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1
Sambo, S., AM Magashi, AA Farouq, and SW Hassan. "An overview of the solid state fermentation in the production of fungal protease enzymes." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 09, no. 03 (2021): 085–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4660026.
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Enzymes are among the most important products obtained for human needs through microbial sources. A large number of industrial processes in the area of industrial, environmental and food technology utilize enzymes at some stage or another; Solid State Fermentation (SSF) holds tremendous potential for the production of enzymes, especially in those processes where the crude fermented product may be used directly as the enzyme source. Fungal proteases are used in many industrial processes for the production of foods and metabolites, production of enzymes from fungi offered many advantages which include low cost and high productivity. Hence because of the higher yielding capacity of SSF and the demand for proteases it highly imperative to search for novel microorganisms from possible environment and subject them to SSF for protease investigation to add up to the nation need of the enzymes and boast economy.
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Hasan, Salah Din Mahmud, Citieli Giongo, Sonia Aparecida Reis Lopes-Shikida, Sérgio Luiz de Lucena, and Mônica Lady Fiorese. "BREWERY-RESIDUE UTILIZATION OF A FRESHLY ISOLATED A. NIGER SP. UPT-03 FOR PROTEASE PRODUCTION UNDER SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION." Engevista 15, no. 1 (2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/engevista.v15i1.422.
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The operation parameters used in solid-state fermentation (SSF) support the growth of filamentous fungi, which grow on solid substrates producing important metabolites such as proteases. The aim of this work is to obtain fungal proteases by SSF using the residues of a local brewery industry (barley bagasse and trub), that have high contents of proteins and soluble matter such as carbohydrates, vitamins, and mineral salts. The methodology includes the preparation of the residues, the screening of microorganisms, evaluation of the operation conditions for SSF using factorial design, purification and partial characterization of the protease. The results indicate that A. niger sp. UPT-03 isolated from the residue shows higher yields in terms of enzyme production (0.36 U gdm-1 h-1). The purification with DEAE-cellulose resulted in protease recovery with 30-fold of purification with a specific activity of 550 U mg protein-1. Higher proteolytic activity of purified enzyme was obtained at pH 5.5 and 55 ºC.
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JAFARU KAMARA, MURJANATU, VICTORIA MOLTONG YILWA, ONWUMERE GODWIN BRIAN, MUHAMMED SANI ABDULSALAMI, and AUSTINE OKPAGA UME. "EXTRACTION AND ACTIVITIES OF CRUDE PROTEASES FROM SOLID STATE FERMENTATION OF Aspergillus nigeR GROWN ON VARIOUS AGRO WASTE." BIMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2536-6041) 6, no. 02 (2022): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56892/bimajst.v6i02.355.
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Agro-industrial residues are generally considered the best substrates for the solid-state fermentation process. Food processing wastes such as shells of nuts and eggs in Nigeria are usually disposed in dumpsites or are incinerated, causing environmental pollution. This study extracted, estimated and compared enzyme activities from Aspergillus niger under solid-state fermentation (SSF) by utilizing Ground nut shell (GS), Bambara nut shell(BS), Guinea fowl egg shell(GFS) and Layer egg shells (LES) powder as solid substrates. The Agro wastes were dried under the sunlight for four days, ground using a laboratory pestle and mortar separately and sieved to obtain fine powder. The powder was sterilized, supplemented with sodium acetate buffer and pure casein, inoculated with the fungi then left to ferment for six days. The crude extract of the substrates were obtained by filtration and centrifugation. The extracts were assayed for enzyme activity using Sigma Aldrich’s method of assay. The result obtained from the assay demonstrated that proteases were active in all the extracts. However, there was significantdifference (P < 0.05) in protease activities in the samples studied. The result revealed that BS and LES showed the highest enzymatic activities (0.797± 0.035 μ/ml), (0.788 ± 0.028 μ/ml), (0.574 ± 0.032 μ/ml), (0.590± 0.040 μ/ml) at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8ml of the crude enzyme extract volume concentrations respectively followed by GS which had the enzymatic activities (0 .456 ±0.001 μ/ml), (0.391 ± 0.003 μ/ml), (0.335 ± 0.003 μ/ml), (0.205± 0.032 μ/ml) at the volume extract volume concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8ml respectively, meanwhile guinea fowl egg shell had the least enzymatic activities (0.401± 0.028 μ/ml), (0 .336 ± 0.047 μ/ml), (0.250 ± 0.018 μ/ml), (0.255 ± 0.010 μ/ml) at the volume of crude enzyme extract of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8ml respectively. In all the shells the highest proteases activities were recorded at 0.2ml of the crude extract volume concentration and the least proteases activities were recorded at 0.8ml of then crude extract volume concentration. This study has proven that proteases were extracted and active from solid state fermentation of Aspergillus niger grown on various agro waste, Therefore proper utilization of these agro-wastes in industrial and scientific settings will not only serve as means of polluted environmental remediation but also as an iualternative to commercially available substrates for microbial growth.
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Usman, Abdilbar, Said Mohammed, and Jermen Mamo. "Production, Optimization, and Characterization of an Acid Protease from a Filamentous Fungus by Solid-State Fermentation." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (April 29, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6685963.
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Acid proteases represent an important group of enzymes, extensively used in food and beverage industries. There is an increased demand for acid proteases adapting to the industrial extreme environment, especially lower pH. Thus, this necessitates the search for a better acid protease from fungi that best performs in industrial conditions. The fungal isolates were isolated from grape and dairy farm soil using potato dextrose agar and further screened for protease production based on the hydrolysis of clear zone on skim milk agar. The potential fungi were then subjected to secondary screening under solid-state fermentation (SSF). After the secondary screening, the potential fungus was identified to the genus level by the macroscopic and microscopic methods. The growth conditions and media composition for the potential fungus were further optimized under SSF. The crude enzyme produced by the potential isolate was characterized after partial purification by acetone and ammonium sulfate precipitation. A total of 9 fungal isolates showed protease production in primary and secondary screening; however, one potential isolate (Z1BL1) was selected for further study based on its protease activity. The isolate was identified to the genus Aspergillus based on their morphological features. The maximum acid protease from the isolate Z1BL1 was obtained using fermentation media containing wheat bran as a solid substrate, 1 mL of 3.2 × 106 inoculum size, 50% moisture content, and pH 4.5 upon 120-h incubation at 30°C. The acetone-precipitated enzyme exhibited the maximum activity at 50°C and pH 5 with stability at pH 4–6 and temperature 40–60°C. Thus, the acid protease produced from Aspergillus showed suitable enzyme characteristics required in the industry and could be a candidate for application in the food industry after further purification.
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Nolli, Mariene Marques, Alex Graça Contato, Tatiane Brugnari, et al. "Evaluation of the milk clotting potential and characterization of proteases from Aspergillus sp. and Pleurotus albidus." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (March 11, 2022): e57766. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.57766.
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The study evaluated the production of proteases in solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as a substrate. The best producing isolates were used to obtain crude extract which was evaluated for optimal pH and temperature, thermostability, effect of salts and activity against inhibitors. The studied fungi were Aspergillus sp. 125, Fusarium sp. 132, Fusarium sp. 206, Pleurotus albidus 018 and Pleurotus pulmonarius CCB20. The isolates with better results (Aspergillus sp. and P. albidus), showed protease activity with an optimum pH of 7.0, and an optimum temperature of 50ºC with good thermostability between 40 and 50ºC. As for salts, the protease activity was inhibited in the presence of ZnSO4, and the activity of the proteases from the crude Aspergillus extract, strongly inhibited by PMSF, indicating the presence of a fraction of serine protease in the extract. The extracts of the two selected isolates showed considerable inhibition by EDTA. The milk clotting activity was 240 U mL-1 for the Aspergillus extract and 153 U mL-1 for the crude P. albidus extract. Proteases are important enzymes widely used in the food industry, including cheese. The data suggest that these fungi have the potential to produce these enzymes for usage in cheese making
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Novelli, Paula Kern, Margarida Maria Barros, and Luciana Francisco Fleuri. "Novel inexpensive fungi proteases: Production by solid state fermentation and characterization." Food Chemistry 198 (May 2016): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.089.
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Vijayaraghavan, Ponnuswamy, Sreekumar Saranya, and Samuel Gnana Prakash Vincent. "Cow Dung Substrate for the Potential Production of Alkaline Proteases by Pseudomonas putida Strain AT in Solid-State Fermentation." Chinese Journal of Biology 2014 (January 1, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/217434.
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Cow dung and agroresidues were used as the substrates for the production of alkaline proteases by Pseudomonas putida strain AT in solid-state fermentation. Among the various substrates evaluated, cow dung supported maximum (1351±217 U/g) protease production. The optimum conditions for the production of alkaline proteases were a fermentation period of 48 h, 120% (v/w) moisture, pH 9, and the addition of 6% (v/w) inoculum, 1.5% (w/w) trehalose, and 2.0% (w/w) yeast extract to the cow dung substrate. The enzyme was active over a range of temperatures (50–70°C) and pHs (8–10), with maximum activity at 60°C and pH 9. These enzymes showed stability towards surfactants, detergents, and solvent and digested various natural proteins.
