Academic literature on the topic 'Power of establishment'

The air campaign conducted by the RAAF in the North-Western Area during the Second World War has been largely ignored by historians yet it contributed significantly to the outcome of the Pacific war. This thesis sets out to discuss the campaign by considering various factors that impacted on the RAAF in the lead up to and during the course of the Pacific war and their relevance to the campaign. It looks at the way air operations were conducted in the North-Western Area between 1942 and 1945 and describes the role played by the flying squadrons based in the area. Using primary sources such as operational record books, documents and files at archives and libraries and interviews with veterans and experts the thesis found that the campaign was conducted in several phases. It started with the defence of Darwin. In keeping with overall allied strategy the RAAF then went on an offensive into what was then the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) using medium and heavy bombers and mine laying sea planes flying from bases in Australia???s north west. The NEI was vital to the Japanese war effort as a source of essential raw materials such as oil, timber, and rubber. To defend this part of their new empire the Japanese had amassed large military garrisons on the islands. The vessels used to transport troops and materials became the most important targets for the RAAF???s bomber squadrons. As General MacArthur???s forces advanced along the north coast of New Guinea the North-Western Area based units conducted raids into the NEI to deceive the Japanese into thinking an invasion would be launched from Darwin. As the New Guinea campaign gained momentum the RAAF???s task was to protect its western flank, to prevent the Japanese from moving troops and aircraft east to the Philippines. The thesis concludes the campaign was successful because Darwin was defended, it denied the Japanese vital materials for the conduct of the war and it kept hundreds of aircraft and tens of thousands of troops away from the allied advance.

Restoration ecology continues to become ever more relevant as legislation demands we prevent biodiversity losses. Post-industrial restoration sites pose a number of additional challenges, including balancing ecological need with logistical and financial constraints. In the North of Scotland, one such site is the Dounreay Nuclear Power Plant, now undergoing decommissioning. The intention is to restore cliff-top habitat with native vegetation, blending in with its surroundings and necessitating minimal maintenance. The overall objective of this PhD research was to help develop a plan for the restoration of the site. A key challenge in this particular case was the residual low level radioactivity at depth in some areas, and a restoration layer is required to prevent contamination of bioreceptors at the surface, however, topsoil availability is limited. The cliff top site, and exposure to salt spray driven by strong winds, meant the identification of suitable vegetation communities for different areas could be crucial to its success. Vegetation and soil surveys across nine reference sites along the North coast of Scotland identified five non-peat vegetation communities suitable for Dounreay's restoration. Restoration ecology continues to become ever more relevant as legislation demands we prevent biodiversity losses. Post-industrial restoration sites pose a number of additional challenges, including balancing ecological need with logistical and financial constraints. In the North of Scotland, one such site is the Dounreay Nuclear Power Plant, now undergoing decommissioning. The intention is to restore cliff-top habitat with native vegetation, blending in with its surroundings and necessitating minimal maintenance. The overall objective of this PhD research was to help develop a plan for the restoration of the site. A key challenge in this particular case was the residual low level radioactivity at depth in some areas, and a restoration layer is required to prevent contamination of bioreceptors at the surface, however, topsoil availability is limited. The cliff top site, and exposure to salt spray driven by strong winds, meant the identification of suitable vegetation communities for different areas could be crucial to its success. Vegetation and soil surveys across nine reference sites along the North coast of Scotland identified five non-peat vegetation communities suitable for Dounreay's restoration. This prompted the development of a novel concept: that of utilising restoration sites as 'protorefuges' or 'protorefugia', i.e. restoration sites where threatened species at the leading edge of climate change can be translocated ahead of the climate changing. There, they would be joined by individuals of the wider population naturally dispersed as the climate shifts. Overall, these results enabled the development of a refined restoration plan for Dounreay, which takes into account the particular setting, constraints and timelines involved. With the decommissioning of an increasing number of nuclear sites across Britain and Europe taking place in the coming years, this research should be developed further. In particular our novel concept of protorefugia could even be put into practice, benefiting both restoration and conservation.