Academic literature on the topic 'Precedent phrase'

The paper discusses the relative order and syntactic position of wh-phrases in Tundra Nenets multiple wh-questions. Contrary to previous proposals, it will be argued that the wh-phrases in multiple wh-questions are rigidly ordered and their order is constrained by the Specificity Filter. Evidence on the application of the Specificity Filter comes from the ungrammaticality of certain relative orders, i.e. *how-any wh-phrase, and the answers that are given to the multiple wh-questions, i.e. the answer does not specify values for the first wh-phrase but it pairs X and Y in both cases. Thus, the first wh-phrase in the construction is interpreted as a distributive universal quantifier. This is supported by the fact that the first wh-phrase can trigger object agreement on verbs (that is otherwise not possible in the case of wh-objects). Additionally, the wh-sequence can be preceded by elements that normally cause Intervention effects in single wh-questions, but a focussed expression cannot precede them. So in Tundra Nenets multiple wh-questions at least the first wh-phrase undergoes movement and it supposedly appears in the topic position.

Abstract According to the preliminary statement of the English rules of precedent contained in the last chapter, every court is bound to follow any case decided by a court above it in the hierarchy, and appellate courts (other than the House of Lords) are bound by their previous decisions. This statement is too concise because it does not indicate that the only part of a previous case which is binding is the ratio decidendi (reason for deciding). The principal object of the present chapter is to consider what is meant by the ratio decidendi of a case when the phrase is used by judges and other lawyers and by what methods it may be determined. This will show what is entailed by ‘following’ or ‘applying’ a case and by being ‘bound; by a previous decision, although these matters are not discussed until the beginning of the next chapter. The ratio decidendi is best approached by a consideration of the structure of a typical judgment. The contemporary English judge almost invariably gives reasons for his decision in a civil case. Assuming that the trial is by a judge alone without a jury, he generally summarizes the evidence, announces his findings of fact, and reviews the arguments that have been addressed to him by counsel for each of the parties. If a point of law has been raised, he often discusses a number of previous decisions.

Abstract The concept of receivables in Israel is usually understood to mean book debts or accounts receivable, in keeping with the English precedent from which it derives. For example, section 178 of the Companies Ordinance 1983 (the Companies Ordinance), which lists assets over which fi xed charges can be created, includes in such list a charge over accounts receivable (literally ‘debts from customers’). While no defi nition is given in the statute itself, Lerner, in the leading text ‘Charging Corporate Assets’ explains the phrase to mean:

An important area of contemporary linguistic research concerns language as a reflection of national mentality, worldview, and culture, with specific focus on the consideration of linguistic and cultural categories in non-related languages. The study's object is the precedent phenomena (PP) present in both English and Ukrainian languages, and the research subject is the process of PP transitioning into the phraseological resources of both languages. The purpose of the research is to analyse the ways of transition of the PP (precedent name, situation and statement) into the phraseological fund of the English and Ukrainian languages. The resolution of a research problem dictates the presentation logic of the studied material within the paper. The aims of this study include defining a precedent phenomenon, outlining and detailing the stages of PP transition into phraseological funds of the English and Ukrainian languages, and exposing the specifics of precedent phenomena phraseologicalisation with regards to structural differences. The study methodology is grounded in the descriptive, transformational analysis, component analysis, and comparative methods. These are employed to distinguish between the universal and national precedent names, and to identify similarities and differences in the mechanism by which the PP transitions into the phraseological funds of the English and Ukrainian languages. The analysis of phraseological units with a precedent component indicates that prevalent precedent phenomena originating from mythological, biblical, ancient texts, and prior occurrences are primarily phraseologized, forming the "universal" cognitive foundation. However, the subject of the study is nationally precedent-setting РPs (which are known to an average representative of the Anglo-American or Ukrainian linguistic community and included in the national cognitive base) as representatives of national culture. The research material presents phraseological units of the English and Ukrainian languages containing a component-precedent phenomenon, totalling 125 units (76 units in English and 49 in Ukrainian). The results of the study show that the process of transition of precedent phenomena into the phraseological fund of the language takes place in two stages. First of all, there appears a certain unit (a name, a text) that is fixed in the language and to which native speakers refer repeatedly in the future. A text or a name thus becomes an element of the cognitive base of an average representative of a given linguistic community, i.e., a precedent phenomenon. In the second stage, PP phraseologisation takes place; such a unit is included in the phraseological fund of the language, accordingly it becomes a phraseologism, while remaining a precedent phenomenon. A precedent name (PN) is an individual name associated with a famous text or precedent-setting situation. The structure of a precedent name comprises differential features (the basis of PN perception) and attributes (periphery). The meaning of a phraseological unit with a component-precedent name evolves from a differential feature that embodies the object's characteristics (personality, appearance) or becomes relevant owing to a precedent situation. A precedent situation is an "ideal" situation that took place in real life (historical precedent situation) or one that belongs to the virtual reality of man-made art. The cognitive base stores a set of differential features of a precedent situation, universal for all representatives of a given linguistic and cultural community. Minimised knowledge of a specific situation (historical or virtual), compared to the system of evaluation of ethnicity, becomes the basis for the formation of phraseological units built on the basis of precedent situations. A precedent statement is a product of speech and thought activity, an integral and self-sufficient unit that can be presented as: 1) a precedent text (or part of it), for example, children's poems, proverbs; 2) a linguistic unit (phrase, sentence) related to a precedent situation. Precedent-setting expressions are fixed in the phraseological fund by metaphorising the direct meaning and preserving knowledge about the precedent-setting phenomenon. Practical implications. The practical significance of the work is determined by the fact that the conclusions formulated as a result of the study can be used for further study of precedent phenomena, and the proposed methodology for the study of PP can be useful for the analysis of other linguistic and cultural categories. The materials of the work can be used in the courses "General Linguistics", "English Lexicology and Stylistics", "Linguistic Studies", special courses and special seminars on "Comparative Linguistics", "Intercultural Communication", as well as in lexicographic practice when compiling dictionaries of precedent phenomena. Value/оriginality. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the new theoretical positions of linguocultural studies on precedent phenomena. The characteristics of the onomastic material in phraseological funds and the problems related to the essential features of the nature of precedent phenomena have been further developed.

Abstract Transitions, in legal writing, seamlessly link facts to precedent, ideas to arguments, and rationales to conclusions. These shifts help show the reader exactly how each statement helps shape our system of laws. All the justices use a variety of transitions to tie together what can amount to dozens of points on a 50-page opinion. The common features: each transition has meaning, orients readers, and impels readers forward. With these connecting words, the justices avoid choppy writing. Many transitions signal that there is an additional point on the same issue. Other purposes for transitions are introducing, comparing, contrasting, preempting, emphasizing, showing time or place, and concluding. The examples in this chapter show how the justices transition between points with these various purposes—with a single word, a phrase, or statement.

The topic of this chapter is the C-domain and the main clause. In main clauses the finite verb moves to C. By topicalization, a phrase of any lexical category is obligatorily moved to SpecCP, preceding the finite verb, in declarative main clauses. The verb is thus in second position; Mainland Scandinavian is a V2 language. Complements of prepositions can be topicalized, stranding the preposition. Among possible topicalizations, besides nominal and adverbial categories, are also verb phrases. Topicalization out of noun phrases and across clause boundaries is frequent. By topic doubling, a left-dislocated phrase may be resumed by a pronoun or an adverbial in the following topic position. In sentence questions, SpecCP is empty, and in phrasal questions SpecCP is filled by the interrogative phrase. Imperative sentences usually lack an overt subject.

Abstract The term most often used by scientists to describe the spontaneous appearance of novel fitted orderliness is ‘emergence.’ This usage has been around for over a century (see G. H. Lewes’s Problems of Life and Mind 1), and pretty much characterizes the same troublesome explanatory ‘gaps’ in the same scientific discussions currently as it did over a century ago. How does life arise from non-living molecules, how does a mind arise from electro-chemical processes in material brains? The term connotes something coming out of hiding, coming into view for the first time, something without precedent and perhaps a bit surprising. But it is not applicable to the common everyday novelty of contingent history. Though each new event stands out as idiosyncratic in various ways with respect to all preceding events, what most people mean when they talk of something being an emergent phenomenon isn’t merely something different than before. In nontechnical discussions the phrase ‘the whole is more than the sum of the parts’ is often quoted to convey this sort of novelty. It captures two aspects of the concept: the distinction between a mere quantitative difference and a qualitative one, and an ascent in scale, involving combination of elements in which their interactions become relevant.

