Academic literature on the topic 'Principles of effective report design'
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Journal articles on the topic "Principles of effective report design"
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Antoun, Christopher, Jonathan Katz, Josef Argueta, and Lin Wang. "Design Heuristics for Effective Smartphone Questionnaires." Social Science Computer Review 36, no. 5 (2017): 557–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439317727072.
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Design principles for survey questionnaires viewed on desktop and laptop computers are increasingly being seen as inadequate for the design of questionnaires viewed on smartphones. Insights gained from empirical research can help those conducting mobile surveys to improve their questionnaires. This article reports on a systematic literature review of research presented or published between 2007 and 2016 that evaluated the effect of smartphone questionnaire design features on indicators of response quality. The evidence suggests that survey designers should make efforts to “optimize” their questionnaires to make them easier to complete on smartphones, fit question content to the width of smartphone screens to prevent horizontal scrolling, and choose simpler types of questions (single-choice questions, multiple-choice questions, text-entry boxes) over more complicated types of questions (large grids, drop boxes, slider questions). Based on these results, we identify design heuristics, or general principles, for creating effective smartphone questionnaires. We distinguish between five of them: readability, ease of selection, visibility across the page, simplicity of design elements, and predictability across devices. They provide an initial framework by which to evaluate smartphone questionnaires, though empirical testing and further refinement of the heuristics is necessary.
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Boers, Maarten. "Graphics and statistics for cardiology: designing effective tables for presentation and publication." Heart 104, no. 3 (2017): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311581.
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Research is of little use if its results are not effectively communicated. Data visualised in tables (and graphs) are key components in any scientific report, but their design leaves much to be desired. This article focuses on table design, following two general principles: clear vision and clear understanding. Clear vision is achieved by maximising the signal to noise ratio. In a table, the signal is the data in the form of numbers, and the noise is the support structure necessary to interpret the numbers. Clear understanding is achieved when the story in the data is told effectively, through organisation of the data and use of text. These principles are illustrated by original and improved tables from recent publications. Two special cases are discussed separately: tables produced by the pharmaceutical industry (in clinical study reports and reports to data safety monitoring boards), and study flow diagrams as proposed by the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses initiatives.
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Madden, John S., and Patricia L. Hardré. "Effects of Online Instructional Design Training on TA’s Perceptions of Efficacy, Competence, and Knowledge Satisfaction." Journal of Education and Training 3, no. 2 (2016): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jet.v3i2.9490.
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<p class="2M-body">Teaching assistants (TAs) in higher education are expected to teach courses in their major subject area with little to no formal instruction in the principles of effective teaching methods. The demands on TAs time are high and there is a need for easy to access, flexible, high quality instruction to provide them with the tools necessary to be effective instructors at the college level. One method of meeting this need is to provide TAs with a “toolbox” of instructional theory and methods based on instructional design principles. In order to be effective, it is important for TAs to understand the interconnected nature of effective educational principles including: instructional design, motivation, learning environments, instructional technologies and assessment. The current study looks at the effects of a self-paced online instruction designed for TAs on their teaching efficacy, perceived teaching competence and satisfaction with knowledge of the delivered instructional concepts using a pre-post, self-report design. Thirteen TAs at a southwestern research university completed both pre and post measures of knowledge and perceptions. Findings indicate that self-paced online training in instructional design concepts significantly increased TAs’ satisfaction with their knowledge of instructional theory and principles, design of learning environments and instructional technology. It further increased the significance and magnitude of their understanding of the interconnected nature of instructional principles and elements of the learning dynamic and led to appreciable knowledge change in key areas. These findings provide evidence of the benefits and utility of flexible, easily accessible training in instructional principles for TAs.</p>
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Cook, Ailsa, John Harries, and Guro Huby. "Education for integration: four pedagogical principles." Journal of Integrated Care 23, no. 6 (2015): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jica-09-2015-0035.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider how postgraduate education can contribute to the effective integration of health and social care through supporting public service managers to develop the skills required for collaborative working. Design/methodology/approach – Review of documentation from ten years of delivery of a part-time postgraduate programme for health and social care managers, critical reflection on the findings in light of relevant literature. Findings – The health and social care managers participating in this postgraduate programme report working across complex, shifting and hidden boundaries. Effective education for integration should: ground learning in experience; develop a shared language; be inter-professional and co-produced; and support skill development. Originality/value – This paper addresses a gap in the literature relating to the educational and development needs of health and social care managers leading collaborative working.
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Kuhlman, Richard, and Jason Kempf. "FINRA publishes its 2015 “Report on Cybersecurity Practices”." Journal of Investment Compliance 16, no. 2 (2015): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-04-2015-0025.
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Purpose – To summarize and comment on FINRA’s report on cybersecurity practices, published on February 4, 2015, which arose from its 2014 targeted examination of firms’ cybersecurity preparedness. Design/methodology/approach – Explains the implications of the FINRA report and general guidance FINRA provides and expects all firms to consider in connection with developing their respective cybersecurity programs in eight areas: governance and risk management for cybersecurity; cybersecurity risk assessment; technical controls; incident response planning; vendor management; staff training; cyber intelligence and information sharing; and cyber insurance. Findings – There is no doubt that cybersecurity is a key risk facing the financial services industry now. Accordingly, FINRA expects that firms will review the report and assess how the principles and effective practices provided therein could help build or improve cybersecurity readiness. The report reflects FINRA’s risk-management-based approach to cybersecurity issues, identifying principles and “effective practices” for member firms to consider, as opposed to decreeing specific requirements, policies or procedures. Originality/value – Expert guidance from experienced securities lawyers.
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Veliverronena, Linda, Ilze Grīnfelde, and Oskars Java. "WHY SERVICE DESIGN MATTERS: THE CASE OF NATIONAL LIBRARY OF LATVIA." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 28, 2021): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol4.6267.