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>In January 2011, the Western Cape Department of Economic Development, in partnership with the City of Cape Town, decided to establish a renewable energy manufacturing hub in Atlantis. This initiative was based on the opportunity emanating from the large-scale deployment of renewable energy in South Africa, of which the Western Cape would receive a significant proportion. This would result in billions of rands in investment in the province; the key would be to ensure that the expenditure on renewable energy equipment translates into local manufacturing. The project was therefore based on two key considerations: firstly, that the location of renewable energy power plants in the Western Cape holds potential for localising manufacturing in this sector, and secondly, that the location of a number of catalytic investors in a manufacturing hub would likely attract suppliers and related manufacturers to co-locate in the area. This research report set out to identify the critical factors for the successful establishment of a renewable energy manufacturing hub in Atlantis. The aim of the study was to provide the Provincial Government of the Western Cape (PGWC) with an assessment of the likelihood of a renewable energy manufacturing hub being successfully established in Atlantis. The literature review examined industry trends, company reports and journal articles on the state of the renewable energy industry globally. The literature review then focused on the role that policy plays in supporting the industry, contrasting various support measures implemented in different regions of the world; further, it examined the implications that South Africa’s policy choices have on the development of a renewable energy industry. The literature review identified the following key considerations that would impact the success of the project: • Renewable energy demand or market growth in terms of the Integrated Resource Plan for Electricity (IRP2010-2030) or the government’s renewable energy procurement programme (RFP); • Supply-side considerations, including manufacturer capabilities and supplier relationships; • Availability of skilled labour; • Physical location and infrastructure; • Availability/access to research and development (R&D); • Manufacturing incentives; and, • Supportive regional government. The research report concluded that all of these factors play a role in manufacturing companies’ investment decisions – notably, companies would likely set up manufacturing facilities in a location such as Atlantis on the basis of demand for their product and the potential of manufacturing their product competitively at that location. The Atlantis project would be deemed successful if it attracted manufacturing investment of approximately R450 million in the renewable energy hub in the first three years. The report concluded that the development of a renewable energy manufacturing hub in Atlantis was feasible. However, success is dependent on a complex interplay of these factors; many of which do not lie within the remit of the PGWC. Finally, it was discovered that external factors such as stable and sustained demand for products or the availability of manufacturing incentives have a greater impact on whether a local renewable energy manufacturing sector will be established on a significant scale than conditions relating specifically to Atlantis as a potential location of a manufacturing hub. In other words, no matter how attractive Atlantis may be as a manufacturing investment location, unless the national regulatory environment promotes local manufacturing, achieving success with a renewable energy manufacturing hub will be a major challenge.

Vårt syfte med denna studie är att undersöka de kontroverser som uppstått vid vindkraftsetableringar på Västkusten. Detta syfte innefattar frågeställningar om vilka argument och aktörer som är inblandade och vad som formar en aktörs åsikter. Anledningen till att vi valde detta område var på grund av ett förslag vi fick från en konsult inom området. När vi studerat ämnet närmare insåg vi att det existerar kontroverser kring de olika etableringar som skett och även runt de som endast är i planeringsstadiet. Dessutom insåg vi att det inte fanns mycket aktuell forskning inom området. Studien är baserad på material som har insamlats i form av samrådsredogörelser, artiklar, insändare och fyra utförda intervjuer. Tolkning av materialet har skett utifrån en diskursanalys som gett resultat i form av tre olika diskurser inom kontroversen; Miljödiskursen, Lekmannadiskursen och den Ekonomiska diskursen. Det som resultat och analys visar är att aktörer som representerar motståndarna främst är privatpersoner. Förespråkarna är vanligtvis kommuner, företag och andra parter som vill etablera vindkraft. Argumenten som läggs fram av motståndarna är mer lokalt förankrade medan förespråkarna talar om allmännytta och globala intressen. Motståndarna vill generellt sett inte se någon förändring i närmiljön då de anser denna som värdefull natur. Samma natur som förespråkarna istället anser kunna vara vacker även efter en vindkraftsetablering. Våra slutsatser är att kontroversen är uppdelad i två framträdande parter, för och emot. De som är neutrala i frågan har inte kunnat urskiljas i materialet. Förespråkarna och motståndarna tenderar att peka på en ovilja att förstå varandra och en ständig debatt kretsar kring vilka kunskaper och argument som anses vara legitima. Böhler (1998) talar om en orörd natur som en symbol för framtidstro. Inom denna finner vi en paradox då motståndarna argumenterar för en orörd natur, samtidigt som de vill bruka och vistas inom denna.