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1

Pereira, Ana Daniela Antunes da Cruz. "A Influência do valor da marca na satisfação do consumidor: o caso da Primark em Portugal." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3808.

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Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos de obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Comunicação, Ramo de Relações Públicas<br>O valor da marca e a satisfação do consumidor são dois temas que têm vindo a ser abordados ao longo de décadas, por diversos autores. Como tal, surgiu o interesse de relacionar ambas as variáveis uma vez que não existe nenhum estudo em concreto que apresente uma relação entre as duas. Deste modo, o tema da presente pesquisa é a Influência do Valor da Marca na Satisfação do Consumidor: O Caso Primark em Portugal. A marca em estudo foi escolhida por se tratar de uma marca de retalho low-cost e pelo facto de este conceito ter vindo a ganhar espaço na mente e no estilo de vida dos portugueses. Este estudo divide-se em três componentes essenciais. A primeira componente refere-se à revisão da literatura sobre o tema em estudo e onde são apresentadas todas as hipóteses formuladas e as respetivas justificações. A componente empírica deste estudo incide numa metodologia que tem por base o método quantitativo, tendo a recolha de dados sido realizada através de um questionário online. Por não existir um modelo que relacione ambas as variáveis, foram utilizados três construtos diferentes que permitiram medir ambas as variáveis e as suas relações com as respetivas dimensões. Fatores como a personalidade da marca, a qualidade percebida e a lealdade à marca foram essenciais para reforçar esta relação, dado que todos foram testados e apresentam níveis de relação elevados. Deste modo conclui-se que existe uma interdependência entre o valor da marca e a satisfação do consumidor. Para além disso todas as hipóteses em estudo foram confirmadas, ou seja, todas as dimensões em análise têm impacto entre si. The brand value and customer satisfaction are two topics that have been discussed by several authors for decades. Therefore, the interest of relating the two variables emerged because there are no studies that present a relationship between the two. Thus, the theme of this research is the Influence of Brand Value in Consumer Satisfaction: The Primark Case in Portugal. The studied brand was selected because it is a low-cost retail brand and for the fact that this concept has come to be more present in the mind and lifestyle of the Portuguese. This study is divided into three main sections. In the first section, a literature review on the topic under study, all assumptions and respective justifications are presented. The empirical part of this study focuses on a methodology that is based on the quantitative method. Data collection was performed using an online questionnaire. Finally, it is presented the analysis of the results that allows confirming the previously made assumptions. Since there is no model that relates both variables, three different scales which allowed measuring both variables and their relationships with the respective dimensions were used. Factors such as brand personality, perceived quality and brand loyalty were essential to strengthen this relationship, since all have been tested and present high levels of relationship. Thus, it is possible to conclude that there is interdependence between brand value and customer satisfaction. Furthermore all studied assumptions were confirmed, ie all analysed dimensions have impact among themselves.
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Fellows, Matthew R. "Spatiotemporal tuning for position and velocity in primate primary motor cortex neurons /." View online version; access limited to Brown University users, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3174598.

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3

Pasarín, Rua María Isabel. "Evaluación de la atención primaria: Aproximación mediante el primary care assessment Tools (PCAT)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/369575.

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La Atención Primaria (AP) es un nivel clave en un sistema sanitario y la evaluación es una de las principales herramientas básicas para mejorar los servicios. Según el modelo de AP definido por B Starfield y de amplio consenso internacional, ésta debe: a) ser accesible y ser utilizada como el primer contacto con el sistema de salud; b) ofrecer una atención continuada y global, y c) estar coordinada con los otros niveles del sistema sanitario, además de tener un enfoque familiar y comunitario, y competencia cultural. Así, B Starfield definió las cuatro dimensiones esenciales de la atención primaria como: primer contacto, longitudinalidad, integralidad y coordinación; y las dimensiones relacionadas: enfoque familiar, orientación comunitaria y competencia cultural. En Estados Unidos, Starfield y Shy diseñaron un conjunto de instrumentos para valorar las dimensiones de la AP, Primary Care Assessment Tools (PCAT). El objetivo general de esta tesis fue obtener instrumentos de evaluación del modelo teórico de la Atención Primaria (AP) que permitan su utilización en Catalunya y en el contexto español, y a partir de ellos hacer una primera evaluación en Catalunya bajo la perspectiva de desigualdades sociales. Para ello se realizaron dos procesos independientes de adaptación del cuestionario Primary Care Assessment Tools (PCAT), uno para poder utilizarlo en una encuesta de salud y otro para obtener medidas de los Equipos de Atención Primaria (EAP). La metodología ha sido en gran parte la misma, en base a las recomendaciones de adaptación transcultural, siguiendo los siguientes pasos: traducción, retrotraducción, comité de expertos, prueba pretest y medición de propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario obtenido. Para la valoración de la AP en Catalunya se incluyó en el cuestionario de la encuesta de Salud de Catalunya del año 2006 el conjunto de ítems seleccionados en uno de los trabajos que se presentan en esta tesis doctoral. Se aplicó a una muestra representativa de la población mayor de 15 años (N=13.292). Se ajustaron modelos multivariados de regresión negativa para la obtención de las razones de prevalencia y sus intervalos de confianza del 95%. Como resultados de esta tesis doctoral, se han obtenido dos instrumentos independientes, ambos en catalán y en castellano: a) un conjunto de ítems para poder incluir en la encuesta de salud, un PCAT abreviado de 10 ítems para adultos, y 2) el PCAT-Equipo de Atención Primaria versión extensa que permitirá el análisis de todas las dimensiones de la AP definidas por B Starfield (primer contacto, longitudinalidad, integralidad, coordinación, enfoque familiar, orientación comunitaria y competencia cultural). El PCAT-10 incluido en la Encuesta de Salud de Catalunya del año 2006 permitió conocer que la valoración de la AP obtenía una puntación de 7 sobre 10, y sin presentar un patrón de desigualdad, ya que no se mostraron diferencias en las puntuaciones según clase social. En conclusión, a partir del trabajo realizado se encuentran ya disponibles unos instrumentos en catalán y castellano que amplían el marco de evaluación de la AP en el contexto del sistema sanitario en España y Catalunya. Además permiten utilizar el enfoque de evaluación desde la población potencialmente usuaria así como de los equipos encargados de realizar la atención, los Equipos de Atención Primaria. Desde la perspectiva de la población, el PCAT-10 ha presentado buenas propiedades métricas, proporciona un índice para la evaluación de la AP y permitirá la monitorizado en el tiempo y el análisis en subgrupos y en el total de la población. A partir de la valoración de los directores/as de EAP se podrá evaluar el modelo teórico completo de la AP definido por B. Starfield.<br>Primary Care is a key level in the health system, and evaluation is one of the main instruments to improve services. According to the model defined by B Starfield, one with broad international consensus, PC has to be: a) accessible and used as the first contact with the health system; b) it must offer longitudinal and comprehensiveness attention, and c) it must be coordinated with the other levels of the health care system, be focused on family, with community orientation, and demonstrate cultural competence. B. Starfield defines the four essential dimensions of PC: first contact, longitudinality, comprehensiveness and coordination; and as related dimensions: family focus, community orientation and cultural competence. In the United States, Starfield and Shy designed a group of instruments to evaluate the PC dimensions, the Primary care Assessment Tools (PCAT). The main objective of this thesis is to obtain instruments for the evaluation of the theoretical model of Primary Care (PC) for use in Catalonia, and in the Spanish context in general, and from them to make a first evaluation in Catalonia from the perspective of social inequalities. To this end, two independent processes of adapting the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) questionnaire have been made, one to use in a health survey and the other to obtain measurements of the PC facilities. To a great extent, the methodology has been the same for both, based of the recommendations for transcultural adaptation: translation, retro translation, committee of experts, pretest and measurement of psychometric properties of the obtained questionnaire. For the assessment of PC in Catalonia, the set of items selected in one of the works presented in this doctoral thesis was included in the questionnaire of 2006 – the Catalan Health Survey. It was conducted on a representative sample of the population over 15 years (N=13.292). It has been adjusted with multivariate negative binomial regression models to obtain prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. Two independent instruments have been obtained, in Catalan and Spanish: a) a set of items to be included in the health survey, a brief PCAT of 10 items for adults and b) PCAT- PC team, extended version, which will allow the analysis of all the dimensions of the PC defined by B Starfield (first contact, longitudinality, comprehensiveness, coordination, family centeredness, community orientation and cultural competence). The PCAT-10 included in the Health Survey of Catalonia in 2006 revealed that the evaluation of the AP resulted in a mark of 7 over 10, showing no pattern of inequality, since differences in the scores were not according to social class. In conclusion, there are already available instruments in Catalan and Spanish that extend the frame of evaluation of the PC in the context of the health system in Spain and Catalonia. From the perspective of the population, the abbreviated PCAT-10 has presented good metric properties and provides an index for the evaluation of the PC that will allow monitoring over time and analysis in sub-groups, as well as in the total population. Through the evaluation of directors of PC teams, the complete theoretical model of the AP defined by B Starfield will be able to be evaluated.
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Buth, Gerrit J. "Decomposition and primary production in salt marshes = Decompositie en primaire produktie in schorren /." [S.l. : s.n.], 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/131131834.pdf.

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5

Garcia, Gibert Lidia. "Influencia genética en la evolución de la masa ósea tras paratiroidectomía en pacientes afectas de hiperparatiroidismo primario." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393874.

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El Hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) es el tercer diagnóstico endocrinológico más frecuente y se caracteriza por una secreción excesiva, inadecuada y mal regulada de parathormona (PTH). Uno de los órganos diana del HPTP es el hueso y la presencia de osteoporosis en cualquier localización es indicación de tratamiento quirúrgico. A pesar de ello, la respuesta de la masa ósea a este tratamiento no es homogénea y/o generalizada en todos los pacientes. La hipótesis del presente trabajo es que la evolución de la masa ósea tras paratiroidectomía (PTx) está relacionada y/o condicionada por diversos factores demográficos, clínicos, analíticos y genéticos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo observacional entre enero de 1999 y diciembre de 2012, donde se han incluido 159 mujeres postmenopáusicas diagnosticadas de HPTP y que han sido sometidas a una Paratiroidectomía. Se han determinado parámetros analíticos y densitométricos en el momento del diagnóstico, al año y a los dos años de la intervención. Así mismo, se han genotipado diferentes polimorfismos de genes relacionados con el metabolismo osteo-mineral y la fisiopatología del HPTP. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de osteoporosis es mucho mayor en mujeres con HPTP que en la población general y el tipo de hueso más afectado es el hueso cortical (el 90% de las pacientes con HPTP presentan osteopenia u osteoporosis a nivel de la zona ultradistal del radio). La densidad mineral ósea (DMO) aumenta de forma significativa tras la paratiroidectomía en todas las localizaciones (p<0,001) excepto en el tercio proximal del extremo distal del radio (p=0,374). Las mujeres más jóvenes (p=0,016) y las que presentan una menopausia más tardía (p=0,026) presentan un mayor incremento de DMO a nivel de cadera total (CT) tras PTx, y la presencia de un IMC elevado (p=0,008) se relaciona con una mayor recuperación de DMO en cuello femoral (CF). Una PTH basal elevada (p<0,01) y una mayor disminución tras PTx (p<0,05), se relacionan con un mayor aumento de DMO tras PTx en todas las localizaciones estudiadas. Una 1,25-OH2 Vitamina D basal elevada se asocia a un mayor incremento de DMO a nivel de CT (p=0,014). Una DMO basal baja se asocia a un mayor incremento de masa ósea tras PTx a nivel de CF y CT (p=0,004 y p=0,03 respectivamente). El genotipo A/C para el polimorfismo rs7975232 del gen VDR (p=0,022) y el genotipo A/A para el polimorfismo rs1042636 del gen CaSR (p=0,048) se presentan con mayor frecuencia en pacientes con HPTP. El alelo C del polimorfismo rs9594738 del gen RANKL y el alelo G del polimorfismo rs1032128 del gen OPG se han relacionado con una mayor DMO basal a nivel de columna lumbar (p=0,029 y p=0,020 respectivamente). La presencia del alelo G del polimorfismo rs4646536 del gen CYP27B1 se asocia a una mayor recuperación de la DMO a nivel de CT (p=0,006). Estas diferencias no son estadísticamente significativas si se corrigen los resultados por el método de Bonferroni. CONCLUSIONES: El hueso más afectado en el HPTP es el hueso cortical; sin embargo, el que recupera mayor DMO tras PTx es el hueso trabecular. Las pacientes con un HPTP más severo (mayor PTH basal, mayor disminución de PTH tras PTx, mayor 1,25-OH2 VitD basal y menor DMO basal) son las que presentan una mayor recuperación de DMO tras la cirugía. Las mujeres más jóvenes, las que presentan una menopausia más tardía y las que tienen un IMC más alto tienen un mayor incremento de DMO tras PTx. Los polimorfismos rs9594738 del gen RANKL, el rs1032128 del gen OPG, el rs2504063 del gen ESR1 y el rs4646536 del gen CYP27B1 son candidatos ideales para futuros estudios de asociación entre el HPTP y la osteoporosis.<br>The primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the third most common endocrinological diagnosis and it is characterized by excessive, inadequate and poorly regulated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. The bone is one of the target organs of PHPT and the presence of osteoporosis at any localitation, is indication for surgical treatment. However, the response of the bone to this treatment is not uniform and generalized in all patients. The hypothesis of this study is that the evolution of bone mass after parathyroidectomy (PTx) is related and/or conditioned by various demographic, clinical, laboratory and genetic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study between january 1999 and december 2012. The study included 159 postmenopausal women with PHPT who underwent PTx. Analytical and densitometric measurements were perfomed before PTx and at one and two years of follow-up. Also, different genetics polymorphisms related to bone-mineral metabolism and the physiopathology of PHTP were genotyped. RESULTS: The prevalence of osteoporosis is higher in women with PHPT than in the general population and the most affected bone is the cortical bone (90% of patients with PHPT has osteopenia or osteoporosis at ultradistal radius area). Bone mineral density (BMD) increases significantly after PTx in all locations (p<0,001) except in the proximal third of the distal radius (p=0,374). Younger women (P=0,016) and women with a later menopause (p=0,026) have a greater increase in BMD in the total hip (TH) after PTx, and a high BMI (p=0,008) is related with greater recovery of BMD at femoral neck (FN). A high basal PTH (p<0,01) and a greater decrease after PTx (p<0,05), are associated with a greater increase in BMD after PTx at all sites studied. A elevated basal 1,25-OH2 Vitamin D is associated with a greater increase in BMD at TH (p=0,014). A low baseline BMD is associated with a greater increase in bone mass after PTx at FN and TH level (p=0,004 and p=0,03 respectively). Genotype A/C for the rs7975232 polymorphism of the VDR gene (p=0,022) and genotype A/A for rs1042636 polymorphism of the CaSR gene (p=0,048) are most frecuently in patients with PHPT. The C allele for rs9594738 polymorphism to RANKL gene and the G allele for rs1032128 polymorphism to OPG gene have been linked to a higher baseline BMD at the lumbar spine (p=0,029 and p=0,02 respectively). The presence of the G allele of rs4646536 polymorphism of the CYP27B1 gene is associated with a greater BMD recovery after PTx at TH(p=0,006). These differences are not statistically significant if the results are corrected by the Bonferroni method. CONCLUSIONS: The most affected bone in PHPT is cortical bone; however, the higher BMD recovery after PTx is produced at the trabecular bone. Patients with more severe PHPT (higher basal PTH, greater PTH decrease after PTx, increased basal 1,25-OH2 Vitamin D and lower baseline BMD) are those with greater BMD recovery after surgery. Younger women, those with a later menopause and those with a higher BMI have a greater increase in BMD after PTx. The polymorphism rs9594738 of the RANKL gene, rs1032128 of the OPG gene, rs2504063 of the ESR1 gene and rs4646536 of the CYP27B1 gene, are ideal candidates for future association studies between primary hyperparathyroidism and osteoporosis.
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Sabando, Rojas Dorys Soledad. "Inclusión educativa y rendimiento académico. Relación entre el Grado de Inclusión y el Rendimiento Académico en las Escuelas Públicas de Primaria de Cataluña." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402901.

