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1

Durand, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution a l'etude du groupe des proteines nucleaires de faible mobilite electrophoretique (lmg)." Nantes, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NANT2010.

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2

Zheng, Qiaoyun. "Study of Cancer Related Proteins: LRG-1 and PD-L1." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1495735827467521.

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3

Lam, Ching-po. "Analysis of LMP-1 variants in EBV related Hodgkin's disease." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3197109X.

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4

Smith, Ewan James. "Identification and characterisation of anti-angiogenic protein fragments in venous leg ulcer fluid." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409458.

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5

Gannon, Benedict William. "Specific lgG antibody responses to the surface layer proteins of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424043.

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6

Dickinson, Jared M. "A method to study in vivo protein synthesis in slow and fast twitch muscle fibers and initial measurements in humans." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/773.

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7

林正甫 and Ching-po Lam. "Analysis of LMP-1 variants in EBV related Hodgkin's disease." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3197109X.

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8

Murello, Anna. "La spettroscopia di forza basata sull'AFM nello studio dello spazio conformazionale e dei processi aggregativi di proteine prioniche." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8878/.

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Le malattie neurodegenerative sono caratterizzate da aggregazione proteica, dipendente dalla perdita della usuale struttura fisiologica funzionale delle proteine coinvolte, a favore di conformazioni tossiche (patologiche). Il modello corrente descrive questi cambiamenti conformazionali come eventi rari e ritiene che non esista una sola conformazione patogena, ma che tali possibili conformazioni siano piuttosto eterogenee. La caratterizzazione di queste strutture è, di conseguenza, difficile con le tradizionali tecniche in bulk che permettono di studiare solo la conformazione media e non rendono possibile il riconoscimento delle caratteristiche dei conformeri individuali. Lo sviluppo delle tecniche di singola molecola ha permesso di studiare in modo approfondito le conformazioni possibili. In questo lavoro la spettroscopia di forza di singola molecola basata sull'AFM viene applicata a PrP (proteina responsabile delle encefalopatie spongiformi trasmissibili). Si studiano gli equilibri conformazionali del monomero e quelli di costrutti oligomerici, allo scopo di caratterizzare gli step iniziali dei processi aggregativi. Nel corso di questo lavoro di tesi è stato, in particolare, sviluppato un sistema di analisi dati, al fine di studiare in modo quantitativo le distribuzioni di eventi ottenute. Grazie a tale strumento è stato possibile riconoscere i segnali di unfolding della conformazione nativa del monomero e notare come essa sia presente anche in costrutti oligomerici, ad indicare come questo ripiegamento sia stabile anche in presenza di più monomeri ravvicinati. Si è osservato l'effetto del pH sulla stabilità di tale struttura, notando come pH acidi destabilizzino il ripiegamento nativo. Inoltre si è studiato il ruolo dell'orientazione dei monomeri nella formazione di strutture dimeriche. Monomeri e oligomeri di PrP sono stati descritti come proteine parzialmente strutturate il cui panorama energetico contiene molti minimi locali, dando origine a parecchie conformazioni transienti.
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9

Chaligné, Ronan. "Signalisation par le récepteur de la thrombopoïétine et syndromes myéloprolifératifs non-LMC." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T053.

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10

Moulin, Pauline. "Caractérisation du transporteur de zinc Adc/Lmb de Streptococcus agalactiae." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR3308/document.

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Dans cette étude, le transporteur ABC de zinc de Streptococcus agalactiae, première cause d’infections materno-foetale en France, a été caractérisé. Nous avons montré que ce transporteur se compose, du complexe perméase-ATPase AdcCB, associé à trois protéines membranaires Lmb, AdcA et AdcAII redondantes dans la fixation de zinc. Ce transporteur comporte également deux protéines Sht et ShtII, retrouvées au niveau de la paroi, et nécessaires aux protéines Lmb et AdcAII pour la capture de zinc. L’absence d’un transporteur fonctionnel, par la triple délétion des gènes lmb, adcA et adcAII ou du complexe adcCB, a révélé une inhibition de la croissance et une perturbation de la division de la bactérie lorsqu’elle se trouve dans un environnement carencé en zinc. De plus, nous avons montré que ce transporteur de zinc participe à la survie de la bactérie en milieux biologiques humains, comme le liquide amniotique ou le LCR, où la bactérie est retrouvée lors d’infections, suggérant l’importance du transporteur lors du processus infectieux. Ces résultats ont mis en évidence, pour la première fois, que le zinc assure des fonctions biologiques vitales pour S. agalactiae et que, dans des conditions de forte carence en zinc, le transporteur Adc/Lmb représente le principal système d’acquisition de zinc de la bactérie
In this study, the zinc-ABC transporter of Streptococcus agalactiae, the first cause of materno-foetal infections in France, was characterized. We showed that this transporter is composed of an AdcCB permease-ATPase complex in association with three membrane-associated proteins Lmb, AdcA and AdcAII, which are redundant in zinc-binding. This transporter also possesses two proteins Sht and ShtII, which are associated to the cell wall, and that are necessary for the Lmb and AdcAII proteins for zinc capture. The absence of a functional transporter, by the triple deletion of the lmb, adcA and adcAII genes or the adcCB complex, revealed a growth inhibition and a disruption of the division of the bacterium when it is in a zinc-restricted environment. Furthermore, we showed that the zinc-ABC transporter contributes to the survival of the bacterium in human biological fluids, as the amniotic fluid or the cerebrospinal fluid, where the bacterium is found during infections, suggesting the importance of the transporter during the infectious process. These results hightlighted, for the first time, that zinc has biologically vital functions in S. agalactiae and that, under high zinc deficiency conditions, the Adc/Lmb transporter is the main zinc acquisition system of the bacterium
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11

Pace, Arianna. "Analysis of thermophilic and mesophilic proteins through contact map networks." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13540/.

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In questa tesi si affronta lo studio di proteine termofile e mesofile con un approccio a network, con lo scopo di cercarne differenze strutturali che giustifichino la minore termolabilità delle proteine termofile. Applicare la teoria dei grafi allo studio delle proteine significa modellizzarne la struttura 3D con una matrice 2D, la mappa di contatto proteica, operando una compressione dell'informazione. La perdita di dettaglio è compensata dall'ottenimento di un oggetto matematico facilmente trattabile con una chiara interpretazione fisica. In questa tesi è stato scelto di concentrarsi sulle proprietà spettrali del suo Laplaciano in quanto queste sono strettamente legate alle proprietà vibrazionali del sistema. L'ipotesi è che si possa trovare così una differenza tra proteine termofile e mesofile in quanto, secondo l'ipotesi di stati equivalenti, si suppone che una proteina termofila a temperatura ambiente sia più rigida di una mesofila e che queste abbiano una flessibilità simile solamente alle loro rispettive temperature ottimali. Il database analizzato è stato costruito come una serie di coppie di proteine omologhe, una mesofila e una termofila. Questo permette di cercare differenze tra proteine simili, le cui differenze ci si aspetta siano dovute agli adattamenti per sopravvivere in habitat con diverse temperature. Su questo dataset sono state effettuate sia misure strutturali più tradizionali, sia è stato studiato lo spettro del Laplaciano delle loro mappe di contatto. Se i primi non hanno presentato differenze significative tra i due gruppi di proteine, un risultato interessante è stato ottenuto proprio con l'approccio a network. I primi autovalori del Laplaciano, associati quindi con basse frequenze di vibrazione, riescono a discriminare proteine termofile e mesofile, in oltre il 65% delle coppie - da confrontare con percentuali di discriminazione in letteratura recente che, utilizzando solo proprietà strutturali delle proteine, non arrivano al 60%.
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12

Kwan, Ann Hau Yu. "Protein Design Based on a PHD Scaffold." University of Sydney. Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/564.

