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1
Falla, Jara Alejandro, and González Alfredo Bullard. "¡Prohibido Prohibir!: el fantasma de los precios sugeridos y la fijación de precios de reventa en el derecho de la competencia." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109333.
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La problemática de los precios sugeridos o la fijación de precios de reventa ha generado un debate, no necesariamente pacífico, sobre el impacto de estas prácticas en la competencia. ¿Puede un mayorista obligar a su distribuidor a revender a un precio determinado? ¿Puede sugerir públicamente a qué precio se le debe vender al consumidor final? ¿Es legítimo que incluya en el envase un "precio oficial" del producto o, por el contrario, debe dejarse en absoluta libertad a los minoristas para que fijen los precios al público de sus productos?Partiendo de la teoría de las restricciones verticales, el presente artículo aborda el controvertido tema de cuál debe ser el tratamiento que el derecho de la competencia debería dar a estas conductas, a partir de una perspectiva permisiva y flexible.
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Lundström, Elisabet. "Sexköpslagens glömda kvinnor - En diskursanalytisk studie av bilden av prostitution i teori och praktik." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55185.
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In Sweden prostitution is by many considered to be a social problem that primarily affects women. To counteract prostitution is a political priority and as a result the purchase of sexual services is prohibited by law. Since the law that prohibits the purchase of sexual services entered into force it has been continuously debated and widely disputed. The aim of this thesis is to compare the image of prostitution found in the travaux préparatoires of the law with four sex workers’ view of the phenomenon. A discourse analysis is performed to establish which images of prostitution appear in theory and in practice. The results show that the images of prostitution in the travaux préparatoires of the law differ widely from the views expressed by the interviewees. The discourses identified in the travaux préparatoires unanimously emphasize the injurious effects of the prostitution and the exposed situation of the sex workers. In the discourses identified in the interview material the businesslike aspects of prostitution and the sex workers’ autonomy is emphasized. The results raise questions about the completeness of the travaux préparatoires and bring the need for studies where different groups of sex workers are questioned to the fore.
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Gallardo, Hurtado Gloria Valeska, and Navia Andrea Stella Salazar. "Aborto voluntario. Un derecho prohibido." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113333.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)<br>El aborto voluntario o consentido es un delito en Chile que se encuentra sancionado en el artículo 344 inciso primero de nuestro Código Penal. Esta política criminal, que data del año 1875, no contempla consideraciones de género, lo que conlleva una negación de derechos, de autonomía, de libertad y a violencia de género, vulnerando los derechos humanos de las mujeres. Esta modalidad de discriminación de género, condiciona a las mujeres que quieren interrumpir voluntariamente su embarazo, a optar por alternativas que se encuentran fuera del sistema institucional de salud.
La presente tesis tuvo por objeto investigar ésta modalidad de aborto , de aborto voluntario, entendida como aquel acto que causa la mujer o consiente en que otro se lo cause con la finalidad de interrumpir un embarazo, en relación a su persecución penal estatal, a través del análisis de casos. Lo anterior a fin de proponer modificaciones legislativas que permitan a nuestro país acercarse a los estándares internacionales actualmente vigentes.
Chile, El Salvador y Nicaragua, son tres de los cuatro países que prohíben el aborto en todas sus formas a nivel mundial, no permitiendo ni aún el aborto terapéutico, transformándose en una de las legislaciones más restrictivas sobre autodeterminación reproductiva en el mundo.
Si bien en Chile hasta 1989 se permitía sólo el aborto terapéutico, hoy en día no es posible interrumpir el embarazo ni aún con esa causal como justificante. A pesar de esta prohibición penal absoluta, los procedimientos de interrupción voluntaria o consentida del embarazo se siguen practicando de todas formas en nuestro país. El abortar no es ajeno a ningún tipo de mujer, puede tratarse de mujeres acomodadas o de escasos recursos, pero son éstas últimas las que se ven enfrentadas al proceso penal y a mayores riesgos para su salud, puesto que deben recurrir a modalidades abortivas inseguras e insalubres, donde la única ayuda posible es el sistema público de salud, que sin embargo, paradojalmente, constituyen el origen de la persecución penal
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Cannon, E. O. "Chemical informatics of prohibited substances." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597272.
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This thesis is based on the field of chemoinformatics, in particular Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSAR), data mining and machine learning algorithms. The work has been broken down into seven chapters. In the first chapter an overview of the categories of the substances on the Prohibited List is given, together with a history of doping in sport over the last century and how anti-doping agencies have been set up to combat and punish offenders. Chapter 2 introduces chemoinformatics, the concept of <i>“molecular similarity”, </i>descriptors, chemical space and feature selection and how classification algorithms can be used to partition this chemical space into islands of bioactivity. The basic approach outlined in this chapter is followed throughout much of this thesis. In Chapter 3 the WADA 2005 dataset is presented, with pictorial representations of the most and least likely structures in each of the ten prohibited classes. The objective of this chapter is to use industrial standard two dimensional chemical descriptors and classification algorithms to see whether it is possible to correctly categorise the different classes of substance in the WADA 2005 Prohibited List. Chapter 4 focuses on the development of an ultrafast hybrid chemical descriptor which takes into account both two and three dimensional information and is used in a virtual screening study to rank molecules in a database taken from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) based on their likelihood of being active. Chapter 5 introduces a novel classification algorithm based on inductive logic programming and a Support Vector Machine called SVILP (Support Vector Inductive Logic Programming). SVILP is compared to MOLPRINT 2D on a well known bench mark dataset of around one hundred thousand molecules, with eleven bioactivity classes. In Chapter 6 the concept of rule based learning is applied to the WADA 2005 Prohibited List. In the first half of this chapter the PART rule based learner is used to classify the prohibited substances and generate rules based on two dimensional chemical descriptors to give some insight on why the substances are part of a specific class. These results add more meaning to simple “<i>yes/no”</i> classification responses obtained through work in earlier chapters. In the second half of this chapter rule learning has been extended to identify novel statistically unusual subgroups of WADA substances using the CN2-SD algorithm.
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Patel, Rushen Bhikhubhai. "Prohibited volume avoidance for aircraft." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6445.
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This thesis describes the development of a pilot override control system that prevents aircraft entering critical regions of space, known as prohibited volumes. The aim is to prevent another 9/11 style terrorist attack, as well as act as a general safety system for transport aircraft. The thesis presents the design and implementation of three core modules in the system; the trajectory generation algorithm, the trigger mechanism for the pilot override and the trajectory following element. The trajectory generation algorithm uses a direct multiple shooting strategy to provide trajectories through online computation that avoid pre-defi ned prohibited volume exclusion regions, whilst accounting for the manoeuvring capabilities of the aircraft. The trigger mechanism incorporates the logic that decides the time at which it is suitable for the override to be activated, an important consideration for ensuring that the system is not overly restrictive for a pilot. A number of methods are introduced, and for safety purposes a composite trigger that incorporates di fferent strategies is recommended. Trajectory following is best achieved via a nonlinear guidance law. The guidance logic sends commands in pitch, roll and yaw to the control surfaces of the aircraft, in order to closely follow the generated avoidance trajectory. Testing and validation is performed using a full motion simulator, with volunteers flying a representative aircraft model and attempting to penetrate prohibited volumes. The proof-of-concept system is shown to work well, provided that extreme aircraft manoeuvres are prevented near the exclusion regions. These hard manoeuvring envelope constraints allow the trajectory following controllers to follow avoidance trajectories accurately from an initial state within the bounding set. In order to move the project closer to a commercial product, operator and regulator input is necessary, particularly due to the radical nature of the pilot override system.
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Lace, Rebecca. "Intraocular lenses and their potential to prohibit posterior capsule opacification." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/10615/.
