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1
Colburn, Forrest D. "Liberalism Takes Root in Central America." Current History 103, no. 670 (February 1, 2004): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.670.74.
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Central America's unlikely route to liberal democracy may not have been perceived as leading to durable regimes. However, democracy has been resilient and even stable in Central America. Indeed, Central Americans, accustomed to being perceived as poor and unstable by their Mexican and South American brethren, have been smug about the locus of Latin America's ills being shifted to South America.
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Castro, Luiz de Paula, and Luiz Gonzaga Vaz Coelho. "Helicobacter pyloriin South America." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 12, no. 7 (1998): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/127352.
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Helicobacter pyloriis the most common chronic bacterial infection in humans. In less developed nations, eg, most South American countries, the prevalence ofH pyloriinfection ranges from 70% to 90% of the population. In these countries there is rapid acquisition of the infection in early life, due to poor sanitation, low standards of living conditions and an increased rate ofH pyloriinfection. The management ofH pyloriinfection in South America is outlined.
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Rasiah, Rasiah, Ansor Putra, Fina Amalia Masri, Arman Arman, and Suci Rahmi Pardilla. "JUST LIKE BLACK, ONLY BETTER: POOR WHITE IN ANTEBELLUM SOUTH OF AMERICA DEPICTED IN SOLOMON NORTHUP’S NOVEL TWELVE YEARS AS A SLAVE." Diksi 29, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/diksi.v29i1.33081.
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(Title: Just Like Black, Only Better: Poor White in Antebellum South of America Depicted in Solomon Northup’s Novel “Twelve Years as A Slave”). Antebellum era, the period before the Civil War occured, or before the year 1861, in the United States is used to relate to the enslavement of black American. In fact, the era was not merely about black, but also poor white. This study is purposed to describe the poor whites’ life in antebellum America as reflected in Twelve Years As A Slave (1855), a narrative biography novel written by Solomon Northup. Set up the story in New York, Washingotn DC, and New Orleans, the author (and focalizer at once) told the story based on his own experience as a black who was captivated and sold into slavery for twelve years. Although the novel centered its story on black character, it also reflected the life of poor whites who were also being “enslaved” by their white counterparts. Through sociology of literature perspective, this study reveals that the character of poor white that represented through John M. Tibeats, Armsby, and James H. Burch came from Great Britain especially from Ireland. Mostly, they moved to America as incarcerated people. They lived under the poverty and some of them were the vagrants and petty criminals. Poor white during antebellum era in America was positioned in the lower social level. They were “enslaved” by their white master but more better compared to the black slaves. It can be noticed that poor white were positioned in low social level because of the socio-economic problem, while blacks were race and racism. Keywords: antebellum America, poor white, slavery, social class, American literature
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Keane, Margaret Geraldine. "Review of the use of telemedicine in South America." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 13, no. 1_suppl (July 2007): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135763307781645202.
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Specialist health care in South America is based largely in the main cities. However, patients often live at great distances from their nearest hospital and transport links are often poor. A Medline database search was conducted which identified 39 peer-reviewed articles reporting the use of telemedicine in South America. Telemedicine had been used by 20 individual projects in seven different South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and a wide variety of specialties. The majority of groups concluded that telemedicine was an economically viable and beneficial way of supplying good specialist health care throughout South America. However, only two groups (10%) had implemented a sustainable telemedicine service. In future, with backing from governments, the wider use of telemedicine can be expected in providing medical education, as well as in the assessment and treatment of patients.
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LOCKLEY, TIM. "RURAL POOR RELIEF IN COLONIAL SOUTH CAROLINA." Historical Journal 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 955–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004875.
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This article explores the rural poor relief system of colonial South Carolina. It finds that poor relief was substantially more generous and more readily available in rural areas of South Carolina than elsewhere in British North America, or indeed in the entire Anglophone world. It suggests that this was because elite vestrymen had deep-seated concerns about the position of the white poor in a society that was dominated by African slavery. Generous relief of adult paupers was therefore a public demonstration of the privileges of race to which all whites were entitled. Elites in rural South Carolina also made considerable efforts to provide a free education for pauper children that would inculcate industry and usefulness among those who might become future public burdens. The serious attention paid to the situation of the white poor in colonial South Carolina was therefore part of an effort to ensure the unity of white society by overcoming the divisions of class.
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HART, PETER W. "Differences in bleaching responses from fungal- versus bacterial-derived enzymes." March 2012 11, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.3.21.
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Several mills in North America have been successful in using xylanase enzymes expressed from Trichoderma reesei (a fungus) as part of their bleaching sequence for many years. These mills process hardwood and softwood species, with and without oxygen delignification. These mills also use three-, four-, and five-stage bleaching sequences. North American mills tend to report increased pulp brightness ceilings and decreased bleaching costs as benefits associated with the application of enzymes in the bleaching process. Laboratory testing suggests that eucalyptus pulp is highly susceptible to fungal- and bacterial-derived enzyme bleaching and should result in significant cost savings in South American mills. At least four different mills in South America have attempted to perform enzyme bleaching trials using bacterial-derived enzymes. Each of these mill trials resulted in significantly increased operating costs and/or unsustainable operating conditions. More recently, one of these South American mills performed a short trial using a commercially available, fungal-derived enzyme. This trial was technically successful. This report attempts to determine why the South American mill experiences with bacterial-derived enzymes have been poor, while North American mills and the one South American mill trial have had good results with fungal-derived enzymes. Operating conditions and trial goals for the North and South American mills also were examined.
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Cione, Alberto L., and Eduardo P. Tonni. "A new stage in the Upper Cenozoic of Southern South America." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000616x.
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Former workers developed in South America a chronostratigraphic system not essentially different to that of European stage/age system. However, the authors of this paper believe that accurate biostratigraphic studies have to be done in southern South America for establishing the precise boundary stratotypes of most stage/ages. A new South American Upper Cenozoic continental stage/age is recognized. The stratotype is located in the fossiliferous southeastern Buenos Aires Province marine cliffs between Mar del Plata and Miramar. The outcrops in the area are the best continental representation of Plio-Pleistocene times in South America. It is younger than Chapadmalalan and older than Ensenadan and replaces the “Uquian”. We consider that the “Uquian” actually emcopasses Chapadmalalan and Ensenadan times. The Uquía outcrops are here considered inadequate as stratotype especially by the dearth of micromanmals, the relatively poor fossil record and the comparatively inadequate geographic location. The new stage would be correlated with the Gauss Chron and possibly with the lower Matuyama Chron. The lower boundary is tentatively stated. For so doing, a biostratigraphic scheme is proposed. This lower boundary approximately corresponds to the base of the Barranca de los Lobos “Formation” of Kraglievich (1952) and a new (unpublished) unconformity bounded unit (Zárate, 1989). Some taxa that apparently ranges from the base are candidates to define it after a detailed biostratigraphic study.Additionally, a different timing for the arrival of North American mammals to southern South America is given.