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The plant homeodomain (PHD) is a protein domain of ~45�100 residues characterised by a Cys4-His-Cys3 zinc-binding motif. When we commenced our study of the PHD in 2000, it was clear that the domain was commonly found in proteins involved in transcription. Sequence alignments indicate that while the cysteines, histidine and a few other key residues are strictly conserved, the rest of the domain varies greatly in terms of both amino acid composition and length. However, no structural information was available on the PHD and little was known about its function. We were therefore interested in determining the structure of a PHD in the hope that this might shed some light on its function and molecular mechanism of action. Our work began with the structure determination of a representative PHD, Mi2b-P2, and this work is presented in Chapter 3. Through comparison of this structure with the two other PHD structures that were determined during the course of our work, it became clear that PHDs adopt a well-defined globular fold with a superimposable core region. In addition, PHDs contain two loop regions (termed L1 and L3) that display increased flexibility and overlay less well between the three PHD structures available. These L1 and L3 regions correspond to variable regions identified earlier in PHD sequence alignments, indicating that L1 and L3 are probably not crucial for the PHD fold, but are instead likely to be responsible for imparting function(s) to the PHD. Indeed, numerous recent functional studies of PHDs from different proteins have since demonstrated their ability in binding a range of other proteins. In order to ascertain whether or not L1 and L3 were in fact dispensable for folding, we made extensive mutations (including both insertions and substitutions) in the loop regions of Mi2b-P2 and showed that the structure was maintained. We then went on to illustrate that a new function could be imparted to Mi2b-P2 by inserting a five-residue CtBP-binding motif into the L1 region and showed this chimera could fold and bind CtBP. Having established that the PHD could adopt a new binding function, we next sought to use combinatorial methods to introduce other novel functions into the PHD scaffold. Phage display was selected for this purpose, because it is a well-established technique and has been used successfully to engineer zinc-binding domains by other researchers. However, in order to establish this technique in our laboratory, we first chose a control system in which two partner proteins were already known to interact in vitro. We chose the protein complex formed between the transcriptional regulators LMO2 and ldb1 as a test case. We have examined this interaction in detail in our laboratory, and determined its three-dimensional structure. Furthermore, inappropriate formation of this complex is implicated in the onset of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We therefore sought to use phage display to engineer ldb1 mimics that could potentially compete against wild-type ldb1 for LMO2, and this work is described in Chapter 4. Using a phage library containing ~3 x 10 7 variants of the LMO2-binding region of ldb1, we isolated mutants that were able to interact with LMO2 with higher affinity and specificity than wild-type ldb1. These ldb1 mutants represent a first step towards finding potential therapeutics for treating LMO-associated diseases. Having established phage display in our laboratory, we went on to search for PHD mutants that could bind selected target proteins. This work is described in Chapter 5. We created three PHD libraries with eight randomized residues in each of L1, L3 or in both loops of the PHD. These PHD libraries were then screened against four target proteins. After four rounds of selection, we were able to isolate a PHD mutant (dubbed L13-FH6) that could bind our test protein Fli-ets. This result demonstrates that a novel function can be imparted to the PHD using combinatorial methods and opens the way for further work in applying the PHD scaffold to other protein design work. In summary, the work detailed in Chapters 3 and 5 demonstrates that the PHD possesses many of the properties that are desirable for a protein scaffold for molecular recognition, including small size, stability, and a well-characterised structure. Moreover, the PHD motif possesses two loops (L1 and L3) of substantial size that can be remodeled for target binding. This may lead to an enhancement of binding affinities and specificities over other small scaffolds that have only one variable loop. In light of the fact that PHDs are mainly found in nuclear proteins, it is reasonable to expect that engineered PHDs could be expressed and function in an intracellular environment, unlike many other scaffolds that can only function in an oxidizing environment. Therefore, our results together with other currently available genomic and functional information indicate PHD is an excellent candidate for a scaffold that could be used to modify cellular processes. Appendices 1 and 2 describe completed bodies of work on unrelated projects that I have carried out during the course of my PhD candidature. The first comprises the invention and application of DNA sequences that contain all N-base sequences in the minimum possible length. This work is presented as a reprint of our recently published paper in Nucleic Acids Research. The second Appendix describes our structural analysis of an antifreeze protein from the shorthorn sculpin, a fish that lives in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. This work is presented as a manuscript that is currently under review at the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
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Javed, Waqas. "Etude des états conformationnels d'un transporteur ABC bactérien de drogues multiples, BmrA Functionality of membrane proteins overexpressed and purified from E. coli is highly dependent upon the strain Assemblies of lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol (LMNG) and LMNG-solubilized membrane proteins." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALV046.pdf.

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La résistance aux antibiotiques est une réalité à laquelle nous devons faire face. La résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques peut être conférée par plusieurs mécanismes, dont la surexpression de pompes à efflux, certaines appartenant à la superfamille des transporteurs ABC (“ATP-binding cassette”). Les transporteurs ABC sont des protéines omniprésentes qui utilisent l'hydrolyse de l'ATP pour pomper une large gamme de substrats. Ils sont également responsables du développement des phénotypes de résistance à de multiple drogues dans les cellules cancéreuses et les microorganismes pathogènes.L'exportateur bactérien ABC BmrA (“Bacillus multidrug resistance ATP”), est homologue à ABCB1, un transporteur humain impliqué dans les phénotypes de résistance dans les cellules cancéreuses. Avec une connaissance approfondie de sa surexpression et de sa purification, BmrA est un archétype utile pour obtenir des informations sur le fonctionnement des transporteurs ABC de multiples drogues. Notre objectif est de déchiffrer les changements conformationnels associés au transport des médicaments.Nous avons montré que BmrA existe dans au moins deux conformations différentes, dans des micelles de détergent ou reconstitué dans des nanodisques. En l'absence de ligand (forme apo), différentes partie de BmrA fixe rapidement du deutérium comme le montre l'échange hydrogène deutérium couplé à la spectrométrie de masse (HDX-MS). La forme piégée par l'ADP induite par le vanadate montre une grande protection globale contre l'incorporation de deutérium. De plus, il a été observé que BmrA dans les nanodisques présente un profil de deutération différent en présence de médicament, indicatif d'une nouvelle conformation intermédiaire. De plus, en utilisant deux mutants affectés dans différentes étapes du cycle catalytique, il a été montré comment BmrA change de conformations au cours du cycle d'export des médicaments. Les résultats obtenus à partir de la diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles (SANS), brossent un tableau similaire et renforcent les résultats obtenus sur le cycle catalytique de BmrA.Ces résultats conduisent à une meilleure compréhension des changements de conformation de BmrA qui s’opèrent pour permettre le phénotype de résistance aux médicaments
Antibiotic resistance is not the story of the future but a reality today. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics can be conferred by several mechanisms, including the overexpression of dedicated efflux pumps, some of them belonging to the ABC (“ATP-binding cassette”) transporters superfamily. ABC transporters are ubiquitous proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to pump a wide range of substrates. They are also responsible for the development of MDR (“MultiDrug Resistance”) phenotypes in cancer cells and pathogenic microorganisms.The bacterial ABC exporter BmrA (“Bacillus multidrug resistance ATP”), is structurally and functionally close to ABCB1, a human transporter involved in MDR phenotypes in cancer cells. Together with extensive knowledge in its overexpression and purification, BmrA is a useful archetypical transporter to gain information on the functioning of multidrug ABC transporters. Our goal is to decipher the conformational changes associated with drug transport.We showed that BmrA exists in at least two different conformations, in detergent micelles or when reconstituted in nanodiscs. In the absence of ligand (apo form), BmrA gets quickly exchanged with deuterium as shown by Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS). The vanadate-induced ADP trapped form shows a large overall protection against deuterium incorporation. Moreover, it was observed that BmrA in nanodiscs shows a different deuteration profile in the presence of drug, indicative of a new intermediate conformation. In addition, using two different catalytic mutants of BmrA, that are trapped in two opposite conformations of the catalytic cycle, it was shown how BmrA changes conformations during the drug export cycle. The results obtained from Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), on WT BmrA and the mutants, paint a similar picture and strengthen the results obtained on the catalytic cycle of BmrA.These results could potentially lead to a better understanding of the structural basis of MDR
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Conti, Sofia Alessandra. "Monoclonal antibodies purification via Protein G and protein A affinity chromatography." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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realization of a pilot scale affinity protein G chromatography for the purification of small volumes of supernatant from different harvests from the same antibody clone. The objective was to make a study on the productivity of each harvest, investigating for a dilution effect in case of an increasing number of harvests, and to have a rapid retention kit for the quality control of the purified antibody. Moreover, an identical column packed with protein A has been tested with the same products, in order to see if there was space for a yield improvement, and a further scale-up.
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Taylor, Lemuel W. Willoughby Darryn Scott. "Effects of low- and high-intensity single-leg resistance exercise on the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK1/2 family signal transduction response in skeletal muscle of untrained males." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/4894.

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16

Tuladhar, Kapil. "Lim-only domain proteins in developmental haematopoiesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6b73e89-7095-402f-9d9f-4d7837a4db00.