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Cataracts are the commonest cause of preventable blindness in the world. During surgery the natural lens is replaced with a polymeric intraocular lens (IOL), leaving the capsular bag in situ. The most common postoperative complication is scarring which is known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO). PCO occurs when residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) dedifferentiate and migrate onto the previously cell free posterior capsule. By modifying the IOL surface properties we can manipulate the cellular response. BioInteractions Ltd. is an innovative supplier of biomaterials, which aim to minimise, the host response, and provided the materials for this study. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential IOL coatings to reduce PCO. This can either be achieved by enabling a monolayer of LECs to attach to the posterior surface of the IOL, thus sandwiching the IOL to the capsular bag, or prohibiting cell attachment to the IOL entirely. Materials and Methods: Various coatings were investigated incorporating functional groups of poly ethylene glycol (PEG), sulphates, sulfonates, glycosaminoglycans (Heparin, (HEP) hyaluronic aid, (HA) and chondroitin sulphate (CS)) and zwitterionic monomers (10-30%). Ways to prevent dedifferentiation was also evaluated. LECs were seeded onto all coatings and monitored for a period of 7 – 14 days in cell culture. LECs were examined morphologically, cell nuclei were counted and growth curves were plotted. Water contact angle (CA) measurements were taken to measure the wettability of the coatings. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was performed to examine the topography of the coating. White light interferometry (WLI) analysis was conducted to analysis the surface roughness. Dedifferentiation of LECs and the use of TGFβ3 to neutralise or prevent dedifferentiation were also investigated. Results and Discussions: Coatings with a greater number of water-based layers were the most hydrophilic, and did not offer the appropriate cell binding sites required to promote cell attachment. In general, little cell attachment was observed on HEP and HA coatings provided by BioInteractions Ltd., cell attachment varied on CS coatings provided by BioInteractions Ltd. When HA and CS were covalently bound onto amine coated coverslips a reduction in cell attachment was observed. The LEC response varied across different ratios of zwitterionic monomer within the coatings. Zwitterionic coatings were not cytotoxic to LECs and surface analysis demonstrated no clear link between wettability and roughness compared to cell attachment. Addition of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2) was chosen as a successful dedifferentiation model. Addition of TGFβ3 had little influence at reversing dedifferentiation however it may offer some protection against differentiation. PCR analysis showed a change in regulation of collagens, integrins, matrix metallopeptidase and fibronectin 1 genes, when LECs were incubated with TGFβ2, TGFβ3 or untreated (control LECs). These genes may play important roles in PCO. Conclusions Incorporation of functional groups influenced the cellular response, however the coatings with more water-based layers prohibit cell attachment. The cellular response varied depending on GAG type and the conformation of GAG on the surface coating. HA and CS bound to amine-coated coverslips prohibited cell attachment at higher concentrations, indicating their potential to prohibit LEC attachment. There was no clear link between wettability and cell attachment on the novel zwitterionic coatings. The ratio of zwitterionic-component:arylic-based monomer(s) influenced cell attachment. TGFβ2 successfully dedifferentiated LECs. Further work is required to understand the influence of TGFβ3 on dedifferentiation.
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Winter, Anja. "Structural biology of prohibitins and annexin B1." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3219.
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This thesis deals with the structural biology of two integral membrane proteins, prohibitin1 and prohibitin 2, and the membrane-associated protein Annexin B1. The biophysical properties of the proteins were characterised and their interaction with different ligands was investigated. Furthermore, crystallisation trials were undertaken in both projects. Prohibitins are members of the evolutionary well-conserved SPFH (stomatin/prohibitin/flotillin/HflK/C) super-family and exert important cellular functions such as cell-cycle control, tumour suppression and regulation of protein turnover in mitochondria. In vivo, prohibitins consist of two proteins, prohibitin 1 and prohibitin 2, that form a transmembrane complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The complex of full-length prohibitins 1 and prohibitin 2 could be refolded successfully but only generation of truncation mutants enabled characterisation of the protein complex using spectroscopic methods. Homology modelling of the PHB domains of prohibitin 1 and 2 allowed insights into their three-dimensional structures, their dimer formation and the interactions with target proteins and melanogenin. Furthermore, an interaction with the inter-membrane space region of mitochondrial m- AAA-protease was proposed. The intermembrane space region of m-AAA-protease from E. coli was investigated using spectroscopic methods and subjected to crystallisation trials. Annexin B1 belongs to the well-conserved family of annexins that are versatile adapter and regulator proteins in membrane-associated processes. Similar to other annexins, annexin B1 was found to bind to liposomes and heparin in a calcium-dependent fashion. Interestingly, its liposome binding behaviour is reminiscent of plant annexins suggesting the presence of a calcium-independent binding mode, whereas its lectin property is a shared feature with mammalian annexins. Annexin B1 shows Redoxdependent oligomer formation in solution.
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Mavila, León Rosa. "Aborto : de lo prohibido y lo sugerido." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118368.
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Rokošová, Lucie. "Náklady a výnosy alkoholové prohibice v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193337.
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This diploma thesis compares the profits and costs of the prohibition adopted in the Czech Republic during September 2012. The prohibition that lasted two weeks was a reaction of the Czech government on series of intoxication due to the proof of toxic methanol. The thesis detects, based on the comparison of the value of saved lives and costs that the prohibition cause, the effectivity of the government interference on the market oriented economy. The profits of the prohibition are defined as a value of saved lives of people, who would die because of the intoxication if the prohibition would not be adopted. The value of the human life is defined by DALY (disability-adjusted life years), the willingness to pay for prolongation of own life and the amount of potential juridical refunds. The costs of the prohibition are formulated as a value of unsold goods and services. Diploma thesis considers also impact of prohibition on tax collection. We can state that, based on the cost-benefit analysis, the adopted prohibition was economically effective.
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Sawhney, Namita. "Studies of the growth arrest associated gene - prohibitin." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261713.
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Mikláš, Martin. "Prohibice v ruských zemích a Spojených státech amerických." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199253.
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In this thesis deals with the issue of prohibition of alcohol. At the beginning of the work are discussed theoretical approaches to the prohibition of alcohol across the major authors of the economic community . Then I deal with the prohibitive measures in several countries. In these two examples, a detailed study of the causes , course and consequences of prohibitive measures are implemented . For example serves two major experiments in this area , is the first of Prohibition in the United States of America (USA) , second prohibition is almost unknown in Tsarist Russia, respectively . in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR). At work I have carried out a detailed study of the causes of prohibition in relation to the U.S. when I consider the prohibition of the years 1920-1933 for determining the direction of the legislative creation of Americans that influences the legislative power to this day. In the case of Prohibition in Russian countries I concentrated course , because unlike Prohibition in the U.S. was an administrative directive measures. In my work, I have proved that prohibitive measures nationwide scope of the pre- reliant to fail if they are not accepted by the general public . Under other circumstances, lead to circumvention of the law and the growth of crime. I am also on the basis of the findings refute the commonly accepted view that the prohibition in the USA in the years 1920-1933 was an absolute failure. The failure was undoubtedly related to the political point of view , however, if one takes into account the health impact on society, according to statistics reported for 1933. Prohibition changed the culture of the society as alcohol consumption , when the company moved from the bars and streets of privacy. Repeal of Prohibition was a logical step in the new circumstances on the 1930s
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Sansa, Llovich Jordi. "Quintas y octavas prohibidas en el periodo modal-tonal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117265.
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Esta tesis, titulada Quintas y octavas prohibidas en la época modal-tonal, presenta un estudio de las sucesiones de quintas y octavas consecutivas a lo largo de la historia de la música occidental, centrándose básicamente en el periodo comprendido entre comienzos del renacimiento y el romanticismo.
Durante el periodo modal-tonal, la prohibición de las sucesiones de quintas y octavas fue un detalle compositivo que, impuesto como norma de aplicación obligada, condicionó la sonoridad de la música occidental con independencia de los diversos estilos que se han ido sucediendo a lo largo de estos siglos. Por este motivo, este aspecto compositivo puede estudiarse como un detalle de una práctica compositiva con unos fundamentos comunes cultivada durante unos cuatrocientos años.
No obstante, aunque los compositores tenían presente esta norma, todos ellos realizaban, de manera ocasional, este tipo de sucesiones interválicas. Esta tesis presenta una investigación y clasificación de este tipo de sucesiones o tipologías circunscrita, por tanto, en la época de su prohibición y, a la vez, de su aplicación práctica, analizando las razones musicales que determinan su uso.
La clasificación realizada establece 17 categorías, cada una de las cuales agrupa las distintas tipologías que presentan una determinada característica en común. En base a los distintos procedimientos empleados por los compositores, se han definido un total de 78 tipologías de quintas y octavas consecutivas.
Para poder entender las razones de la realización de algunas de estas tipologías, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio acústico y psicoacústico. Así, desde un punto de vista científico, se puede entender de una manera más objetiva el porqué de su práctica.