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ZAIER, Hanen, Sameh MAKTOUF, Sevastianos ROUSSOS, and Ali RHOUMA. "Filamentous fungi isolated from Tunisian olive mill wastes: use of solid-state fermentation for enzyme production." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 1 (2021): 12125. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49112125.
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Olive mill wastewaters and olive cake are effluents generated during olive oil production process. They represent a major disposal and potentially severe pollution problem for the industry, also promising source of substances of high value. The aim of this study is the valorization of olive mill wastes (OMWW, olive cake, olive twigs and leaves) to produce enzymes with high industrial and biotechnological potential, by the solid-state fermentation technique (SSF), from isolated fungi present in olive mill wastewater and olive cake. A total of 47 strains were isolated and purified from these two residues. The metabolic potential of isolated strains was study by testing the hydrolytic enzymes activities of lipase, protease, amylase, cellulase, invertase, phytase and tannase on agar plate media containing different substrate. The monitoring of SSF has shown that the metabolic activity of these strains is extremely rapid using this technique. Our fungi collection contains a diversity of strains capable to producing a variety of enzymes of biotechnological interest.
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Sambo S, Magashi AM, Farouq AA, and Hassan SW. "An overview of the solid state fermentation in the production of fungal protease enzymes." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 9, no. 3 (2021): 085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.3.0061.
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Enzymes are among the most important products obtained for human needs through microbial sources. A large number of industrial processes in the area of industrial, environmental and food technology utilize enzymes at some stage or another; Solid State Fermentation (SSF) holds tremendous potential for the production of enzymes, especially in those processes where the crude fermented product may be used directly as the enzyme source. Fungal proteases are used in many industrial processes for the production of foods and metabolites, production of enzymes from fungi offered many advantages which include low cost and high productivity. Hence because of the higher yielding capacity of SSF and the demand for proteases it highly imperative to search for novel microorganisms from possible environment and subject them to SSF for protease investigation to add up to the nation need of the enzymes and boast economy.
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Ametefe, G. D., A. O. Lemo, F. A. Orji, A. K. Lawal, E. E. J. Iweala, and S. N. Chinedu. "Pectinase Activities of Selected Fungi Grown on Agrowastes via Solid-state Fermentation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1054, no. 1 (2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1054/1/012003.
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Abstract Pectinases accelerate the breakdown of the glycosidic bonds in pectin into simpler forms. Pectinases in the study were produced using three extraction solvents, three fungi, and six substrates. Citrate buffer, distilled water and 0.1 M NaCl were utilized as extraction solvents. Penicillium sp, Pichia kudriavzevii F2-T429-5 and Aspergillus niger were selectively isolated from the environment and identified. The substrates include; wheat bran, banana peels, orange peels, corn cobs, Thaumatococcus daniellii (sweet prayer plant) fruit peels, and leaves in solid-state fermentation. The dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) technique was used to determine pectinase activity. In comparison to distilled water, the study found that extracting the enzyme from the fermentation medium with 0.1 M NaCl solvent resulted in considerable (p<0.05) activity. The best substrate and fungus were orange peels and Aspergillus niger, respectively. In general, when compared to the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii F2-T429-5, the molds (Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus niger) produced pectinases with higher activity. Orange peel resulted in pectinase production with significant (p<0.05) activity compared to wheat bran, banana peels, corn cobs, Thaumatococcus daniellii (sweet prayer plant) fruit peels, and leaves. Additionally, Pichia kudriavzevii F2-T429-5 in Thaumatococcus daniellii fruit peel fermentation produced pectinase with the lowest activity. The inference drawn from the study shows the potential of T. daniellii fruit peels, its leaves, and Pichia kudriavzevii F2-T429-5 for pectinase production.
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Borkertas, Simas, Jonas Viskelis, Pranas Viskelis, Paulina Streimikyte, Ugne Gasiunaite, and Dalia Urbonaviciene. "Fungal Biomass Fermentation: Valorizing the Food Industry’s Waste." Fermentation 11, no. 6 (2025): 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11060351.
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Fungi, including filamentous organisms such as yeasts, play essential roles in various processes such as nutrient exchange in ecosystems, the cultivation of mushrooms, and solid-state fermentation (SSF). SSF involves microbial growth on solid substrates without free water, leading to the production of enzymes, bioactive compounds, and biofuels. This fermentation method offers advantages like lower production costs, reduced waste disposal issues, and the efficient utilization of agricultural residues and fruit and vegetable by-products. Filamentous fungi excel in SSF due to their enzyme secretion capacity and ability to produce valuable compounds. The process is influenced by biological, physico-chemical, and environmental factors, requiring careful optimization for optimal results. Fruit and vegetable by-products are increasingly recognized as valuable substrates for SSF, offering rich sources of bioactive compounds and high nutritional value. The optimization of SSF processes, compatibility with various substrates, and potential for producing diverse value-added products make SSF a promising method for sustainable resource utilization and enhanced product development. Future research should focus on improving process efficiency, expanding the substrate range, enhancing product quality and yield, and integrating SSF with other technologies for enhanced production capabilities.
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Mascarin, Gabriel Moura, Sérgio Batista Alves, and Rogério Biaggioni Lopes. "Culture media selection for mass production of Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53, no. 4 (2010): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000400002.
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This work investigated the production of the fungi Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa in biphasic fermentation using agro-industrial products and residues. Combinations of natural liquid substrates, alternative to the complete medium and potato dextrose medium, were evaluated. The best liquid media were sugarcane molasses + rice broth, rice broth + yeast and sugarcane molasses + yeast + rice broth, which resulted in the highest viable propagule concentration. The molasses + rice broth medium was selected for the next phase of the study in which the production of both fungal isolates was evaluated in solid grain substrates. In solid-state fermentation, the best conidia production was achieved with the soybean meal and broken corn for I. farinosa, and whole rice and broken rice for I. fumosorosea. Results demonstrated that the two fungal species could be rapidly produced with higher yield of conidia on agro-industrial resources by using biphasic fermentation techniques.
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Londoño-Hernández, Liliana, María de Jesús García-Gómez, Sergio Huerta-Ochoa, Anna María Polanía-Rivera, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, and Lilia Arely Prado-Barragán. "Effect of Glucose Concentration on the Production of Proteolytic Extract by Different Strains of Aspergillus under Solid-State Fermentation." Fermentation 10, no. 2 (2024): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10020097.
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Proteases are important enzymes because of their extended uses in several industries, such as food, beverages, pharmacy, detergents, and many others. Aspergillus is one of the most used fungi strains for enzyme production by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Disponibility of the carbon source is a key factor for protease production. In addition, the selection of solid support has great importance, as it must provide suitable airflow through the packed bed and nutrient diffusion inside the fermentable mass. Six Aspergillus strains and two inert supports (Agrolite (AL) and Polyurethane (PUF)) were tested for protease production from fish flour (FF) at different glucose concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15%) by SSF. The FF/PUF mixture at 70/30 (w/w) ratio, with 75.39% moisture, and a critical moisture point of 0.11 gH2O/g, presented a texture that allowed heat and mass transfer and provided enough moisture to make free water available as required for microorganism growth during the fermentation process. Aspergillus oryzae 2095 produced higher amounts of neutral and alkaline proteases with the addition of 5% glucose to the growth medium. Kinetics studies reveal that protease production is partially associated with growth. The extracts obtained can be used in different industries, and especially to prepare fish high-value by-product hydrolysates.
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Wang, Feng, Ling Xu, Liting Zhao, Zhongyang Ding, Haile Ma, and Norman Terry. "Fungal Laccase Production from Lignocellulosic Agricultural Wastes by Solid-State Fermentation: A Review." Microorganisms 7, no. 12 (2019): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120665.
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Laccases are copper-containing oxidase enzymes found in many fungi. They have received increasing research attention because of their broad substrate specificity and applicability in industrial processes, such as pulp delignification, textile bleaching, phenolic removal, and biosensors. In comparison with traditional submerged fermentation (SF), solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a simpler technique for laccase production and has many advantages, including higher productivity, efficiency, and enzyme stability as well as reduced production costs and environmental pollution. Here, we review recent advances in laccase production technology, with focus on the following areas: (i) Characteristics and advantages of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes used as SSF substrates of laccase production, including detailed suggestions for the selection of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes; (ii) Comparison of fungal laccase production from lignocellulosic substrates by either SSF or SF; (iii) Fungal performance and strain screening in laccase production from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes by SSF; (iv) Applications of laccase production under SSF; and (v) Suggestions and avenues for future studies of laccase production by fungal SSF with lignocellulosic materials and its applications.
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Calvo-Lerma, Joaquim, Andrea Asensio-Grau, Jorge García-Hernández, Ana Heredia, and Ana Andrés. "Exploring the Impact of Solid-State Fermentation on Macronutrient Profile and Digestibility in Chia (Salvia hispanica) and Sesame (Sesamum Indicum) Seeds." Foods 11, no. 3 (2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030410.