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The production of adult blood initiates from the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC). This clinically important cell has the capacity to maintain all blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an organism. HSCs emerge de novo from the haemogenic endothelium in the ventral wall of the embryonic dorsal aorta, from where they go on to seed adult sites of haematopoiesis. We have shown that Lmo4a is required for the emergence of HSCs in the zebrafish, and go on to demonstrate that Lmo4a regulates expression of the critical transcription factor, gata2a. Strikingly, both over- and under-expression of gata2a in the dorsal aorta severely diminishes HSC production. The LIM-only domain protein Lmo4 has previously been shown to interact with the known haematopoietic regulator, Ldb1. Together with our collaborators, we have identified novel binding partners of Lmo4 in mouse erythroleukaemic cells. Our functional analysis shows that many of these partners are also necessary for HSC emergence, thus revealing several new potential regulators of HSC formation. Given that these proteins were identified in an in vitro model of definitive erythropoiesis, it is remarkable that they also appear to act together in vivo at the level of HSC formation, and our data suggests that a transcriptional complex containing Lmo4 and these partners may directly repress gata2a. The related protein Lmo2 is also known to bind Ldb1. Together with Scl, Lmo2 is a master regulator of the haemangioblast programme. We have been utilising this activity, together with recent structural studies, to identify functionally important residues in the Lmo2 molecule. As a cell’s transcriptional programme drives both normal and pathological development, and misexpression of both Lmo2 and Lmo4 is involved in a variety of oncogenic states, the work presented in this thesis is likely to inform efforts to develop therapeutically relevant reagents.
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17

Gaiti, Federico. "Investigations on the G-protein involved in Cnidarian phototransduction." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3193/.

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This study aimed to investigate which genes Cnidaria use for photoreception and test whether Gi alpha subunit protein is involved in the phototransduction cascade, giving additional tools to investigate light-mediated behaviors, as nematocyte firing. Here, I engineered an opsin gene promoter construct useful to test whether nematocyte sensory cells express opsin gene. By determining the expression of one of the unique EST opsin genes of the eyeless hydrozoan Hydra magnipapillata genome in nematocyte sensory cells, we will be able to investigate whether light modulation is an ancestral feature in Cnidaria, and whether regulation of nematocyte discharge by opsin-mediated phototransduction predated this pathway’s function in cnidarian eyes. Nematocytes, the cnidarians stinging cells, discharge nematocysts to capture prey. As nematocysts are energetically expensive, the discharge is tightly regulated and occurs after proper chemical and mechanical stimulation. Cnidarians are also known to display a rich corpus of photobehaviors, which are often associated with activities that involve nematocytes. Previous experiments on nematocyst firing modulation show that light decreases nematocyte firing. This study contributed to confirm that bright light decreases the tendency for nematocytes to discharge in Haliplanella luciae. Similar findings in cubozoan and hydrozoan lead us to believe that light modulation of cnidocytes may be an ancestral feature of Cnidaria. Experimentally, I found no evidence that pertussis toxin, a Gi alpha subunit protein inhibitor, ablates Hydra magnipapillata photobehaviour, preliminary suggesting that Gi alpha subunit protein is not involved in photoresponse. I found no significant association between pertussis toxin and nematocyte firing in Haliplanella luciae both in conditions of dim and bright light, suggesting that Gi alpha subunit protein is not involved in photoresponse. We have preliminary evidence for a prevalence of photoreception over chemoreception, tending toward conditions of bright light. This finding may suggest the involvement of a Gs alpha subunit protein in Haliplanella luciae phototransduction pathway. While nematocyte chemo- and mechano-sensitivity have been extensively studied, further research is necessary to better understand what an ancestral phototransduction cascade looked like, and how opsin-based phototransduction acts to regulate nematocyte discharge.
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Faumont, Nathalie. "Implication du virus d'Epstein-Barr dans la maladie de Hodgkin-classique : rôle du polymorphisme du gène viral LMP-1-BNLF1 sur les propriétés oncogéniques de la protéine LMP-1." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30228.

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19

Short, Kevin R. "Histochemical and biochemical changes in human muscle following 17 days of unilateral lower limb suspension." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1063203.

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The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between perinatal complications and subsequent development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other behavioral characteristics. The biological mothers of 74 children diagnosed with ADHD and 77 children displaying no characteristics of the disorder completed the Maternal Perinatal Scale (MPS), the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Parent Rating Scales (BASC-PRS), and a demographic survey. In addition, the biological mothers of 120 children with no characteristics of ADHD or any other behavior disorders completed only the MPS so that exploratory factor analysis of the MPS could be completed.Following factor analysis, stepwise discriminant analysis of the resulting five factors was utilized to explore the nature of the relationship between such perinatal factors and ADHD. Results of this analysis indicated that emotional factors, or the amount of stress encountered during pregnancy and the degree to Relationship Between Perinatal Complications 3 was planned, were the items that maximized the separation between the ADHD and Non-ADHD groups. Additional discrimination between the groups was attributed to the extent of insult or trauma to the developing fetus and the outcome of prior pregnancies. ADHD children were also found to have experienced twice as many behavioral, social, or medical problems, and were more likely to reach developmental milestones with delays.Stepwise discriminant analysis also revealed the Attention Problems and Hyperactivity scales of the BASC-PRS were most significant in differentiating between the ADHD and Non-ADHD subjects. Using the BASC-PRS resulted in approximately 90% of the total sample being correctly classified as ADHD or Non-ADHD. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that emotional factors and the general health of both the mother and the developing fetus were the best predictors of later behavioral patterns reported on the BASC-PRS.
Human Performance Laboratory
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20

Balbo, Veronica. "Effetti dell'ossidazione delle proteine sulla qualità e la salubrità delle carni." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Il presente lavoro ha come oggetto di studio l’analisi del grado di ossidazione proteica dei prodotti carnei. Nel primo capitolo, vengono affrontati gli argomenti relativi al sistema carne partendo da una descrizione generale dei consumi e le abitudini riguardo al settore per poi parlare della struttura del muscolo e la composizione generale della carne. Successivamente, è riportata una breve descrizione delle principali proteine e relative funzioni. Nel secondo capitolo, viene approfondito il tema dell’ossidazione proteica soffermandosi, in particolare, sui principali meccanismi chimici che interessano tali reazioni. Sono, inoltre, illustrati i fenomeni che riguardano la componente lipidica in quanto spesso correlata all’ossidazione proteica. Il secondo capitolo termina con un elenco dei vari metodi per determinare il grado di ossidazione proteica nei prodotti carnei. Il lavoro prosegue con il terzo capitolo dedicato alle conseguenze dell’ossidazione proteica sulla qualità delle carni, ma anche sulla qualità nutrizionale e di come il consumo di carni “ossidate” possa influire negativamente sulla salute e sull’organismo dell’uomo. Il capitolo si chiude con un breve focus sull’ossidazione delle carni avicole. Il quarto, ed ultimo capitolo, affronta le cause e le strategie disponibili per prevenire e mitigare gli effetti negativi dell’ossidazione proteica delle carni.
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21

Caramia, Sara. "Purification and preliminary structural characterization by NMR spectroscopy of the "HoLaMa" DNA polymerase." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14420/.

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HoLaMa is a Klenow sub-fragment lacking the 3’-5’ exonuclease domain, whose gene codes for residues 515-928 of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. The enzyme was designed in a previous study starting from different Klenow enzymes, with the aim of studying a mini-DNA polymerase with NMR spectroscopy. In the present work, we studied a new purification protocol for the production of HoLaMa in order to obtain an appropriate quantity for NMR analysis. We tested three different purification procedure and at the end, we collected 5.8 mg of HoLaMa (Volume 1.8 mL, concentration 67 μM). After the purification, we started the study of HoLaMa by NMR spectroscopy, focusing on the nature of enzyme-substrate interactions and studying the kinetics of the reaction. Our preliminary studies were designed to understand the characteristic NMR signals of HoLaMa under different conditions of temperature and buffer; finally, we also focused our analysis on the interactions between protein, DNA and nucleotides.
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22

Juno, Jennifer. "Contribution of guanine nucleotide binding protein beta polypeptide 3 (GNB3) and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) to HIV susceptibility and immune dysfunction." Permanyer, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23948.