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In the digital age when many organizations initiate and experience transformations as a reaction to wider societal changes, there is discussion about functionality, usability and availability of library services. Studies report a decreasing number of library visitors as result of the pervasive presence of the Internet as a faster source for getting resources, public`s lack of knowledge about the library services, etc. To maintain relevance for the public, more libraries apply principles of service design to provide an effective customer experience. For national libraries websites are of high importance as gateways to library resources and media to communicate institutions` objectives. The aim of this article is to analyse how the principles of service design are reflected in the online services offered by the National Library of Latvia. The research methods rely both on secondary data on audience needs and involve application of the service design principles to the website of National Library of Latvia. Results highlight the majority of analysed libraries apply the basic principles of service design and the focus is to provide the user friendly experience in libraries` databases and repositories. The website of the library provides limited user friendly experience in library`s and only partially follows the principles of service design.
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Lin, WS, A. Zandinejad, MJ Metz, BT Harris, and D. Morton. "Predictable Restorative Work Flow for Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacture–Fabricated Ceramic Veneers Utilizing a Virtual Smile Design Principle." Operative Dentistry 40, no. 4 (2015): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/13-295-s.
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SUMMARY The purpose of this case report was to present the use of a contemporary digital photograph–assisted virtual smile design principle, an intraoral digital impression, and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture–fabricated lithium disilicate ceramic veneers to treat a patient with esthetic needs in the maxillary anterior region. By using the proposed digital restorative work flow, this case report demonstrated an effective communication pathway between the patient, clinician, and dental laboratory technician. Effective communication can help to achieve a more predictable and satisfactory esthetic outcome.
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Wetzel, Melissa Mosley, Beth Maloch, and James V. Hoffman. "Design Principles for Coaching Toward Reflection and Transformation in Literacy Preservice Teacher Education." Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice 69, no. 1 (2020): 248–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381336920938028.
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From 2014 to the present, we have engaged in a series of studies examining the features of coaching that support teachers in reflecting on practice and moving toward transformation in literacy teaching. In this report, we engage in an inductive analysis of the findings across this body of work to identify the evidence-based design features associated with these coaching practices. Our inspection of the body of work reported here traces the development and use of the Coaching with CARE—Critical, Appreciative, Reflective, and Experiential-model. These research studies draw on activity theory as a theoretical framework, design-development research as a method, and reflective coaching as a pedagogical stance. Literacy coaching, like teaching, is complex and nuanced. The design principles we have identified do not yield a formula for effective coaching but rather specify a set of principles that can guide decision making around coaching in complex spaces. In the conclusion, we identify areas for future research that can further inform the work of literacy teacher educators in support of preservice teachers.
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de Beer, Linda. "Corporate governance: the inputs to outcomes evolution." Journal of Global Responsibility 11, no. 2 (2020): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-10-2019-0092.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that there was a clear shift from the First King Report in 1994, which advocated an input approach to corporate governance, to the Fourth King Report in 2016 that proposed an outcomes-based approach to corporate governance. It will be demonstrated that there was a gradual shift from an “apply-or-explain” approach in the earlier editions of the King Reports, to an “apply-an-explain” approach in the fourth edition of the King Report. Design/methodology/approach Historical narrative and analysis. Findings The fourth King Report, published in 2016, encapsulates an evolution in corporate governance thinking where four good governance outcomes – ethical culture, good performance, effective control and legitimacy – are placed at the forefront of measuring governance, with governance principles and practices following from these outcomes. Originality/value This study is part of a special issue that looks at the contribution of the King Reports to governance globally.
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Gauthier, Michelle, Gerard Kruithof, Christina Narlis, and Wendy A. M. Jolliffe. "Control and automation systems onboard the vessel: Lessons in human-centered design learned from 20 years of marine occurrences in Canada." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (2019): 1000–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631066.
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Vessel control and automation systems that are not designed according to human-centered design (HCD) and coding principles risk being used inappropriately or incorrectly by vessel crews or pilots. As integrated bridge and automated control systems become more common, it becomes even more important to design human-machine interfaces (HMI) that allow for effective operation and control, while providing concise feedback to aid the operator in the decision-making process. This research examined the influence of HMI design issues on the safe and effective control of vessels 150 gross tonnage or greater through a review of Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) investigated marine reportable occurrences that resulted in a published TSB report. Between 1998 and 2018, 31 (16%) of 192 such TSB investigations identified one or more HMI issue as a contributing or risk factor in a marine accident. Some of the HMI issues included: non-intuitive and complex navigation system design, non-standardized controls (steering, power, propulsion, abort mechanism) and poor system feedback. Despite the availability of marine guidance on Human Factors (HF) principles from well-reputed organizations like the major classification societies and the ISO (International Organization for Standardization), the current findings demonstrate that HCD methods are not always well-understood or consistently applied to the design and modernizations of vessels. A larger effort, such as a HF in design program, is required to promote the application and understanding of HCD principles in marine system design and operations to help improve safety while reducing the potential for use error.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Principles of effective report design"
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Jančík, Jakub. "Pravidla návrhů úspěšných reportů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198083.
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This thesis focuses on reporting and problems which are related to it. The main goal is to define the principles of effective report design and its usage and also define rules for choice of appropriate and useful content. This principles and rules are result of detailed analysis based on problems with reports. Contemporary theses are above all focused on technical and visual aspects of reporting. This thesis the contemporary field of view extends by aspect of content. It also focuses on mechanisms, which are important in reporting systems and setting of these mechanisms. The thesis consists of five related parts. The first two chapters define a theoretical basis, while first chapter is dedicated to principles of Business Intelligence and second chapter focuses on reports. Next chapter contains the analysis of problems with reports and defines their fundamental causes. Fourth chapter defines principles of effective report design and the last chapter confronts conclusions of author of this thesis with practice.
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Daniels, David A. "Preaching so people will listen an analysis of design principles for effective communication /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p001-1192.