Ya que el periodo temporal estudiado es muy extenso, se ha analizado un número de obras convenientemente elevado. De este modo, la cantidad de composiciones analizadas supone una muestra suficientemente significativa para poder justificar los resultados obtenidos. Aunque la tesis incluye 927 ejemplos de 188 compositores, esta selección se ha realizado del análisis efectuado de unas 6.100 composiciones correspondientes a 343 compositores.
Se ha realizado una búsqueda de numerosos tratados de armonía y contrapunto para completar la presentación de las distintas tipologías, así como el capítulo que trata sobre el porqué de la prohibición, incluyendo opiniones de diversos teóricos. Las referencias de los más de doscientos tratados encontrados se han expuesto en la bibliografía como útil de consulta.
Esta investigación incluye dos ampliaciones. Por una parte, el estudio de las principales estéticas surgidas a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, presentando ejemplos de quintas consecutivas de obras de las distintas estéticas, y analizando nuevos recursos compositivos que facilitan esta práctica. Por otra parte, incluye un estudio de las influencias que ha tenido la música tradicional en el empleo de este tipo de sucesiones interválicas.<br>This thesis, titled Fifhs and octaves prohibited in the modal-tonal era, presents a study of sequences of consecutive fifths and octaves throughout the history of western music, basically focusing on the period from early renaissance to the romanticism.
During the modal-tonal period, the prohibition of sequences of fifths and octaves was a compositional detail which, imposed as a norm compulsory application, conditioned the sound of western music with independence of the different styles that have been happening throughout these centuries. For this reason, this compositional aspect can be studied as a detail of a compositional practice with a few common foundations cultivated during some four hundred years.
However, although the composers were present this rule, all of them performed, occasionally, this type of intervallic successions. This thesis presents a research and classification of this type of successions or typologies circumscribed, therefore, in the era of prohibition and, at the same time, of its practical implementation, analyzing the musical reasons that determine its use.
The classification made established 17 categories, each of which brings together the different typologies that have a certain characteristic in common. Based on the different procedures used by composers, a total of 78 consecutive fifths and octaves typologies have been defined.
In order to understand the reasons for the realization of some of these typologies, has carried out a study of acoustic and psychoacoustic. Thus, from a scientific point of view, can be understood in a more objective manner the reason of his practice.
A suitable large number of works has been analysed since the temporary period studied is very extensive. Thus, the amount of analyzed compositions implies a significant enough sample in order to justify the results. Although thesis includes 927 examples of 188 composers, this selection has been made of the carried out analysis of some 6.100 works corresponding to 343 composers.
There has been a search for numerous treaties of harmony and counterpoint to complete the presentation of the different typologies, as well as the chapter that deals with the reason of the prohibition, including opinions of various theorists. References to over two hundred treaties found have been exposed in the bibliography as useful reference.
This research includes two extensions. On the one hand, the study of the main aesthetic emerged from the second half of the nineteenth century, presenting examples of consecutive fifths of different aesthetic works, and analyzing new compositional resources that facilitate this practice. On the other hand, includes a study of the influences that traditional music has had on the employment of this type of intervallic successions.
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Liu, Feng. "Identification of prohibitin interacting proteins in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/362.
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Rojas, Anríquez Alberto Benjamín. "3-coloreo en grafos con caminos y ciclos prohibidos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2019. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/168091.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Matemáticas Aplicadas<br>Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil Matemático<br>El k-coloreo de vértices de un grafo es un ya conocido problema NP-completo, debido
a esto, los esfuerzos se han concentrado en estudiar el problema restringido a ciertas clases
de grafos, para intentar resolverlo en tiempo polinomial. Dentro de las clases de grafos más
estudiada, están los grafos H-free, que son los grafos que no poseen un grafo isomorfo a H
como subgrafo inducido.
En el presente trabajo se investigó el problema de 3-coloreo en las clases de grafos (P_{2d+3},C_{≤ 2d-1})-free (donde C_{≤2d−1} = {C_{2k+1} ∣ k ∈ N y k ≤ d}), para d ≥ 3, obteniendo los siguientes resultados:
Para el caso particular d = 3, se puede decidir si un grafo G de la clase ( P_9, C_5, C_3)-free
posee un 3-coloreo (y encontrarlo si es que existe) en tiempo O(∣V (G)∣^4).
Para todo d ≥ 3, se puede decidir si un grafo G de la clase (P_{2d+3},C_{≤ 2d-1}, C_8)-free posee
un 3-coloreo (y encontrarlo si es que existe) en tiempo O(∣V (G)∣^4).
Para todo d ≥ 3, se puede decidir si un grafo G de la clase ( P_{2d+3}, C_{≤2d−1})-free, que tiene
un ciclo C de largo 2d + 3 como subgrafo inducido, posee un 3-coloreo (y encontrarlo si
es que existe) en tiempo O(∣V (G)∣^4).<br>CMM - Conicyt PIA AFB170001
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Metodiev, Metodi Dimitrov. "Role of prohibitins for proteolysis in yeast and murine mitochondria /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=979125634.
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Fletcher, Claire E. "Interactions of microRNA27a and prohibitin in the androgen signalling pathway." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/39828.
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Prohibitin (PHB) is a highly conserved, multi-functional protein that acts as a tumour suppressor and androgen receptor (AR) corepressor. We found that downregulation of PHB by androgens is required to drive androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell growth. This effect can be mimicked through the use of PHB siRNA, whereby reduction in PHB protein levels enhances cancer cell and xenograft tumour growth. Conversely, PHB overexpression results in rapid accumulation of prostate cancer cells in G0/G1. The potential importance of PHB in prostate cancer development merits investigations into possible androgen-mediated mechanisms of PHB regulation. We observed significant reduction in endogenous PHB mRNA and protein levels, and a 20% decrease in transfected PHB promoter activity, following androgen treatment. We have also demonstrated interaction between AR and the proximal PHB promoter. These results suggest that AR may directly regulate levels of its own corepressor. In addition, we have shown that mutagenesis of residues with potential importance for PHB post-translational modification alters PHB subcellular localisation and permits PHB to function as a coactivator of AR. Recently, PHB has been identified as a potential target of microRNA 27a (miR-27a). Knockdown of miR-27a in gastric cancer cells increased PHB mRNA and protein expression (Liu et al., 2009). We therefore hypothesised that miR-27a may function as an 'oncomiR' in prostate cancer through PHB suppression. It was established that androgen-mediated downregulation of PHB can be attributed largely to miR-27a, since we found that: 1) MiR-27a expression leads to reduced PHB mRNA and protein levels through association with PHB 3'UTR, resulting in enhanced expression of AR target genes, PSA and TMPRSS2, and increased prostate cancer cell growth. These effects can be abrogated through miR-27a binding site mutation, anti-androgen treatment, exogenous PHB expression, or addition of miR-27a anti-sense inhibitor oligo (ASO) 2) MiR-27a is upregulated by androgens and downregulated by anti-androgens in prostate cancer cells. This represents a novel mechanism of PHB regulation, and implies that miR-27a may function as an "oncomiR" in prostate cancer. Hence, decreasing miR-27a levels may provide a potential thereapeutic strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Upon investigation of mechanisms of miR-27a regulation by androgens, a complex and novel mechanism of regulation was found: AR associates with the miR-27a promoter, leading to increased polycistronic transcription of miR-27a and its cluster partners, miR-23a and miR-24-2. Thus AR exhibits an element of regulation at the level of transcription. However, all three mature miRs show accumulation upon androgen treatment in the absence of transcription, whilst pri-miR levels are increased following AR silencing. These data thus suggest that AR signalling accelerates processing of primiR-23a27a24-2 in addition to its transcriptional role, increasing levels of mature miR-27a and its cluster partners. In contrast, anti-androgen treatment blocks processing of the pri- miR, reducing mature miR-27a levels and thus increasing PHB expression. We propose that AR- mediated post-transcriptional regulation of miR-27a occurs during Drosha-mediated primiR- 23a27a24-2 processing, since activity of a primiR-23a27a24-2-specific Drosha processing reporter is reduced by androgen treatment. GSK3B inhibition led to reduced miR-27a biogenesis, suggesting that GSK3B kinase activity may be involved in androgen-enhanced Microprocessor primiR-23a27a24-2 cleavage. I have also demonstrated that Drosha is transcriptionally androgen regulated through AR association with the Drosha promoter but this occurs too late to mediate androgen-regulated miR- 27a accumulation. It was also found that miR-27a targets the receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR, which has multiple cell signalling functions in cancer. Taken together, these data demonstrate that PHB is a target of oncomiR-27a in prostate cancer and that PHB is regulated by androgen both at the levels of transcription and translation, mediated by several related pathways: 1. Androgen binding to AR facilitates association with potential AREs within the PHB promoter, repressing gene transcription 2. Androgen signalling leads to upregulation of miR-27a, through increased transcription and enhanced Drosha-mediated primiR processing, which then associates with PHB 3'UTR, resulting in PHB translational inhibition. 3. Post-translational modification of PHB by phosphorylation and/or acetylation is vital in determining PHB subcellular localisation and corepressive function. We identify a novel mechanism of androgen-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of miR maturation, generating a positive feedback loop by which AR maintains its own activity by reducing corepressor activity. Additionally, miR-27a ASO may represent a potential novel therapeutic for prostate cancer.