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Host genetics play an important role in regulating susceptibility to infectious diseases, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A polymorphism in a G protein signaling gene (GNB3) previously associated with rapid HIV disease progression is found at high frequencies among African populations, yet its impact on HIV acquisition and disease progression is unknown. The GNB3 gene is located on chromosome 12 near the CD4 gene, as well the gene encoding the regulatory protein lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3). The goal of this thesis was to characterize the impact of GNB3 genotype on risk of HIV acquisition and disease progression, as well as the relevance of LAG-3 expression to immune exhaustion during HIV infection. Because G proteins are involved in HIV entry and replication in T cells, polymorphisms affecting G protein signaling, such as GNB3 C825T, could dramatically alter susceptibility to HIV infection, viral replication and rates of disease progression. Similarly, the expression of the inhibitory protein LAG-3 could, like other exhaustion markers, mediate increasing immune dysfunction during chronic infection. Both GNB3 and LAG-3 could represent targets for therapeutic intervention to slow disease progression or restore lymphocyte function among HIV-infected individuals. Surprisingly, our studies showed that GNB3 genotype was not associated with the risk of HIV acquisition in either a female sex worker or perinatal transmission cohort. Disease progression and immune activation among healthy and HIV-infected women were also independent of GNB3 genotype. While the RNA splicing events typically associated with the presence of the GNB3 825T allele could not be detected among cohort participants, ii differences in LAG-3 expression were observed between women of differing GNB3 genotypes. In this cohort, LAG-3 expression on T cells, NK cells and iNKT cells in the peripheral blood was significantly increased among HIV+ women compared to healthy controls, and was not decreased by antiretroviral therapy. The increase in LAG-3 expression was greatest on NK and iNKT cells, an innate lymphocyte subset capable of rapid and robust cytokine production upon stimulation with CD1d-restricted lipid ligands. Lymphocytes derived from the female genital mucosa, the site of HIV acquisition in the female sex worker cohort, expressed significantly higher levels of LAG-3 compared to peripheral blood, suggesting a role for LAG-3 in regulating mucosal immunity, particularly on double negative (CD4-CD8-) T cells. Finally, we demonstrated that iNKT cells derived from HIV-infected women exhibited significantly lower IFN production compared to healthy controls upon lipid stimulation, which inversely correlated with iNKT LAG-3 expression. Lipid stimulation of PBMC from HIV+ and ARV-treated women also demonstrated perturbations in the secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that iNKT function is not restored following ART. Together, these data imply that LAG-3 may play an important role in regulating iNKT function during chronic HIV infection. Blocking LAG-3 signaling could therefore restore components of innate immunity that are not improved by current ART, as well as alter HIV susceptibility at the female genital tract, making LAG-3 an attractive target for future therapeutics and viral eradication strategies.
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23

Farneti, Alice. "Sui modelli topologici per la biochimica." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15920/.

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In questa tesi si analizzano diversi aspetti del panorama attuale riguardante l’applicazione della teoria dei nodi alla biochimica. In particolare si fa uso della teoria dei nodi per studiare la struttura tridimensionale del DNA e di alcune proteine (tra cui la leptina) in quanto tale struttura ha un ruolo cruciale in diversi processi biologici. La tesi è autoconsistente e si propone di fornire conoscenze di base a chi, per la prima volta, decidesse di interessarsi a questo ambito.
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24

Rossi, Martina. "Caratteristiche qualitative delle carni di polli alimentati con proteine della soia innovative." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Questo lavoro di tesi ha avuto lo scopo di valutare l’effetto della sostituzione parziale o totale della fonte proteica con soia non convenzionale sulle caratteristiche qualitative (pH e colore), sulle proprietà tecnologiche (capacità di ritenzione idrica, tenerezza) e sul contenuto di amminoacidi liberi, composti istidinici e del metabolismo energetico delle carni di pollo. La prova è stata condotta su 48 muscoli Pectoralis major suddivisi in 4 gruppi (N=12/gruppo) in funzione del livello di sostituzione della fonte proteica convenzionale con soia trattata nella prima fase di allevamento dei broiler: 0, 35, 65, 100%. L’utilizzo di soia alternativa non ha determinato variazioni significative nelle caratteristiche qualitative delle carni con l’unica eccezione rappresentata dal drip loss che è risultato superiore nei gruppi caratterizzati da una sostituzione parziale (35 e 65%) della fonte proteica. La spettroscopia 1H-NMR ha permesso di evidenziare alcune differenze nel profilo degli aminoacidi liberi così come di alcuni composti correlati al metabolismo energetico del muscolo. In particolare, le carni provenienti dai polli che hanno ricevuto una dieta contente la forma innovativa di soia hanno mostrato un aumento del livello di asparagina e di IMP ed una contemporanea riduzione della concentrazione di valina, isoleucina, leucina e aspartato con possibili risvolti sugli aspetti sensoriali della carne. Inoltre, è stato osservato un tenore superiore di creatina nelle carni ottenute da polli alimentati con la forma di soia innovativa. L’impiego di soia pre-trattata ha evidenziato limitati effetti positivi sul livello di creatina e sulla capacità di ritenzione idrica della carne senza presentare controindicazioni sugli altri parametri tecnologici. Pertanto, in ragione dei possibili vantaggi per la sostenibilità delle produzioni, l’impiego di forme innovative di soia può rappresentare una valida alternativa alle fonti attualmente utilizzate nell’alimentazione del broiler.
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25

Porrelli, Raul Neder. "Modelos logisticos quadraticos com maxima verossimilhança penalizada para previsão de estrutura secundaria de proteinas." [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259808.

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Orientador: Renato M. E. Sabbatini
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica
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Resumo: Apesar do grande número de algoritmos existentes para a previsão de estrutura secundária de proteínas, determinadas técnicas estatísticas ainda não haviam sido exploradas. Utilizamos a metodologia de funções discriminantes logísticas na tentativa de ultrapassar a acurácia obtida por métodos que usaram redes neurais e teoria da informação. O número de parâmetros foi limitado explorando-se a natureza periódica das alfa-hélices e placas pregueadas beta. Uma grande variedade de modelos foi pesquisada, usando abordagem semi-paramétrica (máxima verossimilhança com penalização) combinada com seleção gradual de parâmetros. Mostramos que os modelos mais bem sucedidos tem ao redor de 800 parâmetros "efetivos" para o conjunto de dados utilizado. Os 340 parâmetros lineares e parte dos 800 parâmetros quadráticos puderam ser interpretados do ponto de vista físico-químico, contrastando com outros métodos da literatura. Após otimização e validação _cruzada, a acurácia foi de 65.9% para três estados estruturais, o que representa um resultado ligeiramente superior aos dos algoritmos já publicados. A maior acurácia de previsão está concentrada numa porção dos resíduos e a confiança da previsão pode ser facilmente calculada. Exploramos a possibilidade de usar estes resíduos, previstos com alta confiabilidade, para prever a estrutura completa da proteína, assim como muitos outros artifícios para aumentar a eficiência do método, com resultados limitados. Embora tenhamos obtido apenas uma modesta melhora da acurácia, a maneira como implementamos o modelo sugere que utilizamos toda a informação estrutural contida em segmentos de até 17 aminoácidos, no nível de complexidade que a quantidade de dados permite
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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26

Marasca, Luca. "Caratterizzazione del profilo proteico delle carni di pollo affette da anomalie muscolari." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Il presente lavoro di tesi ha avuto l’obiettivo di caratterizzare, mediante separazione elettroforetica SDS-PAGE, il profilo in proteine miofibrillari e sarcoplasmatiche dei muscoli affetti da anomalie White-Striping (WS), Wooden Breast (WB) e Spaghetti Meat (SM) al fine di valutare se l’espressione differenziale di alcune proteine chiave può essere coinvolta nei meccanismi che risiedono alla base dell’insorgenza di tali miopatie. A tale scopo, sono stati campionati 20 muscoli Pectoralis major presso uno stabilimento di macellazione e lavorazione, provenienti da polli da carne allevati secondo un sistema intensivo convenzionale e macellati seguendo le procedure adottate a livello industriale. I risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato come l’insorgenza delle anomalie non ha comportato alcuna variazione significativa (P>0,05) nel contenuto relativo delle principali proteine sarcoplasmatiche e miofibrillari presenti nel tessuto muscolare. Tuttavia, nei campioni affetti da miopatie è stata evidenziata la presenza di un maggior numero di bande (peso molecolare compreso fra 70 e 100 kDa) attribuibili a fenomeni di proteolisi in vivo a carico delle proteine del citoscheletro (titina, nebulina e vinculina). Inoltre, i muscoli affetti da anomalia WB hanno presentato un contenuto di desmina (53 kDa), associata a fenomeni di sintesi e rigenerazione delle fibre, significativamente superiore rispetto ai campioni normali (5,05 vs. 4,49%; P<0,05). Il risultato più interessante può essere considerato quello relativo all’individuazione, in tutti i gruppi sperimentali, incluso quello che non presentava macroscopicamente nessuna anomalia, di una banda di peso molecolare pari a 54 kDa attribuibile alla vimentina, la quale suggerisce come, nonostante il loro aspetto macroscopicamente normale, anche i muscoli che non manifestano le anomalie muscolari in modo conclamato sono comunque caratterizzati da intensi fenomeni di rigenerazione delle fibre muscolari.
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27