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Weber, Charles. "King III report on governance : practical obstacles to the effective application with specific focus on the principles of director independence." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97408.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Newspaper headlines have continued to shock investors and society by exposing corporate
scandals and by highlighting the overall decline in moral fibre of the modern employer and/or
employee, locally and internationally.
The King III Report on Governance aims to improve organisations’ sustainability by providing
principles to enable sound decision-making for any organisation, irrespective of its size and/or
structure.
The objective of this research report was to investigate the challenges experienced with the
application of these principles, with a specific focus on the guidance provided to enable the
independence of directors.
Firstly, this investigation aimed to establish whether there was a belief that the application of these
principles would necessarily lead to sustainability; and secondly, whether the application of these
principles were practically possible for all organisations, irrespective of their size and/or structure.
The investigation was conducted by combining the results from a literature review on corporate
governance with a specific focus on director independence and a survey conducted with twelve
individuals involved in different capacities at board level.
Based on the information obtained from the literature review and the results obtained from the
questionnaire, overwhelming support exists that indicates that the application of the King III
principles would contribute to improve the sustainability of an organisation. However, it was
discovered that it would not necessarily be feasible for all companies, of any size and/or structure,
to effectively apply these principles. Various recommendations were made to address the
challenges identified for the effective application of the King III principles relating to the
independence of directors.
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Kaur, Manjinder. "Designing effective animated icons for children." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6327.
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Information Technology is an essential part of the National Curriculum in the UK, yet despite the growth of IT in schools that this has generated, there is evidence that children are not to be taken into consideration enough when designing aspects of educational software. The functionality available in education software packages tends to be made available through static icons, yet there are problems with their implementation as they can at times cause confusion for the user in terms of the functionality that they are aiming to represent. In order to make icons in educational software more effective, and to meet the needs of children, of the use of animated icons has been suggested. Animating the function of the icon aims to provide a clarification of its meaning and demonstrate its capabilities, as well as explaining to the user the method of use. However, there is little information available on how to support the design of effective animated icons. Focusing on a target age group of 11 to 12 year olds, this thesis argues that some form of support mechanism should be developed for the design of animated icons to ensure that consideration is being given to the types of object that children find useful and accessible. A set of dimensions where guidance on visual aspects of the icon may be useful are developed through analysis of relevant literature and it is highlighted that they do not provide any insight into what types of object may be helpful in designing the animated icons. This thesis then argues that animated icon design can be usefully informed by psychological theories of learning and that using such theories as a base may provide an understanding of how children identify icon functionality. The thesis introduces and critiques Piaget’s Genetic Epistemology theory, Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory and Leontjev’s Activity Theory, identifying aspects of the theories which may be of relevance to the design of animated icons. By investigating the relationships between the dimensions of animated icons and the concepts from the theories of learning, insights are developed into the impact of visual factors on a child’s identification and understanding of icon functionality. The thesis goes on to report a practical study where the sample is a group of 11 to 12 year old children. The practical study consists of three phases. The first phase gathers data related to the children’s familiarity with computers and the types of software packages that they use. The second phase looks at their use and recognition of static icon functionality. The last phase involves using the findings from phases 1 and 2 to create and evaluate a set of animated icons, the development of which is based on the relationships between the concepts from theories of learning and the identified dimensions of animated icons. The analysis of the evidence from the practical study leads to a small set of design principles being proposed that are aimed to provide advice/guidance on how to design animated icons effectively for this target age group, with an emphasis on the types of object that might be used. The principles are underpinned by the concepts from the theories of learning and presented in a manner that aims to be understandable by, and accessible to, designers.
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Siragusa, Lucio Paul. "Identification of effective instructional design principles and learning strategies for students studying in Web-based learning environments in higher education /." Full text available, 2005. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt-WCU20051005.143925.
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Trevethan, Thomas J. "Building Cloud-Based Information Systems Lab Architecture: Deriving Design Principles that Facilitate the Effective Construction and Evaluation of a Cloud-Based Lab Environment." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/56.
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The problem explored in this dissertation report was that at the time of this study, there were no design principles or methodologies based on design science research (DSR) available to use for artifact construction, implementation, and effective evaluation of cloud-based networking lab environments that can be used to foster hands-on technology skills in students. Primarily based on Hevner’s 7 guidelines of DSR, Peffer’s design science research methodology (DSRM), and Gregor’s IS design theory, this study forms the groundwork for the development of procedures and specifications derived from DSR literature to facilitate the construction, implementation, and evaluation of a comprehensive cloud-based computer and information systems (CIS) laboratory artifact that is globally accessible 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. Secondarily, this study guided the construction and implementation of a prototype cloud-based lab environment using the procedures and specifications derived from DSR. The cloud-based lab environment was then evaluated based on the skill level attained by students enrolled in courses that leveraged the proposed system. Results of this study showed that the overwhelming majority of the students who participated in the experiment using the cloud-based lab environment showed statistically significant gains in pretest and posttest scores compared to the students who participated in the experiment using the classroom-based physical equipment. These results fully supported the first hypothesis for this study, that participation in the cloud-based lab environment would promote positive student outcomes. The second hypothesis also was supported. The majority of the experimental group students completed most of the labs and significantly spent more time on the system compared to the control group students using the traditional classroom-based physical lab equipment, which indicated the specifications derived from DSR positively influenced the use of the cloud-based system. An argument was made that the proposed study advances IS and education research through artifact construction and evaluation by correlating Hevner’s 7 steps of effective DSR theory, Peffer’s DSRM, and Gregor’s IS design theory to the problem statement, research questions, and hypothesis in order to develop guiding principles and specifications for building and assessing a cloud-based lab environment.
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Powell, George Erick. "Examination, application, and evaluation of geomorphic principles and resulting water quality in Midwest agricultural streams and rivers." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148992105.
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Bursa, Jan. "Vytvoření zásad vývoje mobilního reportingu a jejich praktické ověření." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193881.