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Kundi, Dr Minu. "Maya Angelou’s Growing Up Poor, Black and Female." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i6.10630.
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African American literature is the literature of pain and survival, of triumphs and defeats, of fears and dreams, and of struggle for freedom, equality and identity, produced by the oppressed ones. Black women have used life writing to discover or assert their identity. As they record their experiences they see the critical paths established by the oppressive forces of racism, classicism and sexism. In exploring what it means to be poor, black and female, they present mirror images of ‘self’ and the ‘other’ to the world. Within the marginalized blacks in America, women are at triple disadvantage. Being poor, black and female makes them most vulnerable and easy target for the male dominated community. Maya Angelou’s life writing I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) tells the story about a black female’s hard life growing up in the American South during the 1930s and 40s. In it Angelou recounts the events of her life in chronological order amidst the racist and sexist American society. She portrays most of her difficult life events from the age of three to sixteen in her life writing showing her hard upbringing, poverty, racism and sexual abuse.
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Schubert, Blaine W., James C. Chatters, Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales, Joshua X. Samuels, Leopoldo H. Soibelzon, Francisco J. Prevosti, Christopher Widga, Alberto Nava, Dominique Rissolo, and Pilar Luna Erreguerena. "Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange." Biology Letters 15, no. 5 (May 2019): 20190148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0148.
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The Great American Biotic Interchange is considered to be a punctuated process, primarily occurring during four major pulses that began approximately 2.5 Ma. Central America and southeastern Mexico have a poor fossil record of this dynamic faunal history due to tropical climates. Exploration of submerged caves in the Yucatán, particularly the natural trap Hoyo Negro, is exposing a rich and remarkably well-preserved late Pleistocene fauna. Radiometric dates on megafauna range from approximately 38 400–12 850 cal BP, and extinct species include the ursid Arctotherium wingei and canid Protocyon troglodytes . Both genera were previously thought to be indigenous to and confined to South America and appear to represent an instance of large placental mammals, descended from North American progenitors, migrating back north across the Panama Isthmus. This discovery expands the distribution of these carnivorans greater than 2000 km outside South America. Their presence along with a diverse sloth assemblage suggests a more complex history of these organisms in Middle America. We suggest that landscape and ecological changes caused by latest Pleistocene glaciation supported an interchange pulse that included A. wingei , P. troglodytes and Homo sapiens .
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Hebblethwaite, Peter. "Liberation Theology: the Option for the Poor." Studies in Church History 24 (1987): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400008482.
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One fairly obvious difference between this paper and those you have heard so far is that liberation theology, whatever it means, is still being discussed, attacked, caricatured, and defended with great vehemence and passion. The theme does not possess the completeness and neatness that historians prefer. It sprawls and proliferates. The bibliography is immense. We have already reached the stage of the overarching survey. D. W. Ferm has provided a 150-page summary with a helpful ‘reader’ for the use of college students. Ferm’s survey includes African and Asian theologians as well as Latin Americans. I can understand his desire to include Archbishop-elect Desmond Tutu in South Africa and to provide some hints as to why President Marcos could be deposed in the Philippines. And there is indeed a body called the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians—its unfortunate acronym is EATWOT—which gives some substance to this universalizing claim. But I am going to confine myself to Latin America because it was there that the ‘option for the poor’ was first spoken about. The date was 1968. CELAM, the regional association of Latin American Bishops, met at Medellin in Colombia in August. Pope Paul VI was present, and was the first Pope to kiss the soil of Latin America. There was a feeling abroad that at the Second Vatican Council, which had ended three years before, an essentially European agenda concerned typically with ecumenism and Church structures (collegiality) had prevailed; the Council had yet to be ‘applied’ to the Latin American situation. One phrase, however, provided a stimulus and a starting-point. Gaudium etSpes, the pastoral constitution on the Church in the World of Today, begins with the ringing assertion that ‘the joys and the hopes, the griefs and the anxieties of the people of this time, especially those who are poor or in any way afflicted, these too are the joys and hopes, the griefs and anxieties, of the followers of Christ’.
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Weir, Margaret, and Jessica Schirmer. "America’s Two Worlds of Welfare: Subnational Institutions and Social Assistance in Metropolitan America." Perspectives on Politics 16, no. 2 (May 16, 2018): 380–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592717004248.
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Studies of the “delegated state” highlight the growing role of nongovernmental organizations to fulfill public purposes. We argue that America’s delegated state has taken two distinct forms: a civic-public model prominent in the North and Midwest and a very different religious-private model more evident in the South and the West. Distinctive regional legacies rooted in European immigration, religion, race, and the timing of urban growth gave rise to diverse organizational configurations for assisting the poor in different parts of the country. As a consequence, the institutions for assisting the poor are weaker in the growing regions of the South and Mountain West.
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Padilla, C. René. "Book Review: Heralds of a New Reformation: The Poor of South and North America." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 10, no. 2 (April 1986): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693938601000211.
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Cione, Alberto L., Aníbal J. Figini, and Eduardo P. Tonni. "Did the Megafauna Range to 4300 BP in South America?" Radiocarbon 43, no. 1 (2001): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200031647.
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A date of 4300 ± 90 BP for extinct megafauna in Argentina is discussed. The fossil remains come from the Guerrero Member (area) of the Luján Formation near the city of Luján, Buenos Aires Province. The age of the top of the Guerrero Member is constrained by more than 60 radiocarbon dates obtained from the overlying Río Salado Member of Luján Formation, Las Escobas Formation, and Puesto Callejón Viejo Soil, most of them older than 4300 BP. In view of its low collagen content, the 14C measurement of bone sample from Luján should not be accepted uncritically. Because of the poor bone preservation and the possible introduction of “young” contaminants that were not completely eliminated, the 14C date of 4300 ± 90 BP is not reliable. Both biostratigraphic and 14C dating evidence indicates that the date of 4300 BP for the last representative of extinct megafauna in South America is unsupported.
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Radashevsky, Vasily I., and Paulo Da Cunha Lana. "Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from South and Central America." Zoosymposia 2, no. 1 (August 31, 2009): 265–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.2.1.19.
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Laonice species from South and Central America are reviewed based on museum collections and new material collected in southern Brazil. An identification key is provided to 10 species including three previously described species, L. antarcticae Hartman, 1953, L. weddellia Hartman, 1978, L. branchiata Nonato, Bolívar & Lana, 1986, and three species represented by poor material, insufficient for final taxonomic diagnosis. Four new species, L. petersenae sp. nov., L. aperata sp. nov., L. parvabranchiata sp. nov., and L. pinnulata sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Earlier records of L. cirrata (M. Sars, 1851) from South America are not confirmed. The loss of neuropodial sabre chaetae and hooks until a certain size in terms of numbers of adult chaetigers is here used for the first time as a specific character with Laonice species.