Crane, Justin D. "The muscle specific protein synthesis response to acute running exercise utilizing multiple stable isotope tracers." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1398709.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the anabolic response to acute running exercise in two different leg muscles in endurance-trained men using two different stable isotope tracers. 6 male subjects (26±2 yr; V02max 63±2 ml•kg-' •min-') performed a 45 min treadmill run at 77±1 % intensity. Infusions of d3-leucine and d5-phenylalanine were used to measure mixed muscle FSR at rest and 24 hr post-exercise. An additional infusion of 10% amino acid solution was added to the post-exercise infusion to maximize the muscle anabolic response. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis (VL) and soleus (SOL) at 2 and 6 hr of the infusion for the measurement of isotope incorporation. Additional muscle biopsies were obtained prior to and 4 hr post-exercise for determination of muscle glycogen use. At rest FSR was similar between the VL and SOL using either tracer (p>0.05). At 24 hr post-exercise FSR was elevated in both muscles, independent of the tracer used (p<0.05). Muscle glycogen was decreased to the same extent in both muscles by -31% at 4 hr post-exercise (p<0.05). These data suggest that the VL and SOL muscles are both stimulated similarly during 45 min of level grade running. Additionally, both muscles respond similarly 24 hr post-exercise, independent of the tracer used for the determination of protein synthesis.
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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28

Pacillo, Antonella. "Preliminary 1H NMR relaxation study of whey protein gels as model systems for protein digestion: the effect of concentration, temperature and pH." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19382/.

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Nel presente lavoro di tesi, gli effetti del pH e della concentrazione proteica sulla conformazione strutturale di whey protein gels sono stati sperimentalmente esplorati mediante rilassometria 1H NMR, a due diverse temperature di misurazione, temperatura ambiente e 37°C. Conoscere come le diverse condizioni fisiche influenzano i parametri NMR sensibili alle dinamiche molecolari permetterebbe di valutare la possibilità di impiegare questa tecnica per stimare la digeribilità delle proteine. Infatti, l’attività di tesi si inserisce come studio preliminare in un progetto coordinato dall’Università di Wageningen, il cui scopo principale è studiare ed ottimizzare l’impatto che i processi industriali hanno sulle caratteristiche di digeribilità delle proteine del latte negli alimenti per infanti. Il metodo analitico utilizzato sfrutta i principi della spettroscopia di risonanza magnetica nucleare (NMR) a basso campo, un metodo basato sulle proprietà magnetiche di nuclei di alcuni isotopi, il cui obiettivo è quello di ricavare informazioni importanti di struttura e dinamica molecolare utilizzando campi magnetici statici e pulsati. In particolare, le proteine sono state caratterizzate mediante NMR mono (1D) e bi-dimensionale (2D), e analizzando il profilo di dispersione del rilassamento trasversale dovuto al chemical exchange, ossia il trasferimento di un nucleo da un ambiente molecolare ad un altro. I campioni sono stati preparati seguendo protocolli standard così che i gels di proteine potessero avere proprietà simili a quelle ritrovate in letteratura, mentre le misurazioni sono state condotte con uno spettrometro NMR a 30 MHz. Nonostante alcune complicanze legate a limiti tecnici durante lo studio del chemical exchange, questi primi risultati sembrano essere promettenti nell’ottica di estendere il lavoro allo sviluppo di markers (parametri chimico-fisici) MRI in vitro, per poi poterli confrontare con quelli in vivo in modo da migliorarli ed ottimizzarli.
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29

Ziegler, Fabiane La Flor. "Avaliação do efeito da suplementação com proteínas lácteas sobre pacientes com leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA), na mucosite induzida por quimioterápicos e em células leucêmicas." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255679.