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Samuels, Kirsti. "Civil conflict prohibited? : emerging norms of jus ad bellum internum." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:34ebc19f-6166-4aad-a257-8441fd10215e.
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Civil conflict, a violent conflict fought between factions internal to a sovereign State, is traditionally considered to be a domestic matter within the exclusive jurisdiction of States and neither permitted nor prohibited by international law permission. However, increasingly, States, regional organisations and the UN intervene in civil conflicts: they condemn civil conflicts, call on parties to cease fighting and to resolve their disputes by peaceful means, and impose sanctions or intervene forcefully. This thesis reviews this accumulating practice, which has up to now not been systematically analysed, and explores what changes it evidences - or foreshadows - in the relationship between civil conflict and international law. The thesis adopts a two part structure. Part I reviews and categorises the practice of the international community (particularly that of the Council, States and regional organisations) in response to civil conflict. Part II seeks to analyse this practice and investigates whether it evidences the emergence of new norms of jus ad bellum internum prohibiting certain forms of civil conflict. The thesis begins by setting out a cross section of relevant practice. It first charts the practice of the Security Council in response to 42 civil conflicts since 1945. The thesis then considers three recent cases studies in detail (Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia) from the perspective of the response of the Security Council, States and regional organisations. This review establishes that there is a substantial and growing amount of international community intervention in civil conflicts, contrary to what could be expected given its domestic nature. The thesis then turns to an analysis of this practice, which essentially requires an evaluation of the impact that condemnatory practice by States and regional actors and the Security Council can have on international law. In general terms, an evaluation of whether this practice should be characterised as a policy - or nonbinding - response, or whether its existence and repetition evidences, or anticipates, the emergence of international law rules, such as the emergence of new customary law norms of jus ad bellum internum. In order to address this issue, it became clear that a number of methodological questions that have not up to now received much attention in the literature would need to be considered: in particular the role the Security Council plays in shaping new international law. This role is markedly under-theorized - in contrast to that of the General Assembly practice in customary law formation which has been widely debated - but is central to the thesis because of the remarkable scope of Security Council practice in response to civil conflicts. Following the examination of this question, the thesis takes the view that Security Council practice is relevant evidence of the practice of States and of the collective attitude of the international community. It also influences the conduct and attitude of States. In addition, where the Security Council regularly condemns certain conduct in a range of similar situations and seeks to enforce its condemnation, it can create a quasi-legislative prohibition against that conduct. Following the analysis of the practice, the thesis concludes that contrary to widespread assumptions, civil conflict is no longer treated as a domestic matter, and is increasingly being recognised as having a severe impact on the peace and stability of the world. A major and continuing shift in practice is relied on to support predictions of fundamental change in the perception of the legality of recourse to force in civil conflict. The thesis identifies three possible norms within the practice: the rejection of civil conflict aiming to overthrow a democratically elected government; the rejection of civil conflict aiming to cause or causing massive violence against civilians; and the rejection of civil conflict which is undertaken for political aims (other than in self-defence by a State against violent uprising or by a people in self-defence against violent oppression). Much of the practice is too recent and not established enough in the public discourse of States to evidence the emergence of traditional customary law rules at present. Nonetheless, there is strong evidence to support the emergence of a limited norm prohibiting the overthrow of a democratically elected government. In addition, the extent and scope of the international community condemnation and rejection of civil conflict can be taken to support the proposition that, in time, broader international prohibitions against civil conflict will crystallize in international law.
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Bloomfield, Helen J. "Compliance and control : a multidisciplinary assessment of prohibited trawling areas." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613446.
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Chotai, Deepa. "The Role of Prohibitin in Androgen Signalling and Prostrate Cancer." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519599.
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Francis, Christopher Ryan. "Identification and analysis of prohibitin in B16 Mouse Melanoma Cells." [Huntington, WV : Marshall University Libraries], 2008. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=868.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Marshall University, 2008.<br>Title from document title page. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: contains vi, 69 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-65).
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James, Ricky. "Portals to prohibited performance enhancing drugs : prevalence, profiling & team dynamics." Thesis, Kingston University, 2017. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/41958/.
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Prohibited performance enhancing drugs (PPD) are nutritional supplements which are prohibited from use during competition and training. UK anti-doping projects ensures that UK professional and recreational athletes do not accidently, or intentionally, use PPD's, thus gaining an unfair advantage over their competitors. A study by Winard, (2015) utilised interviews to idetify problems with current UK anti-doping strategies. Allocation of funds, relevant information, efficacy of programmes and quantifiable measures, were all areas that required attention. This thesis conducted five studies in order to inform anti-doping programs. Study 1 compared two indirect prevalence methods which offer protection beyond anonymity. This study highlighted the skewing effect that strategic responding causes when utilising the 'Unrelated Question Model'. Study 2 utilised the search engine 'Google' to identify key areas where anti-doping education would most be useful. The study showed 'Google' efficacy in finding key areas where anti-doping programmes could be effective. Study 3 looked to profile individuals that were thinking about using (TU) PPD's and compared said profiles to current/past users and non-users. After twelve months, TU were contacted to see if they had initiated PPU use. The number of users in the respondents gym social group, and the belief that they couldn't achieve performance goals without using PPD's were both predictors of future use. Study 4 assessed the order of supplements prior to PPD use in an attempt to map key stages of supplementation. Creatine and prohormones were identified as key supplements in the process towards PPD use. Study 5 looked at positional and social circle influences on PPD use. Positions which involve explosive power were identified as high risk, and social circles within a team, were shown to have varying attitudes towards other social circles within a team.
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Vilimovský, Petr. "PROHIBICE DROG V PODMÍNKÁCH VZÁJEMNÉ SUBSTITUCE NÁVYKOVÝCH LÁTEK V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76254.
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This thesis analyzes regulation, prescription and prohibition of drugs in condition of their mutual substitution with other addictive substances in the Czech Republic; thesis investigates prices' and cross-prices' elasticities of substances and their markets. Comparison is made between regulated legal markets of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes, non-prohibitively regulated markets of pharmaceuticals and prohibited markets of illegal drugs. The thesis concludes that the demand for drugs is not price elastic. The demand for drugs is price inelastic but not perfectly price inelastic, as can be deduced based on the concept of A Theory of Rational Addiction developed by Gary S. Becker. The price of drugs, therefore, to some extent affects consumption. This opens the room to influence demand through pricing mechanism. The thesis also verifies The Theory of Economic Regulation developed by George J. Stigler and confirms that due to some substitution relationships between addictive substances it is possible speculate about the interests of producers of alcoholic beverages, cigarettes and pharmaceuticals for prohibition of drugs. Interests of producers of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes confirm their mutually complementary linkages.
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Salim, Raya Said. "The consequences of unlawful and prohibited contracts of employment in labour law." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1041.