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Fermentation of plant-based substrates with edible fungi enhances the nutrient profile and digestibility, but it has been scarcely applied to edible seeds, which are rich in healthy lipids. In this study, chia and sesame seeds were solid-state fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus, followed by drying and milling. Fermentation led to increased content of lipid and protein in both seeds’ products, and a change in fatty acid profile in favor of increased polyunsaturated fatty acids. Then, the samples were subjected to in vitro digestion. Lipolysis, determined by nuclear magnetic resonance, was higher in sesame than in chia products, and the fermented counterparts had increased values compared to the controls. In terms of physical properties, fermentation showed reduced particle size and increased matrix degradation and decreased viscosity of the digestion medium, which were related to increased lipolysis. In conclusion, applying solid-state fermentation on chia and sesame seeds could be a recommendable approach.
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Sánchez, Óscar J., and Sandra Montoya. "Assessment of Polysaccharide and Biomass Production from Three White-Rot Fungi by Solid-State Fermentation Using Wood and Agro-Industrial Residues: A Kinetic Approach." Forests 11, no. 10 (2020): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101055.
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Research Highlights: For the first time, a model was developed and applied for polysaccharide production from Trametes versicolor grown in agro-industrial and woody residues under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions. Background and Objectives: Fungal biomass is an important biological resource for biotechnological applications. Basidiomycetes fungi can be grown and developed on lignocellulosic materials such as forestry, wood, and agro-industrial residues in order to produce value-added products like bioactive polysaccharides. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the C/N ratio and copper concentration on biomass and polysaccharide production during solid state fermentation (SSF), as well as on the consumption of cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin degradation, and to propose and validate a mathematical model to describe the overall SSF process. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out by growing three Basidiomycetes species (T. versicolor, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus) on twelve formulations of solid substrates using mixtures of different inexpensive lignocellulosic residues such as oak sawdust, coconut fiber (hairs), coffee husks, and corn bran plus soybean oil, calcium carbonate, and two levels of copper(II) sulfate. Results: The three fungal species grew well on all substrate formulations. The statistical analysis of experimental data showed no significant effects on polysaccharide production, in the range of C/N and copper concentrations evaluated. Taking into account that the best polysaccharide production was obtained with T. versicolor (96.09 mg/g solid substrate), a mathematical model was proposed for this fungus to describe the behavior of the fermentation system from the obtained data of all the resulting combinations to reach the highest polysaccharide production by the fungus. Conclusions: The mathematical model disclosed in this work enabled to describe the growth and development of a higher basidiomycete under solid-state fermentation conditions on lignocellulosic substrates as well as the production of value-added products like polysaccharides with medicinal properties.
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Issa, Qays Majeed. "Extraction and Partial Purification of Glucoamylase from Rhizopus oryzae by Solid State Fermentation using Agro-Industrial Residues." Advancements in Life Sciences 11, no. 3 (2024): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.62940/als.v11i3.2198.
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Background: Filamentous fungi are used to produce many industrial enzymes because these fungi have a great ability to produce such enzymes, especially when using solid substrates that are usually low in cost. The widespread use of this enzyme has made it very important to work on improving its production to achieve the maximum possible benefit.Methods: Five fungal isolates were obtained from soil and decaying fruits and vegetables. All isolates were identified as Rhizopus spp. and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates escorted by starch 1%. The appearance of clearance zones around the fungal colonies represents the ability of fungi to produce Glucoamylase. Different solid substrates, nitrogen sources, and temperatures were used to improve enzyme production.Results: Wheat bran gave the highest enzyme production with specific activity 6.25 U/mg, and yeast extract was the potent inducer for enzyme production with specific activity 9.28 U/mg. The optimal temperature for enzyme production was 30°C with specific activity10.27U/mg. Maximum specific activity 18.40U/mg was recorded at 55% saturation with ammonium sulfate precipitation. The result showed increased specific activity 24.84U/mg with dialysis. Partial purification of the enzyme revealed that pH5 was optimum for enzyme-specific activity 9.2U/ml; higher enzyme-specific activity was found with MnSO4 (11.83U/ml) as the best enzyme inducer.Conclusion: This investigation attempted to examine R. oryzae as an effective maker of GA. Innovative work into the nearby creation of GA for industrial use utilizing local resources has demonstrated financial effectiveness. It requires improvement into consistency as needed by worldwide associations dealing with industrial enzymes. Keywords: Glucoamylase; Production; Partial purification; Rhizopus oryzae; Solid state fermentation
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Rodrigues, Heb C. S. R., Andrea L. Carvalho, Carolina O. Souza, and Marcelo A. Umsza-Guez. "Evolution of World and Brazilian Markets for Enzymes Produced by Solid-state Fermentation: A Patent Analysis." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 14, no. 2 (2020): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208313666191017143845.
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Background: The use of enzymes in various industrial processes has become increasingly frequent. When added to productive processes, it can accelerate reactions and generate a number of new products. The solid state fermentation (SSF), among other applications, has been employed also to obtain enzymes. Objective: The purpose of this prospection was to map registered patent documents about enzymes production by this type of fermentation in the world, identify the most obtained enzymes with patent documents and compilate information about the world and Brazilian enzyme markets. Methods: The experimental design was carried out by the keyword-driven scope through the advanced search in the Espacenet database European Patent Office (EPO). The keywords selected were solid-state fermentation and the International Patent Classification code, C12N9 (enzymes; proenzymes), for prospecting of interest. Results: In 2012, there was the higher number of registered patents (12). China holds 84% of deposited patents. Among the types of depositors, 54% of the selected patent documents were deposited by universities and institutes, and 44% by companies. 76.5% of the evaluated patents used fungi as enzyme producer. Analyzing the enzymes obtained in the registered patents, it is verified that the majority belongs to the group of carbohydrases with 43%, followed by proteases (25%), which are also the two classes of enzymes most commercialized in the market. Conclusion: China holds the majority of the registered patents but North America gets the largest global enzyme market revenue followed by Europe and Pacific Asia. Carbohydrases were the most commercialized enzymes and with the highest number of patents registered. Among the carbohydrases, cellulases, xylanases and amylases are the most frequent in patent registration while being fungi produced.
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Cojocaru, Daniel, and Cristina-Maria Lumînare. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCES ON SPORULATION OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ROMANIAN STRAINS." Romanian Journal for Plant Protection 14 (2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54574/rjpp.14.04.
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A requirement for industrial-scale production of mycoinsecticides is the capacity of fungal strains to produce infective and stable propagules on inexpensive artificial substrates, with either solid-state or submerged liquid fermentation methods. The ability of entomopathogenic fungi to use different nutritive substrates is one of the factors influencing their effectiveness.Vegetative growth and sporulation yield depend on the composition of the culture medium and are specific to each fungal isolate. Our study has focused on fungal inoculum produced in artificial media. Native Beauveria bassiana strains was cultivated in liquid medium involving variations in carbon and nitrogen sources and the production of spores was evaluated. The results revealed that among the carbon and nitrogen sources tested, zaharose and ammonium nitrate were most efficiently used for the production of B.bassiana spores in submerged liquid fermentation.
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Karuppaija, Sinthuja, Kapilan Ranganathan, and Vasantharuba Seevaratnam. "Characterization of best naringinase producing fungus strain isolated from palmyrah (Borrasus flabellifer) fruit pulp." International Journal of Biological Research 4, no. 2 (2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6289.
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Background: The Palmyrah (Borrasus flabellifer L.) fruit pulp has the bitter compound flabelliferin (a tetraglycoside) which can be hydrolyzed by naringinase enzyme. The diverse groups of filamentous fungi and bacteria that live in different substrates have the capacity of producing extracellular naringinase enzyme which is of tremendous industrial value.Objective: The objective of the study was to isolate the naringinase producing fungal strains from Palmyrah and to identify the best naringinase producer under liquid and solid state fermentation systems.Methods: Fungal strains isolated from Palmyrah fruit pulp and the soil where pulp is allowed to decay, were grown on naringin agar selective medium at pH 6.0 at room temperature and the production of extracellular naringinase was measured in the liquid fermentation media and solid state fermentation system using paddy husk as support.Results: Five fungal strains isolated from the palmyrah pulp and the pulp decaying in sand designated as PF1,PF2,PF3,PF4 & PF5 had the ability to produce extracellular naringinase enzyme in liquid fermentation media. Fungal strain PF4 that showed highest naringinase enzyme activity (1.769U/ml) was selected among the isolated five fungal strains and identified as Rhizophus stolonifer based on the morphological and biochemical characteristics. When this strain was grown in the solid state fermentation system using paddy husk as media, narininase production was higher (269.84 U/gram of dry substrate) in seven days.Conclusion: Rhizophus stolonifer could be used to produce large scale naringinase enzyme under solid state fermentation system using very cheap, easily available, agricultural waste paddy husk as support without the need of expensive and well equipped laboratories.
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Gebru, Yoseph Asmelash, and Desta Berhe Sbhatu. "Effects of Fungi-Mediated Solid-State Fermentation on Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Brown and White Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) Grains." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (September 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8819555.