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Orientador: Valdemiro Carlos Sgarbieri
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O objetivo geral da presente pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito de um concentrado de proteínas do soro do leite bovino (WPC) enriquecido com o fator de crescimento e transformação beta (TGF-?) e lactoferrina, em pacientes pediátricos com Leucemia Mieloide Aguda - LMA (Capítulo 2); desenvolver um modelo de mucosite gastrointestinal induzida por quimioterápicos, em ratos Wistar, para posterior avaliação da eficácia das proteínas lácteas na proteção da mucosa (Capítulo 3); avaliar os efeitos pelo WPC e por uma caseína comercial, in vivo e in vitro sobre células leucêmicas humanas transplantadas em camundongos imunodeficientes (NOD/SCID) e em cultura de células (Capítulo 4). Para todos os estudos foi utilizado WPC enriquecido com TGF-??e lactoferrina doado pela empresa Hilmar Cheese Company (Cal, USA). No capítulo 2 realizou-se estudo de intervenção nutricional, prospectivo, duplo cego com placebo controlado, onde foram avaliados 21 pacientes, entre 0 a 19 anos, virgens de terapia, admitidos no Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas - SP. Foram avaliados quanto à adequação da ingestão alimentar, estado nutricional (EN), dosagem de glutationa (GSH) eritrocitária, hemograma, produção de citocinas no plasma e em cultura de células, imunoglobulina A salivar e evolução da mucosite. Foram comparados os resultados bioquímicos dos pacientes com um grupo controle de indivíduos saudáveis da mesma faixa etária. Utilizou-se o software SPSS para as análises estatísticas (p<0,05). O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pela Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (CONEP) com registro 14097. Tomados em conjunto os resultados indicaram que o WPC apresentou efeito positivo sobre o EN dos pacientes, porém não influenciou na composição corporal. A distribuição % dos macronutrientes estava adequada em todos os tempos para os grupos WPC e maltodextrina (placebo), mas o % de adequação dos micronutrientes não atendia às recomendações em sua maioria. As análises bioquímicas não evidenciaram superioridade do WPC em relação ao placebo. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos sobre a avaliação clínica da mucosite oral. Na comparação dos pacientes com LMA e indivíduos saudáveis (controle) pode-se constatar níveis estatisticamente superiores do controle nos parâmetros bioquímicos de albumina, pré-albumina, eritrócitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina, plaquetas, produção de fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-?), interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina 10 (IL-10) e interferon gama (IFN-?) quando estimuladas pela vacina BCG liofilizada e produção de IL-6 quando estimulada por fitohemaglutinina (PHA). No entanto, para a concentração de GSH eritrocitária e produção espontânea das citocinas TNF-??e IFN-??verificou-se que os pacientes com LMA apresentaram níveis estatisticamente superiores em relação ao controle saudável. No capítulo 3 foi elaborado um protocolo de indução de mucosite em ratos Wistar testando-se os quimioterápicos 5-Fluoruracila (5-FU) e sulfato de vincristina (SV), em administrações de diferentes concentrações e número de doses. Através desse experimento concluiu-se que o SV não foi um bom agente indutor de mucosite, ao contrário do 5-FU. A partir desses resultados foram realizados experimentos com 5-FU visando ajuste das condições dos experimentos inclusive do número, periodicidade e concentração das doses do quimioterápico. O melhor modelo de indução de mucosite gastrointestinal foi obtido através da administração de 3 doses de 5-FU com intervalo de 3 dias entre cada dose, nas concentrações entre 50 e 70 mg/Kg/dose. Os índices bioquímicos não foram influenciados pelo efeito da peletização da dieta e, de modo geral não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos tratados com WPC e com caseína. Independente da natureza da proteína (WPC ou caseína) observou-se maior proteção contra o 5-FU quando os animais receberam as dietas previamente à administração do quimioterápico. Ao contrário do esperado, o estímulo imunológico com hemáceas de carneiro não promoveu aumento nos níveis de GSH nos eritrócitos. As proteínas do soro do leite protegeram a mucosa, em termos de promover menor intensidade de mucosite, nos períodos mais críticos (72h após a 2ª e a 3ª dose de 5-FU) nas regiões de maior prevalência, duodeno e jejuno, quando se comparou com os resultados obtidos para os grupos tratados com caseína. Para os experimentos in vivo, do capítulo 4, utilizaram-se células de leucemia linfóide aguda (LLA) pediátrica humana, isoladas de pacientes do Centro Infantil Boldrini, as quais foram inoculadas em camundongos NOD/SCID. Nesses experimentos, utilizou-se dieta AIN-93G com WPC ou caseína e dieta comercial e o quimioterápico SV. Avaliou- se: peso corporal, consumo de dieta, razão entre peso dos órgãos (rim, baço e fígado) e peso corporal, evolução da leucemia, tempo de sobrevida, hemograma e níveis de glutationa em eritrócitos do sangue periférico. Nos experimentos in vitro foram usadas 6 linhagens celulares: K562 (Leucemia Mieloide Crônica), Nalm-6 (Leucemia Linfóide Aguda do tipo B), Jurkat (Leucemia Linfóide Aguda do tipo T), CEM (Leucemia Linfóide Aguda do tipo T), RAMOS (Linfoma Burkitt) e HL-60 (Leucemia Mieloide Aguda). Foram testadas a citotoxicidade (IC50) do WPC, a viabilidade celular e os níveis de glutationa total nas células leucêmicas estudadas em 4 tempos (0, 24, 48 e 72h) e 4 condições diferenciadas (células; células + WPC; células + WPC + ARAC-C; células + ARA-C). Todos os resultados, tanto do capítulo 3 como do 4, foram analisados através do software ¿Statística: Basic Statistics and Tables¿. Não houve diferença entre o WPC e a caseína em relação aos parâmetros avaliados nos experimentos in vivo, exceto na análise de Doença Residual Mínima (DRM), na qual a caseína se mostrou mais efetiva que o WPC. Constatou-se superioridade do WPC sobre os resultados de peso corporal, razão dos rins e baço pelo peso e evolução da leucemia em relação aos animais tratados com dieta comercial. Não foi possível verificar um efeito sinergístico entre o WPC e o quimioterápico sulfato de vincristina. No que se refere aos experimentos in vitro, o WPC apresentou IC50 para Nalm-6 de 6,72 mg/mL e para a linhagem CEM de 11,84 mg/mL. Verificou-se que as linhagens K562, Nalm-6 e HL-60 apresentaram perfis semelhantes em relação à viabilidade celular. No entanto, em relação à produção de glutationa total, cada linhagem comportou-se de maneira diferenciada, sendo que a maior produção em todas as condições e tempos estudados, foi para a linhagem HL-60 seguida pela K562
Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of a bovine milk whey protein concentrate (WPC), enriched with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) and lactoferrin in pediatric patients with Acute Myeloide Leukemia (AML) (Chapter 2); in a chemotherapic-induced gastrointestinal mucositis model in Wistar rats (Chapter 3); evaluate in human leukemic cells in culture or transplanted into immune-deficient mouse NOD/SCID (Chapter 4). WPC enriched with TGF-ß and lactoferrin was donated by Hilmar Cheese Company (Cal, USA). Chapter 2 describes a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, prospective clinical trial of nutritional intervention with participation of 21 therapy-naïve patients with AML aged 0-19 years from Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP. Food intake, nutritional status, red blood cell glutathione (GSH) concentration, haemogram, cytokine concentration in plasma and cell cultures, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) and evolution of mucositis were studied. Health individuals at the same age range were used as a control group. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (p < 0.05). The research protocol was approved by the National Committee of Ethics in Research (CONEP), resgistered by the number 14097. WPC showed a positive effect in the nutritional status of the patients, but it did not influence their body composition. Percentual distribution of macronutrients was adequate in all times of analyses for both WPC and maltodextrin (placebo) groups, but the percentage of adequacy of the majority of micronutrients did not reach recommendation. Other laboratorial analyses and evolution of mucositis did not show any difference between WPC and placebo groups. Comparison of AML patients with a group of healthy control showed higher concentrations of albumin, prealbumin, haematocrit, hemoglobin, platelets, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon gamma (IFN-?) and phytohemaglutinin (PHA)- stimulated IL-6 in controls. On the other hand, patients with AML had higher red blood cell glutathione concentration and spontaneous TNF-a and IFN-??production in comparison to controls. Chapter 3 describes the experiments envolved in the development of a chemotherapic-induced model of mucosites, in Wistar rats, in which 5-Fluoruracila (5-FU) and Vincristine Sulfate (VS) were used, in various concentrations and number of doses. Through this experiment it was concluded that the VS was not a good promoter of mucositis in rats, unlike 5-FU. From these results, experiments were performed with 5-FU considering conditions of the experiments including the number, frequency and concentration of the doses of chemotherapic. The best model was obtained by the administration of 3 doses of 5-FU, each with a 3-days interval and concentrations in the range of 50 to 70 mg/Kg/dose. Haematological parameters and erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) were not influenced by pelletization of the diet and no difference was found between WPC and casein groups. Independent of the protein type (casein or WPC) the effect of 5-Fluoruracila was less deleterious when the diets were offered prior to the chemotherapic treatment. Contrary to expected, sheep red blood cells did not stimulate higher production of erythrocyte GSH by the WPC. WPC decreased mucosites intensity better than casein protecting the mucosa during the most critical periods (72h after 2nd and 3rd doses of 5-FU) in the intestinal regions of major prevalence of mucositis (duodenum and jejunum). More studies are required to support the WPC benefit in the protection and recovery of the mucosa GIT in experimental animal models, and possibly in humans. In chapter 4, cells originated from patients with Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) from Centro Infantil Boldrini were inoculated in NOD/SCID mice. The animals were fed with commercial diet or AIN-93G diet with WPC or casein as the only protein source and used the chemotherapic vincristine sulfate. Body weight, diet ingestion, ratio between organs (kidney, spleen and liver) and body weight, leukemia evolution, survival time, haemogram and glutathione levels were evaluated. The cell lineages K562 (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia), Nalm-6 (B cell, ALL), Jurkat (T cell, ALL), CEM (T cell, ALL), RAMOS (Burkitt¿s Lymphoma) and HL-60 (AML) were used for the in vitro assays, in which WPC cytotoxicity (IC50), cell viability and glutathione levels were accessed in four different times (0, 24, 48 and 72h) and conditions (cells; cells + WPC; cells + WPC + ARA-C; cells + ARA-C). Data were submitted to statistic analysis by using the: Basic Statistics and Tables software. There was no differences between WPC and casein in relation to the parameters evaluated in vivo, with the exception of the analysis of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD), in which casein seemed to be more effective than WPC. Results on body weight, ratio between organs and body weight and evalution of leukemia were better for the WPC group when compared with animals fed commercial diet. No synergistic effect between the WPC and vincristine sulfate could be observed. In the in vitro experiments, WPC IC50 was 6,72 mg/mL for Nalm-6 and 11,84 mg/mL for CEM cells. K562, Nalm-6 and HL-60 cell lineages showed similar viability profiles. However, each lineage produced different total glutathione concentration in the culture medium, with a higher production achieved by HL-60 cells, followed by K562 cells
Doutorado
Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição
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30

Gorni, Anita. "Meat analogues e carne artificiale: le nuove alternative alle proteine animali." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Il crescente interesse verso temi di sostenibilità e la crescita esponenziale della popolazione mondiale hanno portato a rivalutare l'importanza di fonti proteiche vegetali che potessero sostituire validamente quelle animali. La materia prima più comune da cui vengono estratte le proteine vegetali è rappresentata dalla soia, a cui si aggiungono cereali (glutine), semi oleosi e funghi; esse possono esistere sottoforma di farine, concentrati ed isolati, disponibili anche in forma testurizzata. Nel tempo, le proteine vegetali sono diventate il principale ingrediente utilizzato nella formulazione dei meat anaologues, alternative a base vegetale che si propongono di imitare le proprietà reologiche e chimico-fisiche del muscolo animale. I sostitutivi carnei possono contenere anche altri ingredienti come lipidi, carboidrati, esaltatori di sapidità, albume d’uovo, coloranti, etc. I meat analogues costituiscono una categoria commerciale molto ampia, che comprende sia prodotti di vecchia generazione sia le nuove proposte plant-based, indistinguibili dalla carne animale (Beyond Burger ed Impossible Burger). Attualmente, il mercato globale dei prodotti plant-based è in continua crescita, tuttavia la percezione negativa dei consumatori rappresenta ancora un ostacolo alla loro introduzione nella dieta. Molto discussa è anche la coltivazione in vitro, con cui le cellule staminali prelevate direttamente dagli animali vengono fatte crescere all'interno di bioreattori per ottenere tessuto muscolare. La tecnica è caratterizzata da diversi punti di forza, ma possiede altrettanti limiti che ne ostacolano l’applicazione su vasta scala. I dati raccolti mostrano un quadro complessivamente positivo in cui i sostitutivi plant-based e la carne coltivata suscitano sempre più l’interesse del mercato, mentre parte dell’opinione pubblica manifesta dei dubbi sull’effettiva salubrità e sulla capacità concreta di risolvere problematiche che riguardano la sostenibilità del sistema alimentare.
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31

Bergamini, Linda. "Complessi luminescenti di Re(I) per la colorazione di proteine in gel SDS-PAGE." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14433/.