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The purpose of having labour laws in South Africa is to regulate employment contracts and the relationship between the employer and the employee. Once a legally binding contract comes into being the Labour Relations Act of 1995 automatically applies alongside the Basic Conditions of Employment Act and various other labour legislations. Common law rules play a vital role in the formation of an employment contract. For an ordinary contract to have legal effect, four basic requirements need to be met. Briefly, parties to the contract must have reached consensus, parties’ performance of their obligations must be possible, the conclusion and objectives of the contract must be lawful and that both parties to the contract must have the necessary capacity to conclude the contract. Once these requirements have been met one is said to have concluded a valid contract. Nevertheless for the purposes of this study, we focus specifically on the employment contract. Aside from the general common law requirements for a valid contract, for an employment contract to be recognised and protected by labour legislations, it is important to distinguish an employee from an independent contractor since only the former enjoys legal remedies afforded by labour law. Common law contractual rights and duties automatically apply once an employment relationship is established in addition to the rights and duties specified in the contract itself. Common law rules regarding morality plays a major role in our modern day societies, as shall be discussed the workforce has not been left untouched by this important principle. Morality greatly influences a society’s view concerning acceptable and unacceptable behaviour or practices. It goes without saying that a contract should not be contrary to the moral views of the society in which the parties find themselves in. A contract can be complying with all the statutory requirements for a valid employment contract; however it may at the same time be tainted with illegality as the object of performance is considered immoral in the society such as an employment contract to perform prostitution. Conversely, another scenario may involve a party to an employment contract who is a child below the age of 15 years old; the contract is invalid as it contravenes section 43 of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act. Despite clear statutory prohibitions this practice may be perfectly acceptable in the eyes and minds of the society. The purpose of this study is to evaluate prohibited and unlawful contracts of employments, how the law (both common law and statutory law) treats such contracts in the sense that; whether they are protected or not and to what extent these laws have been developed to influence modern attitudes concerning such contracts. One stark example is illustrated through case law where the court had to determine the validity of an employment contract concluded between an employer and an illegal immigrant.
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Sosa, Huapaya Alex. "Unfair competition and the safeguard of trade secrets." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108071.
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The Law of Supression of Unfair Competition, approved by Legislative Decree 1044, tries to avoid confusions about what is protected as a trade secret and what cases of misappropriation should be sanctioned.In this article, the author questions the interpretation and application that has beenconsistently employed, in many cases, to some of the terms contained in the aforementioned law.For that purpose, the author explains the meaning of the trade secret and other related terms, such as prohibited competition and concurrent purposes. He then proceeds to elaborate an analysis about the economic function of protecting trade secrets and what should be the correct application of the Law of Supression of Unfair Competition.<br>La Ley de Represión de la Competencia Desleal, aprobada por el Decreto Legislativo 1044, trata de evitar confusiones acerca de qué se protege comosecreto empresarial y qué supuestos de apropiación indebida deberían sancionarse.En el presente artículo, el autor cuestiona la interpretación y aplicación que se le ha venido dando, en muchos casos, a algunos de los términos contenidos en dicha ley. Para ello, explica el significado del secreto empresarial, y de otros términosrelacionados como la competencia prohibida y la finalidad concurrencial. Luego, pasa a elaborar un análisis sobre la función económica de proteger los secretos empresariales y de cuál debería ser la correcta aplicación de la Ley de Represión de la Competencia Desleal.
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Pandiani-Vlachos, Teresa. "Air navigation safety over prohibited and danger areas : international regulation and state's practice." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61753.
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Alegría, Sabogal José Gabriel. "Los rostros prohibidos de Dios: Trinidades trifaciales en el ande virreinal, (s. XVIII)." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/14987.
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El tema de la presente investigación son los ejemplares de Trinidad trifacial
producidos en las regiones andinas del virreinato peruano durante los siglos XVII
y XVIII, aunque las piezas en cuestión cuentan solo con fechas aproximadas
pues han sufrido de una larga disociación de sus contextos originales.
Se examinan, en primer lugar, los precedentes de la iconografía en Europa: sus
orígenes paganos, su apropiación como motivo decorativo durante la edad
media, y su difusión como motivo trinitario durante el renacimiento italiano.
Temas tangentes que se tratan en esta fase son también la reiterada asociación
errónea de esta iconografía con herejías, presente tanto en fuentes medievales
como en autores contemporáneos, y la presencia paralela del motivo trifacial en
alegorías y libros de emblemas.
Em segundo lugar, con el fin de contextualizar el desarrollo de estas piezas en
el nuevo mundo, así como las interpretaciones que de estas se han hecho, se
toman en cuenta los siguientes factores: Sus fuentes grabadas, la prohibición de
esta iconografía por Roma en el s. XVIII, y la noción de “trinidades
precolombinas” en el mundo andino presente en muchas crónicas. Un tema
tangente que se enfatiza es la relación frecuente de la Trinidad trifacial con san
Agustín, visible en muchos ejemplares.
Tras esto, se realiza un acercamiento y análisis puntual de los ejemplares. Estos
se incluyen ordenados de acuerdo con sus variantes iconográficas, tanto como a lo que se considera su progresiva transformación en un motivo devocional
popular.
Se examina el caso del Señor del Gran Poder de La Paz, como una devoción
desarrollada alrededor de una Trinidad trifacial en el mundo aymara durante la
modernidad, cuyos aspectos distintivos se desarrollan precisamente en función
de sus tres rostros.
Por último, se hace un breve estudio de la presencia de este motivo en un caso
reciente de arte popular, así como en las obras de artistas contemporáneos
peruanos y extranjeros, los cuales expresan cómo esta iconografía continúa
apelando a la sensibilidad actual bajo nuevas interpretaciones.<br>Tesis
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Eguiguren, Praeli Francisco José. "La propuesta de prohibir la difusión de anuncios que ofrecen servicios sexuales." IUS ET VERITAS, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122705.
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Moncunill, Massaguer Cristina. "Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induction by AICAR and the new prohibitin-binding compound fluorizoline." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396235.
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The pro-apoptotic effects of two new drugs have been studied for the development of new strategies for cancer treatment. On the one hand, we proved that AICAR induces apoptosis in an AMPK- and p53-independent manner in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The analysis of the BCL-2 family members allowed the identification of the BH3-only proteins BIM and NOXA as required for apoptosis induction by AICAR.
In addition, we characterized the mechanism of action of fluorizoline (compound 1a), a new drug that specifically binds to prohibitin 1 and 2. The presence of prohibitins was proved to be essential for the pro-apoptotic effects of fluorizoline. Prohibitins mediate the increases in BIM and NOXA, two proteins that play a key role in the onset of apoptosis by fluorizoline.<br>Es van estudiar els efectes pro-apoptòtics de dos fàrmacs pel possible desenvolupament de nous tractaments contra el càncer. D’una banda, es demostra que AICAR indueix apoptosi de manera independent d’AMPK i de p53 en fibroblasts embrionaris de ratolí. L’estudi dels membres de la família de BCL-2 va permetre identificar les proteïnes BH3-only BIM i NOXA com a necessàries per a la inducció d’apoptosi per AICAR.
Per altra banda, es va caracteritzar el mecanisme d’acció de la fluorizolina (compost 1a), un nou fàrmac que s’uneix a la prohibitina 1 i 2. Vam demostrar que la presència de les prohibitines és necessària pels efectes pro-apoptòtics de la fluorizolina. Les prohibitines medien els augments en l’expressió de BIM i NOXA, dues proteïnes claus per a la inducció d’apoptosi per fluorizolina.
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Neves, Mujica Javier. "Los trabajos prohibidos a las mujeres y el principio de igualdad ante la ley." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123562.
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Lucas, Christopher Roy. "A Study of the Proximal CD86-induced Signaling Mechanism that Regulates IgG1 Production by a B Cell." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354641298.
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Liebman, Tobi. "The Jewish exegetical history of Deuteronomy 22:5 : required gender separation or prohibited cross-dressing?" Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79786.
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Deuteronomy 22:5 has sparked much interest and wonder for both readers and interpreters of the Bible, throughout Jewish history. Divided into three parts, the verse reads as follows: "A woman should not have keli gever (man's apparel, utensil or tool) on her; a man should not wear simlat isha (a woman's dress, robe, mantle, tunic); anyone who does these things is an abomination to the Lord your God." Each part of the verse has raised questions among exegetes, like how to define its key terms simlat isha and keli gever and what is the nature of the abomination. This thesis explores the responses to these questions through a presentation of the Jewish exegetical history of Deut. 22:5 from biblical times to the present. It demonstrates how the interpretations of this verse varied the application of the biblical law derived from it and thereby affected and altered dress codes, interactions, behhviours, and daily habits of Jewish men and women throughout history.
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Forno, Odría Hugo Alfieri. "Asistencia financiera prohibida: análisis funcional del artículo 106 de la Ley General de Sociedades peruana." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/9346.