Abstract The chapter presents an overview of Runyankore-Rukiga’s locative expressions, words, and phrases, based on a corpus of interlinear glossed texts. Locative words and locative phrases are nominal expressions, although they configurationally resemble prepositional phrases, with the locative particle as an independent word preceding the noun. Their morphosyntactic behaviour, however, is that of a noun phrase, as the chapter shows in a discussion of external and internal locative agreement, which also includes a discussion of alternate agreement patterns. Using type semantic concepts proposed by Jackendoff (1990), combined with structural representations, the chapter presents a further development of the two-layered noun phrase approach to locatives originally suggested by Bresnan and Mchombo (1989).

Abstract In a certain sense American political parties were the first modem parties. They had, of course, their predecessors in the British Whigs and Tories of the eighteenth century. But if we define political parties not simply as aggregates of men who share certain interests or points of view, nor simply as coalitions of notables, but rather as broadly based social structures that mediate between public opinion and the processes of parliamentary decision-making in a fairly regular manner, the United States was the pioneer nation in the development of the modern political party. The phrase “His Majesty’s Opposition,” when first used in the House of Commons by Sir John Cam Hob house in 1826, was employed in a spirit of levity and greeted with laughter. At that point Americans had had more than a quarter century of fitful experiment with partisan opposition, and their two-party politics was even then in the process of being resuscitated after the lapse of a decade. In Britain the modem pro­ cedure for a change of ministry dates from 1830. The American precedent for the peaceful transition of power from a government party to an opposition party dates from the election of 1800-1801.

Abstract BY one of the most broadminded and progressive decisions of recent years the House of Lords held that where under the contract with its customer a bank is entitled to compound interest with quarterly rests the right continues after payment has been demanded: National Bank of Greece v. Pinios Shipping Co. [1989] 3 WLR 1330. Lord Goff of Chieveley, with whom Lord Bridge of Harwich, Lord Brandon of Oakbrook, Lord Griffiths, and Lord Jauncey of Tullichettle agreed, thus reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal [1989] 3 WLR 185, which was discussed at (1989) 105 LQR 344. The Court of Appeal had felt bound by precedent to hold that upon demand for payment being made the contract with the bank ceased to be, as the phrase went, a ‘mercantile account current for mutual transactions’ and, to continue conceptualist reasoning of the worst type, resolved itself into a relationship of creditor and debtor. All this verbiage has now disappeared from the legal scene and is replaced by the controlling force of the usage of bankers. The essence of the case is so simple and so simply stated that one is tempted to say no more about it. Yet it gives rise to three comments which, it is hoped, will not be thought wearisome.

A metronome synchronisation paradigm was used to investigate possible interaction between P(erceptual)-centre location and initial mutation in Irish (Gaelic). A pilot study returned promising results in a subset of stimuli. Data later collected using only these stimuli differed from those of the pilot: participants exclusively synchronised metronome beats with the possessive particle preceding main lexical targets. In the pilot task, monosyllables as the minimal target, as opposed to exclusively disyllabic two-word possessive phrases in the modified task, may have focussed participants on these. This conditioning has been reinstated in a third version of the task by preceding target phrases with a dummy monosyllable.

The article examines the scope of the concept of law. Thanks to the conceptual analysis of language, it was possible to identify the core zones of the concept: 1) the presence of precedent statements, set expressions and phrases; 2) a block of stimulus words and reactions representing social-normative relations; 3) a block of religious maxims, and peripheral blocks of information.

The article discusses the processes of transformation of wishes in modern precedent texts and social networks. It also focuses on the messages from Russian Twitter (in which there occur substitutions, omissions, additions, contaminations, occasional coinages or the usage of expressions in their direct meaning). The research presents the results of the origin of expressions Pip to your tongue, No bottom no cover, etc. analysis and reveals their frequency in text corpora from chronological perspective. The origin of these phrases is well known and is recorded in dictionaries and in the usage, speech practice and dialect phraseology of the Russian language and traditional folklore.