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La investigación que presentamos fue desarrollada dentro del Convenio Marco entre el Departament d’Ensenyament de la Generalitat de Catalunya y la Universitat de Barcelona, con la finalidad de identificar el grado de inclusión de los centros públicos de primaria de las zonas urbanas de Cataluña y poder determinar su influencia en el rendimiento académico de todo el alumnado, controlando además la variable complejidad de centro. En el estudio se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa, de carácter descriptivo y correlacional y contó con la participación de 615 centros educativos públicos del territorio urbano de Cataluña que respondieron al cuestionario on-line con el que se recogieron los datos para obtener el grado de inclusión, definido como el nivel de consolidación de prácticas inclusivas en seis dimensiones relativas a la organización, el funcionamiento y las prácticas de centro. Mientras que la variable rendimiento académico fue obtenida de los resultados de la prueba externa de sexto de primaria aplicada a todos los centros. También se controló la variable complejidad de centro. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten señalar que el 63,74% de la muestra presenta un grado medio de inclusión, y el 36,26% un alto grado de inclusión. No hubo centros que alcanzaran un GI bajo en la puntuación total, lo que significa que en general en ningún centro predominan los procesos excluyentes por sobre los inclusivos, y que las escuelas participantes se encuentran en un proceso de transformación hacia la educación inclusiva. El análisis por dimensiones nos permite distinguir que la organización de centro, el clima inclusivo de centro y la organización del aula, son las dimensiones más consolidadas en sus procesos inclusivos al examinar la totalidad de la muestra ya que concentran a más de la mitad de los centros que alcanzaron un GI alto, los que señalaron tener un amplio y estable repertorio de prácticas inclusivas en estas dimensiones, y en las que ningún centro tiene un predominio de prácticas excluyentes, ya que ninguno obtuvo el GI bajo. Mientras que, en la dimensión de apoyo pedagógico, los centros que alcanzaron un GI alto no superaron la mayoría, lo que indica que hay prácticas inclusivas que aún no se han logrado afianzar y evidencia la existencia de una mayor cantidad de prácticas excluyentes que en las dimensiones anteriores. La dimensión menos consolidada fue la participación con la comunidad, seguida por la dimensión formación permanente, ya que una gran mayoría de centros obtuvo un GI medio, y un porcentaje muy bajo obtuvo GI alto en ambas dimensiones, lo que implica una gran cantidad de prácticas menos inclusivas en estas dimensiones, que requieren del fortalecimiento de las actuaciones inclusivas que no se encuentran aún afianzadas. También en estas dimensiones hubo una minoría de centros que obtuvo un GI bajo, evidenciando un predominio de prácticas excluyentes. Por otro lado, el estudio correlacional demostró que no hay relación significativa entre el grado de inclusión global de los centros y el rendimiento promedio que éstos obtienen, tanto para la totalidad de la muestra, como también al considerar los niveles de complejidad. En el resto de las dimensiones, ambos análisis del rendimiento académico por promedios y niveles de logro, arrojaron correlaciones escasas y dispersas según los distintos niveles de complejidad de los centros. Únicamente, pudimos constatar mayor correlación entre la dimensión organización de centro y el rendimiento académico, mientras que en el resto de dimensiones sólo se comprobaron algunas correlaciones significativas aisladas, que no permiten generalizar una constante de relación entre ambas variables.<br>The Doctoral Thesis was developed within of a Framework Contract among the Education Department of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of Catalonia) and the Universitat de Barcelona, with whom we have done a shared work in design phase and application of the instrument to collect data. The design of the research, was based in a quantitative methodology, with a descriptive and correlational nature. We created a questionnaire consists of six dimensions, which allowed us to identify the inclusive level of the centers, using a series of indicators about organization and inclusive practices on sample schools. Afterward, we contrasted this variable, with the academic performance obtained for the schools, in the last three years, in the external evaluation by the Generalitat de Catalunya in the sixth grade. We also controlled the center complexity variable. In this study have participated 615 schools, it has allowed us to obtain an overview on the inclusion state in these schools. The results show that most of center have a medium level of inclusion, and in a lesser amount centers obtained a high inclusion level. There are no centers with a low level of inclusion, which means that no center exclusion processes predominate over inclusive practices, and that the sample schools are in a process becoming in inclusive centers. Analysis by dimensions showed that the center organization, center inclusive climate and classroom organization were the more established dimensions. The school support dimension is in average level, while community engagement and lifelong learning were dimensions less successful. Findings indicate that there is no relationship between academic achievement and inclusive level of the center. Only isolated significant correlations were found in some dimensions, which do not allow us to generalize a constant relationship between this two variables.
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Pérez-Bermúdez, Megía Carlos Francisco. "Cirugía mínimamente invasiva abierta radioguiada con minigammacámara en el hiperparatiroidismo primario. Estudio evolutivo y análisis crítico de los resultados." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456293.

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L'hiperparatiroïdisme primari (HPP) és causat per la secreció excessiva d'hormona paratiroide (PTH), per les glàndules paratiroides i l'únic tractament curatiu és la cirurgia. El HPP està produït en un 80-85% dels casos per un adenoma a soles de les 4 paratiroides. Anteriorment era difícil localitzar l'adenoma amb les proves d'imatge i l'actitud era intervenir quirúrgicament per a localitzar les 4 paratiroides, per o amb l'avançament de la ciència, en l'actualitat es pot localitzar preparatòriament en la majoria de casos l'adenoma i realitzar una cirurgia mínimament invasiva (CMI). Objectiu: Valorar els resultats de la CMI radioguiada amb minigammacámara en l'adenoma de paratiroides i comparar-los amb la tècnica tradicional (CA) en les diferents circumstàncies. Metodologia: 142 pacients van ser intervinguts entre Juny del 2006 i Febrer del 2014. Varen ser 143 casos perquè una pacient es va ser reintervinguda. 71 casos s'operaren a través de CMI i 71 via CA dels quals en 21 a més de paratiroidectomia, es va realitzar cirurgia de tiroides. Es compararen: paràmetres analítics, troballes patològiques, percentatges de curació, de complicacions i estada hospitalària entre les cirurgies realitzades i entre la CA realitzada anteriorment en el servei. Resultats: El 96,72% de les CMIs curaren, ací com el 92,5% de les CAs. Les CAs realitzades anteriorment en el servei tenien un percentatge de curació del 95,77%. Conclusió: La CMI oberta radioguiada amb minigammacámara obté una curació similar a la de la cirurgia oberta, menor tassa de complicacions i una estada hospitalària més curta. La seva efectivitat no disminueix en el cas d'adenomes ectòpics i el seu percentatge de reconversions és adequat. Por això constitueix la tècnica d'elecció en el HPP amb la sospita de l'adenoma únic por les proves de localització preoperatòries.<br>El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPP), es debido a la secreción excesiva de hormona paratiroidea (PTH), a partir de las glándulas paratiroides y su único tratamiento curativo es la cirugía. El HPP está producido en un 80-85% de los casos por un adenoma solo de las 4 paratiroides. Anteriormente era difícil localizar el adenoma con pruebas de imagen y la actitud era intervenir quirúrgicamente para localizar las 4 paratiroides pero con el avance de la ciencia, en la actualidad se puede localizar preoperatoriamente en la mayoría de casos el adenoma y realizar una cirugía mínimamente invasiva (CMI). Objetivo: Valorar los resultados de la CMI radioguiada con minigammacámara en el adenoma de paratiroides y compararlos con la técnica tradicional (CA) en las diferentes circunstancias. Metodología: 142 pacientes fueron intervenidos entre Junio de 2006 y Febrero de 2014. Hubo 143 casos porque una paciente se reintervino. 71 casos se intervinieron a través de CMI y 71 vía CA de los cuales hubo 21 en las cuales además de realizar paratiroidectomías, se asoció cirugía de tiroides. Se compararon: parámetros analíticos, hallazgos patológicos, porcentajes de curación, de complicaciones y estancia hospitalaria entre las cirugías realizadas así como con la CA realizada anteriormente en el servicio. Resultados: El 96,72% de las CMIs curaron, así como el 92,5% de las CAs. Las CAs realizadas anteriormente en el servicio tenían un porcentaje de curación del 95,77%. Conclusión: La CMI abierta radioguiada con minigammacámara obtiene una curación similar a la de la cirugía abierta, menor tasa de complicaciones y una estancia hospitalaria más corta. Su efectividad no disminuye en el caso de adenomas ectópicos y su porcentaje de reconversiones es adecuado. Por ello constituye la técnica de elección en el HPP con la sospecha de adenoma único por las pruebas de localización preoperatorias.<br>Primary hyperparathyroidism (PPH) is due to excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands and its only curative treatment in surgery. HPP is produced in 80-85% of cases by a single adenoma of the 4 parathyroids. Previously it was difficult to locate the adenoma with the imaging tests and the attitude was to surgically localize the 4 parathyroids but with the advancement of science today it can be located preoperatively in most cases the adenoma and perform minimally invasive parathyroidectomy MIP). Objective: To evaluate the results of the IMC with radioguided by minigamacamara in the parathyroid adenoma and to compare with the traditional technique (SP) in the different circumstances. Methodology: 142 patients were operated between June 2006 and February 2014. There were 143 cases because one patient was reoperated. 71 cases were intervened through CMI and 71 via CA, of which there were 21 in which, in addition to performing parathyroidectomies, thyroid surgery was associated. Analytical parameters, pathological findings, cure rates, complication rates and hospital stay between the surgeries performed as well as with the CA performed previously in the service were compared. Results: 96.72% of CMIs were cured, as were 92.5% of SPs. CAs performed previously in the service had a cure rate of 95.77%. Conclusion: he open mini-camera MIP and SP have similar cure rate but open mini-camera MIP has a lower rate of complications and a shorter hospital stay. Its effectiveness is not reduced in the case of ectopic adenomas and its conversion rate is adequate. Therefore, it is the technique of choice in PPH with the suspicion of a single adenoma by preoperative localization tests
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Valor, Ivars Teresa. "The effects of prescribed burning on the vigour of Mediterranean pine species." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664281.

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La crema prescrita consisteix en l’ús planificat del foc en condicions ambientals adequades per tal d’aconseguir objectius de gestió prèviament definits. S’executa amb l’objectiu de reduir el risc d’incendis tot i que també s’utilitza per a la gestió de pastures i la conservació de la biodiversitat. La crema sota arbrat pot reduir el risc d’incendi de capçades, però també pot afectar el metabolisme primari i secundari de l’arbre. Tanmateix, les cremes haurien de minimitzar els efectes negatius del foc als arbres i maximitzar els positius. Així doncs, és important comprendre de quina manera els components específics del règim de foc, com són la intensitat del foc, severitat i estació de crema, afecten el funcionament de l’arbre. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és comprendre la influència que els factors del règim de cremes prescrites tenen en el metabolisme primari i secundari de tres espècies de pi amb tolerància al foc contrastada: Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco, P. sylvestris L. i P. halepensis Mill., utilitzant una combinació de tècniques dendrocronològiques, isotòpiques i de quantificació terpènica. El creixement post-crema va dependre del temps transcorregut des de la crema, l’espècie, la resistència de l’arbre, la severitat del foc i del creixement de l’arbre abans de la crema. L’any de la crema, el creixement es va reduir en P. halepensis i no es va veure afectat en P. nigra i P. sylvestris. Amb el pas del temps, el creixement es va incrementar en P. nigra, es va recuperar en P. halepensis i es va reduir en P. sylvestris. La probabilitat de morir va ser menor en P. nigra que en P. sylvestris. L’estació de crema va emergir com un factor important per explicar la mortalitat inicial: la probabilitat que un pi mori és més alta a la primavera que a la tardor per a un cert nivell de capçada socarrimada. La mortalitat tardana va ser més alta a les cremes de tardor que a les de primavera degut als majors temps de combustió registrats a la base dels troncs. Una reducció rellevant de la competència arbrada va augmentar significativament el creixement mitjançant un efecte positiu en la fusta de tardor de P. nigra i P. sylvestris, a mesura que el dany causat pel foc a la tija va disminuir. A més, vam demostrar que una crema executada just després d’un any sec no redueix la resiliència dels pins en comparació amb la dels pins no cremats. En P. halepensis, una reducció significativa de la competència va resultar en majors creixements amb el pas del temps, especialment en pins amb un menor volum de capçada socarrimada. Aquest augment va coincidir amb un any sec i es va associar amb una major conductància estomàtica, el que suggereix que la disponibilitat d’aigua va millorar després de la crema. La crema també va afectar al metabolisme secundari, específicament a la quantitat i al tipus de terpens segons l’espècie de pi i la severitat. A major volum de capçada socarrimada, la concentració de terpens a l’acícula dels pins 24 h post-crema fou major, però 1 any després es va produir una notable disminució. Aquesta reducció va ser més pronunciada en pins beneficiats per l’augment de la disponibilitat de recursos després de la crema, el que suggereix que els productes assimilats pels pins es van assignar al creixement en lloc de a mecanismes de defensa. Aquesta tesi proporciona informació valuosa per ajudar en la millora de la planificació de les cremes als boscos de pi mediterranis, en termes d’intensitat, severitat i estació de crema, oferint una nova finestra d’oportunitat per a l’ús de la crema prescrita com a eina de gestió forestal.<br>Prescribed burning is the planned use of fire to meet clear management objectives under suitable environmental conditions. It is usually executed to reduce fire hazard, but also to manage range and conserve biodiversity. Prescribed burning applied under a forest canopy can reduce crown fire hazard; however, underburning might affect the primary and secondary metabolism of trees. Planning underburning to reduced fire hazard, while minimizing the negative effects and maximizing the positive effects on trees, requires understanding how specific components of the fire regime, such as fire intensity, severity and season, affect tree performance. The goal of this doctoral thesis is to understand the influence of prescribed burning regime factors and related fire impacts on the primary and secondary metabolisms of three pine species with contrasting fire tolerances: Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco, P. sylvestris L. and P. halepensis Mill., using a combination of dendrochronological, isotope and terpene quantification techniques. Post-burning growth variations depended on the time since burning, the pine species, tree resistance, fire severity and tree performance before burning. In the year of burning, growth was reduced in P. halepensis and unaffected in P. nigra and P. sylvestris. However, as time passed, growth increased in P. nigra, recovered in P. halepensis and decreased in P. sylvestris. P. nigra had a lower probability of dying than P. sylvestris. Burning season emerged as an important factor for explaining initial post-burning pine mortality, since for a certain level of crown injury the probability of a pine dying was higher in spring than in fall. In contrast, delayed pine mortality was higher in fall than in spring burns probably due to the longer combustion times recorded during the fall burns at the base of the trunk. A relevant release of tree competition increased growth through a positive effect on the latewood of P. nigra and P. sylvestris as stem injury decreased. Moreover, we showed that burning just after a dry year did not reduce the growth resilience of pines in comparison with unburned pines. In P. halepensis a relevant competition release, especially in pines with lower crown volume scorched, resulted in higher growth rates as time since burning increased. This growth response coincided with a dry year and was associated with higher stomatal conductance, suggesting that water availability was enhanced after burning. Burning also affected the secondary metabolism of pines, and specifically the amount and type of terpene production depending on the pine species and fire severity. Thus, as crown injury increased, needle terpene concentration 24h post-burning also augmented. However, a remarkable decrease occurred at one year post-burning. This reduction was more pronounced in pines benefited by the increase in resource availability after burning, suggesting that pines were allocating assimilates to growth rather than to defence. From a fuel management point of view, this thesis provides valuable information that can be used to better plan prescribed burning in Mediterranean Pinus forests, in terms of required fire intensity, severity and burning season, offering a new window of opportunity for the use of prescribed burning as a forest management tool.
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Santos, Roberta Valeriano dos. "Avaliação anatômica e tomográfica das estruturas abdominais do Alouatta guariba clamitans (Bugio-Ruivo – Cabrera,1940)." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138876.