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Hace algunos años el mercado peruano se viene adaptando a prácticas
corporativas internacionales. Esto ha generado una necesidad de adaptación
también del derecho corporativo peruano, lo que, lamentablemente, no se ha dado
con la celeridad merecida. Prueba de ello es la existencia de normas que traban
operaciones que en otras partes del mundo ya no se entienden -o nunca se
entendieron- perniciosas. Una de estas normas, que precisamente da lugar a este
trabajo, es el artículo 106 de la LGS, que regula la llamada asistencia financiera
prohibida, fenómeno que históricamente ha restringido de manera poco razonable
la operación de toma de control de empresas predilecta de los private equity, el
leveraged buyout. Este trabajo de investigación tiene dos objetivos: determinar si
una prohibición como la contenida en el artículo 106 de la LGS tiene justificación
en nuestros días y determinar cómo es que la norma debe ser interpretada. Sobre
lo primero, estamos convencidos de que no existe ninguna justificación su
existencia, pues atiende a finalidades que no son necesarias o si atiende
necesidades necesarias, lo hace de manera poco razonable. Sobre lo segundo,
creemos que lamentablemente la norma, tal y como existe en nuestra regulación,
restringe bastantes más estructuras de adquisición de acciones que las que un
amplio sector de la doctrina y de los operadores jurídicos quisieran reconocer.<br>Tesis
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Matejovičová, Zuzana. "Sociálne ekonomické dopady legalizácie drog v Latinskej Amerike." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113607.
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The thesis is devoted to analyzing the market of drugs coming from Latin American countries, their production, distribution as well as final consumption. It focuses on the impact of the current state of drug prohibition and the possible effects of legalization of drugs in the country of production and consumption.
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Cowan, H. Lee. "Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/.
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This dissertation examines the role of Cardinal Giovanni Battista de Luca in the reform of nepotism in the seventeenth-century Catholic Church. Popes gave very large amounts of money to their relatives and the burden of nepotism on the Catholic Church was very onerous. The Catholic Church was crippled by nepotism and unable to carry out its traditional functions. Although Cardinal de Luca and Pope Innocent XI worked tirelessly to end nepotism, they were thwarted in their attempts by apprehension among the Cardinals concerning conciliarism and concerning the use of reform measures from the Council of Trent; by Gallicanism and the attempts of the French King to exercise power over the French Church; and by the entrenchment of nepotism and its long acceptance within the Church. Cardinal de Luca and Innocent XI were not able to push through reforms during their lifetimes but Pope Innocent XII was able to complete this reform and pass a reform Bull. This dissertation has two complementary themes. First, a confluence of circumstances allowed for the unfettered growth of nepotism in the seventeenth-century Church to the point of threatening the well-being of the Catholic Church. Reform was not undertaken until the threat to Church finances was severe. Secondly, two upstanding and honest reformers arose in the Catholic Church to correct the problem, de Luca and Innocent XI. The achievements of Cardinal de Luca, also an important reformer of the Canon Law, are almost unknown to an English-speaking audience.
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Olsson, Sanna. "Koncernbidragsspärren - En analys av gällande rätt ur ett företagsperspektiv." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-19299.
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Vad gäller reglerna om tidigare års underskott utgör koncernbidragsspärren en spärregel till den annars gällande huvudregeln att tidigare års förluster får kvittas mot framtida vinster. Koncernbidragsspärren inträder vid ägarförändringar och innebär förenklat att ett underskottsföretag är förhindrat att, under en period om fem år, kvitta kvarstående underskott mot koncernbidrag som underskottsföretaget mottar från företag som inte ingick i koncernen före ägarförändringen (nya företag). Underskott som uppkommer efter ägarförändringen får dock kvittas mot koncernbidrag från nya företag. Uppsatsen syftar till att analysera och granska reglerna om koncernbidragsspärren ur ett företagsperspektiv, vilket innebär att uppsatsen ser till reglernas bakomliggande syfte och till hur reglerna fungerar vid en praktisk tillämpning. Uppsatsen har ett särskilt fokus kring i vilken turordning koncernbidrag ska beaktas vid avräkning mot befintliga underskott när ett underskottsföretag mottar koncernbidrag både från gamla och nya företag i en koncern. I RÅ 2008 ref. 69 ställdes frågan på sin spets och Högsta Förvaltningsdomstolen befäste en ny turordningsprincip där koncernbidrag från gamla företag ska beaktas före koncernbidrag från nya företag i koncernen. Det har genom uppsatsens analys av reglerna om koncernbidragsspärren påvisats att reglerna är svåra att tillämpa och i många fall råder det osäkerhet om hur reglerna ska tolkas. Det kan konstateras att problematik kvarstår avseende frågan om i vilken turordning koncernbidrag från så kallade gamla respektive nya företag ska beaktas vid avräkning mot befintliga underskott även efter RÅ 2008 ref. 69. En rådande osäkerhet om hur reglerna ska tolkas kan inte anses tillfredsställande ur ett företagsperspektiv och en översyn av reglerna vore välkommen.<br>According to the Swedish legislation tax losses can normally be carried forward and settled against future profits in the same company unlimited of time. However, a restriction of losses being carried forward may occur in situations where change of ownership is at hand. The restrictive rule prohibits offsetting tax losses in an acquired loss-making company against group contributions received from other group companies. The restrictive rule applies up until, and including, the end of the fifth year after the year when the restriction occurred. However, losses that occur after the change of ownership are possible to offset against group contributions from other group companies. The thesis aims to analyze and review the restrictive rule from a business perspective which means that the underlying purpose of the restrictive rule and how it works in practice is examined. The thesis has a particular focus on in what order group contributions should be considered when being offset against existing deficits when the deficit company receives group contributions from old and new companies in the corporate group. In the Swedish case law RÅ 2008 ref. 69 the Supreme Administrative Court laid down a new principle of order where group contributions from an old company should be regarded before a group contribution from a new company. Through the analysis of the restrictive rule it has been demonstrated that the rule is difficult to conform to and that there is an uncertainty regarding the interpretation of it. Through the analysis of this thesis it is established that, even after RÅ 2008 ref. 69, the complexity of problems remains concerning in what order group contributions from old respectively new companies should be considered when being offset against existing deficits. A such prescribed uncertainty regarding the interpretation of the restrictive rule cannot be considered satisfactory from a business perspective and a review of the rules would be preferable.
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Martin, Cointa G. "Mundos Prohibidos: El Poder en el Discurso Epistolar de Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda y Juana Borrero." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/795.
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This dissertation analyses, through a theoretical framework and a critical approach, letters of Cuban writers Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda and Juana Borrero. While love letters have captured the interest of some scholars, such as Claudio Guillén, Cintio Vitier and Alexander Roselló Selimov, the conflict that the analysis of non-literary texts poses has prevented further research in this field. Therefore, I propose a systematic method of analysis encompassing but not limited to evaluating letters based on their purpose, intent, interpretation, and temporal and spatial composition; analyzing the perspective and function of epistolary entities, and examining the textual signs that distinguish the epistolary forms from the literary forms. With this analytical tool, I examine a selection of letters of Gómez de Avellaneda and demonstrate that the writer displaces her identify from the autobiographic self to the epistolary self, in order to manipulate the perspective of her addressee. Caught between the Neoclassical way of thinking and the Romantic aesthetics, her assertive discourse, also reflected in her epistolary work, contributed to the incursion of women writers into the social and professional life of the nineteen century.
Following the same method of investigation, an analysis of letters written by Borrero proves that, by building a world of delusion, hallucination and fantasy the writer brings to prose what first generation of female modernistas had done in poetry. In both cases, my focus is on the strategies that turn these letters into instruments of power, process that transformed the love-letter paradigm and forever renovated the women epistolary genre.
This dissertation further explores the possibility of initiating a cycle in the study of personal letters to uncover a forgotten genre, mission that might build a bridge to embrace the new forms of written communication that scholars have already begun to explore in contemporary literature.
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Al, Abbasi Abeer Abdullah A. "Astrology in literature : how the prohibited became permissible in the Arabic poetry of the mediaeval period." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3316/.