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Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) is a tropical cereal used in preparing a staple food in Ethiopia and Eritrea called injera. Phenolic compounds are available in soluble and bound forms in cereals like teff. Therefore, their bioaccessibility depends on their release from the food matrix. Different food processing methods including fermentation have been applied since ancient times to aid bioaccessibility and improve the properties of food products. This study aimed at investigating changes in phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of white and brown teff grains during mushroom-mediated solid-state fermentation. Fermentation with mushroom considerably increased total phenol contents of the soluble phenol fraction with Ganoderma lucidum showing relatively higher increase than Pleurotus ostreatus. Bound fraction of teff phenol did not show noticeable changes after fermentation with the two mushroom strains. Such changes are suggested to be attributed to activities of fungal enzymes such as amylases, xylanases, and proteases that induce structural breakdown of grain components including cell walls leading to the liberation or synthesis of a variety of phenolic compounds. On the other hand, total flavonoid content of teff significantly decreased after fermentation by both strains. This is also believed to be caused by the action of fungal polyphenol oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of a variety of phenolic compounds including flavonoids to o-quinones.
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Rasit, Nazaitulshila, Yong Sin Sze, Mohd Ali Hassan, et al. "Pectinase Production from Banana Peel Biomass via the Optimization of the Solid-state Fermentation Conditions of Aspergillus niger Strain." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (2021): 257–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.1.14.
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In this study, the biomass of banana peel was used to produce pectinase via optimization of solid-state fermentation conditions of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nigeA. niger). The operating conditions of solid-state fermentation were optimized using the method of full factorial design with incubation temperature ranging between 25 °C and 35 °C, moisture content between 40% and 60%, and inoculum size between 1.6 x 106 spores/mL and 1.4 x 107 spores/mL. Optimizing the solid-state fermentation conditions appeared crucial to minimize the sample used in this experimental design and determine the significant correlation between the operating conditions. A relatively high maximal pectinase production of 27 UmL-1 was attained at 35° C of incubation, 60% of moisture content, and 1.6 x 106 spores/mL of inoculum size with a relatively low amount of substrate (5 g). Given that the production of pectinase with other substrates (e.g., pineapple waste, lemon peel, cassava waste, and wheat bran) generally ranges between 3 U/mL and 16 U/mL (Abdullah et al., 2018; Handa et al., 2016; Melnichuk et al., 2020; Thangaratham and Manimegalai, 2014; Salim et al., 2017), thus the yield of pectinase derived from the banana peel in this study (27 U/mL) was considered moderately high. The findings of this study indicated that the biomass of banana peel would be a potential substrate for pectinase production via the solid-state fermentation of A. niger.
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Ghribi, Dhouha, Lobna Abdelkefi-Mesrati, Ines Mnif, et al. "Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity and Statistical Optimization ofBacillus subtilisSPB1 Biosurfactant Production in Solid-State Fermentation." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/373682.
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During the last years, several applications of biosurfactants with medical purposes have been reported. Biosurfactants are considered relevant molecules for applications in combating many diseases. However, their use is currently extremely limited due to their high cost in relation to that of chemical surfactants. Use of inexpensive substrates can drastically decrease its production cost. Here, twelve solid substrates were screened for the production ofBacillus subtilisSPB1 biosurfactant and the maximum yield was found with millet. A Plackett-Burman design was then used to evaluate the effects of five variables (temperature, moisture, initial pH, inoculum age, and inoculum size). Statistical analyses showed that temperature, inoculum age, and moisture content had significantly positive effect on SPB1 biosurfactant production. Their values were further optimized using a central composite design and a response surface methodology. The optimal conditions of temperature, inoculum age, and moisture content obtained under the conditions of study were 37°C, 14 h, and 88%, respectively. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of this compound was carried out against 11 bacteria and 8 fungi. The results demonstrated that this biosurfactant exhibited an important antimicrobial activity against microorganisms with multidrug-resistant profiles. Its activity was very effective againstStaphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus xylosus,Enterococcus faecalis,Klebsiella pneumonia, and so forth.
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Lima, Caio A., Alex G. Contato, Fernanda de Oliveira, et al. "Trends in Enzyme Production from Citrus By-Products." Processes 13, no. 3 (2025): 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030766.
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Citrus fruit production generates substantial by-products, primarily from juice processing, which represent significant environmental and economic challenges. However, these residues, rich in polysaccharides, flavonoids, essential oils, and enzymes, offer an untapped resource for biotechnological applications. This review explores the potential of citrus by-products as substrates for enzyme production, focusing on key industrial enzymes such as cellulases, pectinases, xylanases, ligninases, lipases, and proteases. Various microbial strains have demonstrated the ability to convert citrus residues into high-value enzymes through solid-state and submerged fermentation. The optimization of fermentation conditions—including temperature, pH, moisture content, and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio—further enhances enzymatic yields. The valorization of citrus waste aligns with circular economy principles, reducing environmental impacts while supporting sustainable bioproduct development for the food, biofuel, pharmaceutical, and textile industries. Future research should focus on scaling up enzyme production using citrus waste to improve economic feasibility and advance industrial biorefineries.
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Solanke, Komal. "Screening and Production of Extracellular Fungal Laccase from Peniophora Albobdia by Solid State Fermentation with Agro-industrial Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 2 (2025): 822–27. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.66953.
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The enzyme Laccase is known to degrade many phenolic, aromatic compounds. The present study describes, fungal fruiting body collected from Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, isolated on 2% Malt Extract Agar and substrate oxidation studies carried out to screen fungi for laccase production by using different laccase substrate. The aim of this study was to extract extracellular laccase from Peniophora albobdia with solid state fermentation by different agro industrial wastes like Tur bagasse, Corn stubs, Soybean bagasse, Groundnut bagasse, sugarcane bagasse, and brewer’s spent grain. A utilization of biomass waste had applied in this research. The enzyme activity unit of the different types of substrates was significantly different. The highest activity unit was obtained by Brewers spent grain than the other substrates. From results it is confirmed that the best substrate for laccase production is brewers spent grain with nutrient addition. The statistical optimization needs to be carried to increase the production of laccase enzyme which will help to bio-eliminate the various industrial phenolic waste compounds.
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Zhang, Jia Chan, Chang Tao Wang, Cheng Tao Wang, Shou Xian Wang, and Bao Guo Sun. "Changes in components of aqueous and non-aqueous extracts from sea buckthorn seed residues through solid state fermentation of Monascus purpureus." BioResources 14, no. 1 (2019): 2197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.2197-2215.
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The feasibility of solid-state fermentation was studied for sea buckthorn seed residues (SBSR). Effects of different fermentation parameters were evaluated regarding the levels of biomass and compounds in aqueous and non-aqueous extracts. In the latent and logarithmic phases of fermentation, the total phenols and flavonoids were increased. The microbes’ decomposition on fibrous matter allowed the active components to be fully extracted. The changes of total sugar levels had a contrary trend with the changes of total phenol and flavonoid contents. The monosaccharide and polypeptide contents decreased dramatically and then kept steady along with the fermentation. Unsuitable environments led to weak growth of the fungi, limited enzyme contents, low enzyme activity, and a poor degradation of the substrates. The active compounds considered in the study were protected, and the contents reached a maximum under conditions that were usually not suitable for the fungal growth. The chemical structure was another important factor influencing the content and stability of the compounds. The content of procyanidins decreased dramatically because of its sensitivity to heat and alkaline environments. Antioxidant abilities of SBSR extracts, both aqueous and non-aqueous, increased after fermentation. These results reflected a possibility to recycle SBSR for further use in the food industry.
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Zapata, Y. Maritza, Angelica Galviz-Quezada, and Víctor Manuel Osorio Echeverri. "Cellulases production on paper and sawdust using native Trichoderma asperellum." Universitas Scientiarum 23, no. 3 (2018): 419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc23-3.cpop.
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Microbial cellulases are industrially used enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the glycosidic bonds of cellulose. This hydrolysis yields sugars that can be used in processes such as bioethanol production. These enzymes are mainly produced by fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma via submerged or solid state fermentation with cellulosic materials as substrates. Recent publications have increasingly demonstrated that alternatives to T.reesei enzymes in the production of second generation biofuels exist. Here, cellulolytic activities of crude extracts obtained from a native isolate of T.asperellum from coffe pulp and a strain of T.reesei were evaluated. Solid state fermentations were performed using paper and sawdust as substrates. The activities were measured after 12 days of incubation. The extracts obtained from T.reesei showed higher cellulase and endoglucanase activities (6.5 and 5.8 U/g) than those obtained using T.asperellum (5.6 and 4.1 U/g) with paper as substrate. There were no significant differences between isolates when grownon sawdust. It was possible to verify that native T.asperellum was able to produce cellulases on lignocellulosic material such as moistened paper and sawdust without having undergone a chemical pretreatment.
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de Castro, Ruann Janser Soares, Tânia Goia Nishide, and Hélia Harumi Sato. "Production and biochemical properties of proteases secreted by Aspergillus niger under solid state fermentation in response to different agroindustrial substrates." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 3, no. 4 (2014): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2014.06.001.
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Akhtar, Taqiyah, Md Mozammel Hoq, and Md Abdul Mazid. "Bacterial Proteases as Thrombolytics and Fibrinolytics." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 2 (2018): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v16i2.35265.