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Orientador: Luiz Carlos Vulcano<br>Resumo: O Alouatta guariba clamitans, também conhecido como Bugio Ruivo, é um primata do novo mundo com ampla distribuição na América do Sul. No Brasil, a espécie encontra-se em extinção em alguns Estados. No presente estudo foi utilizado um espécime macho de Alouatta guariba clamitans para dissecção anatômica, dois espécimes machos para confecção de pranchas anatômicas e 16 espécimes hígidos, 8 fêmeas e 8 machos, para realização de exames de tomografia computadorizada abdominal. Foi realizada a descrição anatômica e tomográfica das principais estruturas abdominais da espécie. Os bugios possuem o trato digestório ocupando a maior parte da cavidade abdominal, com ceco e cólon bastante desenvolvidos. As estruturas possuem grande mobilidade e deslocam de acordo com a quantidade de conteúdo gasoso no estômago, jejuno, ceco e cólon. As glândulas adrenais são relativamente grandes e de fácil identificação. Os rins são retroperitoniais, unipiramidais e com grande mobilidade, principalmente o direito. As características observadas foram compatíveis com animais ceco-cólicos fermentativos, que utilizam parte do requerimento energético baseado na fermentação. Os segmentos intestinais foram facilmente identificados por suas características marcantes. A tomografia computadorizada foi eficiente para descrever a anatomia dos animais, porém é importante considerar a grande variação topográfica ao utilizar este método de imagem.<br>Abstract: The Alouatta guariba clamitans or Brown Howler Monkey is a primate of the New World with ample distribution in the South America. In Brazil, the species is extinct in some States. In the present study was used one specimen for anatomical dissection, two for anatomical plates and 16 healthy specimens, 8 females and 8 males, for computed tomography abdominal exams. The major of abdominal structures were described for the species. The digestive tract of Howler monkey occupied the main part of the abdominal cavity, with a large cecum and colon. Structures have a great mobility and can move into the abdome acoording the quantity gas into the stomach, jejunum, cecum and colon. Adrenal glands are relatively large and easy to identify. The kidneys are retroperitoneal, unipyramidal and with great mobility, especially the right kidney. The characteristics were compatible with caecol-colic fermentation animals that use part of the energy requirements based on fermentation. Intestinal segments were easily identified by specific characteristics. Computed tomography was efficient to describe the anatomy of animals; however, it is important to consider a wide variation of abdominal topographic structures.<br>Doutor
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Adimari, Junior Alfredo. "Prevalência de arcos tipos (l, ll e misto) de Baume e espaços primatas em crianças da faixa etária de 24 a 50 meses, que frequentam as unidades de saúde e creches da cidade de Ponta Grossa." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2004. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1804.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlfredoAdimari.pdf: 919306 bytes, checksum: 597950cef8a166f9a6bd9f0a0774921b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-07-28<br>The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of type I, II and mixed arches and primate spaces in children that attended Health Centers in Ponta Grossa, Brazil. The sample consisted of 219 children of both genders between 24 and 50 months old. The inclusion selection criteria used was: presence of 20 deciduous teeth with no visible interproximal caries lesions, no open nor crossbite and with no previous arch treatment. Primate spaces were present on the four hemiarchs in 65% of the sample; also, the prevalence of primate spaces on the upper arch was higher (16%) than the lower (3%). Differences in the frequency of the arch types were minor, with discrete predominance of the type I arch and equal prevalence of type II arch and mixed. The distribution of the arch types and primate space in both groups (24 to 36 months and 37 to 50 months) was homogeneous. Concerning gender, there was no statistical significant difference between male and females. It is suggested that service given by Public Health centers to preschoolers should encourage education and parent orientation on the preventive attention to this children, with trained and specialized personal. These measures could contribute to the improvement of the oral health quality significantly, reducing future malocclusion incidence.<br>RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a prevalência dos arcos tipos I, II e misto e de espaços primatas em crianças que freqüentavam algumas Unidades de Saúde e creches da cidade de Ponta Grossa. Foram incluídas no estudo 219 crianças de ambos os sexos na faixa etária de 24 a 50 meses. Os critérios de inclusão consideraram a presença de vinte dentes decíduos em oclusão, sem lesões cariosas interproximais visíveis, ausência de mordida aberta ou cruzada e sem relato de tratamento ortodôntico prévio. Os resultados mostraram a prevalência de 39%, 32% e 29% para os arcos do tipo I, II e misto, respectivamente. Os espaços primatas estavam presentes com maior freqüência nos quatro hemi-arcos (65%) e foi maior a ocorrência bilateral para o arco superior (16%) do que para o inferior (3%). Concluiuse que as diferenças entre os arcos do tipo I, II e misto foram pequenas, com discreto predomínio do arco do tipo I e equivalência entre os arcos do tipo II e misto, nas crianças examinadas. A distribuição dos tipos de arcos e de espaços primatas em duas faixas etárias (24 a 36 meses e 37 a 50 meses) foi homogênea. Quanto ao gênero, verificou-se também uma distribuição uniforme dos tipos de arcos e de espaços primatas, pois não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre meninos e meninas. A atenção especial dos serviços públicos e particulares aos préescolares, promovendo educação e orientação aos pais, no que tange à assiduidade nas unidades de saúde, levando as crianças para atendimento clínico preventivo, com pessoal treinado e especializado, são medidas que podem contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade de saúde bucal dessas crianças, reduzindo assim, os índices de más oclusões futuras.
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11

Roch, Léa. "Etude intégrative et comparative du métabolisme primaire des fruits au cours de leur développement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0457/document.

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Le marché mondial des fruits représente des centaines de milliards d’euro par an et l’amélioration de la qualité organoleptique et nutritionnelle des fruits est l’un des principaux objectifs de ces dernières années. Le métabolisme primaire est une cible toute trouvée pour tenter de répondre à ces exigences. En effet c’est lui qui va fournir les briques nécessaires à la croissance et au développement, mais également les composés qui confèrent les valeurs gustatives tels que les sucres et les acides organiques. C’est pourquoi la compréhension de son fonctionnement au cours du développement des fruits est nécessaire. Pour cela le métabolisme primaire a été étudié chez huit espèces de fruits charnus qui diffèrent en termes de durée de développement, de taille de fruit, de famille botanique, de qualité gustative (sucrosité, acidité…), et sujettes ou non à une crise respiratoire au début de la maturation. Des données physiologiques et biochimiques ont été collectées tout au long du développement du fruit, de l’anthèse à la maturité physiologique. La modélisation de la croissance des fruits a permis de standardiser les stades de développement et ainsi d’améliorer la comparaison entre espèces. La composition de la biomasse a ensuite été caractérisée qualitativement et quantitativement par des approches analytiques ciblées et non ciblées mettant en évidence les similitudes et les différences de composition et d’évolution au cours du développement. Des modèles linéaires généralisés combinant la composition et les données de croissance ont été utilisés pour comparer différentes phases de développement du fruit et une analyse discriminante par régression des moindres carrés partiels (PLS-DA) a permis de séparer les fruits climactériques des non climactériques. Dans les deux cas, les composés des parois cellulaires, les protéines et les lipides interviennent dans la différentiation des groupes. Enfin, une étude détaillée du métabolome et de l’activome du fruit a été réalisée chez trois espèces de Solanacées. Elle montre qu’au sein d’une même famille botanique la régulation diffère au cours du développement, notamment au niveau du métabolisme des sucres et de la glycolyse. Ces travaux revisitent le caractère climactérique des fruits, le positionnant bien en amont du déclenchement de la crise respiratoire, et, plus généralement, permettent de mieux comprendre le métabolisme primaire au cours du développement du fruit<br>The world fruit market represents hundreds of billions of euros per year and improving the organoleptic and nutritional quality of fruit has been one of the main objectives in recent years. Primary metabolism is a target that can be used to try and meet these requirements. Indeed, it provides the bricks necessary for growth and development but also the compounds that contribute to taste such as sugars and organic acids. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how it operates during fruit development. For this purpose, primary metabolism has been studied in eight species of fleshy fruits that differ in terms of development duration, fruit size, botanical family, taste quality (sweetness, acidity, etc.), and are subject or not to a respiratory crisis at the initiation of ripening. Physiological and biochemical data have been collected throughout the fruit development from anthesis to physiological maturity. Fruit growth modelling allowed standardizing the stages of development and thus improved comparison between species. The composition of biomass was then characterized qualitatively and quantitatively by targeted and non-targeted analytical approaches highlighting similarities and differences in composition and changes during development. Generalized linear models combining composition and growth data were used to compare different phases of fruit development and a discriminant partial least square regression analysis (PLS-DA) was used to separate climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. In both cases, cell wall compounds, proteins and lipids were involved in group differentiation. Finally, a detailed study of the fruit metabolome and activome was performed in three species of Solanaceae. It revealed that within the same botanical family, regulation differs during development, particularly for sugar metabolism and glycolysis. This work revisits the climacteric character of fruits, positioning it long before the onset of the respiratory crisis, and, more generally, provides a better understanding of primary metabolism during fruit development
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Tareen, Shahwali Khan. "Analyse moléculaire des canaux potassiques task dans l'aldostéronisme primaire humain." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066056.

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L'hyperaldostéronisme primaire (HAP) est la plus fréquente cause identifiable de l'hypertension, et résulte de la production autonome d'aldostérone par les glandes surrénales. Chez la souris, la délétion génétique des canaux TASK1 et TASK3 provoque des changements biochimiques qui imitent HAP humain. Ces canaux permet la sortie de K+ et polarise le potentiel de la membrane des cellules glomérules. Nous avons étudié la variation et l'expression de KCNK3 et 9 chez l'homme. Notre étude d'association à montré aucune association d'HAP avec n'importe quel SNP au niveau de l'ensemble du génome. Le séquençage de l'ADN de la lignée germinale dans 825 cas d'HAP, et 41 échantillons d'ADN tumoral a abouti à 14 variantes différents dans KCNK3 et 9 dans la lignée germinale, dont 6 non-synonyme, 8 synonyme. Des tests in vitro n'ont montré aucune perte de la fonction du canal. Aucun changement de séquence somatique à été trouvé. L'hybridation-in-situ dans 6 glandes surrénales contrôle (CA) et 20 glandes adénomes produisant l'aldostérone (APA) a montré que KCNK3 été fortement exprimée dans les trois couches du cortex, tandis que l'expression de KCNK9 était faible et limitée au glomérule en CA. Dans les APA, l'expression de KCNK3 a été détectée, alors que l'expression KCNK9 était faible et hétérogène. Le transcriptome de 43 APA et 11 CA a révélé une légère surexpression de KCNK3 dans les APA, en corrélation avec l'expression de CYP11B2. La surexpression de TASK1 dans les APA peut être secondaire à un phénomène épigénétique. Alors que la variation de l'ADN est incompatible avec un rôle causal, il peut y avoir une possible contribution des changements d'expression de TASK1 dans HAP humain<br>Hypertension is the leading cause of human mortality globally. Representing about a tenth of all patients, Primary Aldosteronism (PA) is the commonest identifiable cause of hypertension, and results from the autonomous production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. The two principal sub-types are Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia (BAH), and Aldosterone Producing Adenoma (APA), which account for two-thirds and one-third of the cases respectively. The molecular etiology of primary aldosteronism has remained elusive until recently, when through an exome sequencing study, mutations in the potassium channel-coding gene KCNJ5 were found to cause PA in humans. These mutations were found in up to 40% of APAs, and only in a rare familial variety of BAH. A subsequent exome sequencing study identified mutations in ATPase famile genes in about 7% of APAs, bringing the total genetic yield to about 47%. The molecular pathology of more than half of APAs and of most BAHs remain unexplained. In mouse models, the genetic deletion of TASK-1 and TASK-3 potassium channels cause biochemical changes that resemble those seen in human PA. TASK 1 and TASK 3 are background ‘leak’ potassium channels, which by permitting the outward flow of K+ ions, polarise the adrenal glomerulosa cell membrane potential. The genetic removal of these channels therefore results in a marked depolarization of the glomerulosa cells, leading to their increased aldosterone secretory function, diagnosed as PA. In humans, the contribution of TASK-1 and TASK-3 channel dysfunction to PA has been negated by sequencing studies of the genes that code for these channels (KCNK3 and KCNK9 respectively). However, these studies have included only a small number of patients, motivating a comprehensive molecular analysis of the genes in a large patient cohort. To this end, we investigated commonly and rarely occuring genetic variation in, and expression of, KCNK 3 and KCNK9. Our Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) showed no association of PA (either APA or BAH subtypes or both) with any single SNP at the genome-wide level of statistical significance. At sub genome-wide levels, however, SNPs of KCNK3 did associate, and the association signal strengthened when specific combinations of the SNPs were tested for association at a time. While no inherited or acquired DNA sequence variation in KCNK3 and KCNK9 have ever been detected in PA patients, on sequencing germline DNA in 825 PA cases, and 41 tumoral DNA samples, 14 different coding single nucleotide variants in KCNK3 and KCNK9 were found in the germline DNA only, of which 6 were non-synonymous, and 8 synonymous. However, on heterologous expression and electrophysiology, these did not affect channel function. No somatic sequence changes were found.Expression of KCNK3 and KCNK9 was investigated by in-situ hybridization in 6 control adrenal glands and 20 adrenals from patients with APA. In the control adrenal, the KCNK3 gene was highly expressed in all three layers of the adrenal cortex, while KCNK9 expression was barely detectable, and restricted to the zona glomerulosa. In APAs, KCNK3 expression was detected in a majority of patients, while KCNK9 expression was low and heterogeneous among samples. Strikingly, KCNK9 was highly expressed in the hyperplastic peritumoral zona glomerulosa, possibly due to a positive feed-back by high circulating aldosterone or low potassium levels on KCNK9 expression. Transcriptome profiling of 43 APA and 11 control adrenals revealed a slight, but significantly increased expression of KCNK3 in adenomas compared to controls that correlated positively with CYP11B2 expression. The quantitative changes of TASK1 expression observed in APAs may be secondary to a primary epigenetic phenomenon or be secondary to increased aldosterone production due to dysregulation of master transcription factors or upstream signaling cascades in the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway
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Charpentier, Philippe. "L'activité de préparation des séances de classe par les maîtres polyvalents du cycle 3 de l'école primaire : l'exemple de la géographie." Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIML011/document.

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A partir de deux enquêtes (par questionnaire et par entretien) et la mobilisation d'un cadre de référence centré sur l'analyse de l'activité (didactique professionnelle, clinique de l'activité, didactique de la géographie), cette recherche a pour objectif de comprendre comment s'organise l'activité de préparation des séances de géographie des maîtres de cycle 3.Cette recherche montre qu'au-delà de l'activité productive que constitue la préparation des séances de classe, cette activité peut dans certaines circonstances être une activité constructive et être à l'origine d'un développement professionnel pour le maître.Cette activité de préparation se fait à partir d'un compromis entre la lettre et l'esprit des programmes et des arbitrages qui peuvent avoir des conséquences pour le maître mais aussi pour les élèves (préparations d'activités de bas niveaux cognitifs ou qui permettent aux élèves de « se construire un rapport géographique au monde »)<br>From two inquiries (by questionnaire and by interview) and the mobilization of a reference frame centered on the analysis of the activity (professional didactics, clinic of the activity, didactics of the geography), this research aims at understanding how the activity of preparation of the geographic session of class by the french schoolteachers is organized.This research shows that beyond the productive activity of the preparation class, this activity may in certain circumstances also be a constructive activity and be at the origin of a professional development for the schoolteacher.This activity of preparation which is made from a compromise between the letter and the spirit of the programs and arbitrations which can have consequences for the schoolteacher but also for pupils (either activities in class of low cognitive levels or which allow the pupils " to build themselves a geographical relationship to the world ")
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Ortega, Blanco Aneska Carolina. "Lectura y escritura digital." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/471531.