<br>Our purpose with this study is to investigate the controversy that are generated when construction of wind power are planned on the Swedish west coast. This purpose includes questions about the arguments and the actors involved, and what shapes an actor’s opinions.   The reason why we chose this area were because of a proposal we received from a consultant in the field. When we later on, studied the subject, we realized that there are several cases of conflicts surrounding various establishments of wind power that have taken place. We also found conflicts about those that are in the planning stage. In addition, we realized that there was not much current research in the area.   The study is based upon materials that have been collected in the form of articles, consolation reports, opinion pieces and four interviews. Interpretation of the material has been based on a discourse analysis which results in three different discourses in the controversy; The environmental discourse, the lay discourse and the economic discourse. The results and analysis show that the actors representing the opponents are mainly private individuals. Proponents are usually municipalities, companies and other actors wishing to establish wind power. The arguments presented by the opponents are more locally based, while proponents talk about public benefit and global interests. Opponents would generally not want to see any change in the living area because they see this as a valuable piece of nature. The same nature that the proponents instead consider to be beautiful even after wind plants has been built.   Our conclusions are that the controversy is divided into two major parties, for and against. We have not been able to identify those who are neutral about the subject. Proponents and opponents tend to point to an unwillingness to understand one another and an ongoing debate revolves around what kind of knowledge and arguments are considered to be legitimate. Böhler (1998) speaks if an untouched nature as a symbol of hope for the future. Within this, we find a paradox when the opponents are arguing for unspoiled nature, while they want to use it for recreation and to stay within it.

Submitted by Valter Deperon (vdeperon@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T00:45:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal250418.pdf: 457197 bytes, checksum: 9d22b722941ef7a64a699e95eb5bc378 (MD5)<br>Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Valter, boa tarde! Tivemos de rejeitar a Tese novamente, pois a data da aprovação está preenchida, deve estar em branco. e também deve conter o "Campo de Conhecimento" (este deve esta preenchido) acima da Data da Aprovação. Por gentileza, alterar e submeter novamente. Obrigada. Qualquer dúvida, entre em contato. on 2018-04-26T16:18:09Z (GMT)<br>Submitted by Valter Deperon (vdeperon@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T21:25:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-04-26T22:00:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-27T13:59:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T13:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28<br>Após a abertura do mercado de resseguros pela Lei Complementar nº 126/2007, três categorias de resseguradores foram criadas no Brasil: local, admitido e eventual. Os dois últimos formados por companhias estrangeiras que se instalaram no Brasil. Diante disso, houve muita incerteza a respeito do tratamento tributário que deveria ser aplicado sobre as transações de resseguros internacionais que, resumidamente, são: prêmios de resseguros, comissões de resseguros e sinistros pagos. O mercado se autorregulou e passou a praticar e a interpretar as regras fiscais, conforme a legislação securitária e tributária então vigente. Em 2017, a Receita Federal publicou a Solução de Consulta Cosit nº 62 que basicamente reafirmou o tratamento tributário que o mercado estava praticando para as categorias local e eventual, porém inovou ao equiparar o ressegurador admitido ao local, para fins fiscais. A razão da equiparação deu-se em função da exigência regulatória da Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP) de que o ressegurador admitido deva constituir um escritório de representação no Brasil, conferindo poderes a um procurador para aceitar e vincular a empresa estrangeira perante o mercado brasileiro. Com isso, concluiu-se que tal atividade equivaleria à do ressegurador local. O efeito prático de tal conclusão é um tratamento tributário semelhante ao conceito de Estabelecimento Permanente (EP), e a aplicação de regras tributárias locais ao admitido