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Proteases regulate important pathophysiological processes in human body such as homeostasis, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, tumor progression, etc. These biological effects of proteases largely attribute to their applicability as therapeutic agents. Imbalance in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, two important physiological processes in human body, leads to thrombosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular complications including myocardial infarction, stroke, etc. The enzymes used to dissolve thrombus (blood clot) are known as thrombolytic agents and among them, the enzymes involving hydrolysis of fibrin called fibrinolytic agents. Thrombolytic agents can be classified according to generation, mechanism of action, source and active site of the enzymes. Among the commercially available thrombolytic agents, uPA and tPA are generally safe but are very expensive. On the other hand, the bacterial streptokinase is a relatively cheap thrombolytic agent but causes undesirable side effects such as bleeding complications. For this reason, worldwide research for potent thrombolytic agents to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases have been continuing. Microbes are considered as a potential source of as well as safe vectors for expressing thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes. Bacilli are one of the largest groups for this purpose. They have been collected from different traditional fermented foods or have been produced by solid state fermentation using appropriate nutrient substrates including different agro-industrial wastes such as rice straw, molasses, soybean curd residues, etc. This review focuses on different bacterial proteases reported to have potential thrombolytic and fibrinolytic activities.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 16(2): 255-269, 2017 (December)
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J, Jonathan, Veren Tania, Jessica C. Tanjaya, and Katherine K. "Recent Advancements of Fungal Xylanase Upstream Production and Downstream Processing." Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences | ISSN: 2656-0682 (online) 3, no. 1 (2021): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54250/ijls.v3i1.122.
Full textAbstract:
Xylanase is a hydrolytic enzyme produced by fungi and bacteria utilized in various industrial applications such as food, biobleaching, animal feed, and pharmaceuticals. Due to its wide variety of applications, xylanase's large-scale industrial production has gained researchers' interest. Many factors and methods affect fungal xylanase's production in both upstream and downstream processing stages. The upstream production methods used are submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF), where SmF involves the usage of liquid substrates, while the SSF applies solid substrates to inoculate the microbes. The downstream processing of fungal xylanase includes extraction, purification, and formulation. The extraction methods used to extract fungal xylanase are filtration and solvent extraction. Meanwhile, the purification methods include ultrafiltration, precipitation, chromatography, Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS), and Aqueous Two-Phase Affinity Partitioning (ATPAP). The formulation of xylanase product is obtained in either liquid from the extraction-purification results, which can be converted to powder form using technologies such as spray drying to increase storage life. Moreover, immobilization of xylanase with nanoparticles of SiO2 could produce reusable xylanase enzymes. Several future studies have also been suggested. This review aims to explain the upstream and downstream processes of fungal xylanase production as well as the factors that affect those processes.
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Ferreira, Marta, José Manuel Salgado, Helena Fernandes, Helena Peres, and Isabel Belo. "Potential of Red, Green and Brown Seaweeds as Substrates for Solid State Fermentation to Increase Their Nutritional Value and to Produce Enzymes." Foods 11, no. 23 (2022): 3864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11233864.
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Seaweeds are valuable feedstocks with the potential to be used as ingredients in aquafeeds. However, their use are still limited, given their recalcitrant polysaccharide structure. To break this structure, a biotechnological approach such as solid-state fermentation (SSF) by filamentous fungi can be used, which simultaneously increases the nutritional value of the biomass. However, SSF has hardly been studied in seaweeds; thus, in this study, five different seaweeds (Gracilaria sp., Porphyra dioica, Codium tomentosum, Ulva rigida, and Alaria esculenta) were used as substrates in SSF with Aspergillus ibericus MUM 03.49 and A. niger CECT 2915. Firstly, the seaweeds were fully characterized, and, then, changes in the crude protein and carbohydrate contents were assessed in the fermented biomass, as well as any carbohydrases production. The SSF of U. rigida with both fungi resulted in the maximum xylanase and β-glucosidase activities. The maximum cellulase activity was achieved using Gracilaria sp. and U. rigida in the SSF with A. niger. The protein content increased in C. tomentosum after SSF with A. ibericus and in U. rigida after SSF with both fungi. Moreover, U. rigida’s carbohydrate content decreased by 54% and 62% after SSF with A. ibericus and A. niger, respectively. Seaweed bioprocessing using SSF is a sustainable and cost-effective strategy that simultaneously produces high-value enzymes and nutritionally enhanced seaweeds to be included in aquafeeds.
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Ketipally, Ravi, G. Kranthi Kumar, and M. Raghu Ram. "Polygalacturonase production by Aspergillus nomius MR103 in solid state fermentation using Agro-industrial wastes." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (2019): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2039.
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The present study was aimed at polygalacturonase production from Aspergillus nomius MR103 under solid state fermentation. A total of 57 fungal strains were obtained from mangrove soils collected from Gilakaladindi and Malakayalanka of Krishna District Andhra Pradesh. For the isolation of fungi these Soil samples were serially diluted and plated on pectin agar media plates. Among them, the isolate which showed maximum polygalacturonase activity was selected for this study. This strain was identified as A. nomius MR 103 by 18S rRNA sequences analysis. Pectin rich agro-industrial wastes like apple peel, citrus peel, orange peel, wheat bran, rice bran and sugarcane bagasse were used as substrates for polygalacturonase production by A. nomius MR 103. This strain was inoculated into the nutrient broth containing agro industrial wastes under solid state fermentation and amount of Polygalacturonase production was estimated. Maximum enzyme production of 4.83 IU/mg was recorded at pH 7.0 and temperature 35?C after 7 days of incubation, when orange peels were used as substrate. Addition of carbon and nitrogen sources to orange peel media improved the Polygalcturonase production. Sucrose as carbon and peptone as nitrogen sources were proved to be the best for maximum production of Polygalcturonase by A. nomius MR 103 on orange peel substrate. Utilization of agro-industrial by-products provided the establishment of a cost-efficient and sustainable process for enzyme production.
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Rengifo, Liliana R., Paola Rosas, Nicolás Méndez, et al. "Comparison of Pigment Production by Filamentous Fungal Strains under Submerged (SmF) and Surface Adhesion Fermentation (SAF)." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010048.
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Although synthetic colorants are widely used in many industries due to their high stability at different conditions in industrial processes, evidence of its negative impact on health and the environment is undeniable. Filamentous fungi are well known for their use as alternative sources to produce natural pigments. However, an adequate comparison of the productivity parameters between the fermentation systems could be limited to their heterogeneous conditions. Even though Solid-State Fermentations (SSF) on natural substrates are widely used for pigments production, complex media, and non-controlled variables (T, pH, medium composition), these systems could not only hamper the finding of accurate productivity parameters, but also mathematical modeling and genomics-based optimization. In this context, the present study screened five pigment-producing fungi by comparing Submerged (SmF) and Surface Adhesion Fermentation [biofilm (BF) and Solid-State (SSF)] with defined media and controlled variables. For this purpose, we used the same defined media with sucrose as the carbon source for pigment production on SmF, BF, and SSF, and BF and SSF were carried out on inert supports. Five molecularly identified Penicillium and Talaromyces strains isolated from the Peruvian rainforest were selected for their ability to produce yellowish-orange colorants. Highest productivities were obtained from T. brunneus LMB-HP43 in SmF (0.18 AU/L/h) and SSF (0.17 AU/L/h), and P. mallochii LMB-HP37 in SSF (0.18 AU/L/h). Both strains also exhibited the highest yields (AU/g biomass) in the three fermentation systems, reaching values greater than 18-folds in SSF compared to the other strains. Conversely, T. wortmannii LMB-HP14 and P. maximae LMB-HP33 showed no ability to produce pigments in the SSF system. The performed experiments accurately compared the effect of the fermentation system on yield and productivity. From this, further genomics approaches can be considered for an extensive analysis of pigment synthesis pathways and a genomics-driven optimization in the best fermentation system.
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Satyanarayana, T., S. M. Noorwez, S. Kumar, J. L. U. M. Rao, M. Ezhilvannan, and P. Kaur. "Development of an ideal starch saccharification process using amylolytic enzymes from thermophiles." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 2 (2004): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320276.
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The extensive efforts to screen thermophilic fungi and bacteria, isolated from various environmental samples, have resulted in the selection of Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae, Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP33 and G. thermoleovorans NP54 for the production of glucoamylase, amylopullulanase and α-amylase, respectively. Submerged and solid-state fermentation processes were optimized for maximizing the secretion of glucoamylase by T. indicae-seudaticae. The production of amylopullulanase and α-amylase by NP33 and NP54 in submerged fermentation was also optimized. Glucoamylase was optimally active at pH 7.0 and 60°C and was shown to saccharify soluble as well as raw starches. Amylopullulanase and α-amylase exhibited optima at pH 7.0 and 100°C and saccharified starch efficiently. Differential inhibition and action on mixed substrates clearly suggested that there are two separate active sites for α-amylase and pullulanase activities of amylopullulanase. Both α-amylase and amylopullulanase are high maltose-forming and Ca2+-independent. These amylolytic enzymes have been shown to be useful in starch saccharification alone and in combination.
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Abaildayev, A., V. Kuzovlev, K. Sharipov та A. Khakimzhanov. "Purification and characterization of α-amylase and protease of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum". Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology, № 3 (16 вересня 2022): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11134/btp.3.2022.1.