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Gawthrop, Mary. "Typhoid prevention in travellers: an update." Practice Nursing 32, Sup12 (December 1, 2021): S8—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2021.32.sup12.s8.
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As international travel restarts during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, travellers visiting certain regions remain at risk of illnesses such as typhoid and paratyphoid. Both diseases are spread by the faecal–oral route and are predominantly diseases of countries with inadequate sanitation and poor public health resources. Typhoid is endemic in South Asia and parts of South-East Asia, the Middle East, Central and South America and Africa. At-risk travellers need clear guidance on how to prevent infection and should be offered vaccination if recommended for their planned destinations.
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Schroeder, Hannes, Martin Sikora, Shyam Gopalakrishnan, Lara M. Cassidy, Pierpaolo Maisano Delser, Marcela Sandoval Velasco, Joshua G. Schraiber, et al. "Origins and genetic legacies of the Caribbean Taino." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 10 (February 20, 2018): 2341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716839115.
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The Caribbean was one of the last parts of the Americas to be settled by humans, but how and when the islands were first occupied remains a matter of debate. Ancient DNA can help answering these questions, but the work has been hampered by poor DNA preservation. We report the genome sequence of a 1,000-year-old Lucayan Taino individual recovered from the site of Preacher’s Cave in the Bahamas. We sequenced her genome to 12.4-fold coverage and show that she is genetically most closely related to present-day Arawakan speakers from northern South America, suggesting that the ancestors of the Lucayans originated there. Further, we find no evidence for recent inbreeding or isolation in the ancient genome, suggesting that the Lucayans had a relatively large effective population size. Finally, we show that the native American components in some present-day Caribbean genomes are closely related to the ancient Taino, demonstrating an element of continuity between precontact populations and present-day Latino populations in the Caribbean.
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De Soto, Hernando. "Latin America: Looking North or South?: Bringing Wealth to the Poor: A Deed for Every Home." New Perspectives Quarterly 18, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0893-7850.00296.
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Wu, Xiaojun, Guangxing Wang, Rui Yao, Lunche Wang, Deqing Yu, and Xuan Gui. "Investigating Surface Urban Heat Islands in South America Based on MODIS Data from 2003–2016." Remote Sensing 11, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11101212.
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Surface urban heat islands (SUHIs) have been investigated in many regions around the world, but little attention has been given with regard to SUHIs in South America. In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) data was used to investigate the diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations in the SUHI intensity (SUHII, the urban LST minus the rural LST) in 44 South American cities in different climate zones and types of rural land. To examine the effects of factors that may influence the SUHII, correlations between the SUHII and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), urban area, population, altitude, and anthropogenic heat emissions were performed. The results showed that the SUHI effect was obvious in South America. The mean daytime SUHII was higher than the mean night-time SUHII in all areas except for the arid climate zone. In the daytime, the summer displayed a stronger SUHII in the warm temperate climate zone than the other seasons. The night-time SUHII showed less obvious seasonal variations. In addition, the surrounding land cover influenced the SUHII. During the day, the SUHII was therefore stronger in rural areas that were covered by forests than in other types of rural land. Interannually, most cities showed an insignificant temporal trend in the SUHII from 2003 to 2016. The daytime SUHII was significantly and negatively correlated with the ∆EVI (the urban EVI minus the rural EVI) across the 44 cities, but a poor relationship was observed at night. In addition, anthropogenic heat emissions were positively correlated with the night-time SUHII. Urban area, population, and altitude were weakly correlated with the SUHII, which suggested that these factors may not have a significant impact on the spatial variations in the SUHII in South America.
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Fernández, Adán Alejándro. "Liberationist Perspectives on the Misa Criolla by Ariél Ramírez." Religions 13, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13030189.
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The Misa Criolla by Ariel Ramirez is a symbol of liberation theology in South America. Written between 1963–1964, this musical work is the result of the decisions made on the sacred liturgy at Vatican II and the Indigenous Movements of the 1960s and 1970s. It became popular around the world and helped bring attention to the indigenous poor of South America through its indigenization of the Roman Catholic Mass text and music directly after the Second Vatican Council. The Misa Criolla, however, can only be fully appreciated by understanding its process of localization, from its historical context, theological underpinnings to its musical attributes. From a liberationist perspective, it represents the compromise of the openness, liturgically and theologically, of Vatican II and more conservative movements afterwards through the localization of the Catholic Mass liturgy.
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Lima, Jean Santos. "Latin America’s Decentred Economic Regionalism: From the FTAA to the Pacific Alliance." Contexto Internacional 40, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2018400200001.
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Abstract In this article, I examine Latin American regionalism from the collapse of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) to the emergence and development of the Pacific Alliance (PA) in the period 2005 to 2015. For most of the research, I use the main economic blocs in the region, Mercosur as well as the PA, as the units of analysis. The main findings are that since the FTAA’s collapse, integration processes have become more heterogeneous; that Mercosur and the PA contrast with one another in political-economic terms; that the Brazilian project of establishing a post-liberal/post-hegemonic regionalism in South America has not succeeded; and that regional demand for Brazilian products is at risk of shifting to other markets in the medium to long term, thus further undermining its aspirations towards regional leadership. All of this is evidence of a decentred economic regionalism – that is, a form of regionalism in which no single state is in central command, or has enough followers to assume leadership and establish a dominant conception of integration and regional cooperation. Other factors contributing to this decentralisation are the poor economic performance of Brazil and Mexico, and the US government’s changed attitude towards trade relations with Latin America. Despite this, I argue that Latin American countries do need to strengthen cooperation within and among these regional blocs, aimed at promoting their joint global competitiveness. This will require cooperation rather than coercion, and networks and connectivity rather than hierarchies.
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Trenkler, I. V. "The aquaculture of Acipenseriformes. Part 6. Northern and South America." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2010-07.
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The history and contemporary state of global aquaculture of sturgeons and paddlefish are reviewed. The paddlefish Polyodon spathula became first object of cultivation of Acipenseriformes in USA. The paddlefish has high rate of growth in ponds using natural feeds, mature females can produce about 15% of their body weight in roe similar to eggs of star sturgeon Acipenser stellatus. Some liabilities include juveniles vulnerable to bird predation, poor tolerance to high densities, low oxygen and handling stress, waiting period of at least 7 years before females produce eggs. The paddlefish farming is carried out mainly in Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri and Alabama in polyculture with canal catfish Ictalurus punctatus or freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The most important object of North-American sturgeon breeding is white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, the biggest and fast-growing species of Acipenser genera. The largest commercial sturgeon farms are located in California, Idaho and Florida. A research program on biotechnology of white sturgeon farming has been initiated by the University of California at Davis in December 1979. The first successful artificial propagation of white sturgeon from Sacramento River was carried out in 1980, the first hatchery females matured in 1994. The hatchery progeny of Snake River white sturgeon was received in 1988, the first females matured in 2000. The first caviar was processed only after maturation of second generation. In Florida and North Carolina farmers used for cultivation small number of Russian sturgeon A. gueldenstaedti, Siberian sturgeon A. baeri, sterlet A. ruthenus, beluga Huso huso and star sturgeon A. stellatus. The total annual volume of sturgeon farming in USA was equal to 1285 tons (1166 MT). In Canada the only object of sturgeon farming is white sturgeon with annual production near 2 tons of caviar. In South America Uruguay has developed sturgeon culture with one large farm created in 1994 using help of Russian specialists.