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This thesis is concerned to position the art of astrology within the context of classical Arabic poetry, primarily by investigating and elucidating attitudes to the notion of qadar (fate) and the ideology in which it was embedded. These attitudes were revelatory of the broader world view of the Arabs of those periods, and their shifts from those held in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras tell us a good deal about the importance given to the nature and role of fate and about the various understandings of its influence. The pre-Islamic Arab's notion of qadar was in some ways similar to that of the early Muslims: both emphasised predetermination and the irresistible power of fate. But while the jahilf (Pre-Islamic) Arabs identified fate with the malign power of dahr (Time), the Muslims believed the power of fate lies in the hands of God the Omnipotent, who alone is responsible for the fate of the whole universe. Thus the astrology of the pre-Islamic era was one aspect of divination (kihana) and claimed to be able to reveal in advance an individual's destiny, which could be avoided by taking certain precautions. These precautions, however, were considered effective only in relatively trivial cases; they were useless in the areas of major impact: a person's happiness or misery (shaqiiwa aw sa ada), sustenance (rizq) and one's term (ajal), the three inevitable and irresistible manifestations of fate. In the Islamic period not only these major aspects of life are governed and controlled by the Omnipotent; the destiny of the universe, in even its most minute details, is determined and controlled by God alone. Astrology was considered to be of no value whatsoever, and its practitioners were subject to the death penalty. These two irreconcilable views are evident in early Islamic poetry, which reflected clearly the response of poets, and society, to astrology from the perspective of qadar. When the orthodox caliphate was replaced by dynastic rule the status of astrology was changed dramatically. The idea that the stars, as indicators, play a role in the life of human beings found popowerful supporters in some governors of the Islamic world, who allowed astrology to fulfil a public function regardless of the hostility of the official religion of that society. This social phenomenon generated rich material of a controversial character in the realm of literature. Investigating the factors, motivations and impact of mediaeval political, theological and philosophical attitudes to astrology, in relation to the notions of free will and predestination, is the concern of this study.
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CARVALHO, CÍNTIA DE SOUSA. "AMONG THEMSELVES, THE UNSPOKEN AND PROHIBITED: SEXUAL HEALTH OF YOUNG WOMEN WITH EMOTIONAL-SEXUAL PRACTICES WITH WOMEN." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17109@1.
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FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>Na presente investigação objetivou-se analisar a trajetória afetivo-sexual de mulheres jovens com práticas afetivo-sexuais com mulheres, tendo como foco os cuidados e os sentidos construídos acerca da saúde sexual. Dessa forma, este trabalho de pesquisa justifica-se por meio de duas questões centrais: a primeira se refere à necessidade de se mapear as linhas de força que possibilitaram que a experiência de mulheres com práticas afetivo-sexuais com mulheres fosse tomada de modo tão discreto para se pensar as especificidades de saúde; a segunda se refere ao que a Psicologia pode contribuir ao campo tema, visto as constatações epidemiológicas dos riscos que acometem estas mulheres, de modo que se possa oferecer subsídios para se compreender os discursos e sentidos obscurecidos nos dados de saúde. Sendo assim, o trabalho em questão foi realizado por meio do que denominamos de encontros de (conversa)ação com sete mulheres jovens com práticas afetivo-sexuais com mulheres, entre 18 e 30 anos, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e com oito médicos ginecologistas. Os dados apontam que com exceção das mulheres inseridas no movimento social LGBT, a prevenção no ato sexual não é uma questão para as participantes. Esta postura tem relações com a forma com que o tema é produzido pelo discurso médico, em que a ausência de informações científicas mais consistentes acerca dos riscos de infecção possibilita que tais taxas sejam tomadas como inexpressivas. Podemos analisar que a participação do discurso institucionalizado tem papel importante na inserção da questão da saúde sexual deste público.<br>In the present investigation aimed to analyze the trajectory of emotional-sexual practices of young women with emotional-sexual women, focusing on the care and constructed meanings about sexual health. Thus, this research is justified by two main questions: the first refers to the need to map the lines of force that enabled the experience of women with emotional-sexual practices with women being taken so as discreet to think about the specific health and the second refers to what psychology can contribute to the camp theme, since the findings of epidemiological risks that affect these women, so that it can provide insight to understand the words and senses obscured in the data health. Thus, the work in question was performed by means of what we call meetings (talk)action with seven young women with emotional-sexual practices with women between 18 and 30, in Rio de Janeiro, and with eight Gynecologists Doctors. The data indicate that with the exception of women included in the LGBT social movement, preventing the sexual act is not an issue for participants. This attitude has relations with the way the subject is produced by the medical discourse, in the absence of scientific information more consistent about the risks of infection allows such fees shall be taken as meaningless. We consider that the participation of institutionalized discourse has an important role in the insertion of the issue of sexual health in this state.
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Casaverde, Reyna Luis Alberto. "La importancia de mantener la potestad discrecional del juez para excluir la prueba prohibida del acervo probatorio." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/12231.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>Explica y argumenta, si es realmente importante mantener la potestad discrecional del juez y de ser así cuales son los criterio que deberá utilizar en el ejercicio de dicha potestad. Realiza
un estudio preliminar, avocado a presentarnos conceptos generales referidos a la teoría de la prueba y el sistema procesal penal, antes de entrar en detalle al estudio de la prueba prohibida y sus diversas implicancias. Se desarrolla el concepto de prueba prohibida, a partir de las diversas posiciones sentadas por la doctrina, asumiendo una postura restrictiva de la misma, sosteniendo que estamos frente a prueba prohibida cuando ésta ha sido obtenida mediante la violación de derechos fundamentales y no de otro tipo de garantías ni de normas con rango de ley, delimitándose además la naturaleza jurídica y el fundamento de la prueba prohibida; desarrollándose además, el concepto de derechos fundamentales y del contenido esencial de los mismos, todo esto en el contexto de la prueba prohibida. Se desarrolla la doctrina referida a la prueba prohibida cuando ha sido directamente obtenida de la vulneración de derechos fundamentales y cuando ha sido obtenida por derivación de una prueba prohibida, desarrollándose las consecuencias jurídico-procesales generadas por la prueba prohibida, entre ellas fundamentalmente la exclusión de la prueba y asimismo las excepciones que a dicha exclusión la doctrina reconoce. Se analiza brevemente a la prueba prohibida en el sistema procesal penal peruano, verificando sus implicancias tanto desde la óptica de la Constitución Política de 1993 como de las normas propias del Código Procesal Penal del 2004, vigente en gran número de distritos judiciales del país, asimismo, se analiza el rol que debe cumplir el juez en los supuestos de prueba prohibida, centrándonos en la potestad discrecional que debe mantener dicho operador jurídico, para decidir en su oportunidad sobre la exclusión de prueba prohibida del acervo probatorio, utilizando como criterios delimitadores, el método de ponderación y el principio de proporcionalidad a fin de delimitar el contenido esencial de los derechos fundamentales, se ha desarrollado en forma complementaria un acercamiento a la legislación comparada y casuística referida al tema, en el cual se puede observar los diferentes tratamientos que le ha brindado la doctrina extranjera a la prueba prohibida así como los diversos pronunciamientos que sobre la materia han tenido tanto la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.
Finalmente, se consignan las conclusiones y recomendaciones en la cual se propone de lege ferenda una modificación a las normas contenidas en el Código Procesal Penal del 2004.<br>Tesis
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Lafleur, Martine. "Autour de la controverse soulevée par la mise à l'index de quatre manuels scolaires français à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle: L'appartenance sociale à la république française et la politisation de la différence des sexes." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1998.
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Ising, Christina [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Langer, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Benzing. "The role of prohibitin-2 in podocytes – mitochondrial function and beyond / Christina Ising. Gutachter: Thomas Langer ; Thomas Benzing." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052993524/34.
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Wang, Qi. "Chemerin and Prohibitin in the Regulation of Ovarian Follicular Development and their Potential Involvement in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24098.
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Follicular growth and maturation are tightly regulated processes, which involve the participation of endocrine, autocrineparacrine factors and intracellular molecules. Due to the numerous research efforts, a large number of regulators and their mechanisms of regulation of follicular growth and differentiation have been established. Although the abnormal expression and activities of some of these regulators are believed to be associated with ovarian dysfunction diseases, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the etiology and pathogenesis of this syndrome are not completely understood.
In this thesis, we have identified two novel regulators of follicular growth and differentiation and examined the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the folliculogenesis. We present here that chemerin reduces FSH-induced steroidogenic enzyme expression and steroid hormone production in follicles and granulosa cells. Prohibitin expression is upregulated by chemerin and knockdown of prohibitin attenuates the suppressive role of chemerin on steroidogenesis, an action regulated by Akt.