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One of the modern approaches in increasing the resistance of cereal crops to fungal diseases is the study of digestive enzymes of pathogens and their protein inhibitors in grain. Recently, proteases and amylases have been considered as some of the important pathogenicity factors of fungi. To obtain these enzymes, the phytopathogenic fungus F. graminearum was grown by solid state fermentation (SSF) using wheat bran. The maximum accumulation of enzymes at the addition of 2,0×106 conidia/ml occurred on day 8th of cultivation of the fungus. Extracellular protease and α-amylase with molecular weight 25 and 29 kDa, respectively, were purified by affinity chromatography.. Using specific inhibitors, the purified protease was found to belong to the serine trypsin-like enzyme. According to isoelectric focusing data, α-amylase consisted of 4 isoenzymes with strongly acidic pI of 3.0-3.5. The pH, temperature optimum, and thermostability of the enzymes were determined. The data obtained for α-amylase and trypsin of F. graminearum are presented for the first time. The results of the study can be used in the search for specific inhibitors of amylases and proteases in grain as protective proteins for their application in estimation of wheat varieties resistance to fungal attack.
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Ganash, Magdah, Tarek M. Abdel Ghany, Mohamed A. Al Abboud, Mohamed M. Alawlaqi, Husam Qanash, and Basma H. Amin. "Lignocellulolytic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus under solid state fermentation using silage, stover, and cobs of maize." BioResources 16, no. 2 (2021): 3797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3797-3807.
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Lignocellulolytic white-rot fungi allow the bioconversion of agricultural wastes into value-added products that are used in a myriad of applications. The aim of this work was to use corn residues (Zea mays L.) to produce valuable products under solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Pleurotus ostreatus. White-rot fungus P. ostreatus was isolated from maize silage (MS) and thereafter it was inoculated on MS as substrate and compared with maize stover (MSt) and maize cobs (MC) to determine the best lignocellulosic substrate for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and extracellular protein. The MS gave the highest productivity of CMCase (368.2 U/mL), FPase (170.5 U/mL), laccase (11.4 U/mL), and MnPase (6.6 U/mL). This is compared to productivity on MSt of 222 U/mL, 50.2 U/mL, 4.55 U/mL, and 2.57 U/mL, respectively; and productivity on MC at the same incubation period as 150.5 U/mL, 48.2 U/mL, 3.58 U/mL, and 2.5 U/mL, respectively. The levels of enzyme production declined with increasing incubation period after 15 and 20 days using MS and MC, respectively, as substrates. Maximum liberated extracellular protein content (754 to 878 µg/mL) was recorded using MS, while a low amount (343 to 408 µg/mL) was liberated with using MSt and MC.
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Ocaña-Romo, Edgardo, Celestino Odín Rodríguez-Nava, and Carmen Sánchez. "Oxidases production by Trametes versicolor grown on green waste and on polyurethane foam in solid-state fermentation: A comparative study." Mexican journal of biotechnology 9, no. 2 (2024): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2024.9.2.51.
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Green waste (GW) is generated by the maintenance of public or private green spaces. It is necessary to find ecological alternatives for GW utilization, aiming to avoid accumulation of this material at the environment. In this research, the production of laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and unspecific peroxygenase (UnP) produced by Trametes versicolor grown on GW as a substrate and on polyurethane foam (PUF) as an inert support in solid state fermentation was evaluated. T. versicolor showed higher values of Lac, MnP, UnP and LiP activities (34, 943, 1023 and 766 U/gS, respectively) when grown on GW than when grown on PUF (10.9, 588, 559 and 229 U/gS, respectively). These results suggest that T. versicolor produced Lac inducible and constitutively, while LiP, MnP and UnP were induced by GW at the beginning of fungal growth, however, these enzymes were constitutive and inducible during the rest of the fermentation. The production of oxidases and peroxidases was induced and increased by GW. It is suggested that LiP is involved (as a constitutive enzyme) at the beginning of the exponential phase, while MnP and UnP participate in fungal growth at the end of fermentation. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study on the main lignincellulose-degrading fungal enzymes involved in GW degradation by fungi. In particular, the relevance of UnP was showed as peroxidase involved in lignocellulosic substrates biodegradation.
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Mallerman, Julieta, Raúl Itria, Enrique Alarcón-Gutiérrez, Christian Hernández, Laura Levin, and Mario Saparrat. "Exotic litter of the invasive plantLigustrum lucidumalters enzymatic production and lignin degradation by selected saprotrophic fungi." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 6 (2018): 709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0309.
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Chemical changes in leaf input to forest soils have been reported to affect decay processes. In this work, litter mass loss and decomposition constants (k) during 200 days in solid-state fermentation of the native tree Celtis tala Gill. ex Planch. and the exotic one Ligustrum lucidum Ait. with three common litter saprotrophic basidiomycetes were compared. Alterations in litter quality were characterized by solid-state13C NMR spectroscopy, pH, soluble sugars, ammonium, proteins, and phenol content determination and were associated with extracellular lignocellulolytic enzyme production. Differences in substrate decomposition related to litter type were observed for Leratiomyces ceres, achieving a higher k in the exotic L. lucidum litter, which might be attributed to the induction of manganese peroxidase activity. Substrate preference for alkyl C and more degradation of lignified compounds were found in such substrates. Although no statistical differences in mass loss were observed for the rest of the fungi assayed, we detected changes in several of the parameters evaluated. This suggests that exotic invasions may alter ecosystem functioning by accelerating decomposition processes through an increased fungal ligninolytic activity.
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Ali, Usman, Zahid Anwar, Shoaib Hasan, et al. "Bioprocessing and Screening of Indigenous Wastes for Hyper Production of Fungal Lipase." Catalysts 13, no. 5 (2023): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13050853.
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Background: Lipase is one of the most important enzymes produced from microbial fermentation. Agricultural wastes are a good source of enzyme production because they are cost-effective and production rates are also higher. Method: In this study, eight lignolitic substrates were screened for lipase production. Results: Out of these substrates, guava leaves showed maximum activity of 9.1 U/mL from Aspergillus niger by using the solid-state fermentation method. Various factors such as temperature, pH, incubation period, moisture content, inoculum size, and substrate size that influence the growth of fungi were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM), and then characterization was performed. When all physical and nutritional parameters were optimized by RSM, the maximum lipase activity obtained was 12.52 U/mL after 4 days of incubation, at pH 8, 40 °C temperature, 3 mL inoculum size, 20% moisture content, and 6 g substrate concentration. The enzyme was partially purified through 70% ammonium sulfate precipitation. After purification, it showed 34.291 U/mg enzyme activity, increasing the purification fold to 1.3. The enzyme was then further purified by dialysis, and the purification fold increased to 1.83 having enzyme activity of 48.03 U/mg. Furthermore, activity was increased to 132.72 U/mg after column chromatography. A purification fold of 5.07 was obtained after all purification steps.
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Lindsay, Melodie A., Ninna Granucci, David R. Greenwood, and Silas G. Villas-Boas. "Identification of New Natural Sources of Flavour and Aroma Metabolites from Solid-State Fermentation of Agro-Industrial By-Products." Metabolites 12, no. 2 (2022): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12020157.
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Increasing consumer demand for natural flavours and fragrances has driven up prices and increased pressure on natural resources. A shift in consumer preference towards more sustainable and economical sources of these natural additives and away from synthetic production has encouraged research into alternative supplies of these valuable compounds. Solid-state fermentation processes support the natural production of secondary metabolites, which represents most flavour and aroma compounds, while agro-industrial by-products are a low-value waste stream with a high potential for adding value. Accordingly, four filamentous fungi species with a history of use in the production of fermented foods and food additives were tested to ferment nine different agro-industrial by-products. Hundreds of volatile compounds were produced and identified using headspace (HS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Four compounds of interest, phenylacetaldehyde, methyl benzoate, 1-octen-3-ol, and phenylethyl alcohol, were extracted and quantified. Preliminary yields were encouraging compared to traditional sources. This, combined with the low-cost substrates and the high-value natural flavours and aromas produced, presents a compelling case for further optimisation of the process.
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Zhang, Zichen, Aabid Manzoor Shah, Hassan Mohamed, Nino Tsiklauri, and Yuanda Song. "Isolation and Screening of Microorganisms for the Effective Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Agricultural Wastes." BioMed Research International 2021 (September 21, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5514745.
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Lignocellulosic waste is the most abundant biorenewable biomass on earth, and its hydrolysis releases highly valued reducing sugars. However, the presence of lignin in the biopolymeric structure makes it highly resistant to solubilization thereby hindering the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. Microorganisms are known for their potential complex enzymes that play a dominant role in lignocellulose conversion. Therefore, the current study was designed to isolate and screen potential microorganisms for their selective delignification ability for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. An extensive isolation and screening procedure yielded 36 desired isolates (22 bacteria, 7 basidiomycete fungi, and 7 filamentous fungi). Submerged cultivation of these desired microorganisms revealed 4 bacteria and 10 fungi with potent lignocellulolytic enzyme activities. The potent isolates were identified as Pleurotus, Trichoderma, Talaromyces, Bacillus, and Chryseobacterium spp. confirmed by morphological and molecular identification. The efficiency of these strains was determined through enzyme activities, and the degraded substrates were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among all isolated microbes, Pleurotus spp. were found to have high laccase activity. The cellulose-decomposing and selective delignification strains were subjected to solid-state fermentation (SSF). SSF of field waste corn stalks as a single-carbon source provides Pleurotus spp. better condition for the secretion of ligninolytic enzymes. These isolated ligninolytic enzymes producing microorganisms may be used for the effective pretreatment of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes for the production of high value-added natural products by fermentation.
