Academic literature on the topic 'Post-Purchase Evaluation'

The importance of relationship between customer and retailer has become prevalent in the ever-increasing competitive online market. The customers buying process often begin with the downloading of the required Apps in relation to the products they intended to purchase. Hence, customer satisfaction depends on customers' post-purchase evaluation on their experience with the use of the Apps. The aim of this chapter is to conceptualize the apps usage for online shopping, by examining the role of trust and satisfaction gained from the market interaction between the customers and retailers. Customers rely heavily on the information as well as the experiences encountered from the use of the apps. The retailers need to gain insights from the customer's perspective on the apps usage in order to improve customer relationship. This has impact on retailers' marketing efforts for winning the customers' loyalty.

This chapter explains industrial purchasing behavior, digital supply and online purchasing, and the supplier relationship process of firms operating in the industrial market environment. Industrial buyers include individuals who purchase goods and services for businesses, government agencies and other institutions and organizations that produce goods or services. The industrial purchasing process varies according to the type of purchase (Straight Rebuy, Modified Rebuy, and New Task Purchase). Moreover, the industrial buying process is influenced by the roles, individual behaviors and influence capacities of the actors involved in the buying center. The buying process can be seen as a series of six-stage activities consisting of identifying organizational needs, creating need-oriented specifications, receiving offers from suppliers, evaluation of suppliers, supplier selection, buying negotiations, and post-purchase evaluation. In the industrial procurement process, good and positive relations between the supplier company and the buyer company are important meeting organizational needs

Online Reputation Management (ORM) is very important factor for any company in online retail industry but very little amount of work has been done by the researchers in this context. Taking into consideration online reputation, reputation management, online communication, social aspect, online ranking, incentives and post purchase service, this study utilised DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) build an Influence Network Relation Map (INRM) model of these Online Reputation Management's factors for improving the online services of marketing. Data is collected through structured questionnaire by survey of experts. The results showed that online reputation is the most important factors followed by reputation management and social aspect is least important according given experts' opinions. The study also found out the impact within the factors and divided all factors into two groups i.e. cause group and effect group. The output of the study can help online retailers to make their online marketing strategies more effective to target and segmentation their customers.

Purchase decisions are better when opinions/reviews about products are considered. Similarly, reviewing customer feedback help in improving the sale and ultimately benefit the business. Web 2.0 provides various platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, etc. where one can comment, review, or post to express his/her happiness, anger, disbelief, sadness toward products, people, etc. To computationally analyze the sentiments in text requires a better understanding of the technologies used in sentiment analysis. This chapter gives a comprehensive understanding about the techniques used in sentiment analysis. Machine learning approaches are mostly used for sentiment analysis. Whereas, as per the text and required results, lexicon-based approaches are also used for the same purpose. This chapter includes the discussion on the evaluation parameters for the sentiment analysis. This chapter would also highlight ontology approach for sentiment analysis and outstanding contributions made in this field. Keywords: Sentiment Analysis, Product reviews, Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, Social networking websites, Ontology

Purchase decisions are better when opinions/reviews about products are considered. Similarly, reviewing customer feedback help in improving the sale and ultimately benefit the business. Web 2.0 provides various platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, etc. where one can comment, review, or post to express his/her happiness, anger, disbelief, sadness toward products, people, etc. To computationally analyze the sentiments in text requires a better understanding of the technologies used in sentiment analysis. This chapter gives a comprehensive understanding about the techniques used in sentiment analysis. Machine learning approaches are mostly used for sentiment analysis. Whereas, as per the text and required results, lexicon-based approaches are also used for the same purpose. This chapter includes the discussion on the evaluation parameters for the sentiment analysis. This chapter would also highlight ontology approach for sentiment analysis and outstanding contributions made in this field. Keywords: Sentiment Analysis, Product reviews, Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, Social networking websites, Ontology