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Questo progetto di tesi sperimentale è stato volto alla sintesi e alla caratterizzazione di una nuova classe di complessi triscarbonilici Re(I) tetrazolici con formulazione generale fac-[Re(N^N)(CO)3(L)]+/-/0, dove i leganti dimminici (N^N) sono costituiti da bcds (2,9-dimetil-4,7-difenil-1,10-fenantrolina-3,8-disulfonato), bcds* (4,4'-(2,9-dimetil-1,10-fenantrolina-4,7-diil)dibenzen sulfonato) e bfds (4,7-Difenil-1,10-fenantrolina-acido disolfonico), mentre (L) rappresenta la forma deprotonata del legante 2-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)piridina (PTZ) o 5-fenil-1H-tetrazolo (Tph). La progettazione dei derivati di Re(I) ha previsto sia l’utilizzo di leganti diimminici recanti residui solfonici (-SO3-), che un legante diimminico non sostituito (bat, batocuproina), con l’intento di ricercare una possibile interazione tra i complessi e i residui amminoacidici presenti sulle proteine. Ultimata la loro sintesi e caratterizzazione, infatti, i complessi sono stati testati come coloranti per il riconoscimento delle bande proteiche separate mediante elettroforesi su gel di poliacriammide (SDS-PAGE). I risultati ottenuti mostrano come i nuovi coloranti di Re(I) tetrazolici riconoscano le bande proteiche in maniera superiore e/o confrontabile rispetto ai coloranti commerciali più noti (Coomassie Brilliant Blue, Ag(I)) impiegati in questa tecnica.
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32

Boiani, Mattia. "Espressione della proteina CRM197 in escherichia coli e purificazione mediante cromatografia di affinità." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6051/.

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In questo lavoro di tesi sono stati confrontati diversi protocolli per la purificazione della proteina CRM197 mediante cromatografia di affinità a cationi divalenti. Il CRM197 è una variante della tossina difterica caratterizzata da stessa massa molecolare e struttura. A causa di un’unica mutazione (G52E), tale variante è atossica e presenta numerose applicazioni in campo farmaceutico (in particolare nella preparazione di vaccini coniugati). Fino ad ora, per la produzione del CRM197 è stato utilizzato il ceppo originale di derivazione, cioè Corynebacterium diphteriae, e la produzione eterologa nel batterio Escherichia coli ha mostrato notevoli difficoltà. In particolare, mentre è stato possibile definire un valido protocollo di sovraespressione e di estrazione proteica, le fasi successive di purificazione e di refolding (rinaturazione) sono ancora problematiche e causano basse rese finali, ostacolando le prospettive di scale-up su scala industriale. Il CRM197, infatti, per le sue caratteristiche strutturali, come l’elevata percentuale di amminoacidi idrofobici e la presenza di foglietti β esposti al solvente, è suscettibile alla formazione di aggregati insolubili che impone, lungo tutto il processo, il controllo delle interazioni idrofobiche (con agenti denaturanti e/o detergenti). In un precedente lavoro di tesi, è stato sviluppato un protocollo valido per ottenere un’elevata espressione proteica intracellulare. Il primo passaggio di purificazione prevede una cromatografia di affinità su colonna che viene sfruttata anche per eseguire il refolding proteico. Tuttavia, durante la messa a punto di tale processo, sono stati osservati evidenti fenomeni di aggregazione della proteina, oltre all’instaurarsi di legami aspecifici proteina-proteina o proteina-resina cromatografica. In questo lavoro di tesi sono state affrontate alcune problematiche legate a tale passaggio di purificazione per cercare di individuare le condizioni ottimali per ottenere il CRM197 in forma nativa e biologicamente attiva.
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33

Cavacini, Andrea. "Studio della diversa espressione di proteine del siero nelle anguille (Anguilla anguilla) gialle ed argentine mediante analisi proteomica." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5100/.

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L’anguilla europea (Anguilla anguilla) è una specie eurialina catadroma, la cui area di riproduzione si trova a grande distanza dall’areale di distribuzione. Presenta un ciclo biologico piuttosto complesso caratterizzato da due metamorfosi: la prima, tipicamente larvale permette al “leptocefalo”, forma larvale marina tipica degli anguilliformi, di trasformarsi in anguilla “ceca”; la seconda, invece, trasforma l’anguilla “gialla” in “argentina” attraverso un processo definito di “argentinizzazione” nel quale si delineano preadattamenti alla maturazione sessuale che sarà completa durante la migrazione riproduttiva verso il Mar dei Sargassi. L’”argentinizzazione” innesca modificazioni fisiologiche (regressione del tratto digestivo), e morfologiche (aumento della massa corporea, ispessimento della pelle, modificazione dell’occhio e nuova pigmentazione). Il colore bruno verdastro con ventre giallo è prerogativa delle anguille in fase trofica, cioè quelle gialle, sessualmente immature. Quelle argentine presentano, invece, una colorazione più scura sul dorso e argenteo sul ventre. Inoltre le anguille argentine vanno incontro a cambiamenti ormonali per adattarsi all’ambiente marino, compiere la lunga migrazione e riprodursi. Per avere a disposizione risorse energetiche anche senza nutrirsi per molti mesi, devono accumulare grandi riserve di cui il 60% è destinato per lo sviluppo delle gonadi. Tuttavia i processi metabolici che consentono alle anguille argentine di effettuare lunghe migrazioni mantenendo un’alta efficienza del nuoto e nel contempo utilizzando limitate risorse, non sono sufficientemente conosciuti. Per fornire nuove informazioni, questo lavoro di tesi ha indagato se vi sia una modificazione del quadro proteico del siero delle anguille argentine rispetto alle gialle, e quali proteine eventualmente risultino sovra- o sotto- espresse in ciascuna delle due fasi del ciclo biologico. A tale fine si è applicata una tecnica innovativa, quale l’analisi proteomica, che permette di identificare in modo sistematico le proteine all’interno di un substrato biologico come iin questo caso il siero. Le anguille gialle ed argentine prese in esame sono state prelevate nelle Valli di Comacchio (FE). La valutazione quantitativa delle proteine, separate tramite elettroforesi bidimensionale su gel di poliacrilamide, si è fondata sull’analisi delle immagini attraverso specifici programmi (Proteomweaver). A tale proposito, si sono confrontati i gel di anguilla gialla ed argentina individuando gli spot corrispondenti alle proteine e quantificandoli. Gli spot differenzialmente espressi sono stati prelevati per essere poi identificati tramite spettrometria di massa (MS/MS), arrivando al riconoscimento di diverse proteine. Tra queste, sono state identificate due diverse isoforme di apolipoproteina, l’una più espressa nell’anguilla gialla, l’altra nell’argentina; tali proteine svolgono un ruolo importante nella facilitazione del trasporto lipidico e nell’assorbimento dei lipidi associato anche con la crescita degli ovociti. Il treno di spot relativo alla transferrina è decisamente più evidente nelle anguille argentine, il che potrebbe essere correlato al ruolo del ferro nell’emoglobina, mirato ad un maggiore apporto di ossigeno ai tessuti durante la lunga migrazione riproduttiva di questi animali. Lo studio è del tutto nuovo e al momento non sono disponibili sufficienti informazioni al contorno per trarre più ampie conclusioni; tuttavia esso merita di essere proseguito per contribuire alla comprensione degli eventi di metamorfosi in questa specie dal ciclo vitale complesso e in gran parte sconosciuto.
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34

Onesti, Riccardo. "Characterization of a ceramic monolithic support for affinity protein chromatogrophy." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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Affinity chromatography is a process for the separation of biomolecules from complex mixtures. Its versatility, high selectivity and efficiency make it the most currently used method in the final stages of purification of pharmaceutical and food industries, where a high degree of purity is required. Conventional affinity chromatography uses packed beads as solid support and suffers of several limitations, such as high material costs, high operating costs, intraparticle diffusion as primary transport phenomenon and difficulties in column packing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and characterize cheaper and more efficient materials as stationary phase for chromatographic separations. From this perspective, monolithic media have shown a significant potential. In this research project a new ceramic composite monolithic support, a cellular Al2TiO5 and Al2TiO5-Al2O3 composite monolith, has been experimentally characterized. First, several monolithic columns have been prepared, by polishing the material to obtain cylindrical samples of the desired height and dimensions. Then the columns have been characterized by calculating the main fluid dynamic parameters that govern the motion of a fluid in a porous material: permeability, porosity and axial dispersion coefficient. To this aim permeability tests and pulse tests have been performed. One column has been functionalized with epoxy groups, by linking 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). This step, called activation, creates active sites for the immobilization on the support of protein A, that on turn is used for the affinity adsorption of immunoglobulin-G. The number of active epoxy groups has been estimated by measuring the ability of the column to irreversibly bind the bovine serum albumin, BSA, in chromatographic experiments.
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35

Fagiewicz, Robert Mateusz. "Structural analysis of protein-small molecule interactions by a crystallographic and spectroscopic approach." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13892/.