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Zulfiana, Deni, Apriwi Zulfitri, Anis Sri Lestari, Ni Putu Ratna Ayu Krishanti, and Dita Meisyara. "Production of Conidia by Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Pathogenicity Against Coptotermes sp." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 12, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v12i1.22435.
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Entomopathogenic fungi have the potential to infect most arthropods including termites which are economically important major insects pest of wood, wood products and building structures. However, the application of this fungus in the field has not shown satisfactory results yet, one of which is constrained in mass production of conidia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 16 types of biodegradable products and waste as substrates for mass production of conidia using solid state fermentation method and two types of inoculum namely solid and liquid inoculum. Toxicity tests were carried out on subterranean termites (Coptotermes sp.) based on JIS K 1571, 2010. The parameters observed were the number and dry weight of the conidia produced, conidial viability, nutrient content of the substrate, and percentage of termite mortality. The results showed that rice, sorghum and corn were the best media for the growth of entomopathogenic fungi based on the number of conidia and dry weight of the conidia produced. Metarhizium sp. T4.B23 produced the highest number of conidia, 1.12 x 1011 conidia/100 g substrate and yielded 180.9 ± 0.623 g dry conidia/kg of rice; followed by Metarhizium sp. B2.2 grown on sorghum that resulted in 1.11 x 1010 conidia/100 g substrates and 8 ± 0.570 g /kg sorghum; and B. bassiana produced 8.3 x 109 conidia/100 g substrate and 31.24 ± 0.407 gr/ kg sorghum. Metarhizium sp. B2.2 showed the highest toxicity to termites with 100% mortality was observed within the second day of testing. Therefore the conidia of Metahizium sp. B2.2 is potential to be developed as a biopesticide using rice or sorghum substrate as a carrier.
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Chevreuil, Larissa Ramos, Sérgio Dantas de Oliveira Júnior, Aldenora dos Santos Vasconcelos, et al. "Screening of ligninolytic enzymes produced by Ganoderma lucidum in solid residues from the Amazon." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 14 (2022): e243111436257. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i14.36257.
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White rot fungi have one of the most efficient oxidative lignin degradation systems, and present an enzymatic complex that is responsible for digesting lignocellulosic matter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of laccase and total peroxidases by Ganoderma lucidum via solid-state fermentation using açaí seeds and marupá (Simarouba amara) sawdust unsupplemented and supplemented with wheat, corn and rice bran. G. lucidum was inoculated in substrates prepared with the residues and incubated at 25 ºC. Enzymatic extractions were performed on the culture substrates every 2 days for 30 days. The enzymatic activities were determined using ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt), with the addition of the enzymatic cofactor H2O2 for total peroxidases. The laccase activity was higher in the supplemented residues, with emphasis on the açaí-based substrate on the 16th day of cultivation, while in marupá the maximum activity was on the 6th day. In the unsupplemented açaí residue, the maximum peak of activity was on the 8th day and, in marupá, no fungal growth was observed. As for total peroxidases, G. lucidum cultivated in the supplemented açaí substrates showed activity peaks on the 8th, 12th, 16th and 28th day, and on 6th and 12th day under unsupplemented conditions. While, in the marupá, total peroxidase activity was observed only on the 6th day of cultivation. Thus, G. lucidum showed potential for producing laccases and total peroxidases, with the substrate supplementation inducing the synthesis of these enzymes.
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Marques, Natália Paganini, Josiani de Cassia Pereira, Eleni Gomes, et al. "Cellulases and xylanases production by endophytic fungi by solid state fermentation using lignocellulosic substrates and enzymatic saccharification of pretreated sugarcane bagasse." Industrial Crops and Products 122 (October 2018): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.022.
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Sonia, Sethi, and Gupta Saksham. "OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURAL PARAMETERS FOR CELLULASE ENZYME PRODUCTION FROM FUNGI." Biolife 2, no. 3 (2022): 989–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7224954.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The objective of this study is to reduce the production cost of cellulase by optimizing the production medium and using an alternative carbon source such as agricultural solid waste residue. Present studies describe the optimization of process parameters for the production of cellulases by . The fermentation experiments were carried out in shake flasks. Maximum production of cellulases (0.63 U/ml) was observed after a fermentation period of 72 hrs at an temperature of 40° C. Initial pH of the culture medium was also optimized and a pH of 5 was found to support maximum growth and enzyme production (0.9 U/ml) by <em>A. niger</em>. Different inorganic nitrogen sources and carbon sources were evaluated for the production of cellulases and ammonium sulphate in case of nitrogen and glucose among carbon sources was found to be the best. Agrobased coconut cake waste gave the best production of cellulases. <strong>Keywords: </strong>Cellulase, Agricultural waste, Fungi, optimization, <em>Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum</em> <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Kibbelwhite, P.R. and Clark, T.A. 1996. Enzymatic modification of radiata pine kraft fiber and handsheet properties. Appia J. 49:390–396. Jagdish Singh and Pawandeep Kaur. 2012. Optimization of process parameters for cellulase production from <em>Bacillus sp. </em>JS14 in solid substrate fermentation using response surface methodology Braz. arch. biol. technol. 55(4). Beguin, P. and Aubert, J.P.1994.The biological degration of cellulose. <em>FEMS Microbiol Rev.</em>13: 25-28. Vinod Kumar Nathan, Mary Esther Rani, Gunaseeli Rathinasamy, Kannan Narayanan Dhiraviam and Sridhar Jayavel. 2014. Process optimization and production kinetics for cellulase production by <em>Trichoderma viride</em> VKF3 SpringerPlus.3:92. Lee, B. H. ,Kim, B. K.., Lee, Y. J., Chung, C. H. and Lee, J. W. 2010. “Industrial scale of optimization for the production of carboxymethylcellulase from rice bran by a marine bacterium, <em>Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis </em>A-53,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 46(1): 38–42. Ali, U.F. and Saad El-Dein , H.S. 2008. Production and Partial Purification of Cellulase Complex by<em>Aspergillus niger</em> and <em>A. nidulans</em> Grown on Water Hyacinth Blend. J Appl Sci Res. 4: 875-891. Chahal, D.S.1985. Solid state fermentation with <em>Trichoderma reesei</em> for cellulose production. Appl Environ Microbiol. 49: 205-210. Koomnok, C. 2005. Selection of cellulose producing thermophilic fungi. 31st congress on Science and Technology of Thailand. Yano, S., Ozaki, H., Matsuo, S., Ito, M., Wakayama, M. and Takagi, K. (2012) Production, purification and characterization of D-aspartate oxidase from the fungus <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> SKW-36. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 3(1):7–13 Penttila, M., Limon, C. and Nevalainen, H. 2004. Molecular biology of <em>Trichoderma</em> and biotechnological applications, Handbook of fungal biotechnology. Marcel Dekker, New York Kathiresan , K. and Manivannan, S. 2006. Cellulase production by <em>Penicillium fellutanum</em> isolated from coastal mangrove rhizosphere soil. Res J Microbiol. 1(5):438–442 Polyanna, N.H., Porto, T.S., Moreira, K.A., Pinto, G.A.S., Cristina, M.S.M. and Ana, L.F.P. 2011. Cellulase production by <em>Aspergillus japonicus</em> URM5620 using waste from castor bean (<em>Ricinus communis</em> L.) under solid state fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 165:1057–1067. Hankin, L. and Anagnostakis, S. L. 1977. “Solid media containing carboxymethylcellulose to detect C<sub>x</sub>cellulase activity of micro organisms,” Journal of General Microbiology. 98(1):109–115. Sherief, A. A., El-Tanash, A. B., and Atia, N. 2010. “Cellulase production by <em>Aspergillus fumigatus</em> grown on mixed substrate of rice straw and wheat bran,” Research Journal of Microbiology. 5(3):199–211. Miller, G. L. 1959. “Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar,” Analytical Chemistry. 31(3):426–428. Pointing, S. B. 1999. “Qualitative methods for the determination of lignocellulolytic enzyme production by tropical fungi,” Fungal Diversity. 2:17–33. Milala, M.A., Shugaba, A., Gidado, A., Ene, A.C. and Wafar, J.A. 2005. Studies on the use of aricultural wastes for cellulase enzyme production by <em>Aspergillus niger</em>. Research Journal of Agriculture and biological Sciences 4: 323-325. Abo-State, M.A.M., Hammad, A.E., Selin, M. and Gannam, R.B. 2010. Enhanced production of cellulases by <em>Aspergillus</em> sp on agricultural wastes by solid state fermentation. American – Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Science. 402 – 410. Beldman, G., Searle-Van, L.M.F., Rombouts, F.M. and Voragen, F.G.J. 1985.The celulase of <em>Trichoderma virde</em>: Purifcation, characterization and comparison of al detectable endoglucanases, exoglucanase and B-glucidase. Eur J Biochem. 146:301-308. Ali, S., Sayed, A., Sarker, R.T., Alam, R. 1991. Factors afecting celulase production by Aspergilus tereus and Aspergilus niger. Enz Microbial Technol. 191(1):606-616. Dopelbauer, R., Esterbauer, H., Steiner, W., Laferty, R. and Steinmuler, H. 1987.The use of celulosic wastes for production of celulases by Trichoderma resei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 26:485-494. Sabu, A., Sarita, S., Pandey, A., Bogar, B., Szakacs, G. and Socol, C.R. Solid-State Fermentation for Production of Phytase by Rhizopus oligosporus. Apl Biochem Biotechnol. 202;103:251-260. Murao, S., Sakamoto, R. and Arai, M. 1988. “Cellulase of <em>Aspergillus aculeatus</em>,” in Methods in Enzymology, W. A. Wood and S. T. Kellog, Eds., vol. 160, pp. 275–284, Academic Press, London, UK. Lu, W., Li, D. and Wu, Y. 2003. “Influence of water activity and temperature on xylanase biosynthesis in pilot-scale solid-state fermentation by <em>Aspergillus sulphureus</em>,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 32(2):305–311. Immanuel, G., Akila Bhagavath, C. M. Iyapppa Raj, P., Essakking, P. and Palavessam A. 2007. Production and partial purification of cellulase by Aspergillus niger and A. fumigatus fermented in coir waste and saw dust. Internet Journal for Microbiology 3:1 – 17. Enari, T. M. and Markkanen, P. 1977. Adv. Biochem. Eng. 5, 1. Acharya, P. B., Acharya, D. K. and Modi<strong>, </strong>H. A. 2008. <em>African Journal of Biotechnology</em>. 7 (22) : 4147. Depaula, E.H., Ramos, L. P. and Azevedo, M.D. 1999. The potential of <em>Humicola grisea var. thermoidea</em> for bioconversion of sugarcane bagasse. Bioresour. Technol.68: 35 – 41. Shin, C.S., Lee, J.P. and Park, S.C. 2000. Enzyme production of <em>Trichoderma reesei</em> Rut C–30 on various lignocellulosic substrates. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 86: 237–245. Szengyel, Z., Zacchi, G., Varga, A. and Reczey, K. 2000. Cellulase production of <em>Trichoderma reesei</em> RUT C30 using steam pretreated spruce. Hydrolytic potential of cellulases on different substrate. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 86: 679–691
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Ritota, Mena, and Pamela Manzi. "Pleurotus spp. Cultivation on Different Agri-Food By-Products: Example of Biotechnological Application." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (2019): 5049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185049.