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This diploma thesis deals with design principles of mobile reporting. In the introduction the difference between report and dashboard is described because these two concepts are usually falsely perceived. Then a compilation of a list of properties follows, which of them a well-designed dashboard should have and this is the main objective of this thesis. In its content the document describes, how to achieve certain properties, what to avoid in the layout and recommended features which can help to end users to simplify and streamline the work. These recommendations are also applied in practice by using some examples. The description is given, including workflow and available options of the selected tools. This thesis offers detailed instructions, how to form mobile dashboards, including comments and opinions provided by end users. I find this as the main benefits of this thesis.
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Giannamore, Kathleen A. "ALIGNING THE NECESSARY COMPETENCIES FOR TRAINING AND EVALUATING ONLINE TEACHERS IN HIGHER EDUCATION WITH CHICKERING AND GAMSON’S SEVEN PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE UNDERGRADUATE TEACHING: A Q METHODOLOGY STUDY." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1600439569685503.
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Treviño, Marlea. "Laying the foundation for successful non-academic writing: Professional communication principles in the K-5 curricula of the McKinney Independent School District." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12206/.
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Traditionally, K-5 students' writing has had a primarily academic aim-to help students master concepts and express themselves. Even if students take a professional writing course later, they typically do not have the opportunity to practice-over the long period of time mastery requires-the non-academic writing skills they will be required to use as part of their jobs and in their civic life. Based on a limited K-5 study, Texas' McKinney Independent School District is doing a good job of preparing students at the elementary-school level in the areas of collaboration and presentation. A fair job of helping elementary-school students understand the communication situation, define audience, clarify purpose, gather and evaluate resources, and test usability. [And] a poor job of helping elementary-school students with analysis and organization. With their teachers' help, K-5 students eventually grasp the communication situation and can broadly identify their audience and purpose, but they do not appear to select words, format, communication style, or design based on that audience and purpose. Their writer-based focus affects their presentations as well, although they do present frequently. If teachers routinely incorporated audience and purpose considerations into every aspect of communication assignments (format, communication style, design), students would be better prepared for non-academic communication. Texas pre-service teachers practice the types of documents they will write on the job but do not receive training in design or style. Likewise, they practice researching, collaborating, and presenting but receive little training in those skills. If Texas K-5 teachers are to supplement the curriculum with professional writing principles, as trends suggest they should, education programs need to focus on these principles in their pre-service teacher curriculum. Professional writing principles need to become part of ingrained writing patterns because these are the skills that will best serve students after they graduate, both in their careers and civic lives. Understanding how to tailor communication for audience and purpose; how to effectively collaborate; how to select, evaluate, analyze, and organize information efficiently and productively; and how to format presentations effectively requires practice over a long period of time.
Books on the topic "Principles of effective report design"
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David, Hollister C., and McGahey Lawrence, eds. Distance learning: Principles for effective design, delivery, and evaluation. Sage Publications, 2001.
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The non-designer's presentation book: Principles for effective presentation design. Peachpit Press, 2010.
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Williams, Robin. The non-designer's presentation book: Principles for effective presentation design. Peachpit Press, 2010.
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Robin, Williams. The non-designer's presentation book: Principles for effective presentation design. Peachpit Press, 2010.
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Office, General Accounting. Human capital: Key principles for effective strategic workforce planning : report to congressional requesters. GAO, 2003.
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First principles of instruction: Assessing and designing effective, efficient, and engaging instruction. Pfeiffer, 2013.
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Samara, Timothy. Drawing for graphic design: Understanding conceptual principles and practical techniques to create unique, effective design solutions. Rockport Publishers, 2012.
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Ellis, Edwin S. Research synthesis on effective teaching principles and the design of quality tools for educators. National Center to Improve the Tools of Educators, College of Education, University of Oregon, 1994.
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Ellis, Edwin S. Executive summary of research synthesis on effective teaching principles and the design of quality tools for educators. National Center to Improve the Tools of Educators, College of Education, University of Oregon, 1994.
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Cooper, James William. Principles of object-oriented programming in Java 1.1: The practical guide to effective, efficient program design. Ventana, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Principles of effective report design"
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Nemetz, F., and P. Johnson. "Developing Multimedia Principles from Design Features." In Designing Effective and Usable Multimedia Systems. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35370-8_5.
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Hicks, Martin. "Perceptual and Design Principles for Effective Interactive Visualisations." In Trends in Interactive Visualization. Springer London, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-269-2_7.
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Halbrook, Christopher J., Ho-Joon Lee, Lewis C. Cantley, and Costas A. Lyssiotis. "A Topical Report on the Design Principles of Metabolism." In Imaging and Metabolism. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61401-4_2.
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Ho, Amic G. "Principles of Developing an Effective Environment for Affective and Pleasurable Design Team." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94944-4_23.
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Brandon Jr., Daniel. "Achieving Effective Software Reuse for Business Systems." In Successful Software Reengineering. IGI Global, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-931777-12-4.ch006.
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“Reuse (software) engineering is a process where a technology asset is designed and developed following architectural principles, and with the intent of being reused in the future” (Bean, 1999). “If programming has a Holy Grail, wide-spread code reuse is it with a bullet. While IT has made and continues to make laudable progress in our reuse, we never seem to make great strides in this area” (Grinzo, 1998). The quest for that Holy Grail has taken many developers over many years down unproductive paths” (Bowen, 1997). This chapter reports on software reuse research (both literature research and design/coding research) and presents an approach for effective software reuse in the development of business systems. This approach is based on Object Oriented technology and provides for both the specification and enforcement of software reuse and corporate standards.
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Bozdogan, Derya, Buket Kasap, and Utku Kose. "Design Principles for an Intelligent-Augmented-Reality-Based M-Learning Application to Improve Engineering Students' English Language Skills." In Mobile Technologies and Augmented Reality in Open Education. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2110-5.ch011.