Santa (Dunxian) Mongolian cotnains a form called shi emanating from the copula ‘是 (shiP4P)’ of Chinese. In previous research, this form is known as a borrowed form that can occur with the indigenous copula wo., However, shi has been variously described as a ‘copula’ (刘 1981; Kim 2003; Napoli 2004), ‘copula verb’ (Field 1997), and a ‘postposition to show presentation’ (布和等编1986). As yet, there has not been a unified description of the actual function of shi. In this presentation, I pay attention to topicality after having analyzed the environment and the meaning of shi. First, regarding the environment, I pay attention to the elements preceding shi. From the analysis of the type of noun phrases that appear before shi and noun phrases that do not appear, I show that more definite noun phrases such as personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns do appear, while less definite noun phrases such as interrogatives do not appear. Secondly, regarding the meaning function, I pay attention to examples frequently using shi. From the analysis of these examples, I show that shi has functions such as presenting a condition. Finally, regarding topicality, I contrast the topicality of Santa Mongolian shi with that of the Chinese 是, the original language of borrowing, and the Japanese wa, which is known as a topic marker. With this in mind, I conclude that the shi from Santa Mongolian should be analyzed as a topic marker and not as a copula.

The present study attempts to find out the distinctiveness of juncture(pauses within words, phrases and sentences) in English and central Kurdish. Juncture is the relationship between one sound and the sounds that immediately precede and follow it. It is a morphophonemic phenomenon with double signification , a suprasegmental phoneme which changes the meaning and is important for phonological descriptions of languages. The aim of this study is to see how juncture affects the meaning of words , phrases and sentences. Slow or rapid speech can also determine the use of juncture which marks the break between sounds and the phonological boundary of words, phrases or sentences. However, the ambiguity of meaning resulting from the placement of juncture can be solved by context. Stress placement on certain words also affects the use of juncture and leads to a change in meaning. In this study, English and Central Kurdish junctures were identified within words, phrases and sentences. Based on the data collected and presented, it was found out that juncture in English is distinctive at all levels , namely , simple words, phrases and sentences .In Central Kurdish, however, juncture is distinctive in compound words and sentences. As for the sentence level, because Kurdish is an agglutinative language, there are cases where the pause or juncture is closely related to the morphological structure of the words and the personal clitics and prefixes added to the end. As for the implications of the results in the field of practice , teachers must take these into consideration while teaching stress , intonation and other aspects of connected speech.

Abstract Everyone working in the pipeline industry knows that they “Don’t Know What They Don’t Know”. Our behaviours and actions to address this simple phrase have led to significant successes. Pipeline Safety Management Systems and Integrity Management Programs have evolved over the last 40 years. This evolution has been a result of adopting quality management systems, learnings from failures and incidents, and regulatory involvement. These advances and areas of improvement are investigated through examples and observations made by the authors. The examples and observations in this presentation will demonstrate how organizations of various sizes have successfully addressed safety and integrity challenges over the past forty years. Examples will be discussed from small, medium, and large sized organizations. The management systems have continually improved; these advancements have enabled some of these systems to provide significant value to the pipeline system operators. The following will be included in the presentation: a) important elements required to meet policy requirements associated with a pipeline safety management system, b) the advantages and disadvantages of changing versus constant management system requirements defined within a regulatory framework, c) compliance versus beyond-compliance approaches, d) the importance of integrated management systems, e) the importance of planning and performance verification to meet goals and targets, and f) examples to demonstrate continual improvement and alignment with corporate goals. Continual improvement in the ISO 9000 series of standards for quality management systems have preceded changes in pipeline safety management systems. This presentation will show correlations and relationships between Quality Management Systems and Pipeline Safety Management Systems. Forecasts about the future of Pipeline Safety Management Systems will also be presented. The examples and observations in this presentation are intended to promote ingenuity and curiosity as methods to supercharge pipeline safety management systems.