One convenient way of describing consumer behavior both off-line and online is to present the topic as a model representing the steps typical consumers go through when they acquire the goods and services they desire. These steps are Need Recognition, Information Search, Pre-purchase Alternative Evaluation, Purchase, Consumption and Post Consumption Evaluation (Blackwell, Miniard & Engel, 2001). Although not every consumer goes through every step for every purchase, this model is a useful heuristic for organizing the study of consumer behavior and serves as a way to describe online consumer behavior as well. In the Need Recognition stage consumer behavior is stimulated by needs and wants. Needs are the abstract categories that consumers require in order to survive, function and thrive. Wants are the specific objects or mechanisms that consumers learn will enable them to satisfy their needs. Consumer needs are few, universal and inborn. Wants are acquired through individual learning histories defined by the time, place and context of the consumers’ life. Consequently, wants are many, individual and varied. Each consumer is born with the same needs and learns what will satisfy those needs through the experience of being reared within a specific society, time and place. Marketers recognize that consumers have shared needs and seek to develop brands as the specific want-satisfying ways in which consumers can gratify their needs. Table 1 presents a summary of consumer needs and wants (Foxall & Goldsmith, 1997). Physiological needs derive from the fact that consumers are physiological creatures. The social needs come from the fact that consumers are social animals. Hedonic needs describe the needs consumers have for pleasurable sensations for the five senses. Experiential needs arise because consumers are saturated with feelings and emotions that they constantly seek to modify. Cognitive needs come from the curious, inquiring cerebral cortex that wants to know about its environment. Finally, consumers have egos, a sense of self-identity, they want to express, usually through symbols. Each consumer is born with these mind/body “systems” and spends much time and energy seeking to satisfy the requirements these systems impose. Products (goods, services and information) can be multidimensional (Freiden, Goldsmith, Hofacker, & Takacs, 1998). That is, consumption of a given product can simultaneously satisfy more than one need, as buying and wearing an item of clothing protects the wearer from the elements (physiological), attracts the opposite sex (social), is comfortable to the skin (hedonic), makes the wearer feel sexy (experiential) and represents the self-concept and values of the wearer (psychological). Consuming a news magazine might satisfy cognitive needs as well as psychologically symbolic ones; the reader acquires some desired information and shows that he/she is a responsible citizen. Moreover, consumers might buy many different products to satisfy the same needs, as where designer brand names are wanted for clothing, furniture, perfumes and cars to symbolize social status. This theory of motivation can be used to explain the motivations for participation in virtual communities. Belonging to a virtual community fulfills some of the social need for belonging and fellowship. Group participation can yield feelings of fun, excitement and pleasure. The community can be an important source of information that can satisfy the cognitive need to know. Membership can be used symbolically to express identity. Thus, much like the consumption of goods, services

This study uses verbal protocol analysis to delve into how packaging information impacts consumer purchase decision. The focus is on health supplements, chosen due to their minimal susceptibility to variations in packaging aesthetics, materials, and product differences. Participants were asked to think aloud while selecting from multiple products with similar ingredients. This method provided a dynamic perspective on their processes of acquiring packaging information and consumer purchase decisions. The collected verbal protocol data underwent two coding phases. The first phase followed the EKB model, encompassing stages such as problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, and purchase decision. The post-purchase evaluation from the EKB model was excluded as the focus is on information search and purchase decision. The second phase involved categorizing packaging information elements based on literature. Combining the findings from the two phases, the study concludes that text, style, color, and graphics collectively influence product selection and purchase decisions. By understanding and leveraging the impact of packaging information on consumer behavior, designers can formulate packaging strategies that capture consumer attention and guide them through the purchase decision-making process, ultimately resulting in a positive post-purchase experience.

Regardless of going online or physical shopping, expectation disconfirmation due to the discrepancy between pre-purchase and post-purchase evaluation may occur from time to time. Thus, this study takes the tumbler as an example and aims to explore the reasons behind, as well as finding a suitable solution. It is hypothesized that the change of sensory dominance in product interaction from purchase to real use might lead to expectation disconfirmation. More specifically, if the user-product interaction during purchase can be better designed to ensure the consistent sensory dominance with real use, there is a chance to avoid expectation disconfirmation. A set of five scenarios of user-product interaction was first proposed by investigating the daily-use behavior of tumbler users. 15 female participants with the experience of tumbler use were then recruited to experience the traditional product interaction during purchase first. After at least three weeks, they returned to experience the new manner of user-product interaction during purchase. Subsequently, each participant took a tumbler home to use it for four consecutive weeks, during which she was required to provide subjective responses at the end of each week. Results showed that there is no sufficient evidence that ensuring consistent sensory dominance during purchase with real use can avoid expectation disconfirmation. Nevertheless, the findings through interviews support the need for doing so.