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Introducing an intelligent augmented reality based M-learning application designed and developed for improving engineering students' English language skills, this chapter reports a work-in-progress that focuses on system design procedure. The application consists of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based functions to ensure an effective learning flow while taking advantages of game-based learning by providing a story board structure with a content tree. Four design principles “fair use, flexible use, fault tolerance, educational climate” by Elias in addition to Stockwell and Hubbard's principles for mobile supported language learning have been taken into account. Furthermore, the proposed system here employs an effective approach combining both real and virtual environments to achieve an Augmented Reality based learning experiences for students. After the introduction of the application, the chapter outlines how it will be processed in the future.
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Bozdogan, Derya, Buket Kasap, and Utku Kose. "Design Principles for an Intelligent-Augmented-Reality-Based M-Learning Application to Improve Engineering Students' English Language Skills." In Intelligent Systems. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5643-5.ch036.
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Introducing an intelligent augmented reality based M-learning application designed and developed for improving engineering students' English language skills, this chapter reports a work-in-progress that focuses on system design procedure. The application consists of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based functions to ensure an effective learning flow while taking advantages of game-based learning by providing a story board structure with a content tree. Four design principles “fair use, flexible use, fault tolerance, educational climate” by Elias in addition to Stockwell and Hubbard's principles for mobile supported language learning have been taken into account. Furthermore, the proposed system here employs an effective approach combining both real and virtual environments to achieve an Augmented Reality based learning experiences for students. After the introduction of the application, the chapter outlines how it will be processed in the future.
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Lavia, Lisa, Harry J. Witchel, Francesco Aletta, et al. "Non-Participant Observation Methods for Soundscape Design and Urban Planning." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3637-6.ch004.
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More accurate non-participatory parameters and psychoacoustics to assess human perceptual responses to the acoustic environment are critical to inform effective urban sound planning and applied soundscape practice. Non-participatory observation methods are widely used by experts to capture animal behavior. In 2012, Lavia and Witchel applied these principles and methodologies for the first time to capturing and assessing human behavior “in the wild” to changes to the acoustic environment using added sound and music interventions in a clubbing district. Subsequent work was conducted with Aletta and Kang and Healey, Howes, Steffens, and Fiebig to begin characterizing the acoustic environment and human responses to align the perceptual and physical findings. Here, the authors report on new work and analysis and propose a preliminary predictive agile applied soundscape framework using non-participatory observation methods and psychoacoustics to be used with environmental assessment practice and evolving urban soundscape planning methods by researchers, practitioners, and policy makers.
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Leung, Lawrence, and Nancy Law. "Design Principles for Online Role Play Simulations to Address Groupthink Tendency in Professional Training." In Improving the Safety and Efficiency of Emergency Services. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2535-7.ch017.
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Decision making for professionals in crisis situations can be highly stressful and mission critical. It is a kind of naturalistic decision making (NDM), characterized by highly fluid situations under great stress and uncertainty and involving interprofessional teams. A major challenge to the effective handling of crisis situations is the tendency for the personnel involved to ignore alternatives and make irrational decisions, a phenomenon referred to as Groupthink. This chapter reports on a case study of the application of a set of design principles for an online role play simulation (RPS) in addressing Groupthink in crisis management professional training. The training effectiveness on participants' Groupthink tendency was investigated using Bale's interaction process analysis (IPA). The design principles underpinning the RPS training system is discussed in light of the findings.
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Leung, Lawrence, and Nancy Law. "Design Principles for Online Role Play Simulations to Address Groupthink Tendency in Professional Training." In Exploring the Cognitive, Social, Cultural, and Psychological Aspects of Gaming and Simulations. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7461-3.ch002.
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Decision making for professionals in crisis situations can be highly stressful and mission critical. It is a kind of naturalistic decision making (NDM), characterized by highly fluid situations under great stress and uncertainty and involving interprofessional teams. A major challenge to the effective handling of crisis situations is the tendency for the personnel involved to ignore alternatives and make irrational decisions, a phenomenon referred to as Groupthink. This chapter reports on a case study of the application of a set of design principles for an online role play simulation (RPS) in addressing Groupthink in crisis management professional training. The training effectiveness on participants' Groupthink tendency was investigated using Bale's interaction process analysis (IPA). The design principles underpinning the RPS training system is discussed in light of the findings.
Conference papers on the topic "Principles of effective report design"
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Alford, David K., Derek G. Tilley, Jerry S. Busby, and Kevin A. Edge. "Development and Inculcation of Intrinsic Safety Principles for Fluid Power Systems Design." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dtm-48645.
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This paper discusses intrinsic safety, advocating its embodiment in design artefacts, as the most effective means to reduce hazards and also to reduce costs. At odds with this desirable goal, real-world designs tend to exhibit layering of protective devices to mitigate hazardous side effects of existing features, so introducing unnecessary complexity, and further risk. Barriers to progress in intrinsic safety are addressed, both organizational and psychological. An early report of work in progress describes a case-based approach to inferring intrinsic safety principles, and a consideration of possible tools to modify designers’ existing mental models, and influence their design decisions favourably.
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Taborda, Elkin, Senthil K. Chandrasegaran, Lorraine Kisselburgh, Tahira Reid, and Karthik Ramani. "Enhancing Visual Thinking in a Toy Design Course Using Freehand Sketching." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71454.
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Engineering graduates in advancing economies are not only expected to have engineering knowledge, but also use them in creative and innovative ways. The importance of visual thinking has been critical for creativity and innovation in design. However, today’s engineering students are proficient in detailed design tools but lacking in conceptual design and ideation, and engineering curricula needs to develop a more effective framework for teaching visual thinking. In this paper, we report our efforts to embed principles of design thinking and visual thinking practices, like McKim’s “seeing, imagining and drawing” cycle [1]. We use a toy design course in mechanical engineering for our pilot study as a scaffold for introducing these principles in an engaging, creative, and fun environment. We introduced free-hand sketching as a tool for visual thinking during the design and communication of concepts. We also report the impact of these changes through information gleaned from student feedback surveys and analysis of design notebooks. We use our findings to propose ways to provide the students with a set of balanced techniques that help them in visual thinking, communication, and design. An improved implementation of this experience is discussed and future work is proposed to overcome barriers to thinking and communication.