implica em um aumento significativo da carga tributária e das exigências e custos contábeis, financeiros e operacionais ao ressegurador admitido, o que inviabilizaria o mercado de seguros e resseguros, diante da potencial falta de cobertura para os riscos administrados no Brasil. A determinação de tratamento tributário equiparado a ressegurador local à empresa estrangeira não pode ser realizada por presunções formais legais, mas necessitaria de um exame concreto e fático de que, materialmente, as decisões de assunção de risco, subscrição e pagamento de indenizações está sendo feita pelo escritório de representação no Brasil, e não apenas em virtude de documentos formais. As atividades do escritório de representação não se confundem com as do ressegurado admitido estrangeiro por ele representado, existindo total independência e autonomia societária, contábil, operacional e fiscal. Embora tenha poder para assinatura de contratos, se tais poderes não são exercidos, o risco de EP é mitigado. A clara demonstração de ausência de execução de poder decisório e assinatura de contratos, bem como a revisão total dos processos internos, com a definição clara das atividades que são desempenhadas pelo escritório de representação é elemento de prova fundamental para afastar as potenciais autuações e discussões administrativas e judiciais.<br>After the opening of the reinsurance market under Complementary Law 126/2007, three categories of reinsurers were created in Brazil: local, admitted and occasional. The last two were formed by foreign companies that expanded into Brazil. As such, there was a lot of uncertainty regarding the tax treatment that should be applied to international reinsurance transactions, as follows: reinsurance premiums, reinsurance commissions and claims (indemnities) paid. The market was then self-regulated and began to apply and interpret the tax rules, in accordance with the regulatory insurance and tax laws applicable at that time. In 2017, the Federal Tax Authorities (RFB) issued the Cosit Advance Tax Ruling (ATR) nº 62, which basically confirmed the tax treatment that the market was practicing for the local and the occasional categories, but innovated by equating the admitted category to the local reinsurers for tax purposes. The reason for such an equation was based on SUSEP's regulatory requirement for admitted reinsurers to establish a representation office in Brazil, and to grant acceptance and binding powers to a local attorney-in-fact. As a result, it was understood that such activity would be equal to the local reinsurer business. The practical outcome of this conclusion is to consider the foreign entity with a Permanent Establishment (PE) tax treatment, therefore applying local tax rules to them, which imply in a substantial increase in the tax burden, as well as a stricter and more costly accounting, financial and operational framework. This ultimately shall result the insurance and reinsurance market to be considered unfeasible in Brazil, and might result in a potential lack of coverage for Brazilian insurance risks. The determination of tax treatment to the foreign company cannot be carried out simply by legal and formal presumptions; rather, it must require a concrete and factual examination of whether, in essence, the decision-making of risk acceptance, underwriting and claims payments are being effectively executed by the representation office in Brazil, and not merely by virtue of formal documents. The activities of the representation office must not be confused with those of the foreign admitted reinsurer, since there have full autonomy, and operational, corporate governance and tax independency in each entity. Although it has the power to sign contracts, if such powers are not executed, the risk of PE is mitigated. A clear demonstration of the absence of decision-making power of execution and signature of contracts and the overall review of internal processes, with clear definition of the activities that can be performed by the representative office is a fundamental evidence to rule out the potential tax assessments and administrative and judicial disputes.

Purpose/Aim: To find power structures within the blog network. Material/Method: Using keywords to find all available blog posts about the National Defence Radio Establishment from the blog search engine Twingly, and thereafter using the same blog search engine to find inlinks from other blogs, to those posts. The data is set into the context of the small-world networks models of Duncan J. Watts and rich-club models of Sergi Valverde och Ricard V. Sole. Main results: 5183 unique blogs have written about the subject in 22779 blog posts to which 28128 inlinks from other blogposts are made. Just over one fifth of the blogs are linkted to each other in one big network, where the remaining blogs stand without any ingoing or outgoing links. The first bloggers are the one who continue to write for longer period of time and also the ones who attracts most inlinks. The blogosphere around this subject is highly connected, shows features as one would find in a small-world network, displays a power-law distribution for inlinks and is highly clustered around a few rich- club nodes.