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Chave, J., D. Navarrete, S. Almeida, E. Álvarez, L. E. O. C. Aragão, D. Bonal, P. Châtelet, et al. "Regional and temporal patterns of litterfall in tropical South America." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 27, 2009): 7565–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-7565-2009.
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Abstract. The production of aboveground soft tissue represents an important share of total net primary production in tropical rain forests. Here we draw from a large number of published and unpublished datasets (n=81 sites) to assess the determinants of litterfall variation across South American tropical forests. We show that across old-growth tropical rainforests, litterfall averages 8.61±1.91Mg/ha/yr. Secondary forests have a lower annual litterfall than old-growth tropical forests with a mean of 8.01±3.41 Mg/ha/yr. Annual litterfall shows no significant variation with total annual rainfall, either globally or within forest types. It does not vary consistently with soil type, except in the poorest soils (white sand soils), where litterfall is significantly lower than in other soil types (5.42±1.91Mg/ha/yr). Litterfall declines significantly with increasing N:P. We also study the determinants of litterfall seasonality, and find that it does not depend on annual rainfall or on soil type. However, litterfall seasonality is significantly positively correlated with rainfall seasonality. Finally, we assess how much carbon is stored in reproductive organs relative to photosynthetic organs. Mean leaf fall is 5.74±1.83 Mg/ha/yr (71% of total litterfall). Mean allocation into reproductive organs is 0.69±0.40Mg/ha/yr (9% of total litterfall). The investment into reproductive organs divided by leaf litterfall is negatively related to the N:P ratio, suggesting that on poor soils, the allocation to photosynthetic organs is prioritized over that to reproduction. Finally, we discuss the ecological and biogeochemical implications of these results.
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Chave, J., D. Navarrete, S. Almeida, E. Álvarez, L. E. O. C. Aragão, D. Bonal, P. Châtelet, et al. "Regional and seasonal patterns of litterfall in tropical South America." Biogeosciences 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-43-2010.
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Abstract. The production of aboveground soft tissue represents an important share of total net primary production in tropical rain forests. Here we draw from a large number of published and unpublished datasets (n=81 sites) to assess the determinants of litterfall variation across South American tropical forests. We show that across old-growth tropical rainforests, litterfall averages 8.61±1.91 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (mean ± standard deviation, in dry mass units). Secondary forests have a lower annual litterfall than old-growth tropical forests with a mean of 8.01±3.41 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Annual litterfall shows no significant variation with total annual rainfall, either globally or within forest types. It does not vary consistently with soil type, except in the poorest soils (white sand soils), where litterfall is significantly lower than in other soil types (5.42±1.91 Mg ha−1 yr−1). We also study the determinants of litterfall seasonality, and find that it does not depend on annual rainfall or on soil type. However, litterfall seasonality is significantly positively correlated with rainfall seasonality. Finally, we assess how much carbon is stored in reproductive organs relative to photosynthetic organs. Mean leaf fall is 5.74±1.83 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (71% of total litterfall). Mean allocation into reproductive organs is 0.69±0.40 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (9% of total litterfall). The investment into reproductive organs divided by leaf litterfall increases with soil fertility, suggesting that on poor soils, the allocation to photosynthetic organs is prioritized over that to reproduction. Finally, we discuss the ecological and biogeochemical implications of these results.
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Suess, Paulo. "The Gratuitiousness of the Presence of Christ in the Broken World of Latin America." Mission Studies 17, no. 1 (2000): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338300x00091.
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AbstractIn this plenary presentation from the Tenth IAMS Conference in Hammanskraal, South Africa, IAMS (then) vice-president Paulo Suess speaks about the importance of gratuitousness, proximity and universality in developing a Latin American missiology that is not just for the poor and indigenous, but with them as well. As he puts it: "From any point of the world we may access the network of gratuitousness and sharing, that questions accumulation, to the network of proximity, that challenges indifference and exclusion, and to the network of universality, that contests restrictive globalization. To transform the world of exclusion and poverty, and to incorporate the option for the protagonism of the poor in Christian communities and in society, the paschal experience--the experience of Jesus Christ crucified and living in the poor--lends wings to our imagination and sandals to the reasons of our hope."
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Benton, Michael J. "Fossil quality and naming dinosaurs." Biology Letters 4, no. 6 (September 16, 2008): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0402.
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The intense interest in dinosaurs through the past 30 years might have led to an increase in poor practice in naming new species. A review of the data shows that the reverse is the case. For 130 years, from the 1820s to the 1950s, most new species of dinosaurs were based on scrappy and incomplete material. After 1960, the majority of new species have been based on complete skulls or skeletons, and sometimes on materials from several individuals. This switch in the quality of type specimens corresponds to the recent explosive renaissance of interest in dinosaurs, during which the number of new species named per year has risen, from three or four in the 1950s, to thirty or more today. The pattern of specimen quality varies by continent, with the highest proportion of new species based on good material in North America, then Asia, then South America, then Africa and finally Europe. This ranking reflects a complex pattern of perhaps overstudy in Europe, immensely rich reserves of new dinosaur materials in North America and Asia, and a relative paucity in South America and Africa.
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Banerjee, Abhijit V., and Esther Duflo. "The Economic Lives of the Poor." Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.1.141.
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The 1990 World Development Report from the World Bank defined the “extremely poor” people of the world as those who are currently living on no more than $1 per day per person. But how actually does one live on less than $1 per day? This essay is about the economic lives of the extremely poor: the choices they face, the constraints they grapple with, and the challenges they meet. A number of recent data sets and a body of new research allow us to start building an image of the way the extremely poor live their lives. Our discussion builds on household surveys conducted in 13 countries: Cote d'Ivoire, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Tanzania, and Timor Leste (East Timor). These surveys provide detailed information on extremely poor households around the world, from Asia to Africa to Latin America, including information on what they consume, where they work, and how they save and borrow. We consider the extremely poor—those living in households where the consumption per capita is less than $1.08 per person per day—as well as the merely “poor”—defined as those who live under $2.16 a day—using 1993 purchasing power parity as benchmark. In keeping with convention, we call these the $1 and $2 dollar poverty lines, respectively.