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Glier, Michael W., Joanna Tsenn, Julie S. Linsey, and Daniel A. McAdams. "Methods for Supporting Bioinspired Design." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63247.
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Bioinspired design, the use of nature to inspire solutions to engineering problems, is a powerful approach for innovation but is generally practiced on an ad hoc basis. Only recently, however, have researchers sought to develop formal tools and principles to effectively tap the wealth of design solutions found within nature. Research efforts in applying design tools such as the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), functional modeling, and keyword searches to bioinspired design are summarized in this paper. The efforts to develop effective tools to search biological information for design inspiration are also discussed. This paper presents a case study where BioTRIZ, functional modeling, and bio-keyword searches were taught in a weekend-long workshop to working professionals in the process of obtaining their graduate degrees. The students were then given a project to re-engineer a product using the bioinspired methods. An analysis of their reports is given that discusses student success in implementing bioinspired design methods and student feedback on the methods.
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Deshpande, Ashish D., and James R. Rinderle. "Constraint Dominance Methods Applied to the Design of a Linear Motor." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48794.
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Reasoning about relationships among design constraints can facilitate objective and effective decision making at various stages of engineering design. Exploiting dominance among constraints is one particularly strong approach to simplifying design problems and to focusing designers’ attention on critical design issues. Three distinct approaches to constraint dominance identification have been reported in the literature. We lay down the basic principles of these approaches with simple examples and we apply these methods to a practical linear electric actuator design problem. The identification of dominance along with the use of Interval Propagation and Monotonicity Analysis leads to an optimal solution for a particular design configuration of the linear actuator. Identification of dominance also provides insight into the design of linear actuators, which may lead to effective decisions at the conceptual stage of the design.
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Arzhaev, Alexey, Sergey Sivakov, Kirill Arzhaev, Sergey Butorin, and Valentin Makhanev. "Application of Structural Integrity Concepts to NPP Piping and Equipment During Design, Commissioning and Operation." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20436.
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Application of Structural Integrity Concepts to RF NPP piping and equipment have started in Russia in the beginning of 1990s from requirements to Leak Before Break (LBB) calculation studies adopted by regulatory body. Results of first practical LBB Concept application to RF NPP piping have been reported at Lyon LBB Conference in year 1995. Experience of LBB Concept practical application in Russia during 1990s formed strong basis for issuing comprehensive guideline RD 95 10547-99 which stated LBB Concept basic principles and requirements applicable to RF NPPs with Light Water Reactors (LWR) at all stages of Life Cycle: design, commissioning and operation. Requirements of RD 95 10547-99 guideline have been in good correspondence to classic LBB principles used in many European countries, USA, Japan and to IAEA Technical Documents as well. RF NPP piping operation experience analysis have revealed necessity of producing more general methodology — Break Preclusion (BP) Concept — to substantiate structural integrity of piping potentially susceptible to active degradation mechanisms like Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC), Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IGSCC), etc. BP and LBB Concepts are based on the same major principles: (a) quality of design, manufacturing, assembling, (b) monitoring of degradation and operating conditions, (c) enveloping loading conditions with respect to maximum design loads, (d) calculation and experimental substantiation of failure according to LBB scenario. LBB Concept requires full implementation of principles (a)÷(d) and BP Concept allows to achieve balance in implementation of principles (a) and (b) while principles (c) and (d) should be fully implemented. Memorandum of 8th International Scientific and Technical Conference “Safety of VVER NPPs” in year 2013 stated as a 1st priority goal to substantiate structural integrity of main components for Long-Term Operation (LTO) during 60–80 years. Actual regulatory demands to operating NPPs also produce strong demand to provide structural integrity arguments for safety important piping and equipment as a part of periodic safety justification of NPP Unit needed for license extension. Peculiarities of structural integrity concepts application to safety important piping and equipment at different stages of NPP Unit Life Cycle (design. commissioning and operation) are discussed in paper with emphasis on technical measures providing conditions for effective degradation monitoring and prevention during LTO. Perspectives of regulatory documents improvement are also discussed.
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Alves, Anabela C., Shannon Flumerfelt, F. Moreira, and Celina P. Leão. "Effective Tools to Learn Lean Thinking and Gather Together Academic and Practice Communities." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71339.
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Lean Engineering learning should be compulsory on engineering curricula, and, particularly, on the Industrial Engineering field. Prior to the integration on the Industrial Engineering curriculum, Lean Engineering was already implemented by many organizations and, often, fostered by consulting companies. For this reason, if engineering students were taught about Lean Engineering, they would be better prepared to assume a leadership role in their organizations and/or to better communicate with Lean consultants. Based on a literature review and on the authors’ practice, this paper discuss some approaches that have been used for Lean Engineering learning. Some learning experiences implemented in an engineering master’s degree are presented which make use of effective educational tools based on active methodologies, such as hands-on simulation, Problem or Project-Based Learning (PBL), Conceive-Design-Implement and Operate (CDIO) initiative, among others. This paper also presents these tools and how they address Lean Engineering learning through the lens of Lean Thinking principles. Their advantages in Lean Engineering learning are discussed by gathering the academic and practitioners’ communities opinions. These are based on final year projects’ reports, feedback from students and from organization supervisors.
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Krylov, Slava, Nicola Molinazzi, Tsvi Shmilovich, Uri Pomerantz, and Stella Lulinsky. "Parametric Excitation of Flexural Vibrations of Micro Beams by Fringing Electrostatic Fields." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28684.
