a hydrophobic carbon quantum dots/polyurethane (hCQD-PU) nanocomposite with improved antibacterial properties caused by gamma-irradiation pre-treatment is presented. Hydrophobic quantum dots (hCQDs), which are able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon irradiation with low power blue light (470 nm), were incorporated in the polyurethane (PU) polymer matrix to form a photoactive nanocomposite. Different doses of gamma irradiation (1, 10 and 200 kGy) were applied to the formed nanocomposite in order to modify its physical and chemical properties and improve its antibacterial efficiency. The pre-treatment by gamma-irradiation significantly improved antibacterial properties of the nanocomposite, and the best result was achieved for the irradiation dose of 200 kGy. In this sample, total bacteria elimination was achieved after 15 min of irradiation by blue light, for Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains
Feurgard, Ivan. "Développement d’une méthode de réparation des matériaux cimentaires fissurés par biocicatrisation." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11843.
Full textAbstract : Maintenance of cracked cementitious materials comes at a high environmental and economic cost, as current reparation technologies are polluting and lack long-term durability. Bio-healing, which relies on the clogging of cracks with bacterial calcium carbonate, is a durable and environmentfriendly alternative to synthetic resins. Indeed, calcium carbonate, calcite in particular, is a long-lasting material, and bacterial activity does not require the use of any toxic chemicals. Based on a previous study proving the bio-healing potential of the bacteria Bacillus pseudofirmus under controlled conditions, this project aims to design a bio-healing method allowing to repair cracks from 150 to 500 µm wide and fitting commercial use. This method relies on the injection of bacteria in cracks, using a thickened medium which enhances CaCO3 bioproduction. To achieve this goal, the work was organized according to three phases. The first phase is to create and characterize the thickened medium through rheological measurements and injection tests in cracked mortars. For the second phase, the effect of the thickened medium on bacterial growth and bioproduction of CaCO3 is assessed through growth experiments. For the third phase, bio-healing tests are performed in a controlled environment and outdoors on cracked materials in order to confirm the potential of this method for commercial use, for lab and pilot scales. During the rheological experiments, we created a thixotropic and shear-thinning suspension using two thickeners in combination, Welan and Attagel. This suspension can be efficiently injected into 150 and 800 µm wide cracks without post-injection drainage. Adding thickeners does not alter bacterial growth, and increases CaCO3 bioproduction. Biocicatrisation tests revealed that the use of a thickened suspension contributes to sealing of cracks as it dries to form a solid film inside the cracks, and embed the bacteria so they could precipitate significant amounts of CaCO3 despite the constraints of in situ conditions. At the end of the bio-healing treatment, the strain B. pseudofirmus has been proven to precipitate CaCO3 through SEM observations. The experiments which have been performed during this PhD led to the creation of a bio-healing method which holds a true potential for commercial use, as it is particularly easy to use and combines biotic and abiotic sealing of the cracks.
Creti, Christian. "Fermentation méthanique et désulfuration de gaz par voie bactérienne : proposition d'un bioréacteur de désulfuration, optimisation des deux opérations du procédé." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066309.
Full textSergent, Anne-Sophie. "Biominéralisation et réactivité de la rouille verte carbonatée par shewanella putrefaciens en système hétérogène fermé et en écoulement continu." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0355/document.
Full textGreen rusts are mixed species Fe(II)-Fe(III) present in hydromorphic soils as fougerite. They are capable to reduce organic and metallic pollutants. Green rusts may be produced from the bioreduction of lepidocrocite [gamma]-FeOOH by Shewanella putrefaciens, a dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria. In order to understand their formation routes in the environment and eventually, use their reactivity in a system for soil and water remediation (sand column), we studied their formation in a batch system with silica phase (quartz sand and silicic acid) and with two organic polymers (PAA polyacrylate and polyacrylamide PAM).The silica polymers appear to be good stabilizers, favorable to the formation of green rusts. Green rusts formed in the presence of the stabilizing agents retain their reductive capacity toward an organic pollutant, methyl red and a metallic pollutant, mercury Hg2+. Then, we have transposed our system in a flow through column of sand + lepidocrocite [gamma]-FeOOH. The carbonate green rust was formed and identified as secondary mineral of lepidocrocite bioreduction by Shewanella putrefaciens
Aslam, Rizwan. "Les peptides antimicrobiens dérivés de la chromogranine A et Staphylococcus aureus : de l'analyse de l'interaction hôte-pathogène au développement de revêtement de polymère antimicrobien." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059511.
Full textEl-Habnouni, Sarah. "Modification chimique de biomatériaux à base de polyesters dégradables : du modèle en solution à l'application en surface." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON13510/document.
Full textBiodegradable aliphatic polyesters such as poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(glycolide) (PGA) or poly(lactide) (PLA) are widely used in biomedical applications. When employed as an implantable material, the control of the surface properties of polyesters is of great interest because biochemical reactions occur on the surface or at interfaces. This work proposes a simple and versatile method to immobilize simple molecules, macromolecules, and biomolecules on PLA surfaces while preventing polymer degradation. The method is based on a one-pot, two-step procedure, first developed in solution with PCL and comprises an anionic activation under selected conditions followed by propargylation to form a ¡°clickable¡± PLA surface. This methodology is then employed to generate bioactive surfaces, namely antibacterial PLA surfaces and MRI-visible PLA surfaces. In a first place, chemical strategies are developed and optimized in homogeneous systems using PCL. Subsequently, PLA surfaces are modified, under heterogeneous conditions, by grafting of well-defined ¦Á-azido-functionalized poly(quaternary ammonium)s and an ¦Á-azido-functionalized complex of gadolinium to the propargylated PLA surface using "click" chemistry
Racicot, Guérard Roxane. "Effet des chaînes de poly(4-vinylpyridinium) sur l'adhésion de bactéries pathogènes aux surfaces." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7190.
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