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Chacon Cardona, Jose Arnoby, Carlos Raul Villegas Mejia, and Tomas Sanchez Villegas. "Prognosis factors and colorectal cancer survival at Oncologos del Occidente from Colombia, South America." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e14692-e14692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e14692.
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e14692 Background: Colorectal cancer is the fourth cause of cancer in the United States and the third cause of mortality in the same country. In Colombia, it is the fourth most common cancer and the fifth cause of death. Methods: 5,500 medical records of patients suffering from colorectal cancer were analyzed in a study of a retrospective phase in Oncologos del Occidente a Private Cancer Center from January 1995 to September 2005. 771 out of these patients correspond to gastrointestinal tumours, and 351 out of them with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer in order to identify the main prognosis factors described on the medical literature and to illustrate their behaviour regarding the survival of the patients suffering from colorectal cancer in our region. Results: Obstruction was observed on 33.7%; ulceration on 20.3%; lympho-neuro-vascular invasion on 7.5%; perforation on 2.1%; clinical state T4 on 2.3%; positive surgical margins on 1.8% and poor differentiation on 4.6%. The survival to 5 years to those patients showing perforation was 66.7% (IC95%: 28.9-100); 79.9 on tumours T4 (IC95%: 52.3-100); 62.5% on positive margins (IC95%:20-100); 42.4% on poor differentiated tumours (IC95%:0-85), 50% out of this correspond to colon cancer and 34% to rectal cancer; 51.2% on obstruction (IC95%:38.9-63.4); 71,9% on lympho-neuro-vascular invasion (IC95%:52.6-91.1) and 63% on ulcerated tumour (IC 95%:49-76.9). Conclusions: Survival calculated in months can be correlated with number of adverse prognostic factors present (Table). [Table: see text]
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Freitas, Silvio R. C. de. "SIRGAS-WGIII activities for unifying height systems in Latin America." Revista Cartográfica, no. 91 (September 29, 2019): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35424/rcarto.i91.452.
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Since 1997 SIRGAS (Geocentric Reference System for the Americas) is acting for establishing a unified SIRGAS Vertical Reference System (SVRS) in Latin Ameri- ca and the Caribbean. The standards, procedures and activities aiming the definition and realization of the SVRS are now directed to meet the modern international requirements of integration into a Global Vertical Reference System (GVRS) to support the needs for Earth Observation Systems. These statements imply in a uni- fication of the existing National Vertical Reference Systems (NVRS), each one with its respective Frame (NVRF) and Vertical Datum (NVD) realized in the geopoten- tial space. The study of new possibilities for connecting NVRS in a global basis is in the context of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) main activities. However, most of modern requirements are not immediately applicable for building the SVRS because the differences in the conception and realization of each NVRS in the SIRGAS region. In this work an overview about the status of NVRS, NVR Fand NVD in South America is presented. The most important characteristics for unifying NVRS in a global context as well as the main related problems are pre- sented. Some emphasis is given on the activities of SIRGAS-Working Group III directed for facing the integration problems in South America. The poor data availability, unknown discrepancies among NVRS, different data collecting and processing strategies for establishing the networks, and other error sources are discussed. The possibilities coming from new strategies and modern tools are dis- cussed mainly by considering new missions and global data basis of Geodesy.
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Gutiérrez Marx, Graciela G. "Invisible Artists, or the Net Without a Fisherman … (My Life in Mail Art)." ARTMargins 1, no. 2–3 (June 2012): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00018.
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Perhaps we can think that mail art derives from Dada and link it to Fluxus, Filliou's proposal of an eternal network, and the highly innovative poetry and experimental art, born at the same time in different countries. GGMarx practiced collective creation, in poor areas of the southern cone of South America. In a broader and ideologically more sensitive context, a folk art appeared, thanks to the popular struggles in Cuba, México, Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Uruguay, Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina. The liberation movements, developed during the seventies, have marked the direction of Latin American mail-art intercourse. But they acquired their real strength in Argentina in 1976, when the Military Terrorist State was implanted and started the time of art = life.
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Santos-Gómez, José David, Juan Sebastián Fontalvo-García, and Juan Diego Giraldo Osorio. "Validating the University of Delaware’s precipitation and temperature database for northern South America." DYNA 82, no. 194 (December 21, 2015): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n194.46160.
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Vast sections of the planet face either a dearth of ground-based weather stations or are hampered by the poor quality of those in service. In response, researchers are forced to turn to climate field databases, as they constitute a source of reliable information for local studies. Insofar as the Amazon region, these databases prove to be valuable given their open-access platform and the fact that this expansive region possesses few quality stations (coupled with insufficient temporal coverage). However, before basing research on such archives, this information should be compared against in situ station measurements. Then, the present study assesses the validity of temperature and precipitation information furnished by University of Delaware’s database (UD-ATP) by means of a comparison with the open-access information available from Climate Explorer project (CLIMEXP). Results show that UD-ATP database offers better precipitation data representation, especially on Brazil, which is perhaps the effect of higher-quality and larger-quantity observed data.
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RIGGIROZZI, PÍA. "Regionalism, activism, and rights: New opportunities for health diplomacy in South America." Review of International Studies 41, no. 2 (October 2, 2014): 407–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021051400028x.
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AbstractTackling germs, negotiating norms, and securing access to medicines are persistent challenges that disproportionally affect developing countries' participation in global health governance. Furthermore, over the last two decades, the excessive focus on global pandemics and security in global health diplomacy, rendered peripheral diseases that usually strike the poor and vulnerable, creating situations of marginalisation and inequality across societies. However, as the importance of regions and regionalism increases in global politics, and integration ambitions and initiatives extend beyond trade and investment to embrace welfare policy, there are new opportunities to explore whether and how regional commitments affect health equity and access to medicine in developing nations. What, if any, are the possibilities for meso-level institutions to provide leadership and direction in support of alternative practices of global (health) governance? Can regional polities become international advocacy actors in support of global justice goals? This article addresses these questions by analysing regional health diplomacy in South America. The article argues that regional organisations can become sites for collective action and pivotal actors in the advocacy of rights (to health) enabling diplomatic and strategic options to member state and nonstate actors, and playing a role as deal-broker in international organisations by engaging in new forms of regional health diplomacy.
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Salawu, M. B., T. Acamovic, C. S. Stewart, F. D. DeB. Hovell, and R. L. Roothaert. "Chemical composition and in vitro degradability of different parts of Calliandra calothyrsus from Kenya." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1997 (1997): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200595131.
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Calliandra calothyrsus is a promising tropical leguminous browse, native to South America, but now planted in most parts of the tropics and subtropics. It is a fast growing plant, rich in proteins and can do well on poor soils (NRC, 1983). Its high content of condensed tannins has however limited its use as a feed for ruminants. The chemical composition and degradability in vitro in a consecutive batch culture (CBC) system were studied.