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We report on an approach for efficient excitation of large amplitude flexural out-of-plane vibrations of micro beams and present results of theoretical and experimental feasibility study of the suggested principle. An actuating electrode is located symmetrically at the two sides of the beam and is fabricated from the same layer of the wafer. The electrostatic force is engendered by the asymmetry of the fringing fields in the deformed state and acts in the direction opposite to the deflection therefore increasing the effective stiffness of the system. The time-varying voltage applied to the electrode results in the modulation of this electrostatic stiffness and consequently in the parametric excitation of the structure. The device may exhibit large vibrational amplitudes not limited by the pull-in instability common in close-gap actuators. In contrast to previously reported devices excited by the fringing fields, the force considered here is of distributed character. The reduced order model was built using the Galerkin decomposition with linear modes as base functions and the resulting system of nonlinear differential equations was solved numerically. The electrostatic forces were approximated by means of fitting the results of three-dimensional numerical solution for the electric fields. The devices fabricated from a silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) based process were operated in ambient air conditions and the responses were registered by means of Laser Doppler Vibrometry. The experimental resonant curves were consistent with those predicted by the model. Theoretical and preliminary experimental results illustrated the feasibility of the suggested approach.
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Krakover, Naftaly, Bojan R. Ilic, and Slava Krylov. "Toward MEMS Displacement Sensor Based on Resonant Frequency Monitoring of Slightly Curved Beams." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46308.
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In this work we report on operational principle, design and characterization of a generic electrostatically actuated micro displacement/acceleration sensor based on frequency monitoring of an initially curved double-clamped microbeam actuated by a close gap electrode. The displacement of the electrode attached to a proof mass results in varying electrostatic force and changing effective stiffness and frequency of the beam. The sensitivity is improved by choosing the working configurations in the vicinity of the critical snap-through buckling points of the beam. Reduced order model of the device was built by means of Gelerkin decomposition and was used for the feasibility study, evaluation of the design parameters and comparison with the experimental data. Devices of several configurations, which included initially straight as well as curved beams were fabricated from single crystal silicon and operated in open air environment. The responses were registered optically by laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV). Consistently with the model prediction, significant reduction in the frequency in the vicinity of the critical point followed by an increase of the frequency in the post-buckling configurations was observed in the experiments. Our theoretical and experimental results collectively demonstrate the feasibility of the suggested approach.
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Van Baren, Isaac, Andrew Van Milligan, Scott Ashcraft, Stephen Rosser, and Xiuling Wang. "Modeling, Analysis and Design of the Formula SAE Aerodynamics System." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24374.
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Abstract This project developed a study on methods to increase downforce on the university’s Formula SAE vehicle by implementing a lightweight, efficient aerodynamic design. The team planned to improve the performance and reduce lap times of the vehicle with an undertray, which grants better wheel traction and stability while handling corners. Upon completion, the aerodynamic component would have allowed the PNW Motorsports team to more effectively compete at the FSAE design competition in the spring of 2020. While reducing drag, an undertray provides the capability to direct the air beneath the vehicle chassis in a way which adds “artificial weight” to the system. A pressure gradient of high magnitude is established between the two sides of the undertray, with a low negative pressure region found beneath the body. This design is based upon the principles of fluid dynamics, in particular the venturi effect through the use of nozzles and diffusers. In this fashion, the vehicle can receive the benefits of a heavier car around corners while maintaining the higher straight-line acceleration of a lighter car. This report describes the use of simulation software in the design of an undertray, as well as the approach to manufacture it. Two-dimensional benchmark cases were performed in the replication of results obtained in a literature search. Subsequently, the undertray model was optimized with CFD and FEA/FEM techniques to obtain a component that was prepared for manufacturing. An operating procedure was established to outline the complicated steps of its assembly. Finally, it provides future aerodynamics teams with a solid foundation upon which improvements can be made.
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Qu, Yufeng, Jingjun Yu, Guanghua Zong, and Shusheng Bi. "Type Synthesis of Compound Load Simulators Outputting the Bending Moment and Tension/Compression Force." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35029.
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A bending moment and a tension/compression force are two types of commonly used load patterns in loading test for mechanical components. A great number of simulator types available for the two loads have been reported widely. However, current types mainly focus on the single load pattern and only one-dimensional bending moment can be achieved. With the increasing demand of the mechanical part performance, it is urgent to build a more complex testing environment. In this situation, a novel compound load simulator capable of outputting single multi-dimensional load and compound load patterns gradually catches the attention of the researchers. The development of parallel mechanism (PM) supplies a new direction to the field of simulators, whereas there is still shortage of effective types and design principles. In this paper, type synthesis of the compound load simulators outputting the bending moment and tension/compression force is introduced. First of all, the relationship between load patterns and degree-of-freedom (DOF) of parallel mechanism is derived. Based on the derivation, the DOF correspondence with a two-dimensional pure bending moment is two-dimensional rotation and that with a tension/compression force is one-dimensional translation. Furthermore, a typical 3-PRS PM as a representative of the PM with 2R1T DOF is studied and the analysis reveals that there is parasitic motion during its two-dimensional rotation. The undesired parasitic motion will bring additional load to the part, such as shear force. Then the special characteristics of PM meeting the requirement of outputting pure bending moment are proposed. Finally, a graphical approach is utilized to synthesize the effective types of the compound simulator.
Reports on the topic "Principles of effective report design"
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Birch, Izzy. Thinking and Working Politically on Transboundary Issues. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.010.
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There is growing consensus that political factors are a key determinant of development impact. The practice of Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) is built around three interconnected principles: (i) strong political analysis, insight, and understanding; (ii) detailed appreciation of, and response to, the local context; and (iii) flexibility and adaptability in program design and implementation. The literature notes that while TWP emphasises the centrality of politics and power, technical knowledge is still important and can reinforce the political agenda, for example by increasing the confidence of smaller states or by strengthening collective understanding. Furthermore, improving the quality of domestic cooperation can be a step towards regional cooperation, and flexible engagement with the diverse range of actors that populate transboundary settings has been shown to be an effective strategy. The literature also highlights lessons learned including Transboundary cooperation can be built from the bottom up and for development partners, pre-existing bilateral partnerships may facilitate their engagement at a transboundary level, particularly on sensitive issues. Given the relatively isolated experience of TWP in transboundary settings, the evidence base for this report is also limited. The two areas where most examples were found concern regional integration and transboundary water management.