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El ámbito de esta investigación se fundamenta en el interés por comprender la enseñanza y aprendizaje inicial de la escritura y comprensión de los textos; la integración de la información recogida en la lectura comprensiva de los textos input o texto-fuentes a través de posibles recursos semióticos y las formas y/o formatos de presentación gráfica de tipo multimodal en los textos digitales producidos por alumnos de Primaria. Nuestra hipótesis se centra básicamente en la dificultad que encuentran muchos alumnos a la hora de comprender los textos, y esto se debe a la composición de los mismos, es decir, a textos con formatos lineales, sin ningún tipo de jerarquía de la información y con exceso de palabras técnicas (Walker, Schloss, Fletcher, Vogel y Walker, 2005). De aquí, que la transformación de la estructura de los textos y su presentación de forma digital, junto a la localización de la información e información multimodal organizada e integrada, sean los temas principales de esta tesis doctoral. En este mismo sentido debemos destacar, que en este estudio hemos seguido diversos autores y estudios empíricos que abordan temas como el tratamiento de los textos a través del formato en Cola & Commata, es decir la homologación entre la forma visual (formato gráfico y la jerarquía de la información textual) y la estructura sintáctica del texto; sobre el etiquetaje de las partes del texto, donde se explicitan los “actos de lectura” facilitando la comprensión del texto; sobre la formulación de definiciones y la multimodalidad. Asimismo, esta investigación se fundamenta pedagógicamente, en los principios de las teorías educativas constructivistas y socioculturales, de forma especial en las que tienen relación con el Aprendizaje significativo, el Aprendizaje centrado en el Aprendiz; el Aprendizaje por Proyectos, el Aprendizaje Situado, el Aprendizaje por la Acción o la Experiencia. Por otra parte, esta investigación hace un seguimiento y análisis a las producciones escritas por un total de 158 alumnos de seis (6) aulas ordinarias de Primaria, desde el tercer del ciclo medio hasta el sexto del ciclo superior, de dos centros educativos de Barcelona: Escola Pública Àngel Baixeras y Escola Pública Lavinia. De esta manera, el estudio de las producciones textuales infantiles dio lugar a dos tipos de estudio, el primero se centró en el análisis de los elementos lingüísticos que lograron ponerse en primer plano durante las actividades de enseñanza y producción por parte del alumnado fundamentalmente: a) productividad de palabrad; b) índice de repetición; y, c) variedad lexical, entre otros aspectos. Especificamente en dos de las intervenciones se explora el tipo de preguntas y respuestas elaboradas por los alumnos, ya que se considera que las mismas cuando son formuladas a partir de un determinado texto es porque captan el conocimiento del lector sobre el tema tratado (Otero y Graesser, 2001). Mientras que el segundo análisis se trata el estudio de los procedimientos de producción utilizados por los alumnos para elaborar sus productos multimodales. De igual manera en esta investigación, se describe la estrategia metodológica empleada en cada una de las intervenciones, la cual estuvo fundamentada desde una visión evaluativa basada en el estudio de casos múltiples combinando métodos cuatitativos y cualitativos, según las propuestas de Tashakkori y Teddlie (2010) y de Chavarría, Hampshire y Martínez (2004) así como, los resultados y hallazgos encontrados. En cuanto a los resultados se exhiben el análisis individual a cada uno de los casos y, dependiendo de la unidad didáctica comparaciones y contrastes entre las intervenciones. Una parte de los resultado muestra que, en general, los niños escribieron textos muy cercanos a los de tipo informativo-expositivo, con predominancia al resalte de nombres respecto a verbos y adjetivos, así como a la elaboración de textos proximos a un mayor número de convenciones del sistema de escritura. Por otra parte, el estudio del contenido de los textos y su relación con la representación multimodal resultantes mostró la utilización por parte de los alumnos de diferentes recursos semióticos visuales con gran carga o potencia comunicativa, tales como los gráficos tipo estrella para la representación de listado de elementos; las infografías y mapas conceptuales para simbolizar jerarquías y relaciones; las comparaciones y contrastes para figurar características semejantes u opuestas entre dos o más elementos; entre otras más sencillas como los diagramas, la yuxtaposición, secuencias, etc. Otro de los aspectos encontrados en los resultados fue la inclinación de los alumnos por la distribución entre el léxico y las relaciones gramaticales correspondiente a texto/ilustración y texto/gráfico de acuerdo con la teoría de la Lingüística Cognitiva y Psicolingüística más actual (Langacker, 1987; Tomasello, 2003) Consideramos que este trabajo de investigación no sólo suma evidencias en torno a las propuestas de comprensión y señalización de la información del texto en pro de la comprensión de los mismos (Blanche-Benveniste, 2008 y Rose, 2005); sino que también contribuye en dar a conocer la relación que tiene la manipulación de los textos para la construcción de producciones multimodales a través de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación infiriendo de tal manera que la interpretación de la información fue procesada por el alumnado de forma correcta.<br>The scope of this research is based on the interest in understanding the initial learning and teaching of writing and understanding of the texts, and the integration of information in reading comprehension of texts or text-input through possible sources semiotic resources and the forms and / or graphic presentation formats such multimodal digital texts produced by elementary students. Our hypothesis is centered on the difficulty for many students in understanding the text, and this is due to their composition, linear formats texts, without any hierarchy of information and excess technical words (Walker, Schloss, Fletcher, Vogel y Walker, 2005). Hence, the transformation of the structure of texts and presentation digitally, along with the location of the information and information organized and integrated multimodal, are the main topics of this thesis. In this sense we must emphasize that in this study we have followed various authors and empirical studies that address issues such as the treatment of the texts through Cola & commata format, ie equivalence between the visual (graphic format and hierarchy textual information) and syntactic structure of the text on the labeling of parts of the text, which are explained under "the reading" facilitating understanding of the text on the formulation of definitions and multimodality. Also, this research is based pedagogically, on the principles of constructivist educational theories and sociocultural, specially in relation with significant learning, the Apprentice centered learning, the Learning Project, Situated Learning, Learning by the action or experience. Moreover, this research tracks and analyzes written productions for a total of 158 students from six (6) Primary ordinary classrooms, from the third half cycle until the sixth of upper, two schools in Barcelona : Angel Public School Public School Baixeras and Lavinia. Thus, the study of children's textual productions resulted in two types of study, the first focused on the analysis of linguistic elements that managed to be in the foreground for teaching activities and production primarily by students: a ) palabrad productivity, b) repetition rate, and c) lexical variety, among others. Specifically in two of the interventions we explore the types of questions and answers prepared by the students, as it is considered that the same when they are made from a given text is because they capture the reader's knowledge of the subject matter (Otero and Graesser , 2001). While the second analysis is the study of the production processes used by students to develop their products multimodal. Similarly in this study, we describe the methodological strategy employed in each of the intervention, which was based on a vision-based evaluative case study combining multiple cuatitativos and qualitative methods, as proposed by Tashakkori and Teddlie (2010 ) and Chavarria, Hampshire and Martinez (2004) and the results and findings. Regarding the analysis results are displayed individually to each of the cases and, depending on the teaching unit comparisons and contrasts between interventions. A part of the result shows that, in general, the children wrote texts very close to the informative-expository, predominantly to highlight regarding naming verbs and adjectives, as well as the development of texts coming to a greater number of conventions of the writing system. Moreover, the study of the content of the texts and their relationship to the resulting multimodal representation showed the use by students of different semiotic resources heavily loaded visual or communicative power, such as star-graphs for representing list elements, the computer graphics and maps to symbolize conceptual hierarchies and relationships, comparisons and contrasts to appear similar or opposite characteristics between two or more elements, including simple like diagrams, juxtaposition, sequences, etc.. Another aspect found in the results was the inclination of students by the distribution between the lexicon and grammatical relations for text / picture and text / graphic according to the theory of Cognitive Linguistics and Psycholinguistics most current (Langacker, 1987 , Tomasello, 2003). We believe this research not only adds evidence about the proposed signaling understanding and text information towards understanding them (Blanche-Benveniste, 2008 and Rose, 2005), but also contributes to to know the relationship of the manipulation of texts for the construction of multimodal productions through information and Communication Technologies inferring such that the interpretation of the information was processed by the students properly.
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Dzamayovo, Mensan Azadzi. "Obstacles à l'adoption de comportements écocitoyens en milieu scolaire au Togo : analyse des valeurs environnementales de l'école primaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0515.

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La présente recherche vise à analyser et à comprendre les freins au développement de comportements écocitoyens dans les établissements d’enseignement primaire au Togo. Pour ce faire, plusieurs méthodes ont été mobilisées pour la recherche. Il s’agit d’abord, de l’exploitation de l’offre d’éducation environnementale présente dans les manuels scolaires en cours d’usage. Ensuite, l’enquête par questionnaire auprès de 358 enseignants de l’école primaire a permis de collecter les données relatives à la prédisposition des enseignants à la préservation ou à l’utilisation de l’environnement. Enfin, l’observation de 21 classes pendant les cours d’éducation environnementale suivi d’entretiens individuels approfondis avec chaque enseignant dont la classe est observée.Ainsi, il ressort de la recherche que le curriculum formel préconise d’éduquer les élèves à deux valeurs environnementales fondamentales. Il s’agit d’une part, de la tolérance, ce qui veut dire avoir conscience des menaces qui pèsent sur l’environnement et d’autre part, de l’autonomie qui est le fait de participer aux actions de lutte pour la préservation de l’environnement. Quant aux enseignants, ils sont favorables à la préservation de l’environnement ; cependant, cette prédisposition des enseignants à la préservation de l’environnement s’amoindrit quand entre en jeu la satisfaction des besoins immédiats de l’homme. S’agissant du curriculum implanté, il se limite à éduquer les élèves à la tolérance.L’offre d’éducation environnementale à l’école primaire au Togo reste inefficace et inadéquate, d’où la nécessité de prendre des mesures en vue de développer le savoir-être environnemental dans les écoles primaires<br>The present research aims at analyzing and understanding obstacles to the development of eco-citizenship behavior in primary schools in Togo. Thus, several methods were mobilized for the research. First, it is about exploring the educational curriculum present in textbooks, in order to analyze formal education programs. Then, survey by questionnaire of 358 primary school teachers help to collect the data relative to teachers' predisposition to the preservation or use of the environment. Finally, observation of 21 classes during environmental education courses followed by in-depth individual interviews with each teacher were made to appreciate the implemented curriculum.Thus, research shows that the formal curriculum advocates to educate the pupils using two fundamental environmental values. On the one hand, it is about tolerance, being aware of threats to the environment and, on the other hand, the autonomy that is involving in the actions of fight for the preservation of the environment. As for teachers, they are in favor of preserving the environment; however, this predisposition of the teachers in the environmental protection decreases when the satisfaction of human immediate needs comes in play. Concerning the implemented curriculum, it is limited to educating pupils to tolerance (to be aware of the danger).The environmental educational offer in the primary school in Togo remains ineffective and inadequate, hence the need of taking measures to develop the environmental skills in primary schools
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Fournier, Noël Patricia. "Minorités et enseignement primaire en République d'Irlande : études de cas d'écoles confessionnelles." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA015.

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La thèse étudie la manière dont des écoles primaires confessionnelles irlandaises, majoritairement catholiques, accueillent des enfants appartenant à des groupes minoritaires, notamment immigrés, et l’influence des directives interculturelles officielles sur cet accueil et sur l’enseignement du programme. Elle se fonde pour ce faire sur quatre études de cas d’écoles primaires irlandaises, trois catholiques et une anglicane d’Irlande<br>The thesis focuses on the way that Irish denominational primary schools, mostly Catholic, deal with minority children, particularly immigrants, and on the influence that official intercultural guidelines have had on the way these schools deal with minority children and the way the curriculum is taught. It is based on case studies of four primary schools, three Catholic and one Church of Ireland
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Bumgarner, D., K. Owens, J. Correll, W. T. Dalton, and Jodi Polaha. "Primary Behavioral Health Care in Pediatric Primary Care." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6597.

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18

Jacquet, Eric. "« On est semblant ! » : symbolisation et intersubjectivité dans des groupes thérapeutiques de jeunes enfants autistes, psychotiques et instables pathologiques." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20013/document.

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Le processus de symbolisation, en tant qu’il a pris forme dans les liens intersubjectifs, est étudié à partir d’une clinique issue d’un dispositif de soin groupal de très jeunes enfants, souffrant de pathologies « aux limites » de la symbolisation et des capacités intersubjectives. Ces groupes constituent un terrain privilégié d’observation des premières modalités d’auto-saisissement, dans les liens interpersonnels, des processus de pensée et de leurs avatars. Il ressort de l’analyse du dispositif et du processus, la nécessité d’un repositionnement théorico-clinique par rapport à des modèles apparaissant le plus souvent mal articulés ou insuffisamment instruits d’une clinique du proto-représentatif et de l’intersensoriel. Il convient, en outre, de tendre vers une complexification, dans l’approche de la dialectique du cadre et du processus, qui envisage la limite comme une construction interne à partir des boucles intersubjectives. C’est dans cette perspective que sont repérés divers niveaux d’« épreuve du cadre » et du « co-éprouvé» en groupe, apparaissant comme autant de tentatives d’organisation des représentations de choses, en référence donc à la symbolisation primaire. Sont envisagés quatre axes organisateurs du processus thérapeutique groupal : la disposition du cadre à la potentialité de sens ; la mise en représentation différenciée des éléments humains et non humains du cadre grâce à l’avènement de la pensée animique ; la transitionnalisation du surmoi préoedipien à travers le « bon usage » de l’interdit du toucher ; le travail du double au sein duquel la fonction des imitations est essentielle. Ils conduisent à appréhender des manières prélatentes de symboliser, intelligibles aux charnières des théories de la symbolisation, de l’intersubjectivité, de l’intersensorialité et de la sensori-motricité. La question des différents états du signe et celle du statut métapsychologique des imitations sont notamment au centre de ces articulations<br>The process of symbolization, as it takes shape through intersubjective bonds, is observed in a clinical study using a group setting of young children suffering with pathologies «at the limits» of symbolization and the capacity to be in intersubjective relationships. These groups are a privileged field of observation of primary modes of self-reflexion, in interpersonal relationships, of thought processes and the eventual mishaps. Analysis of setting and process show the necessity of repositioning clinical theory concerning current models, which are often poorly defined or insufficiently linked with clinical evidence of representative prototype and intersensoriality. It would be interesting as well to move towards a more complex approach of setting and process, which would consider the limit as an internal construction emanating from intersubjective feedback. From this viewpoint, different levels of “setting tests” and “shared experiences” in the group can be identified, appearing as attempts to organize representations of things, in reference to primary symbolization. Four axes are presented to describe the organization of process in therapeutic groups : the disposition of the setting towards a potential for meaning ; the organisation of representation as being differenciated from human and non-human elements of the setting as a result of the onset of animic thought ; the transitionnalization of the pre-oedipal superego through the “good utilization” of the interdiction of touch ; the intervention of the “double” with which the imitation function is essential. These lead to the apprehension of prelatent possibilities of symbolizing, yet intelligible at the junction of theories of symbolization, intersubjectivity, intersensoriality, and sensori-motricity. The question of different conditions of the “sign” and of the metapsychological status of imitations is especially important to these articulations
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Yao, Dongyuan. "Properties of neurons in primate face motor cortex in relation to orofacial movements and influence of face primary somatosensory cortex." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0022/NQ49871.pdf.

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20

Pellizzaro, Anthoni. "Caractérisation du transporteur de nitrate à double affinité, MtNPF6.8 (MtNRT1.3), de Medicago truncatula : rôles dans le transport et la perception du signal nitrate." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0011/document.