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Heckscher, Christopher M., Devin Mendez, Keith A. Hobson, Armando A. Aispuro, Nicole Kleponis, Alan H. Kneidel, Melanie L. Mancuso, and Kevin Kardynal. "MINIATURE GPS DATA LOGGERS REVEAL HABITAT AFFILIATIONS AND MOVEMENT OF VEERY (CATHARUS FUSCESCENS) DURING THEIR FIRST NON-TRANSIENT PERIOD IN SOUTH AMERICA." Ornitología Neotropical 32, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v32i1.777.
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The ecology of Nearctic-Neotropical migrant songbirds in South America is largely unexplored. We used miniature global positioning system (GPS) data loggers to determine the broad habitat associations of nine Veeries (Catharus fuscescens) during their first non-transient period in South America. Because Veeries undertake an intratropical migration between two separate non-transient periods, the habitat used by settled birds in South America cannot not be determined from field observation or the capture of single unmarked individuals. Using satellite images, we examined coarse habitat characteristics at GPS positions from the tagged birds during their first non-transient period (December – February). We also examined habitat descriptions from existing records (e.g., published literature, museum records) of multiple birds from single sites that we consider settled individuals. All records we accepted as birds settled during their first non-transient period, including birds we tagged, were associated with stunted forest on nutrient poor soils primarily on elevated cerrado and white sand enclaves (~200 – 750 m) on the Brazilian Shield in southern Amazonia (cerrado, cerradão, savana metalófita – canga, campinarana, sartenejal). Notably, these uncommon forest communities are geographically limited and severely threatened due to anthropogenic conversion. Therefore, because of restricted habitat availability and the species’ recent population decline, we believe the Veery’s current global conservation status should be reconsidered. Following Nearctic-Neotropical migration, tagged individuals exhibited three behaviors prior to intratropical migration: (1) a prolonged stationary period at a single site, (2) shorter stationary periods with relocation events, (3) apparent continual movement. Our results have significant importance in terms of understanding the ecology and conservation needs of this declining species and demonstrate the utility of GPS loggers in tracking songbirds through dense tropical vegetation in remote and inaccessible regions of South America.
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Marcus, Rachel, Andrés F. Henao-Martínez, Melissa Nolan, Elizabeth Livingston, Stephen A. Klotz, Robert H. Gilman, Monica Miranda-Schaeubinger, and Sheba Meymandi. "Recognition and screening for Chagas disease in the USA." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 8 (January 2021): 204993612110460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20499361211046086.
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Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a public health concern, mainly among countries in South and Central America. However, despite the large number of immigrants from endemic countries living in the USA, awareness of CD is poor in the medical community, and therefore it is significantly underdiagnosed. To avoid the catastrophic cardiac complications of CD and to prevent maternal–fetal transmission, widespread educational programs highlighting the need for diagnosis are urgently needed.
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Graafsma, T., A. Kerkhof, D. Gibson, R. Badloe, and L. M. van de Beek. "High Rates of Suicide and Attempted Suicide Using Pesticides in Nickerie, Suriname, South America." Crisis 27, no. 2 (March 2006): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.27.2.77.
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Suicide and attempted suicide are identified as a serious mental health problem in Suriname, especially in the district of Nickerie. An epidemiological study in the Nickerie catchment area revealed high rates of suicide (48 per 100,000) and attempted suicide (207 per 100,000) on average in the years 2000-2004. Particularly remarkable is the high number of attempted suicides among males (49%), and the use of pesticides in both fatal (55%) and nonfatal suicidal behavior (44%). Probably this high incidence of suicidal behavior reflects the very poor economic situation of the district, poverty of most of the population, high levels of alcohol misuse, domestic violence, the rigidity of Hindustani culture regarding family traditions, the accessibility of pesticides, and the lack of future perspectives. Health care alone will not be sufficient to tackle this problem. One of the most urgent measures to prevent suicides is to stow away pesticides in locked cabinets with the key held by the proprietor.
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Vijay Ramita*, Udawat Hema. "CYSTICERCOSIS OF BREAST: A RARE PRESENTATION." Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science 9, no. 8 (August 23, 2019): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijmhs.v9i8.2632.
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Cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval stage of Taenia Solium. It is present world-wide, but more prevalent in developing regions like South America, Africa, South-East Asia and Eastern Europe due to poor environmental sanitation. The common sites are skeletal muscle, subcutaneous tissue, brain and eye. Breast is an uncommon site and diagnosis is usually incidental. Only a few cases have been reported, so far. Several diagnostic tools such as radiologic imaging, serology and immunologic detection are being used but the gold standard remains the demonstration of the parasitic larva by FNAC or histopathology.
Here , we report an unusual case of cysticercosis in breast that was diagnosed o by Fine needle aspiration cytology.
KEY WORDS: Cysticercosis, FNAC, Breast
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Lucifora, Luis O., Santiago A. Barbini, Edgardo E. Di Giácomo, Juan A. Waessle, and Daniel E. Figueroa. "Estimating the geographic range of a threatened shark in a data-poor region: Cetorhinus maximus in the South Atlantic Ocean." Current Zoology 61, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 811–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.5.811.
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Abstract The distribution of the planktivorous basking shark Cetorhinus maximus is influenced by zooplankton abundance at small scales and temperature at medium scales in the North Atlantic. Here, we estimate the distribution of basking sharks on South Atlantic continental shelves, and the relative importance of chlorophyll concentration, as a proxy for zooplankton abundance, and temperature in determining habitat suitability for basking sharks at large scales. We used maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and maximum likelihood (MaxLike) species distribution modelling to test three hypotheses: the distribution of basking sharks is determined by (1) temperature, (2) chlorophyll concentration, or (3) both chlorophyll and temperature, while considering other factors, such as oxygen and salinity. Off South America, basking shark habitat included subtropical, temperate and cool-temperate waters between approximately 20°S and 55°S. Off Africa, basking shark habitat was limited to cool-temperate waters off Namibia and southern South Africa. MaxLike models had a better fit than MaxEnt models. The best model included minimum chlorophyll concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, and sea surface temperature range, supporting hypothesis 3. However, of all variables included in the best model, minimum chlorophyll concentration had the highest influence on basking shark distribution. Unlike the North Atlantic distribution, the South Atlantic distribution of basking sharks includes subtropical and cool-temperate waters. This difference is explained by high minimum chlorophyll concentration off southern Brazil as compared to North Atlantic subtropical areas. Observations in other regions of the world support this conclusion. The highest habitat suitability for basking sharks is located close to nearshore areas that experience high anthropogenic impact.
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Mattiuzzi, Elizabeth, and Margaret Weir. "Governing the New Geography of Poverty in Metropolitan America." Urban Affairs Review 56, no. 4 (March 24, 2019): 1086–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087419834075.