Using an androgenized rodent model, we also present the dysregulation of chemerin and prohibitin and their association with dysregulated follicular steroidogenesis. Our data and preliminary clinical studies demonstrate the potential involvement of chemerin and prohibitin in the etiology of PCOS. These studies significantly improve the knowledge of ovarian functions and the pathophysiology of PCOS, and provide important clues for the development of novel diagnosis biomarkers and new treatment strategies for this complex syndrome.
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Macher, Batanero Sofia Margarita Isabel. "Prohibida la tristeza. Vida cotidiana y estrategias de resistencia de mujeres en cautiverio por Sendero Luminoso, Satipo, Junín." Doctoral thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/19108.
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Esta investigación analiza y busca aportar al conocimiento de las dinámicas de
resistencia de mujeres adultas que estuvieron cautivas por muchos años en el monte de
la selva de Satipo, a manos del Partido Comunista del Perú - Sendero Luminoso (PCP-SL).
Allí, Sendero Luminoso obligó a desplazarse a miles de pobladores asentados en
comunidades en ambas márgenes del río Ene, a los que identifico como la “masa”.
En el monte virgen de la selva de Satipo, el PCP-SL estableció campamentos en los que
ensayó la instauración de su “nuevo Estado”, imponiendo un nuevo orden social. Este
cautiverio tuvo una duración de más de diez años y se cree que aún siguen personas a
manos de Sendero Luminoso en esa zona.
Esta investigación analiza el proceso de dominación del PCP-SL y las particularidades de
la resistencia de las mujeres adultas, identificadas como “masa”, a lo largo de este
proceso. Se trató de una resistencia individual, ligada fuertemente a las emociones que
producen los juicios de valor de estas mujeres. Se demuestra que no es posible tener un
control total de los individuos, como era la intensión de Sendero Luminoso frente a la
“masa”. Las mujeres adultas mantuvieron su independencia en su fuero interno, y es la
que guio sus acciones de resistencia.
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Martínez, Muñoz Marisol. "De público jugador a oculto garitero: El juego de azar en Chile o la historia de un oficio prohibido." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/110354.
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Garatea, Carlos. "Guibovich Pérez, Pedro. 2013. Lecturas prohibidas. La censura inquisitorial en el Perú tardío colonial. Lima: Fondo Editorial PUCP, 313 pp." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101240.
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Garcia, Patrice. "Application de la spectrometrie de masse a pression atmospherique a l'etude de molecules prohibees dans le cadre du controle antidopage." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066133.
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De nos jours, les laboratoires de controle antidopage ont besoin de nouvelles techniques d'analyse afin d'elargir la recherche des molecules prohibees dans les fluides biologiques a un plus large eventail. L'utilisation de la chromatographie en phase liquide couplee a la spectrometrie de masse via une interface a pression atmospherique (api) permet ainsi d'etudier des composes polaires et/ou thermosensibles non analysables par d'autres techniques. Des applications de cette methode sont presentees dans ce memoire aussi bien en electronebulisation (esi) qu'en ionisation chimique a pression atmospherique (apci). Les etudes entreprises ont portees sur trois classes distinctes de composes : (i) le glycopyrrolate (anticholinergique), (ii) les diuretiques thiazidiques et (iii) les corticosteroides de synthese (anti-inflammatoires). Un point important de ce travail a ete de comparer les decompositions des ions generees dans les differentes zones de collision (ecremeur, octopole et cellule de collision) avec une molecule comme le glycopyrrolate afin de comprendre les phenomenes s'y produisant. Un autre aspect fondamental a consiste a mettre en evidence les nombreux mecanismes de fragmentation conduisant a la formation d'ions fragments diagnostiques, dont l'isomerisation d'ions en complexes ion-dipole induit avant leur dissociation. Ce travail a ete realise dans le cas des benzothiadiazides etudies par esi en mode negatif et du glycopyrrolate etudie par esi en mode positif. De plus, l'outil ms/ms utilise dans des modes de balayage particulier (mode ascendant ou perte de neutre) a permis la comprehension de certains mecanismes de dissociation. D'un point de vue analytique, les differentes experiences ainsi realisees ont conduit a une identification des ions caracteristiques de chacune des molecules etudiees de maniere a constituer une base de donnees necessaire a la recherche de ces molecules dans les fluides biologiques preleves a partir de chevaux. L'utilisation de la ms/ms a apporte une specificite et une sensibilite accrue indispensable a la detection de ces composes presents pour la plupart a l'etat de trace. De son cote, l'apci a permis en utilisant le mode ms ou ms/ms de differencier des epimeres comme la dexamethasone et la betamethasone sans separation prealable en chromatographie en phase liquide.
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Trigueros, Martínez Marcelino. "Persecución inquisitorial del libro en el XVIII novohispano: el caso del coronel Agustín Beven (1767-1797)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/64527.
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En una época de efervescencia cultural y de transformaciones sociales en Nueva España, pretendo dar sugerencias sobre un debate mantenido entre la cultura teológica del Santo Oficio y la Ilustración de los philosophes. Sin menosprecio del conocimiento teológico ni de los reos de la Inquisición, la interpretación progresará por sucesión de aproximaciones basadas en el relato histórico. El caso de Beven supera así la anécdota se convierte en una reflexión de microhistoria, desde esta perspectiva, reconoceremos el compromiso de Beven con la causa de la Ilustración a través de su participación activa y consciente en el mencionado certamen que mantuvieron gens de lettres y escolásticos por ganar la esfera de la autoridad y, desde allí, la opinión pública.
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Lopez, Victor. "LGBT Civil Rights vs. Religious Freedom: Determining the Constitutionality of Statutes that Prohibit Discrimination on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Grounds in Areas of Public Accommodations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1594.
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In this thesis I argue that First Amendment free speech and exercise claims do not grant religious business owners the ability to bypass statutes that prohibit discrimination on sexual orientation and gender identity grounds in areas of public accommodations. My arguments focus on the constitutional claims made in the case Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission. Furthermore, I determine that Congress can rely on both the Commerce Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment to pass legislation that prohibits discrimination on sexual orientation and gender identity grounds in areas of public accommodations. I argue that despite the Court’s holding in the Civil Rights Cases, Congress can regulate discrimination by private actors, not just state sponsored discrimination, through the Fourteenth Amendment. I analyze the potential avenues religious business owners can use to undermine both state and federal antidiscrimination statutes and have their discriminatory practices legally sanctioned. I conclude by arguing that religious exemptions do not belong in antidiscrimination statutes.
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Moreau, Philippe. "Incestus et prohibitae nuptiae : conception romaine de l'inceste et histoire des prohibitions matrimoniales pour cause de parenté dans la Rome antique /." Paris : les Belles lettres, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38920767n.
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Palomino, Ramírez Walter Joshua. "“La exclusión del injusto en el estado constitucional y democrático de derecho : el riesgo permitido vs la justificación excepcional de comportamientos prohibidos”." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/9139.
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Mediante el presente trabajo de investigación se plantea que obrar por disposición
de la ley, en cumplimiento de un deber o en ejercicio legítimo de un derecho, oficio
o cargo son comportamientos que no pueden ser considerados como permisiones
excepcionales que deban examinarse a nivel de la antijuridicidad (causas de
justificación), sino que, al tratarse de acciones promovidas, defendidas u ordenadas
por el propio sistema jurídico del Estado peruano, lo más razonable es que sean
consideradas como criterios que inciden determinantemente en la atipicidad de un
hecho de solo aparente relevancia penal. Para ello, se parte de la idea de que los
comportamientos que se califiquen como típicos —al expresar, en principio, una
intensa afectación de las libertades— tendrán que ser previamente sometidos a un
riguroso examen en el que se delimite el sentido del tipo penal, a través de criterios
materiales que permitan verificar si se realizó un riesgo generalmente no permitido
y si tal interpretación de la norma penal es conforme a la Constitución. Se busca
así, demostrar que los modernos instrumentos de la dogmática penal y los valores
constitucionales clarifican tanto la idoneidad lesiva de tales conductas como su
pertenencia al conjunto de libertades jurídicamente garantizadas en un Estado
Constitucional y Democrático de Derecho, lo que da cuenta del carácter atípico de
obrar por disposición de la ley, en cumplimiento de un deber o en ejercicio legítimo
de un derecho, oficio o cargo.<br>Tesis