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Le nitrate, source majeur d’azote pour la plupart des plantes,n’est pas seulement un élément nutritif mais est aussi une molécule signale. Il existe cependant des réponses au nitrate contrastées entre les différentes plantes supérieures. Chez Medicago truncatula, espèce modèle de la famille des légumineuses, le nitrate a un effet inhibiteur sur la croissance de la racine primaire en phase post-germinative. Une étude de génétique quantitative a montré qu’un transporteur de nitrate se situe au pic d’un QTL impliqué dans la croissance de la racine primaire. La caractérisation fonctionnelle de ce transporteur, nommé MtNRT1.3 et renommé MtNPF6.8, a montré que celui-ci est à double affinité pour le nitrate. Ce transporteur est alors susceptible de participer à l’influx de nitrate dans la plante. Après l’obtention de trois génotypes mutants RNAi stables, les expérimentations utilisant duK15NO3 ont montré que ce transporteur participe effectivement à l’influx de nitrate lié au système de transport à faible affinité inductible dans la plante (iLATS). En revanche,la mutation de MtNPF6.8 ne semble pas avoir de conséquence sur le métabolisme azoté. Par ailleurs, les études sur la croissance de la racine primaire ont permis de confirmer l’implication du transporteur sur ce caractère phénotypique. L’inhibition de croissance de la racine primaire observée sur nitrate chez le génotype sauvage est alors imputée, à l’échelle cellulaire, à une modulation de l'élongation cellulaire. La possibilité que l’ABA, hormone végétale, joue un rôle dans la médiation de cette réponse dépendant du nitrate, est fortement favorisée. L’ensemble de résultats, conforté par une étude de mutants exprimant ce transporteur chez A. thaliana, indique donc que MtNPF6.8 est un senseur de nitrate pour la plante en phase post germinative,ceci indépendamment de sa fonction de transport de nitrate<br>Nitrate, a major nitrogen source for most plants, is not only anutrient but also a signaling molecule. However, there arecontrasting responses to nitrate between different higherplants. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, nitrate hasan inhibitory effect on the primary root growth in postgerminationphase. A quantitative genetic study has shownthat a nitrate transporter is localized at the peak of a QTLinvolved in the primary root growth. Functionalcharacterization of the transporter, named MtNRT1.3 andrenamed MtNPF6.8, showed that it encodes a dual affinitynitrate transporter. MtNPF6.8 is likely to participate in thenitrate influx in the plant. After obtaining three knockdownlines by RNA interference, experiments using K15NO3 showedthat this transporter is effect involved in nitrate influx relatedto the inducible low affinity transport system (iLATS).However, mutation in MtNPF6.8 does not any effect onnitrogen metabolism. In addition, studies on the primary rootgrowth have confirmed the involvement of the transporteron phenotypic trait. In wild-type plants, cortical cell sizedecreased after nitrate treatment, showing that primary rootgrowth was due to this reduced cell elongation. Thepossibility that ABA also plays a role in mediating this nitratedependent response is heavily favored. All these results,reinforced by a study of mutants expressing this transporterin A. thaliana, indicate that MtNPF6.8 is a nitrate sensor forMedicago in the post-germination phase, independently ofits nitrate transport activity
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Faulk, Janet, and Pamela Evanshen. "Primary Grades: Linking the Primary Classroom Environment to Learning." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4462.

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22

Andrýsová, Lenka. "Presidential Primary Elections 2008 in the United States of America." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4574.

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Presidential primary elections could demonstrate current developments in the American society and contribute to better understanding of general elections in November 2008. Therefore, after theoretical introduction about primary elections as process, I describe and compare standpoints of front-runners to the most debated issues (Hillary Rodham Clinton, John McCain and Barack Obama, then partially John Edwards, Rudolph Guiliani, Mike Huckabee, Mitt Romney). As a result, new trends in American political parties could be identified. Moreover, this analysis could forecast main tensions during the general presidential election in November. Apart from issues, this thesis deals with race and gender question and ageism and effects and success of using new communication channels in candidates' political campaigns.
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Young, Steindl Ana María. "Estudio longitudinal sobre el desarrollo de la comprensión de lectura de primero a cuarto grado de primaria." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2010. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/681.

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El objetivo de la presente investigación fue describir la trayectoria de la comprensión de lectura durante los primeros cuatro años de educación primaria. Los participantes fueron 30 estudiantes, 17 niños y 13 niñas, de un colegio privado del distrito de Santiago de Surco, Lima. Con fines de medición se adaptaron y validaron las pruebas de comprensión de lectura ACL de primero, segundo, tercer y cuarto grado de primaria, las cuales fueron aplicadas al iniciar y finalizar los cuatro grados escolares. Las evaluaciones de inicio de año mostraron resultados bajos en los tres grados evaluados (2°, 3° y 4° grado); sin embargo, este desempeño fue incrementando en cada grado. Los resultados de las evaluaciones de final de año mostraron que el 60% de los participantes presentó un nivel de comprensión de lectura que los ubicó por encima del percentil 50 en todos los grados de evaluación (1°, 2°, 3° y 4° grado). Al dividir a los participantes en cuartiles de acuerdo a su desempeño en primer grado y seguir su trayectoria durante los cuatro años del estudio, se pudo observar que cada grupo presentaba un nivel de desempeño diferente a lo largo del tiempo y que en cuarto grado los participantes de los cuartiles medio y superior incrementaron su desempeño en mayor proporción que los participantes del cuartil inferior. En las evaluaciones de inicio de año se observa el efecto Mateo, mientras que en las evaluaciones de final del año escolar se da parcialmente porque el grupo del cuartil inferior presenta un pobre desarrollo de sus habilidades de comprensión de lectura a través de los años. No se encontraron diferencias significativas de género.<br>Tesis
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Recio, Pineda Sara. "Prosodia y comprensión lectora en Educación Primaria." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454820.

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Esta tesis describe la relación que hay entre la prosodia—entendida como una estrategia de inicio que ayuda a descodificar el texto en unidades de sentido—y la comprensión en curso de un texto que se lee en voz alta. Tradicionalmente, la prosodia en la lectura se ha estudiado como la cantidad de pausas y/o la calidad de los grupos sintácticos que codifica un lector y se ha relacionado con la fluidez o la velocidad lectora. Otras veces, se ha relacionado con los resultados de comprensión en test estandarizados que no requieren leer en voz alta. Nuestro trabajo estudia la relación entre las estrategias prosódicas—inflexiones, cesuras y grupos fónicos— de 72 escolares de Primaria en la lectura de un texto narrativo y los resultados que estos describen en una prueba de comprensión que está directamente relacionada con el texto y que contiene 8 preguntas abiertas que se contestan de forma oral. La metodología de esta investigación propone una mirada alternativa a la que se ha usado hasta el momento en tanto que: 1) valora la prosodia atendiendo a criterios fónicos, 2) lo hace en un ejercicio de comprensión en curso, 3) utiliza un texto auténtico adecuado a la edad de los informantes, 4) relaciona la prosodia con la comprensión general del texto, 5) plantea preguntas abiertas para valorar la comprensión y 6) propone que los informantes contesten de forma oral. Los resultados indican que una buena estructuración prosódica es indispensable para comprender el texto, pero que no es suficiente (hacen falta aplicar, además, otras estrategias interpretativas).<br>This doctoral thesis describes the relationship between prosody—as a starting strategy to decode the text in meaningful units—and the ongoing understanding of a text that is read aloud. Traditionally, prosody has been studied as the number of pauses or the quality of the syntactic structures that a reader encodes. Thus, prosody has usually been related to fluency or reading speed. More often, studies relate prosody with the results some subjects obtain in standardized comprehension tests which do not require the subjects to read aloud. The aim of this study is to describe the prosodic strategies—inflections, caesuras and phonic groups-of 72 Elementary students when they read a narrative text aloud and to correlate them with their reading comprehension of the text. Assessment of reading comprehension consisted of 8 open questions that were answered orally. The methodology of this research proposes an alternative view to the one that has been used so far, because: 1) evaluates prosody using phonic criteria, 2) evaluates prosody as a starting strategy for reading (informants don’t do silent reading before), 3) uses an authentic text that is suitable for the students age, 4) relates prosody to general comprehension of the text, 5) poses open-ended questions to assess comprehension and 6) makes informants respond orally. The findings indicate that a good prosodic structuring is essential to understand the text; but that prosody by itself is not enough to comprehend the text (other interpretative strategies must be applied).
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Ya, Choua. "Identification de nouveaux acteurs dans l’adaptation du kératinocyte humain aux changements mécaniques de son environnement." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1012.

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L'homéostasie épidermique repose sur différents paramètres dont les propriétés mécaniques du tissu de soutien, le derme, et les tensions intrinsèques dans le tissu épithélial. Lors de la cicatrisation, l'augmentation de la rigidité cutanée résultante peut perturber les conditions initiales de l'homéostasie. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires dans ce contexte physiopathologique, et l'incidence des propriétés mécaniques du derme sur le comportement du kératinocyte humain, des cellules primaires ont été cultivés à la surface d'hydrogels de polyacrylamide de différentes rigidités, et sur le plastique (&gt; GPa), condition in vitro classiquement utilisée. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence que les substrats les plus mous favorisent un arrêt de prolifération et un profil phénotypique similaire à un kératinocyte différencié, alors que les substrats les plus rigides facilitent l'adhérence et la prolifération au détriment de la capacité de différenciation, et ce de façon graduelle. L'analyse transcriptomique par séquençage haut débit a permis d'identifier un récepteur membranaire orphelin couplé à la protéine G, GPRC5A (G Protein-Coupled Receptor Class C Group 5 Member A) et une protéine du cytosquelette, la spectrine beta III, dont les augmentations d'expression sont corrélées à l'augmentation de la rigidité. In vivo, GPRC5A est exclusivement localisé dans les berges de la plaie, lieu des kératinocytes en migration. Ces observations ont été confirmées par l'utilisation d'outils d'ARN interférence (siRNA et shRNA) dirigés contre GPRC5A dans les kératinocytes humains, montrant l'implication de ce récepteur dans l'adhérence et la migration cellulaire. De plus, les résultats montrent que la diminution de GPRC5A entraine un défaut de différenciation et d'organisation du feuillet épidermique, conduisant notamment à une mort cellulaire accrue, dans un modèle d'épiderme reconstruit. En parallèle, par des approches similaires d'ARN interférence dirigée contre le gène SPTBN2 (spectrin beta non-erythrocytic 2) codant pour la spectrine beta III, les résultats mettent en évidence un rôle fonctionnel de la spectrine beta III dans la prolifération cellulaire, l'étalement, la migration des kératinocytes et participe à la mécanotransduction en réponse à la rigidité en permettant la survie cellulaire. L'ensemble des résultats de la thèse montrent une adaptation phénotypique des kératinocytes dépendante de la rigidité du substrat sur lequel ils se trouvent et positionne GPRC5A et la spectrine beta III comme des acteurs clés dans la réponse du kératinocyte primaire humain aux changements mécaniques. Ces résultats permettent d'ouvrir de nouvelles voies stratégiques pour le traitement de la cicatrisation et plus largement dans les pathologies affectant la mécanique cutanée<br>Epidermal homeostasis is determined by several characteristics, including dermis mechanical properties. During skin wound healing, dermis mechanical properties are modified and can alter epidermal integrity. Accordingly, it is essential to understand how keratinocytes respond and adapt to mechanical changes; however, these mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate how mechanical properties of cell microenvironment affect the human keratinocyte, primary cells were seeded on polyacrylamide hydrogels of different compliances (soft: 4 kPa, medium: 14 kPa, rigid: 45 kPa) in comparison with glass coverslip (&gt; GPa). The results showed that on the softer hydrogel, keratinocyte spreading and proliferation were strongly decreased, while a strong increase in the expression of late differentiation markers was observed. On the contrary, the stiffer substrates promote adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, a transcriptomic profiling analysis reveals G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 5, member A (GPRC5A) and spectrin beta non-erythrocytic 2 (SPTBN2) as potential mechanosensors for substrate adaptation of the keratinocyte. Actually, GPRC5A and SPTBN2 gene expression levels are associated with stiffness increase. We have characterized a dynamic relocation of GPRC5A during keratinocyte adhesion. Furthermore, the knockdown of GPRC5A increased cell adhesion and reduced cell migration. These results were confirmed by GPRC5A immunostaining in healing wounds from mice skin, showing a transient and specific expression of GPRC5A at wound leading edges, a site of cell migration, thus strengthening a role of GPRC5A in the keratinocyte migration process. Concerning SPTBN2, the knockdown of SPTBN2 decreased cell proliferation, spreading and migration, indicating a functional role in keratinocyte processes. Moreover, SPTBN2 knockdown induced keratinocyte death on soft substrate. In conclusion, we demonstrated an adaptive response of keratinocytes depending on substrate stiffness. We also found a new function of GPRC5A in keratinocyte process during skin wound healing and a mechanosensor role of SPTBN2 in keratinocyte. All of these results place GPRC5A and SPTBN2 as key regulators in the response to mechanical changes. These results pave new strategic pathways in skin wound healing treatment, and more widely in the pathologies affecting cutaneous mechanics
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26

Forcioli-Conti, Nicolas. "Rôle du cil primaire au cours de la différenciation adipocytaire." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4119/document.

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Le cil primaire (CP) est une organelle présente chez l’Homme dans la grande majorité des cellules. Lors du développement le CP est d’une importance capitale, puisqu’il contrôle les voies de signalisation comme Hedgehog ou Wnt. Certaines pathologies génétiques affectant spécifiquement le CP, engendrent une obésité. Au cours de ma thèse je me suis intéressé à l’évolution du CP au cours de l’adipogenèse des cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus indiquent que le cil est présent dans les cellules indifférenciées, qu’il subit une élongation importante suite à l’induction de la différenciation, suivi d’une diminution de sa taille et fini par disparaitre dans les adipocytes. L’élongation de la taille du cil ne semble pas affecter la localisation des protéines qui lui sont associées comme Kif3-A ou Smoothened, une protéine importante de la voie Hedgehog. Néanmoins, il apparait que la voie de signalisation Hedgehog est inhibée après trois jours de différenciation et que les cellules ont développé une résistance à Sonic Hedgehog. La déacétylase de la tubuline acétylée HDAC6 est apparue comme étant une bonne cible puisque son expression augmente au cours de la différenciation et qu’elle est décrite pour être responsable de la perte du cil pendant la mitose. Les données que nous avons obtenues ont permis de montrer que l’inhibition, ou la surexpression d’HDAC6 au cours de l’adipogenèse engendrent une inhibition de l’élongation du cil associée à une forte inhibition de la différenciation adipocytaire. Ces résultats permettront, à terme de mieux comprendre les liens entre le cil primaire et la différenciation adipocytaire<br>The primary cilium (PC) is an organelle present in almost all cell types of the organism. During development, the PC plays an important function by driving signaling pathways such as Hedgehog or Wnt. Some genetic syndromes affecting specifically the PC are associated with obesity. My project has consisted to analyze the evolution of the PC during adipocyte differentiation of human mesenchymal stems cells. Our results indicate that the PC is present in undifferentiated cells, then it undergoes a strong elongation at the beginning of the differentiation followed by a decreased of its size, and disappears in differentiated cells. This increase in the cilium size does not affect the localization of its associated proteins such as KIF3-A and Smoothened an important protein of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. However, this pathway is inhibited after three days of differentiation and cells have developed a Sonic Hedgehog resistance. The tubulin deacetylase HDAC6 appeared as a good target because its expression increases during differentiation and it is known to be responsible for the loss of the cilium during mitosis. Our data show that an inhibition or an overexpression of HDAC6 lead to a decrease in the cilium elongation associated with an inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. These results will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the connections between the PC and adipocyte differentiation
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27

Siragusi, Rafael Henrique de Souza. "Avaliações radiográficas dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de saguis (Callithrix sp.)." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182319.