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Biegler, L. T., I. E. Grossmann, and A. W. Westerberg. Systematic Process Synthesis and Design Methods for Cost Effective Waste Minimization. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/764690.
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Richard M. Crooks. From First Principles Design to Realization of Bimetallic Catalysts for Ultrahigh Selectivity - Final Project Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/901980.
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Licht, R. H., S. Ramanath, M. Simpson, and E. Lilley. Innovative grinding wheel design for cost-effective machining of advanced ceramics. Phase I, final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/374170.
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Bjella, Kevin, Yuri Shur, Misha Kanevskiy, et al. Improving design methodologies and assessment tools for building on permafrost in a warming climate. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38879.
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The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) operates numerous Arctic and Subarctic installations, including Alaska. Changes to permafrost can threaten critical built infrastructure. It is critical to accurately characterize and compare site conditions in permafrost regions to enable the efficient, cost-effective design and construction of an infrastructure well suited to the permafrost environment and that meets DoD requirements. This report describes three research efforts to establish (1) field investigation approaches for ground ice detection and delineation, (2) methods and modeling for early warning detection of thawing permafrost under infrastructure, and (3) an outline of a decision support system that determines the most applicable foundation design for warming and degrading permafrost. Outcomes of these interrelated efforts address needs to improve construction of DoD mission critical infrastructure on Arctic and Subarctic permafrost terrains. Field investigation processes used systematic methodologies including borehole data and geophysical measurements to effectively characterize subsurface permafrost information. The Permafrost Foundation Decision Support System (PFFDSS) tool implements and logically links field survey information and foundation type assessments. The current version of PFFDSS is designed to be accessible to design-engineers of a broad range of experience, that will reduce the effort and cost, and improve the effectiveness of site assessment.
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Whitehead, Martha, Dale Askey, Donna Bourne-Tyson, et al. ARL/CARL Joint Task Force on Research Data Services: Final Report. Association of Research Libraries and Canadian Association of Research Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29242/report.arlcarlrdstaskforce2021.
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The Association of Research Libraries (ARL)/Canadian Association of Research Libraries (CARL) Joint Task Force on Research Data Services formed in 2020 with a two-fold purpose: (1) to demonstrate and commit to the roles research libraries have in stewarding research data and as part of institution-wide research support services and (2) to guide the development of resources for the ARL and CARL memberships in advancing their organizations as collaborative partners with respect to research data services in the context of FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) data principles and the US National Academies’ Open Science by Design framework. Research libraries will be successful in meeting these objectives if they act collectively and are deeply engaged with disciplinary communities. The task force formed three working groups of data practitioners, representing a wealth of expertise, to research the institutional landscape and policy environment in both the US and Canada. This report presents the task force’s recommendations for the roles of research libraries with regard to research data principles, policies, and approaches to managing research data. The report also offers strategies for discipline-specific research data approaches, priorities for automation of processes, economic models to scale and sustain shared resources, prioritization of research data to steward, and decision-making rubrics.
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Álvarez, Carola, Leonardo Corral, José Martínez, and César Montiel. Project Completion Report Analysis: Implications for the Portfolio. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003145.
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This investigation builds on the Alvarez et al. (2021) Project Completion Report (PCR) analysis and its aim is to assess the implications of that study for the current portfolio of projects under execution at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). We use the sample of PCRs which reached operational closure (CO) in 2017 and 2018 to estimate the impact that design and execution performance characteristics of projects played in the likelihood of ending as successful and/or effective. Based on the estimated coefficients, we construct risk curves to isolate the effect specific characteristics have on the likelihood of a project being classified as unsuccessful/ineffective. We then use the estimated coefficients and, using the actual values for the current portfolio of projects in execution, identify the fraction of the portfolio that is at risk of ending as unsuccessful/ineffective projects. According to our analysis, of the 249 projects assessed, 39 have a 50% or less chance of being successful. Thirteen (13) projects have less than a 10% chance. For about 70% of the projects analyzed, given the characteristics they exhibit, the likelihood that they end up successful has already been curtailed. The type of analysis presented here can help IDB Management identify key performance indicators to keep track of during execution to periodically assess the level of risk it is willing to accept in terms of projects ending unsuccessful/ineffective as rated by the current PCR methodology.
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Álvarez, Carola, Leonardo Corral, Ana Cuesta, José Martínez, César Montiel, and Consuelo Yépez. Project Completion Report Analysis: Factors Behind Project Success and Effectiveness. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003116.
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The goal of development assistance is to deliver measurable results. At the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the Development Effectiveness Framework (DEF) was adopted to enhance the likelihood this goal is met. The key objective of this analysis is to enhance our understanding of the role the set of tools and processes adopted at the IDB, from project design to completion, play in the assessment of a projects success and effectiveness. Specifically, we are interested in teasing out the role different dimensions of project design, assessed through the Development Effectiveness Matrix (DEM), and execution performance indicators, as per the Project Monitoring Report (PMR), have on the delivery of effective and successful projects measured through the Project Completion Report (PCR) methodology implemented at the IDB. We also explore the validation process of PCRs and delve into the effectiveness analysis at the level of specific objectives and result indicators, identifying key pitfalls associated with objectives not being met. Overall, our findings provide strong validation for the DEF and its tools. We find robust evidence for the importance of the quality at entry assessment conducted through the DEM. In particular, the quality of the results matrix at approval is a strong determinant of project success and effectiveness at closure, and the quality of the Evaluation Plan is strongly associated with the effectiveness of a project. In terms of execution performance, our analysis finds that, on average, projects that execute a lower share of their approved loan amount, are put on Alert, or are classified as a Problem, in its first three years of execution; and projects that experience a higher share of their outputs discontinued, with respect to their first results matrix, are most likely to be ineffective in achieving their objectives and will likely be rated as unsuccessful.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research. Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices. Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed. Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data. Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.
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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.