Abstract Many independent Nigerian oil & gas companies have emerged over the last decade out ofthe divestments of ageing petroleum assets by multinational oil companies. Thesetransactions are marked by pervasive cases of overvaluation and huge gap in offers that leadto unnecessarily high acquisition costs. Petroleum analysts around the world adopt the Discounted Cashflow Analysis method forestimating present value of future oil production revenues. Unfortunately, project economicsusing conventional analysis does not de-risk the reserves components appropriately oraccount for the excess and political risk premiums. Even when analysts derive the NetPresent Value from conventional evaluation, say at discount rates of say 10% or 15%, theyface the dilemma of extracting offer price from that figure. Some post a conservative offerbased on 50% NPV, while others throw in all the NPV in a scheme to win the bid at all cost. Some also start by guesstimating value by rule of thumb and then offer the NPV that is leftbehind. The decision to offer a given percentage of the NPV is entirely subjective and variesamongst investors and as such does not depict a logical perception of market value, or therisks thereof. Furthermore, by omitting political risk, buyers are invariably ignoring the mostcrucial risk of all. The adoption of different bases of reserves tend to compound the problemby yielding NPVs that are few and far between each other. They are usually based on un-risked ‘proved plus probable’ (2P) reserves, which is highly speculative and unrealistic forvaluation. For the first time, the concerns of high purchase price and offer gaps were debuggedleveraging the new Risk-Based Valuation approach which is based on a modified Discounted Cashflow model. A research deeply investigates the problems first by reconstructing originaltransaction to identify the root causes. Furthermore, the study concludes that buyers arepaying on average 4 times the value and that regulating reserves base is fundamental inorder to minimize offer gaps that sometimes tend to a billion dollars for large deals. Thus, the Risk-Based Discounted Cashflow Analysis technique can help prevent overpricing orunderpricing of Nigerian assets, minimize offer gaps in the market as well as account for theimpact of political risks (or its mitigation) in valuation.

Abstract The shelf life of onions, or for that matter any food item, is defined as the time period where the produce has an acceptable quality and is safe to consume. For onion farmers and packers, the mode of determining the shelf life depends on the harvesting, drying, grading, packing, cooling, storing, and shipping processes and time. Quality loss can lead to economic loss as well as a decline in consumer confidence. Quality expectation should be maintained at an acceptable level for consumer purchase and consumption. In addition to post-harvest handling, the thermal history of the produce during storage and transportation plays a major part of shelf life and quality management. Due to the differences among onion varieties, some are more susceptible than others to damage resulting from temperature, high humidity, and other factors during processing. In general, the recommended storage temperatures range from 0 to 5 °C during cold storage and 20 to 30 °C during non-refrigerated storage. Both storage methods should have adequate air circulation of about 0.5 to 1.0 m3 of air per minute per 1.0 cubic meter of onions to maintain the temperature and prevent CO2 accumulation. In this study, the cooling and heating processes of different sizes of onions were conducted experimentally and numerically, and temperature readings were recorded. The cooling process was designed to simulate actual industry practice where cooling starts after the onions are placed in a cold storage room where the temperature is not constant. For the heating process, the experiment simulated industry practice where cold onions are transferred into a warm storage room where the temperature is uniform. These thermal environments are a common encounter during the storage and shipping of produce. Initially, the cooling and heating data were experimentally examined and used to estimate the cooling time as well as the cooling rate to gain an understanding of the heat transfer process. Furthermore, the data were used in evaluating the numerical simulation. In the case of small onions, the temperature changed from 21.1 to 4.4 °C after three and a half hours. However, in the case of large onions, a similar temperature change took nearly eight hours. The numerical simulation was conducted using 3D models and the thermal properties of the onions. This paper will discuss the experimental data and the CFD modeling and simulation. Based on this study, the thermal environment and critical time period that could cause changes in produce core temperature can be outlined and used to qualify thermal mishandling.

This study examines the impact of Superémonos, a conditional transfer program in Costa Rica, which provides poor families with a subsidy for the purchase of food conditional upon children regularly attending school. Using three different empirical techniques -simple comparison of mean outcomes, regression analysis and propensity score matching- the authors examine the program's impact on school attendance, performance in school and child labor. The authors found strong evidence that the program achieves its goal of improving school attendance and much weaker evidence regarding school performance. The program does not reduce the likelihood that youth will work. These findings are discussed in the context of the results from impact evaluations of other conditional transfer programs.