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Orientador: Sheila Canevese Rahal<br>Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar radiograficamente os membros torácicos e pélvicos de um grupo de saguis mantidos em cativeiro, oriundos de apreensões realizadas para o combate do tráfico ilegal de animais. Foram utilizados 14 saguis, sendo 12 adultos e dois juvenis, oito machos e seis fêmeas, com massa corpórea entre 248 e 354 gramas, sendo um sagui-de-tufo-branco (Callithrix jacchus), oito saguis-de-tufo preto (Callithrix penicillata) e cinco saguis híbridos (Callithrix sp.). Com exceção de três saguis que estavam radiograficamente normais, todos os demais apresentaram alterações radiográficas dos membros, pélvicos e/ou torácicos. A despeito das alterações, a maioria dos animais conseguia se locomover sem grandes limitações no cativeiro. Dos 11 saguis com alterações no membro pélvico, cinco (45,45%) apresentavam estreitamento pélvico e desvio varo bilateral do fêmur, sendo um sugestivo de raquitismo e um de osteomalácia. Os demais apresentaram alterações, tais como má-consolidação de fratura acetabular com osteoartrite da cabeça femoral, amputação parcial de membro, antecurvato de ambas as tíbias, osteoartrite do joelho, entre outros. Seis saguis (54,54 %) mostraram alteração no membro torácico, tais como fratura do rádio, subluxação escápulo-umeral e incongruência da articulação úmero-radio-ulnar, entre outros. Foi possível concluir que 78,57% dos saguis avaliados tinham alterações ósseas e/ou articulares detectadas radiograficamente, que foram predominantes nos m... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This study aimed to provide a radiographic evaluation of the fore- and hind limbs of marmosets in captivity, originated from capture carried out to combat illegal wildlife trade. A total of 14 marmosets, 12 adults and two juveniles, eight males and six females, weighing between 248 and 354 grams were used, including one common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), eight black-pencilled marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) and five hybrid marmosets (Callithrix sp.). Except three marmosets radiographically normal, all the others showed radiographic changes of the forelimbs and/or hind limbs. Despite the changes, most primates were capable of moving without major limitations in captivity. Of the 11 marmosets with radiographic changes of the hind limbs, five (45.45%) had pelvic narrowing and bilateral varus deviation of the femur, which had one suggestive of rickets and one of osteomalacia. The other marmosets had changes such as malunion of acetabular fracture with hip osteoarthritis, transtíbial amputation, antecurvatum of both tibias, and knee osteoarthritis, among others. Six marmosets (54.54%) showed alterations in the forelimbs, such as radius fracture, scapulohumeral subluxation, and bilateral humeral-radio-ulnar joint incongruence, among others. In conclusion, 78.57% of the evaluated marmosets had bone and/or joint changes detected by plain radiograph, which were found predominantly in the hind limbs and without impediment to locomotion in captivity.<br>Mestre
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28

Vaubourg, Jean-Paul. "Apprendre à réaliser les accords au cycle 3 de l'école primaire. Aspects linguistiques, psycholinguistiques et didactiques." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040184.

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La maitrise de l’orthographe du français, l’une des plus complexes du monde, relève d’enjeux sociaux forts. Dans ce cadre, les accords représentent un enjeu d’apprentissage essentiel car ils rendent visibles les liens entre les mots ; ils relèvent certes de la connaissance de règles, mais aussi d’une intelligence du fonctionnement de langue. Leur complexité en fait une zone de très grande difficulté. La compréhension des difficultés qu’éprouvent les élèves à réaliser les accords grammaticaux ne peut se passer ni d’un examen des mécanismes linguistiques qui les régissent, ni d’une attention portée aux processus mis en œuvre par les scripteurs. C’est donc à partir d’une réflexion linguistique, psycholinguistique et didactique que cette thèse défend l’hypothèse que, d’une part, l’apprentissage des accords au sein du groupe nominal et celui des accords entre sujet et verbe doivent être disjoints et que, d’autre part, le travail de l’orthographe doit conduire, progressivement, les élèves à élargir l’empan de texte sur lequel faire porter l’attention, le cadre phrastique étant le plus pertinent pour l’apprentissage des accords. Il convient donc d’étendre la zone de réalisation des accords au moyen de procédures visant à complexifier les phrases, qui permettent un travail conjoint de l’orthographe et de la production. En associant dans des séquences de travail en cycle 3 des activités d’apprentissage de l’orthographe grammaticale et des activités de complexification syntaxique dans des productions écrites, l’expérimentation a montré qu’il était possible de faire progresser les élèves dans le domaine de l’orthographe et d’en tirer bénéfice lors de la production d’écrit<br>Mastering French spelling is governed by major social issues, particularly as it is one of the more complex systems in the world. In this respect, linguistic agreements represent an integral part of the learning process because they highlight how words are connected; not only are they understood through a knowledge of grammatical rules, but also a keen awareness of how language works. Their complexity makes them a highly challenging subject matter. Their complexity makes it an area of great difficulty.Understanding of the difficulties students have in realizing grammatical agreements can not do without an examination of the linguistic mechanisms that govern them, nor of an attention paid to the processes implemented by the writers. It is on the basis of a linguistic, psycholinguistic and didactic reflection that this thesis defends the hypothesis that, on the one hand, the learning of agreements within the nominal group and that of the agreements between subject and verb must be disjoint and that, on the other hand, the work of spelling should gradually lead the pupils to enlarge the span of text on which to draw attention, the phrastic framework being most relevant for learning the agreements. It is therefore appropriate to extend the area of implementation of the agreements by means of procedures designed to make the sentences more complex, allowing joint spelling and production work. By combining learning activities in grammatical spelling and syntactic complexification activities in written productions in cycle 3 workflows, experimentation has shown that it is possible to advance students in the field of the spelling and benefit from it when producing writing
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29

Chassé, Raynald. "Aspects de la production primaire et secondaire dans les eaux hivernales de la partie amont du Fjord du Saguenay /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1988. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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30

Meade, Susie J. "Primary Metabolic Chemistry." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5794.

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Thioesters and acyl phosphates are important metabolites throughout the biosphere. This may imply that they were involved in prebiotic chemistry. The study of the reactivity of thioesters and acyl phosphates may therefore provide some insights into the possible roles for these molecules in prebiotic chemistry. The work described in this thesis demonstrates that acetyl phosphate and inorganic phosphate react to form pyrophosphate in the presence of salts of some divalent metals. Divalent metal ions and nitrogen containing compounds act in synergy to promote pyrophosphate formation in some cases. Ferrous salts were much more efficient at promoting the formation of pyrophosphate than similar reactions containing magnesium ions, Addition of pyridine, or a variety of other nitrogen containing compounds, did not enhance the pyrophosphate yield. The promotion of pyrophosphate formation at near neutral pH by ubiquitous metal salts is considered to be a feasible route for prebiotic production of pyrophosphate. One chemoautotrophic origin of life theory concentrates on the oxidative formation of pyrite (FeS2) from ferrous sulfide and hydrogen as a possible source of prebiotic reductive power. N-Phenyl acetamide can be prepared from mercaptoacetic acid and aniline in water using FeS/H2S as a reagent system. We have established that one possible intermediate, N-phenyl mercaptoacetamide does react to give the product, and that this reaction is fast. Ferrous ions were observed to promote the formation of N-acetyl alanine from alanine and thioacetic acid. Zinc and cadmium ions on the other hand, promote the hydrolysis of thioacetic acid to acetic acid in preference to the N-acylation reaction. Both ferrous ions and ferro cyanide ions were observed to promote the peptide bond formation between protected amino acid derivatives. The results described in this thesis are consistent with the proposal that iron chemistry may have been important in prebiotic chemistry.
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31

Lemmer, Eric Richard. "Primary sclerosing cholangitis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25576.

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Thirty six consecutive patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 20 males median age 42 years, were studied in order to define prognostic variables and determine the influence of surgery on outcome. Presentation was usually with insidious cholestasis or recurrent cholangitis. Twenty six patients (72 per cent) had associated inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis 20, Crohn's disease 2, unclassified 4). Thirty two patients were followed prospectively for up to nine years. Twenty three remained either stable or had slowly progressive disease. Of the remaining nine patients, seven died (five from end-stage liver failure and two from cholangiocarcinoma) and two patients underwent liver transplantation. Actuarial survival at five years was 52 per cent. A raised serum bilirubin concentration was the only variable at presentation that independently predicted a poor outcome. Cholangiograms were available for detailed assessment in thirty PSC patients. Neither the extent of biliary involvement nor the presence of surgical correctable ("dominant") strictures in the extrahepatic ductal system were of prognostic importance. Six patients who developed obstructive jaundice associated with advanced liver disease underwent surgical drainage operations for dominant biliary strictures, but this did not seem to prevent progression of the disease. Two patients who progressed to end-stage liver disease went on to liver transplantation and were alive with functioning grafts at seven and fourteen months respectively. Nine patients with asymptomatic PSC were followed prospectively for up to twelve years. None of these patients developed overt liver disease but serum bilirubin levels became mildly elevated in two patients. It is concluded that symptomatic PSC is a progressive disease with a poor prognosis. Patients with advanced liver disease due to PSC should be considered directly for liver transplantation. In contrast, asymptomatic PSC patients may remain symptom-free for many years.
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32

Dodd, Will. "Primary Care Cases." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8930.

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33

Simon, Stéphane. "Molecular characterisation of odontoblast during primary, secondary and tertiary dentinogenesis. Caractérisation moléculaire de l’odontoblaste au cours des dentinogénèses primaire, secondaire et tertiaire." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/870/.

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This research aimed to investigate the molecular regulation of odontoblast behaviour during primary, secondary and tertiary (reactionary and reparative) dentinogenesis. Using gene microarray analysis and sq-RT-PCR, evidence is presented that the changes in secretory activity of odontoblasts reflect differential transcriptional control and that common regulatory processes may exist between dentine and bone. The p38 gene was shown to be highly expressed in odontoblasts during active primary dentinogenesis, but was drastically down-regulated as cells become quiescent in secondary dentinogenesis. Based on the hypothesis that parallels between development and healing processes in teeth exist, the results suggested that the p38- MAPKinase pathway may be activated during odontoblast stimulation in tertiary dentinogenesis by both p38 phosphorylation and enhanced nuclear translocation, supporting a recapitulation of events from primary dentinogenesis during tertiary dentinogenesis. The feasibility of use of the mouse as an in vivo model for studying pulpal healing in response to restorative procedures was also assessed. This approach provides a novel opportunity to exploit use of genetically modified animals to explore cellular and molecular processes during reparative events. Lastly, a transgenic mouse model was used to analyse the possible role of Msx2 transcription factor in odontoblast differentiation. The nature of the tooth phenotype in Msx2 null mutant animals was subsequently analysed. This study has increased our understanding of the regulation of dentinogenic events, which may allow translation into new therapies aimed at maintenance of the vitality of the pulp. L’objectif de ce travail a été d’explorer les régulations moléculaires au sein de l’odontoblaste au cours des dentinogénèses primaire, secondaire et tertiaire. Les résultats obtenus à partir de micro-puces et de PCR semi quantitative ont permis de mettre en évidence un contrôle différentiel transcriptionnel de l’activité sécrétrice de l’odontoblaste. Des processus de régulation commun entre la dentine et l’os sont également discutés. La forte expression du gène p38 au cours de la dentinogénèse primaire, est drastiquement diminuée dans l’odontoblaste mature. Les résultats suggèrent également que la voie de signalisation p38-MAPKinase pourrait être activée pendant la dentinogénèse tertiaire, par la phosphorylation de la protéine p38 et sa translocation nucléaire, confirmant ainsi la récapitulation d’un processus du développement initiale de la dent dans celui de la cicatrisation pulpaire. L’utilisation de la souris comme nouveau modèle de laboratoire pour étudier la cicatrisation pulpaire est également décrite. Ce nouveau modèle constitue une opportunité réelle car il permet d’utiliser les animaux génétiquement modifiés pour explorer les processus cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans la réparation pulpaire. Enfin, un modèle de souris transgénique a été utilisé afin d’analyser l’éventuel rôle du facteur de transcription Msx2 dans le processus de différentiation odontoblastique. Le phénotype dentaire du mutant nul Msx2 -/- est analysé en détail. Ce travail permet de compléter les connaissances sur la régulation moléculaire de la dentinogénèse, étape importante pour le développement de nouvelles thérapeutiques en terme de conservation de la vitalité pulpaire.
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Simon, Stéphane. "Molecular characterisation of odontoblast during primary secondary and tertiary dentinogenesis = Caractérisation moléculaire de l'odontoblaste au cours des dentinogénèses primaire, secondaire et tertiaire." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA07G002.

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L’objectif de ce travail a été d’explorer les régulations moléculaires au sein de l’odontoblaste au cours des dentinogénèses primaire, secondaire et tertiaire. Les résultats obtenus à partir de micro puces et de PCR semi quantitative ont permis de mettre en évidence un contrôle différentiel transcriptionnel de l’activité sécrétrice de l’odontoblaste. Des processus de régulation commun entre la dentine et l’os sont également discutés. La forte expression du gène p38 au cours de la dentinogénèse primaire, est drastiquement diminuée dans [‘odontoblaste mature. Les résultats suggèrent également que la voie de signalisation p38-MÂPKinase pourrait être activée pendant la dentinogénèse tertiaire, par la phosphorylation de la protéine p38 et sa transtocation nucléaire, confirmant ainsi la récapitulation d’un processus du développement initiale de la dent dans celui de la cicatrisation pulpaire. L’utilisation de la souris comme nouveau modèle de laboratoire pour étudier la cicatrisation pulpaire est également décrite. Ce nouveau modèle constitue une opportunité réelle car il permet d’utiliser les animaux génétiquement modifiés pour explorer les processus cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans ta réparation pulpaire. Enfin, un modèle de souris transgénique a été utilisé afin d’analyser l’éventuel rôle du facteur de transcription Msx2 dans le processus de différentiation odontoblastique. Le phénotype dentaire du mutant nul Msx2 -I- est analysé en détail. Ce travail permet de compléter les connaissances sur la régulation moléculaire de la dentinogénèse, étape importante pour le développement de nouvelles thérapeutiques en terme de conservation de la vitalité pulpaire.
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Moncea, Oana. "Diamondoids : functionalization, metallization and application in catalysis." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK015.