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Agri-food industry generally produces huge volumes of wastes all over the world, and their disposal is a threat to the environment and public health. The chemical composition of most of these wastes make them be defined as lignocellulosic materials, so they could be a suitable substrate for solid-state fermentation process operated by mushrooms. White-rot fungi are well known for their degradation ability of lignocellulosic material, and many scientific works reported the use of different substrates for their production. Biotechnological treatments of agri-food wastes by mushrooms could be considered an eco-friendly solution to reuse and valorize them, besides to reduce their environmental impact. In this way, wastes would be transformed into new resources to produce added-value food products, besides representing an economic return for the same industries. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the recent literature concerning the use of different agri-food residues as growth substrates for Pleurotus spp. cultivation, with attention to their effects on the growth and chemical composition of the cultivated mushrooms.
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Silva, Pietra Gícia Oliveira Cosmo da, Luiz Henrique Svintiskas Lino, Kethylen Barbara Barbosa Cardoso, et al. "Exploring the bioeconomic potential of valorizing agroindustrial by-products in enzyme production." OBSERVATÓRIO DE LA ECONOMÍA LATINOAMERICANA 23, no. 1 (2025): e8573. https://doi.org/10.55905/oelv23n1-058.
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Brazil faces solid waste management challenges despite its strong agricultural sector. The bioeconomy provides a solution by converting agricultural by-products into valuable resources. Wheat, a key crop, produces abundant by-products suitable for enzyme production through solid-state fermentation (SSF). This review examines the use of wheat by-products, particularly wheat bran, in enzyme production via SSF to support sustainable industrial practices and enhance the bioeconomy. From 811 articles reviewed, 16 were analyzed in detail, with a focus on fungi from the Aspergillus genus, notably Aspergillus awamori. Wheat bran, nutrient-rich, is a promising substrate for SSF, which can improve the bioavailability of its compounds. SSF is an efficient process for enzyme production using low-cost substrates, as filamentous fungi thrive in low-moisture conditions. Key factors such as substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and time must be optimized to enhance microbial growth, enzyme yield, and overall process efficiency. The diversity of fungi allows for the production of various enzymes in different environments, with Brazilian research highlighting native fungi's potential in degrading lignocellulosic materials for applications in bioremediation, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. Despite the potential of wheat residues for enzyme production, a lack of government incentives limits the circular economy's effectiveness. To fully harness the benefits of enzymes from wheat by-products, it is crucial for the government to implement measures that encourage the development and adoption of sustainable technologies, ultimately benefiting both the economy and the environment.
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Starzyńska-Janiszewska, Anna, Bożena Stodolak, Carmen Fernández-Fernández, Barbara Mickowska, Vito Verardo, and Ana María Gómez-Caravaca. "Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Amino Acid Composition of Moringa Leaves Fermented with Edible Fungal Strains." Foods 11, no. 23 (2022): 3762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11233762.
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Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is widely recognised as a technique to increase the bioactive potential and nutritional value of plant materials. However, the effect of this biotreatment differs for individual substrates. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of SSF with filamentous fungi (Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Neurospora) on a moringa leaf phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and amino acid composition. A total of 43 phenolic compounds were determined in the dried leaves analysed by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS. The leaves contained 11.79 mg/g of free phenolics: flavonols (80.6%, mainly quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (12.3%), vitexin and vicenin (6.9%), and a small amount of lignan (isolariciresinol isomers). The result of the 1-day fermentation was a slight enhancement in the concentration of individual free phenolics (flavones) and the antioxidant activity of the leaves. However, extending the incubation period caused a significant decrease in those parameters and cannot be recommended for obtaining a food fortificant from moringa leaves. In contrast, the 3-day fermentation with N. intermedia led to a 26% average accumulation of individual amino acids. Therefore, the SSF with Neurospora can be a promising method for improving the nutritional composition of moringa leaves and needs further investigation.
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Yafetto, L., G. T. Odamtten, E. Birikorang, and S. Adu. "Protein Enhancement of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Peels with Single-or Co-Inoculation of Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem and Trichoderma viride Pers Ex Fr. Under Solid-State Fermentation." Ghana Journal of Science 61, no. 2 (2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v61i2.3.
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This study assessed the protein enrichment of sterilized and non-sterilised yam peels substrates fermented for 21 days at 25°C with mono- and co-cultures of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride. Yam substrates were harvested at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days intervals for protein content and other chemical composition analyses. Results showed an overall percentage increase in protein contents of sterilised yam peels by 71.80% for A. niger, 58.03% for T. viride, and 80.60% for co-culture of A. niger and T. viride. Protein contents in non-sterilised yam peels increased by 113.30%, 95.00%, and 96.45% for A. niger, T. viride and co-culture of the test fungi, respectively. The significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher protein contents of the fermented, non-sterilised yam peels suggest possible successional microbial colonization of the substrate, and their combined, cumulative contributions to protein enhancement, unlike the sterilised yam peels. Ash content significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in both sterilised and non-sterilised yam peels. These findings underscore the fact that, through fungal bioprocessing, protein contents of yam peels can be significantly enriched for value-addition. The practical implications of the findings are discussed
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Slaný, Ondrej, Tatiana Klempová, Volha Shapaval, Boris Zimmermann, Achim Kohler, and Milan Čertík. "Biotransformation of Animal Fat-By Products into ARA-Enriched Fermented Bioproducts by Solid-State Fermentation of Mortierella alpina." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040236.
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Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a powerful fermentation technology for valorizing rest materials and by-products of different origin. Oleaginous Zygomycetes fungi are often used in SSF as an effective cell factory able to valorize a wide range of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates and produce lipid-enriched bioproducts. In this study, for the first time, the strain Mortierella alpina was used in SSF for the bioconversion of animal fat by-products into high value fermented bioproducts enriched with arachidonic acid (ARA). Two cereals-based matrixes mixed with four different concentrations of animal fat by-product were evaluated for finding optimal conditions of a fat-based SSF. All obtained fermented bioproducts were found to be enriched with ARA. The highest substrate utilization (25.8%) was reached for cornmeal and it was almost double than for the respective wheat bran samples. Similarly, total fatty acid content in a fermented bioproduct prepared on cornmeal is almost four times higher in contrast to wheat bran-based bioproduct. Although in general the addition of an animal fat by-product caused a gradual cessation of ARA yield in the obtained fermented bioproduct, the content of ARA in fungal biomass was higher. Thus, M. alpina CCF2861 effectively transformed exogenous fatty acids from animal fat substrate to ARA. Maximum yield of 32.1 mg of ARA/g of bioproduct was reached when using cornmeal mixed with 5% (w/w) of an animal fat by-product as substrate. Furthermore, implementation of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy in characterization of obtained SSF bioproducts was successfully tested as an alternative tool for complex analysis, compared to traditional time-consuming methods.