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This article contributes to the research on the new geography of poverty by examining how low-income residents fit into the governmental patchwork that defines metropolitan America. Our analysis pays particular attention to two features of local governments: their size and their status as incorporated municipalities or unincorporated areas. Relying on Census data, we study these patterns for the five largest metropolitan areas in each of the five Census-designated regions of the country (25 metros total) from 1990 to 2012–2016. We show that the distribution of poor people across jurisdiction types, and their concentration in particular jurisdictions or places, has changed over time. In the older metros of the Northeast and Midwest, poverty grew in smaller secondary cities while it expanded in unincorporated areas in the South and in larger secondary cities in the West. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these shifts for studying local governance and poverty.
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Malatji, Thabiso Lucky. "Cross Border Migration as a Poverty Alleviation Strategy; a Comparative Study between Immigrants from Zimbabwe to South Africa and Mexico to United States of America." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 10, no. 4 (2022): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejss.2022.10.04.002.
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This paper maps out the strategy that both Zimbabweans and Mexicans use to migrate to their neighboring countries in order to alleviate poverty. Both South Africa and United States of America have witnessed an increase in a cross-border migration whereby illegal and legal migrants cross the border to find greener pastures in different parts of the countries. Limpopo shares the borders with Zimbabwe and in the United States; California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas share the borders with Mexico. The high flow of immigrants to South Africa from Zimbabwe and United States of America from Mexico is mainly caused by the economic hardships in their home countries. Most migrants are youth, both males and females, and adult males who left their families back home and came to South Africa and America to find work and be able to support their siblings and children back in Zimbabwe and in Mexico. This is a conceptual paper; therefore, the author identifies the gap and relies on what is already documented but not addressing the issues of migration and poverty. The study aims to show the similarities between the Mexican immigrants and Zimbabwean immigrants while looking at how poverty encourages international human mobility. Findings from the study demonstrate that poverty is a push factor to migration. A large number of people from poor countries migrate to countries with good economies and opportunities with the aim of being employed so they can support their families in their own countries and some even start businesses and investments.
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LAVILLA, E. O., J. J. NUÑEZ, F. E. RABANAL, J. A. LANGONE, and R. O. DE SÁ. "The identity of Zachaenus roseus Cope, 1890 (Anura: species inquirenda)." Zootaxa 2561, no. 1 (August 9, 2010): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2561.1.3.
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Zachaenus roseus Cope, 1890, has puzzled systematists working in southern South America. A single individual, the holotype, has ever been collected and this specimen is in extremely poor preservation condition. Herein, the precise location of the type locality of Z. roseus is determined based on a historical review of the literature. Furthermore, following a careful comparison with all species that inhabit the southern austral forest, and that could potentially correspond to Zachaenus roseus, we conclude that this taxon is placed in the synonymy of Eupsophus calcaratus (Günther, 1881).
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Findlater, Kieran M., Milind Kandlikar, Terre Satterfield, and Simon D. Donner. "Weather and Climate Variability May Be Poor Proxies for Climate Change in Farmer Risk Perceptions." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-19-0040.1.
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Abstract Despite long-standing assertions that climate change creates new risk management challenges, the climate change adaptation literature persists in assuming, both implicitly and explicitly, that weather and climate variability are suitable proxies for climate change in evaluating farmers’ risk perceptions and predicting their adaptive responses. This assumption persists in part because there is surprisingly little empirical evidence either way, although case studies suggest that there may be important differences. Here, we use a national survey of South Africa’s commercial grain farmers (n = 389)—similar to their peers in higher-income countries (e.g., North America, Europe, Australia), but without subsidies—to show that they treat weather and climate change risks quite differently. We find that their perceptions of climate change risks are distinct from and, in many regards, oppositional to their perceptions of weather risks. While there seems to be a temporal element to this distinction (i.e., differing concern for short-term vs long-term risks), there are other differences that are better understood in terms of normalcy (i.e., normal vs abnormal relative to historical climate) and permanency (i.e., temporary vs permanent changes). We also find an interaction effect of education and political identity on concern for climate change that is at odds with the well-publicized cultural cognition thesis based on surveys of the American public. Overall, studies that use weather and climate variability as unqualified proxies for climate change are likely to mislead researchers and policymakers about how farmers perceive, interpret, and respond to climate change stimuli.
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La Colla, Noelia S., Sandra E. Botté, and Jorge E. Marcovecchio. "Atmospheric particulate pollution in South American megacities." Environmental Reviews 29, no. 3 (September 2021): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2020-0105.
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Air pollution is one of the major problems caused by urban growth, and both industrial and automobile emissions have been the main causes of air quality deterioration in cities since the beginning of the 20th century. Atmospheric pollution is the largest single environmental risk for health, causing about 7 million human deaths per year. On a global scale, developing countries are major contributors to air pollution due to their rising economies, with rapid industrial and population growth combined with poor emission controls. In South America, there are five megacities (Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Lima, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo) with over 10 million people potentially contributing to wide-ranging environmental consequences. Atmospheric particulate matter (APM) plays a leading role in the transport of trace metals and metalloids through the atmosphere and are chemical markers of air quality. The presence of these pollutants in APM has a detrimental effect on both air quality and human health. In this review, we provide an integrated assessment of hazardous metals and metalloids in the fine and coarse APM fractions, focusing on the South American megacities. We identified the current state of research for Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rh, Sb, Sn, V, and Zn and summarized the findings in the 21st century. The findings of this review highlight that despite the phasing out of leaded gasoline, Pb continues to be a metal pollutant with one of the highest atmospheric emission rates, mainly due to vehicular pollution. The megacities from Brazil and Argentina were, by far, those with the highest number of studies performed; however, updated research is needed for the five megacities, including specific studies on fine and ultrafine particulate matter fractions as these pose serious human health issues. Urban agglomerations denoted sustained increases of most metals over time that is indicative of deteriorating air quality. Nickel and Cd concentrations in megacities from Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia, as well as Pb in one study from Colombia, were found to have exceeded international air quality guidelines.
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Bristol, Travis J. "Why teachers and students stay home." International Journal of Comparative Education and Development 19, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijced-07-2017-0010.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the influences of teacher and student absenteeism across nine public schools (five primary and four secondary) in Guyana, South America. Design/methodology/approach To conduct this study, the author employed a mixed-methods study that included a descriptive analysis of a purposive sample of teacher (n=69) and student (n=175) surveys and semi-structured interviews with head teachers (n=8), teachers (n=25), students (n=36), and parents (n=9). Findings The findings suggested that teacher absenteeism can be attributed to school organizational challenges, such as poor working conditions and weak administrative leadership. Student absenteeism appeared to be influenced primarily by out-of-school factors such as the need to work and to take care of younger siblings. Research limitations/implications The study’s purposive sample may have prevented a more nuanced understanding of the various influences of teacher and student absenteeism. Originality/value The author provides new insight into some of the root influences of teacher and student absenteeism in Guyana, South America. As such, policymakers and practitioners in the Ministry of Education are positioned to devise evidence-based solutions.