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Les phosphines alkyl primaires ont la réputation d’être des composés très sensibles à l’air, parfois même pyrophoriques. Pour cette raison, leur application en tant que ligands est assez restreinte. L'introduction de substituants encombrants qui peuvent stabiliser les phosphines primaires est une méthode pour diminuer leur sensibilité à l'oxygène. Les hydrocarbures ayant une structure cage, comme les diamantoïdes, peuvent donc être des substituants idéaux pour stabiliser les phosphines primaires. Le travail décrit dans cette thèse porte sur la synthèse et les applications de phosphines primaires diamantoïdes. Premièrement, leur utilisation en tant que blocs de construction pour l’élaboration des matériaux organo-hybrides via des dépôts en phase vapeur sera illustrée. D'autre part, leur utilisation en tant que ligands dans des réactions d'arylation de N-hétérocycles (typiquement l’indole) catalysées par des métaux sera présentée.Une avancée importante dans la chimie des diamantoïdes est représentée par leur découverte et leur isolement en grande quantités à partir de sources naturelles telle que le pétrole. La fonctionnalisation des diamantoïdes composés d'un plus grand nombre de cages que l'adamantane a été explorée pour la première fois au milieu des années 60. Diverses fonctions chimiques ont été introduites sur le squelette type cage de ces hydrocarbures, résultant en de nouveaux dérivés aux propriétés exceptionnelles. Afin d'explorer pleinement le potentiel de ces molécules, la dissymétrisation des cages a été étudiée en tant que moyen d'obtention des blocs structurels bien définis avec deux fonctionnalités différentes. Auparavant, l’obtention de deux fonctions chimiques différentes sur le squelette de ces hydrocarbures a été rendue possible par des séquences de protection / déprotection.Notre premier objectif était de développer une nouvelle approche synthétique gouvernée par la réaction contrôlée de manière cinétique dans des milieux acides forts donnant accès direct à des diamantoïdes difonctionnalisés. Cette stratégie a été développée avec succès pour les diamantoïdes phosphorylés qui, après réduction, ont donné une nouvelle classe de phosphines alkyle primaires qui se sont révélées relativement stables à l'air. La post-fonctionnalisation de ces phosphines a également été réalisée et sera discutée dans la section des résultats non-publiés.Des progrès révolutionnaires ont été accomplis au cours de la dernière décennie dans le domaine des nanomatériaux à base de carbone sp2, tels que les fullerènes, les nanotubes de carbone et les graphènes. En comparaison, les matériaux basés sur du carbone sp3, tels que ceux incorporant des diamantoïdes, composés qui combinent à la fois quelques caractéristiques uniques du diamant et des nanostructures de carbone, restent mal connus à ce jour. Dans ce chapitre, la synthèse d'un nouveau matériau organohybride ayant une structure constituée d’un coeur organique (diamantoïde) et d’une surface métallique (typiquement, palladium ou platine) sera discutée.L'indole est un hétérocycle azoté largement intégré en chimie médicinale comme sous-unité structurale de médicaments pour le traitement du diabète de type 2, du cancer et du VIH. Ce motif est également présent dans une variété de produits naturels, constituant ainsi une cible en synthèse organique. Trois stratégies de synthèse sont possibles pour obtenir des indoles fonctionnalisés et seront décrites dans la section d'introduction.Dans ce chapitre, l'activation C–H en position C2 du (N–H) indole sera décrite. Cette réaction a été conduite en milieux aqueux, sous air, et à l’aide des phosphines primaires diamantoïdes décrites dans le Chapitre 1 utilisées ici comme ligands du palladium en milieu biphasique. Les iodures d'aryle ont été testés en tant que partenaires de couplage, et la réaction s’est révélée sélective pour la position C2 avec des très bons rendements<br>Widespread application of primary alkyl phosphines is limited due to their high sensitivity towards oxidation, often resulting in pyrophoricity. Introduction of bulky substituents that can kinetically stabilize primary phosphines is one method for decreasing their oxygen sensitivity. Bulky cage hydrocarbons like diamondoids, which are naturally occurring molecules, can therefore be ideal substituents for stabilizing primary phosphines. The work described herein deals with the synthesis and applications of primary diamondoid phosphines. Firstly, they are used as building blocks for the construction of organo-hybrid materials by mild vapor deposition, and secondly, as ligands in metal catalyzed arylation reactions of N-heterocycles.An important advance in the chemistry of diamondoids was made possible after their discovery and isolation in large quantities from natural sources like petroleum. Functionalization of diamondoids composed of higher number of cages than adamantane was first explored in the mid-1960s. Various functionalities have been introduced onto diamondoids resulting in new derivatives with outstanding properties. In order to fully explore the potential of these molecules, desymmetrization of the cages was investigated as a means for obtaining well-defined structural building blocks with two different functionalities suitable for thin film growth. This process had been achieved previously only by protection/deprotection sequences.Our first aim was to develop a new synthetic approach governed by the kinetically controlled reaction in strong acidic media, which enables direct access to unequally functionalized diamondoids. This type of reaction was successful for phosphorylated diamondoids which upon reduction gave diamondoid primary phosphines, a new class of pure alkyl primary phosphines that were found to be relatively air stable. Further post-functionalization of these molecules was also achieved and will be discussed in the unpublished results section.Revolutionary progress was made during the last decade in the area of novel carbon nanomaterials, such as sp2-C based fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphenes. In comparison, sp3-C materials based on a diamondoid scaffold that combines the unique features of both diamond and carbon nanostructures are unknown to date.Unlike metal nanocomposites based on sp2-carbon skeletons, which benefit from a rich surface chemistry due to many functional groups, metal/sp3-carbon based nanostructures are much less developed and many challenging functionalization issues remain. In this chapter, the synthesis of novel organohybrid material with core-shell like structure will be discussed. The core of the hybrid is made of organic molecules, namely diamondoids, and the shell is made of a thin transition metal layer, such as palladium or platinum.Indole is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle widely used in medicinal chemistry as a structural subunit of drug candidates for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, cancer and HIV. This scaffold is also present in a variety of natural products, therefore constituting a target in organic synthetic chemistry. Three synthetic strategies are possible to obtain functionalized indoles and will be described in the introduction.In this chapter, the C–H activation of unprotected indole moiety in position 2 of the heterocycle will be described. The reaction was done in aqueous media under aerobic conditions and diamondoid primary phosphines were used as ligands in this biphasic synthesis. Aryl iodides were tested as coupling partners and the reaction was selective for the C2 position affording excellent yields of the desired arylated indoles. With aryl bromides, a loss in selectivity was observed; yet the reaction proceeded with a surprising P/Pd ratio of 0.5/1
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36

Lott, Leslie. "Primary Systems and Voter Turnout: Measuring the Institutional Effect of Primary Type on Voter Turnout." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2009. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/956.

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Using the 1990, 1994 and 1998 Congressional mid-term elections, this study looks at whether the type of primary system in a person's state has an effect on whether or not that person will vote in the general election. The five types of primary systems (closed, semi-closed, semiopen, open and blanket) are explained as well as traditional factors for likelihood of voting. It is hypothesized that the more closed the primary system, the less likely a person is to vote. Data analysis shows that when significant, living in an open primary state does significantly increase the likelihood that a person will vote. However, primary type was significant in only six of the nine models studied here.
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Nicholson, Sarah-Anne. "Intra-Seasonal Variability of Southern Ocean Primary Production : the Role of Storms and Mesoscale Turbulence." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066675/document.

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L'océan Austral aux moyennes latitudes est l'un des endroits les plus tempétueux sur Terre. On peut donc supposer que le passage de ces tempêtes intenses sur cette variabilité océanique intense peut avoir un impact fort sur la variabilité intra-saisonnière des couches de surface où vit le phytoplancton. Pour autant, cet impact sur le taux de croissance du phytoplancton et sa variabilité reste encore très méconnu. C'est à cette question que s'efforce de répondre ce travail de thèse visant à faire progresser la compréhension de la variabilité intra-saisonnière de la production primaire de l'océan Austral. Nos expériences de modélisation suggèrent que les apports en Fer dissous (DFe) dans les eaux de surface à l'échelle intra-saisonnière par les tempêtes jouent un rôle bien plus actif et déterminant qu'on ne le pensait pour expliquer la productivité estivale importante de l'océan Austral. Deux idées importantes ressortent: 1. Les interactions tempête-tourbillon peuvent fortement augmenter l'amplitude et l'extension du mélange vertical agissant sur des couches traditionnellement considérées comme superficielles, mais également en subsurface. Ces deux régimes de mélange possèdent des dynamiques différentes mais agissent de concert pour augmenter les flux de DFe à la surface des océans. 2. Les tempêtes génèrent des courants inertiels qui peuvent considérablement renforcer les vitesses verticales w par interaction avec les tourbillons. Cela favorise l'advection verticale de DFe à la surface de l'océan, et avoir un effet plusieurs jours après la tempête. Ces interactions entre les tempêtes et les tourbillons peuvent considérablement intensifier la variabilité production primaire<br>The Southern Ocean is one of the stormiest places on earth; here strong mid-latitude storms frequently traverse large distances of this ocean. The presence of the passage of intense storms and meso to sub-mesoscale eddy variability has the potential to strongly impact the intra-seasonal variability of the upper ocean environment where phytoplankton live. Yet, exactly how phytoplankton growth rates and its variability are impacted by the dominance of such features is not clear. Herein, lies the problem addressed by the core of this thesis, which seeks to advance the understanding of intra-seasonal variability of Southern Ocean primary production. Model experiments have suggested that intra-seasonal storm-linked physical supplies of dissolved iron (DFe) during the summer played a considerably more active and influential role in explaining the sustained summer productivity in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean than what was thought previously. This was through two important insights: 1. Storm-eddy interactions may strongly enhance the magnitude and extent of upper-ocean vertical mixing in both the surface mixed layer as traditionally understood as well as in the subsurface ocean. These two mixing regimes have different dynamics but act in concert to amplify the DFe fluxes to the surface ocean. 2. Storm initiated inertial motions may, through interaction with eddies, greatly reinforce w and thus, enhance the vertical advection of DFe to the surface ocean, an effect that may last several days after the storm. Such storm-eddy dynamics may greatly increase the intra-seasonal variability of primary production
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Kim, Jung-in. "Le « Bon maître » du XIXe siècle : cinq générations d’instituteurs et d’institutrices d’après les dossiers de récompenses honorifiques (1818-1902)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040059/document.

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Les dossiers de récompenses honorifiques d’instituteurs, inexploités par les historiens jusqu’à ce jour, fournissent des renseignements rares et précieux sur les meilleurs instituteurs et institutrices, non seulement de l’époque bien connue de la Troisième République, mais également des époques précédentes, relativement moins étudiées. Un échantillon de dossiers de six départements représentatifs (Creuse, Doubs, Gard, Ille-et-Vilaine, Nord, Seine-et-Oise) de 1858 jusqu’à 1902 est soumis non seulement à un traitement qualitatif mais aussi à un traitement quantitatif, dont les résultats sont figurés par 106 graphiques en 49 séries et 12 tableaux. Complétant ces dossiers de récompenses honorifiques par les dossiers de l’enquête Guizot, ainsi que par d’autres témoignages (auto)biographiques, cette étude retrace tout d’abord l’évolution des critères du « bon maître ». Ces critères, appliqués distinctement aux enseignants urbains et ruraux jusqu’au milieu du siècle, commencent à souligner, dans un contexte de concurrence, les bons résultats obtenus par une bonne organisation pédagogique à partir des années 1860. La réforme scolaire de la Troisième République précipite l’essor du système scolaire laïque et la prospérité de l’école laïque est davantage valorisée dans les deux dernières décennies du XIXe siècle. Les bons maîtres et les bonnes maîtresses de chaque génération entrent en fonction dans une situation socio-politiquement différente, mais ils contribuent, chacun à leur manière, à la consolidation de l’enseignement primaire. Dix portraits de cinq générations d’instituteurs et d’institutrices révèlent comment ils s’adaptent au changement de leur statut, du maître tenant sa propre école au fonctionnaire d’État en passant par fonctionnaire communal, et comment ils ont vécu les difficultés mais aussi les bonheurs de cette profession unique<br>The files of honorary awards for primary school teachers, unexploited by historians to this day, provide rare and precious informations on the best teachers, men and women, not only on those well known of the Third Republic, but also on the teachers of previous eras, relatively less studied. A sample of records of six representative departments (Creuse, Doubs, Gard, Ille-et-Vilaine, Nord, Seine-et-Oise) from 1858 to 1902 is submitted not only to a qualitative treatment but also to a quantitative one, the results of which are represented by 106 graphics in 49 series and 12 tables. By complementing these files of honorary awards by the records of the Guizot investigation as well as by other evidences including (auto)biographys, this study firstly traces the evolution of the criteria of the "good teacher". These criteria, applied separately for urban and rural teachers until mid-century, began to emphasize the good results obtained by a good educational organization from the 1860s, in a context of opposition with congregational schools. The school reform of the Third Republic precipitates the developement of the secular school system, and the prosperity of the secular school is valued more in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Good masters and good mistresses of each generation take office in a socio-politically different situation, but each of them contributes in her or his own way to the consolidation of primary education. Ten portraits of five generations of teachers, men and women, show how they adapt to their status changing, from the master holding his own school to the civil servant of municipality and finally to that of government, and how they have experienced the difficulties as well as the joys of this unique profession
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Monteiro, Frederico Ozanan Barros [UNESP]. "Ultra-sonografia ginecológica em macaco-da-noite (Aotus azara infulatus) Aotidae - Primates." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105942.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:24:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_fob_dr_jabo.pdf: 778813 bytes, checksum: 4f22f4190ab15e5be0a49cb661a6dced (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Objetivou-se condicionar fêmeas de macacos-da-noite ao exame de ultra-som ginecológico. Estabeleceu-se protocolo onde foram avaliadas freqüências cardíacas iniciais, finais e médias (Fci, Fc2 e Fc iv1), tempo de exame (TE), útero e ovários, durante dois períodos e em diferentes turnos. Utilizou-se transdutor linear de 5¬12MHz. O útero e os ovários foram avaliados em cortes sagitais e transversais. Para o útero, levou-se em consideração o número de partos das fêmeas (nulípara, primípara e plurípara). As Fc2 foram mais baixas que as Fc1 (P < 0,01) nos dois períodos. Observou-se correlação negativa entre o TE e Fc2 (r = - 0,14 e P < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os turnos. O volume uterino foi diretamente proporcional ao número de partos. O volume do ovário direito (VOD) foi maior que o do ovário esquerdo (VOE). Observaram-se correlações positivas (P < 0,05) entre o peso das fêmeas e o VOD (r = 0,28) e VOE (r = 0,16)<br>The objective was to condition female owl monkeys to the gynaecological ultrasound exam. A protocol was established, where initial, final and average heart rate (HR1, HR2 and AHR) were evaluated, time spent on the examination procedure (T8), uterus and ovary, during two periods and in two different shifts. A linear probe of 5-12MHz was utilized. The uterus and ovary were evaluated at the sagital and transversal scan. As for the uterus, the females' number of parturitions (nuliparous, primiparous and pluriparous) was considered. The HR2 were lower than the HR1 (P < 0.01) in the two periods. A negative correlation was observed between T8 and HR2 (r= ¬0.14 and P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the shifts. The uterine volume was directly proportional to the number of parturitions. The volume of the right ovary (ROV) was larger than the left ovary (LOV). Positive correlations were observed (P < 0.05) between the females' weight and the ROV (r= 0.28) and VLO (r= 0.16)
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40

Papiol, Rufias Mònica. "Factors de risc de fragilitat en les persones de 75 anys o més que viuen a la comunitat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665175.

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41

Peipoch, Güell Marc. "The role of Primary Uptake Compartments on stream Nitrogen cycling = El paper dels Compartiments Primaris en el ciclatge del Nitrogen als ecosistemes fluvials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/146351.

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The main goal of this thesis is to investigate how (15)N natural abundances can help understanding the role of different primary uptake compartments (i.e., biofilm, filamentous algae, bryophytes, macrophytes; PUCs) on stream nutrient retention. The experimental design of this thesis involved the examination of patterns of variability in the (15)N signatures of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) and PUCs at three different spatial scales: the watershed/global scale, the reach scale, and the habitat scale; as well as the (15)N transfer between them. At each level of organization, a common goal of examining how intrinsic (i.e., among PUCs) and extrinsic (i.e., environmental) factors influence (15)N signatures of DIN and PUCs was addressed, but quite different tools and experimental approaches were used depending on each scale. At the global scale, results showed that land use in the catchment is a key driver of the variability in (15)N signatures of both DIN and PUCs. In particular, (15)N signatures of DIN and PUC are higher in streams draining catchments with agriculture and urban activities than in those draining forested catchments; whereas within each stream, major among-compartments differences in (15)N signatures are between photoautotrophic and detrital-based compartments. At the reach scale, results for the different functional groups of macrophytes in streams indicate that direct assimilation of stream water DIN is occurring by submersed and amphibious species; while species of macrophytes located at the stream-riparian edge most likely rely on DIN sources other than those provided by stream water DIN. Moreover, in streams influenced by inputs from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), DIN uptake by submersed and amphibious macrophytes seems to be mainly in the form of N03• On the other hand, results for the (15)N transfer between photoautotrophic PUCs and stream water DIN showed that variation in DIN uptake of photoautotrophic PUCs is principally driven by nutrient concentration and light incidence, rather than by the particular characteristics of each PUc. On the contrary, variation in autotrophic N turnover is more remarkable among photoautotrophic PUCs than among study reaches, suggesting an intrinsic control by the particular characteristics of each PUC on N turnover, and being relatively independent of environmental influences. Finally, results from tracer (15)N additions at the habitat and microhabitat scales revealed that spatial heterogeneity of microbial N uptake at the microhabitat scale is characterized by a mosaic of patches dominated by microhabitats of low N, with hot spots of highly active N uptake accounting for the 20% of the reach coverage. Particularly, spatial variation of epilithon N uptake at microhabitat scale is principally driven by flow velocity, while spatial variation of N uptake by detrital compartments is controlled bya combination of biophysical factors, indicating the relevance of organic matter characteristics on their role of stream water N uptake. Overall, these results indicate that the extent to which spatial variation in microbial N uptake at fine scales is integrated at the whole-reach scale is potentially affected by factors operating at the ecosystem level, such as the degree of canopy cover, which determines the relative abundance of each PUc. Results from this present thesis highlights that changes in the major land uses within the catchment, changes in the degree of riparian vegetation and/or in the DIN loads of stream ecosystems caused by WWTP inputs, or losses of spatial heterogeneity in the stream channel can have a significant incidence on the way that PUCs contribute to N cycling at the reach scale, which ultimately dictates the N dynamics of stream ecosystems.
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42

Truong, Van Vinh. "Carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical mangrove (Southern Vietnam)." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NCAL0002.

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Les forêts de mangrove contribuent de manière significative au flux d'énergie, au cycle des nutriments et du carbone dans l'océan côtier, étant un puits pour le CO2 atmosphérique. Les forêts de mangroves sont très productives et stockent une quantité élevée de carbone à la fois dans leurs sols et dans leur biomasse.Au cours de la décomposition de la litière, les nutriments et le carbone peuvent être recyclés ou exportés vers les écosystèmes adjacents par l'action des marées. La mangrove de Can Gio (Ho Chi Minh Ville, Vietnam), dégradée par l'épandage de défoliants pendant la guerre du Vietnam, a pu être restaurée grâce à la replantation et à la régénération naturelle. À ce jour, la forêt de mangrove de Can Gio est la plus grande forêt de mangrove contiguë au Vietnam, et est devenue la première réserve biosphère UNESCO dans ce pays. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de caractériser le cycle du carbone dans la forêt de mangrove tropicale.Les résultats de cette thèse ont permis de:- Développer des équations allométriques permettant d’estimer la biomasse aérienne de la forêt plantée de mangroves de l’espèceRhizophora apiculatadans le sud du Vietnam;- Calculer les stocks de carbone totaux dans différents peuplements de mangrove se développant sous le climat tropical du sud du Vietnam;- Caractériser les taux de décomposition de la litière et évaluer la dynamique des nutriments et des métaux traces au cours des processus de dégradation de la litière, ainsi que l'évolution de δ13C pendant la décomposition;- Déterminer la variabilité saisonnière des flux de CO2 à différentes interfaces: sol-air, eau-air et tronc-air, et caractériser les profils de concentration en CO2 dans la canopée<br>Mangrove forests significantly contribute to energy flow, nutrient and carbon cycling in the coastal ocean, being a sink for atmospheric CO2. Mangroves forests are highly productive and store high amount of carbon both in their soils and in their biomass. During leaf litter decomposition, nutrients and carbon can be recycled or exported to adjacent ecosystems by the tidal action. Can Gio mangrove, degraded by the spraying of defoliants during the Vietnam War, successfully recovered through replantation and natural regeneration after 40 years. To date, the Can Gio mangrove forest is the largest contiguous mangrove forest in Vietnam, and became the first Mangrove Biosphere Reserve in this country. The main objective of this PhD thesis was to characterize carbon cycling within the Can Gio mangrove forest, which is a tropical one.The results of this PhD thesis allowed to: - Develop allometric equations and to estimate the aboveground biomass of Rhizophora apiculata Blume planted mangroves forest in Southern Vietnam; - Calculate the total carbon stocks in different mangrove stands developing under the tropical climate of Southern Vietnam; - Characterize the leaf litter decomposition rates, and assess nutrients and trace metals dynamics during litter decay processes, as well as the evolution of δ13C during decay; - Determine the seasonal variability CO2 fluxes at different interfaces: soil-air, water-air and trunk-air, and to characterize CO2 concentrations profiles in the canopy
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43

Teyssedre, Gilles. "Quels obstacles à l’intégration des TICE dans l’enseignement élémentaire ? : une étude anthropo-didactique auprès d’enseignants des cycles 2 et 3." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21975/document.

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En France, plus de 30 ans après l’entrée des TICE dans la « sphère pédagogique », la question de leur intégration aux enseignements de l’école élémentaire, et plus particulièrement à celles des classes de cycle 3 demeure problématique. Si l’école française n’est pas un cas isolé, on remarque que les enseignants français se placent en queue du peloton européen en matière d’utilisation de l’ordinateur en classe. Cette recherche replace l’enseignant au cœur d’une problématique dont il est, de par sa fonction, un nœud, puisqu’en dernier ressort, il est bien l’unique prescripteur de ce qui sera abordé en classe. Elle montre ainsi que des contraintes fortes pèsent plus que jamais sur les maîtres, qui, en la matière, se trouvent assujettis à des effets de contexte sur lesquels ils n’ont pas la main, et à des effets d’Arrière-plan très souvent ignorés. S’appuyant sur une double approche, anthropo-didactique d’une part, et centrée sur le concept de concern (préoccupation) intégré au modèle américain CBAM (Concerns Based Adoption Model) d’autre part, l’étude contribue à établir une typologie des obstacles à l’intégration des TICE aux enseignements : obstacles dits de « premier ordre », objectifs et exogènes (matériels, techniques, formation…), à l’origine de difficultés qui restent vives ; et obstacles dits de « second ordre », subjectifs et endogènes (modèles pédagogiques de référence, épistémologie pratique, représentations…), dont l’influence est mal connue. La thèse met en évidence que le caractère déterminant des obstacles exogènes ne peut certes pas expliquer seul les difficultés d’intégration, mais, en outre, que les obstacles endogènes des professeurs peuvent être nourris par les programmes eux-mêmes. En effet, en proposant une intégration par l’usage exclusivement transverse dont le principe est désormais largement accepté par les enseignants, la commande institutionnelle dénie à ce domaine particulier des apprentissages scolaires la possibilité d’exister à travers un espace didactique propre. L’association de ces éléments contradictoires, compose un nouvel obstacle qu’une partie des maîtres parvient toutefois à contourner en s’affranchissant partiellement des programmes<br>In France, more than 30 years after the introduction of ICT in education, the question of its integration in primary schools, and in particular in Cycle 3 years, continues to remain a problem. Although French schools are by no means an exception when compared to other European countries, it is apparent that French teachers are lagging behind in terms of computer use in the classroom. This study aims to place teachers back at the heart of the problem, because they are, by definition, ultimately responsible for what happens in their classroom. The research therefore shows that, more than ever, there are many pressures weighing heavily on teachers, and that as far as ICT is concerned, they find themselves subjected to the effects of a context over which they have no control, as well as to Background effects which are often ignored. The study draws on a double approach, with an anthropo-didactic approach on one hand, and a focus on the concept of “concern” which is incorporated within the American model CBAM (Concerns Based Adoption Model) on the other hand. It helps to create a typology of obstacles to the integration of ICT in primary education: “fist order barriers” so-called objective and extrinsic (materials, teachers technical skills or teachers training), causing difficulties which remain high, and "second order barriers" so-called subjective and intrinsic (pedagogical models or beliefs, practical epistemology), which influence is unclear. The thesis strongly shows that the decisive nature of extrinsic barriers can obviously not be the sole reason for explaining the difficulties of integration, but amongst other reasons, that the intrinsic barriers of teachers can also be fed by the official instructions themselves. Indeed, by proposing an integration of exclusive horizontal or transversal use, which is now actually widely accepted by teachers, the institutional order denies, in this particular area of school learning, the possibility of existing amongst a proper didactic approach. The combination of these contradicting elements creates a new obstacle, which a certain number of teachers overcome by partially avoiding the official instructions
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44

Barrio, Aranda Luis del. "La creación musical: una propuesta educativa basada en el análisis y desarrollo del conocimiento musical en la etapa de Educación Primaria." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/130797.

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Nuestra investigación está basada en el estudio de la creación musical como una propuesta educativa fundamentada en el análisis y desarrollo del conocimiento musical con un grupo-clase de estudio de Educación Primaria a lo largo de un curso académico. El trabajo consta de dos grandes bloques o marcos de estudio: el marco teórico y el diseño y desarrollo de la investigación. El marco teórico lo integran los tres primeros capítulos referidos al estudio del currículum musical en la etapa de Educación Primaria y la consideración de la creación en el mismo, el marco conceptual sobre la creación musical y el análisis de la dimensión pedagógica y social de la creación musical. El primer capítulo revisa la legislación curricular de la etapa de Educación Primaria en la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón, por ser en un colegio de esta región donde emprendemos nuestra investigación. Asimismo, recoge la evolución de la educación musical en el área de Educación Artística desde su implantación en 1990 y su contribución al desarrollo de las competencias básicas. Finalmente, profundiza en la concreción curricular de la práctica de la creación musical y su contextualización en nuestro estudio. El segundo capítulo recoge el marco conceptual de la creación musical sobre la evolución experimentada por los términos: creación y creatividad. A continuación, se analizan los factores que influyen en la actividad de la creación, y concluye con el estudio de las diferentes formas de creación musical. El tercer capítulo se refiere al estudio de la creación musical desde una doble dimensión: pedagógica y social. De un modo más concreto, comienza con el estudio del valor formativo que supone la consideración de la práctica de la creación en la educación básica, analiza los elementos que intervienen en la construcción del trabajo creativo musical y la importancia de la aportación y la motivación personal en la pedagogía de la creación musical. A continuación, presenta un análisis comparativo entre los planteamientos pedagógicos de la práctica de la creación musical y los fundamentos pedagógicos de Freinet. Estudia las aplicaciones de la tecnología de la información y la comunicación en la práctica de la creación musical y su contextualización en nuestra investigación. Profundiza en el estudio de la dimensión social y socializadora de la práctica de la creación musical en el contexto de la educación básica y su concreción pedagógica en un enfoque socio-constructivista. Finaliza con un análisis de las aportaciones a la creación musical desde las principales corrientes pedagógico-musicales del siglo XX. El diseño y desarrollo de la investigación se recoge en los tres últimos capítulos de nuestro estudio referidos al informe de la investigación. De este modo, el capítulo cuarto presenta los presupuestos de la investigación concretados en la revisión sobre el estado de la cuestión en el que se analizan los principales trabajos e investigaciones realizadas por la comunidad científica sobre el tema de estudio. Profundiza en el estudio del posicionamiento epistemológico adoptado y en el diseño de la investigación basado en el estudio de caso único. Por último, describe la opción metodológica utilizada fundamentada en la etnografía como método de investigación cualitativa. El capítulo quinto analiza cómo ha sido el proceso de la investigación y su concreción mediante la descripción del contexto de estudio, la morfología del trabajo de campo y el análisis e interpretación de los datos obtenidos en el estudio. Finalmente, el capítulo sexto presenta las conclusiones de la investigación y establece las perspectivas o posibles líneas de estudio para investigaciones futuras.
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Rocha, de Souza Cecilia. "Role of glycylating enzyme TTLL3 in colon cancer." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON1T019.

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Les modifications post-traductionnelles des microtubules sont accumulées sur la queue carboxy-terminale des tubulines α et β, situées à l'extérieur des microtubules. Ces modifications peuvent réguler sélectivement les interactions avec les moteurs moléculaires et les protéines associées aux microtubules (MAPs). Ces interactions sont essentiels pour les fonctions cellulaires et demandent une régulation stricte. La glycylation est une modification que génère des chaînes latérales glycine sur les protéines. Jusqu'à présent, la glycylation a été à peine étudiée, et la plupart des travaux se sont concentrés sur son rôle potentiel dans les cils et les flagelles. Peu est connu sur le rôle de la glycylation des microtubules dans les cils primaires. Les cils primaires sont des organelles sensorielles, impliquées dans la transduction des signaux et dans la progression du cycle cellulaire. Récemment, une étude approfondie de 13 023 gènes dans le cancer colorectal a révélé que les tumeurs individuelles accumulent une moyenne d'environ 90 gènes mutés. Un de ces gènes potentiels de cancer est la glycylase TTLL3. Notre équipe a testé les deux mutations décrites pour TTLL3 et a pu constaté que chacun d'entre eux conduit à une perte complète de l'activité de cette glycylase in vivo et in vitro. Mon travail vise donc à élucider le rôle de glycylation de protéines dans la signalisation cellulaire et ses conséquences pour la formation du cancer du côlon. J'ai analysé des échantillons provenant de patients par RT-PCR quantitative et j'ai trouvé une diminution des niveaux d'expression de TTLL3 dans les cancers. Les souris TTLL3-knockout ont été soumises à un modèle murin de carcinome du côlon, induit chimiquement à la base de l'azoxyméthane (AOM) et du sulfate de dextran de sodium (DSS). Mes données montrent une formation tumorale élevée dans le groupe TTLL3-KO, ce qui suggère que la perte de la glycylation est liée au développement du cancer du côlon. La glycylation se trouve dans les cils primaires, et les défauts ciliaires ont été décrits dans différents types de tumeurs solides. La présence de cils primaires et l'importance de la glycylation dans le côlon n'étaient pas encore connues au début de mes travaux. Collectivement, mes résultats indiquent que la glycylation est nécessaire, mais pas indispensable pour les cils primaires. Remarquablement, j'ai pu démontrer la présence de cils primaires sur les cellules épithéliales du côlon pour la première fois, et j'ai mis en évidence un défet de ces cils dans les souris TTLL3-KO in vitro et in vivo. Par ailleurs, j'ai démontré que le dysfonctionnement des cils coliques dans les souris KO TTLL3 est associé à une augmentation de l'activité proliférative des cellules épithéliales. Par conséquent, la glycylation pourrait être importante pour la genèse et le fonctionnement des cils primaires. Dans le côlon, l'absence de la glycylase TTLL3 peut entraîner un manque de la glycylation qui favorise la formation de tumeurs<br>Tubulin posttranslational modifications are involved in the regulation of many microtubule functions. Glycylation has been related to the stability and maintenance of motile cilia in different organisms including mammals. We had previously shown that some colon-cancer related mutations in the glycylating enzyme TTLL3 lead to a complete loss of enzymatic activity, which brought up a surprising link between this rather cilia-specific tubulin modification and cancer. To evaluate potential role of glycylation in colon carcinoma formation we first confirmed the link between TTLL3 and colon cancer in a greater cohort of patients. We next studied TTLL3-knockout mice, which strikingly did not show any obvious phenotypic alterations or spontaneous cancer development. However, when submitted to a murine model of chemically induced colon carcinoma, TTLL3-knockout mice show a higher level of tumor formation, pointing towards an acceleration of colon cancer development. Because glycylation of microtubules has been specifically detected on ciliary tubulin, we next analysed the presence of primary cilia in colon epithelium. While in most organs and tissues a second glycylating enzyme, TTLL8, is expressed, TTLL3 is the unique enzyme in colon. We found a significantly reduced number of primary cilia in TTLL3-KO colon epithelium, suggesting that similar to motile cilia, primary cilia are maintained by glycylation of the axonemal tubulin. Moreover, we measured a strongly increased mitotic index in colon epithelial cells isolated from TTLL3-KO mice, indicating that his loss of cilia is accompanied by decreased level of cell cycle control. Thus we have demonstrated for the first time a tight link between the posttranslational glycylation of the microtubule cytoskeleton, the control of cell cycle and the acceleration of cancer development
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46

Button, Dianne. "Men and primary teaching." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299729.

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Polaha, Jodi. "Primary Care Behavioral Health." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6676.

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Polaha, Jodi. "ADHD in Primary Care." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6690.

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Dodd, Julia. "Trauma-Informed Primary Care." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7348.

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Bharaj, Harnovdeep Singh. "Studies in primary hypercholesterolaemia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34134.

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Cholesterol is an integral part of the cell membrane and influences both its fluidity and activity. Furthermore membrane lipids are influenced by plasma lipid levels. In familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) red cell rheology and platelet aggregation is abnormal. These effects could be due to changes in plasma lipids since they are improved by cholesterol reduction. Section A Fasting lipid profile, membrane cholesterol, red cell ghost and platelet fluidity [using diphenyl hexatriene (DPH) and trimethylamino-diphenyl hexatriene (TMA-DPH) fluorescence anisotropy] and Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activity (using [32P] ATP hydrolysis) in 30 patients with heterozygous FH and 19 controls were compared before and after treatment with colestipol (10g) , simvastatin (10mg) and maxepa (10g). The two groups were generally comparable with respect to age, sex, BMI and blood pressure. In FH plasma cholesterol, membrane cholesterol, TMA-DPH anisotropy and red cell Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase were increased whilst platelet Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase was reduced (p<0.05). Colestipol and simvastatin reversed these changes toward controls. Maxepa increased DPH anisotropy and reduced Ca2+-Mg2+ -ATPase. In FH membrane fluidity and activity is altered and normalised by cholesterol lowering. This may account for the abnormal cell function in this condition. Section B A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial in hypercholesterolaemia (cholesterol 6.5-10 mmol/l, triglycerides <3 mmol/l). After 8 weeks of an AHA step I diet, patients were randomized to A: placebo; B: 5g colestipol + 10mg simvastatin; or C: 10g colestipol + 10mg simvastatin for 8 weeks. Patients were assessed 4 weekly. 44 patients were screened, 32 completed the study. Groups were generally comparable (group C patients were older p<0.02). Active treatment resulted in a 38% reduction in LDL cholesterol (p0.8). Mild gastro-intestinal upset was the commonest adverse event. Low dose combinations are effective and well tolerated. There is no apparent advantage of 10g over 5g colestipol when combined with l0mg simvastatin. HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were unchanged.
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