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Bond, Sue. "Care-leaving in South Africa: an international and social justice perspective." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 34, no. 1 (February 2018): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1413994.
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AbstractInternationally, the care-leaving debate began in the 1970s. The poor outcomes associated with care-leaving in the United Kingdom, United States of America and Australia prompted attention resulting in policy change in recent years, which continues to develop. The experience and outcomes for care leavers in South Africa reflects that of their contemporaries in other countries, however, contextual factors compound the problems that they face and there is little support available to them. This paper discusses some of the challenges facing care leavers and the development of the care-leaving debate, legislation and policy in the United Kingdom, United States and Australia. A comparison of the care-leaving arena in South Africa and the support services available to care leavers in the different countries will be presented. The paper concludes by arguing that the absence of services for care leavers is a neglect of the state's responsibility as corporate parent, and represents an issue of social justice.
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Barness, Lewis A. "NATIONAL DAY OF PRAYER." Pediatrics 84, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.4.657.
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A national day of prayer has been recognized as a part of our country's heritage since it was declared by the Continental Congress in 1775.... Officially it is the first Thursday of every May; this year it falls on May 5. We could trust the spirit of President Abraham Lincoln who, in despair, said, "I have been driven many times upon my knees by the overwhelming conviction that I had nowhere else to go." This is the anxiety felt by 13-million American children who are "Poorest in a Land of Plenty," title given a film produced by the National Council of Churces, to be introduced on Mother's Day, May 14 (NBC, 1 pm). The NCC's statistics show that "One out of every five children in America is poor; among 20 industrialized nations the USA has the third highest infant mortality rate; among industrialized nations only the USA and South Africa fail to provide comprehensive health care for children and pregnant women.
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Farraj, Kristen, Cristina Diaz-Marty, Madison Lannom, Jonah Delshad, Panayiotis Koumas, Mitchell Smielewski, Zachary Schneider, Janice Verley, and Leonid Rankov. "A Case Of Entamoeba Histolytica Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 232470962210787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23247096221078711.
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Entamoeba histolytica is a parasite responsible for intestinal amebiasis and possible extraintestinal manifestations, such as liver abscesses. India, Africa, Mexico, and Central and South America have some of the highest rates of infection due to poor socioeconomic and environmental conditions. The infection has become more common in the United States due to an increase in emigration. There has been a rising incidence of sexual transmission of the infection, most commonly seen in men who have sex with men. Here, we present a case of a symptomatic extraintestinal E histolytica infection in a young Hispanic bisexual man.
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Sanabria, R., and J. Romero. "Review and update of paramphistomosis." Helminthologia 45, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-008-0012-5.
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AbstractDespite records of ruminal paramphistomes in Argentina dating back to the beginning of the XX century, in the last decade cases have increased in number with evidence of spreading to new geographical areas. This fact led us to carry out some studies in the last few years in order to enhance the poor availability of reports in South America, some of which are actually performed in our group. This paper reviews the characteristics of the life cycles and some aspects of the disease both at world and local level, and updates the latest paramphistome reports in domestic ruminants of Argentina.
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LUKASHEVICH, ELENA D., and VLADIMIR A. BLAGODEROV. "Review of Mesozoic Perissommatidae (Insecta: Diptera)." Zootaxa 4718, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4718.4.3.
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Perissommatidae is a peculiar relict nematoceran family with one extant genus inhabiting Australia and South America. The family is known since the Middle Jurassic, but the fossil record is very poor and is restricted to Asia. The description of three species of Collessomma gen. nov. from Lower Cretaceous of Transbaikalia and Mongolia—C. sibirica sp. nov., C. gnoma sp. nov., and C. mongolica sp. nov.—expands our understanding of the family in the Mesozoic, when Perissommatidae were much more diverse morphologically and spread geographically then now. Two previously described genera Gurvaniella Kovalev, 1986 and Limnorhyphus Hong, 1983 are transferred to the Perissommatidae.
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TER STEEGE, HANS, DANIEL SABATIER, HERNAN CASTELLANOS, TINDE VAN ANDEL, JOOST DUIVENVOORDEN, ALEXANDRE ADALARDO DE OLIVEIRA, RENSKE EK, RAMESH LILWAH, PAUL MAAS, and SCOTT MORI. "An analysis of the floristic composition and diversity of Amazonian forests including those of the Guiana Shield." Journal of Tropical Ecology 16, no. 6 (November 2000): 801–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001735.
Full textAbstract:
A large number of newly published and unpublished hectare plots in Amazonia and the Guiana Shield area allow an analysis of family composition and testing of hypotheses concerning alpha-diversity in the south American rain forest. Using data from 94 plots the family-level floristic patterns in wet tropical South America are described. To test diversity patterns, 268 plots are used in this large area. Contrary to a widely held belief, western Amazonian plots are not necessarily the most diverse. Several central Amazonian plots have equal or even higher tree diversity. Annual rainfall is not a good estimator for tree diversity in the Amazonia area and Guiana shield. Plots in the Guiana Shield area (and eastern Amazonia) usually have lower diversity than those in central or western Amazonia. It is argued that this is not because of low rainfall or low nutrient status of the soil but because of the small area of the relatively isolated rain forest area in eastern Amazonia and the Guiana Shield. The low diversity on nutrient-poor white sand soils in the Amazon basin is not necessarily due to their low nutrient status but is, at least partly, caused by their small extent and fragmented nature.
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Malinky, John M., and Patrick R. Racheboeuf. "New Hyolitha from the Devonian of Bolivia." Journal of Paleontology 85, no. 6 (November 2011): 1077–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-058.1.
Full textAbstract:
New finds of Hyolitha in the Devonian of Bolivia consist of the hyolithidBolithes crasquinaenew genus and species, which is the first well-preserved hyolithid from strata of this age in the region. In addition, specimens of the orthothecidsBolitheca steinmanni(Knod, 1908) andNeobactrotheca pharetraMarek and Isaacson, 1992 serve to increase knowledge concerning the range of morphologic variability within those taxa. Incompletely preserved hyoliths includeHyolithessp. indet.? which would be the first definitive representative of that genus from South America. Two polyclaviculate hyolithid opercula, and an unusually large hyolithid conch are left in open nomenclature. The large conch is noteworthy because of signs of failed predation, making this only the second hyolithid on record on which the effects of predation can be recognized, and the first from the Devonian of South America.Hyolithes dorbignyiKozlowski, 1923 is transferred to‘Hyolithes’owing to poor preservation.