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Modern spectroscopic techniques grant various methods for a protein structure determination among with a ligand interaction. This work aims at probing the structural insights of a protein-small molecule interaction with biocrystallography and optical spectroscopies. Two independent systems were investigated in the frame of this thesis. The first one involves flavoenzyme interaction with a natural nucleotide as a cofactor required for its catalytic activity and work was purely based on macromolecular crystallography. The second concerns incorporation of a synthetic fluorescent ligand into a model protein as a solution for hydrophobicity of the probe. Due to the nature of the probe optical spectroscopies (such as absorption, fluorescence lifetime, circular dichroism) were effectively employed together with the crystallographic methodology.
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36

Valencia, Mónica Marcela Castiblanco. "Interação de proteínas de membrana de Leptospira com os reguladores Fator H e C4BP do sistema complemento humano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42133/tde-15122014-100724/.

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Diferentes mecanismos têm sido mostrados por estar envolvidos na evasão à morte mediada por complemento. Neste estudo, demonstramos que a aquisição do FH pela Leptospira é crucial para a sobrevivência das bactérias no soro e que estas espiroquetas interagem com FH, FHL-1, FHR-1 e C4BP. Nós também demonstramos que a ligação à estes reguladores é mediada pelas proteínas leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig). FH se liga as proteínas Lig via short consensus repeat (SCR) principalmente pelos domínios 5 e 20. Ensaios de competição sugerem que FH e C4BP têm sítios de ligação diferentes nas proteínas Lig. Além disso, FH e C4BP ligados nas proteínas Lig mantêm a atividade de cofator, mediando a degradação de C3b e C4b pelo FI. Nós demonstramos que a aquisição de FH e C4BP pela L. biflexa transgênica para LigA e LigB exercem um papel de proteção na sobrevida destas bactérias. Análise por citometria de fluxo também confirmaram a capacidade das leptospiras transgênicas para controlar a deposição de C3, C4 e MAC. As proteínas Lig também foram capazes de ligar plasminogênio, o qual foi ativado em plasmina e esta enzima foi capaz de degradar fibrinogénio, C3b e C5. Estas clivagens inativam C3b e C5, evitando a progressão da cascata, e bloqueando as três vias de complemento.
Different mechanisms have been shown to be involved in evasion of complement-mediated killing. In this study, we demonstrate that acquisition of FH on the Leptospira surface is crucial for bacterial survival in the serum and that these spirochetes interact with FH, FHL-1, FHR-1 and C4BP. We also demonstrate that binding to these regulators is mediated by leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins. FH binds to Lig proteins via short consensus repeat (SCR) domains 5 and 20. Competition assays suggest that FH and C4BP have distinct binding sites on Lig proteins. Moreover, FH and C4BP bound to immobilized Ligs display cofactor activity, mediating C3b and C4b degradation by FI. We demonstrated that acquisition of FH and C4BP by the LigA and LigB transformed L. biflexa have the protective role, being crucial by bacterial survival. Analysis by Cytometer fluid also confirmed the ability of L. biflexa expressing LigA and LiB to controller the deposition of C3, C4 and MAC. Lig proteins were able to bind plasminogen, which was activated to plasmin and this enzyme was able to degrade the fibrinogen, C3b and C5. These cleavages inactivate C3b and C5, preventing progression of the complement cascade and blocking the three complement pathways.
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37

Benzi, Letizia. "Relazione fra ossidazione lipidica e proteica nelle carni cunicole." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Il presente lavoro di tesi costituisce la prosecuzione di una ricerca finalizzata ad approfondire le conoscenze sulle relazioni che sussistono fra ossidazione dei lipidi e delle proteine nelle carni avicunicole. Lo scopo è stato quello di evidenziare tali relazioni nelle carni di coniglio, testando l’effetto di livelli crescenti (da 0 a 5 mM) di malondialdeide (MDA), principale prodotto dell’ossidazione dei lipidi, sul contenuto di composti carbonilici, gruppi tiolici liberi ed emepigmenti totali presenti in carni fresche e ossidate mediante l’aggiunta di ipoclorito di sodio. A tale fine, sono state campionate 5 carcasse dalle quali sono stati separati i muscoli delle cosce che sono stati macinati e destinati ad analisi. L’esposizione a condizioni ossidanti ha determinato un significativo incremento nel livello di carbonilazione delle proteine unitamente ad una riduzione del 48% della concentrazione di gruppi tiolici liberi. Al contrario, l’aggiunta di livelli crescenti di MDA non ha comportato alcuna variazione nella concentrazione di carbonili e gruppi tiolici. Rispetto alla frazione proteica delle carni di tacchino, quella cunicola ha mostrato una minore suscettibilità alle modificazioni indotte dai prodotti secondari dell’ossidazione lipidica e rappresenta pertanto una matrice carnea con ottime potenzialità per la trasformazione nonostante la scarsa diffusione di prodotti a base di carne cunicola sul mercato nazionale. Nel complesso, questo lavoro di tesi ha comunque confermato che i fenomeni ossidativi a carico delle proteine sono ampiamente influenzati dalla tipologia di carne considerata sia in funzione delle specie che del taglio di provenienza. La valutazione delle attitudini alla trasformazione e delle eventuali strategie per limitare i processi di ossidazione a carico delle proteine va pertanto attentamente commisurata alle caratteristiche delle carni di provenienza e alla tipologia di lavorazione e conservazione a cui sono sottoposte.
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38

Ai, Jing. "Molecular studies on G-CSF receptor signaling in granulocytes & regulation of FC gamma receptor function in macrophages (roles for a novel protein LRG and inositol phosphatase SHIP-2 respectively)." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1137512850.

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39

Stofella, Michele. "Hydrogen deuterium exchange: methods to probe protein dynamics at single residue resolution." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21242/.

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The purpose of this work is to provide computational methods to fingerprint protein dynamics probed by hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectroscopy (HDX-MS). Hydrogen deuterium exchange consists in the spontaneous exchange of amide hydrogens of amino acids with deuterium contained in solution. The consequent increase in mass of the protein can be monitored by mass spectroscopy. Moreover, the exchange rate (or protection factor) provides a parameter probing protein dynamics at single residue resolution. The ExPfact algorithm is a computational method implemented to extract fine-grained information out of coarse-grained HDX-MS experimental data. The method is validated through a comparison with protection factors estimated from HDX-NMR measurements probing the mouse prion protein. Also, a second application studying glycogen phosphorylase shows how structural changes between different states of the same protein can be detected at amino acidic resolution. Furthermore, fine-grained information extracted by ExPfact is coupled with a back-exchange correction to reproduce experimental spectra, suggesting that the information encoded in the centroids of the spectra is sufficient to characterize experimental data. Last but not least, an existing structural model connecting the structure of a protein to its protection factors is discusses and improved via the introduction of a dependence on the electrostatic potential of the protein.
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40

Feliciangeli, Gabriele. "Analisi della resa di purificazione di componenti della dna polimerasi III di escherichia coli." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6551/.

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Nella seguente tesi sono stati affrontati differenti protocolli di purificazione di componenti della DNA polimerasi III di Escherichia coli, previamente sovraespressi nel microrganismo. A distanza di oltre 20 anni dall’identificazione della DNA polimerasi III quale enzima responsabile della replicazione del genoma di E. coli, sono stati fatti progressi riguardo la sua conoscenza. Tuttavia molti sono gli aspetti rimasti incogniti riguardo al meccanismo d’azione dell’enzima, così come il ruolo svolto dalle sue subunità e parte della loro struttura. Al fine di migliorare la comprensione di questo enzima, è necessario insistere sulla diffrattometria di raggi X, per la quale è indispensabile l’isolamento di cristalli delle proteine. Si intuisce la necessità di sviluppare metodi appropriati che consentano di ottenere una resa il più possibile elevata dei suoi componenti. Una metodica generale per la sovraespressione del core catalitico e della singola subunità α, deputata all’attività polimerasica a carico di entrambi i filamenti di DNA, era già stata perfezionata presso il laboratorio ospitante. Con il presente lavoro sono stati sperimentati alcuni procedimenti, volti ad aumentare la resa di purificazione, adottando differenti soluzioni. In primo luogo, si è cercato di recuperare le proteine contenute nel flow through eluito da una colonna cromatografica Q-Sepharose, alla quale non erano riuscite a legarsi durante il primo stadio di purificazione. Inoltre, sono stati sperimentati metodi alternativi di lisi cellulare di estrazione delle proteine. In sintesi, il contenuto della tesi potrebbe agevolare la valutazione di diverse strategie per incrementare la resa di purificazione della subunità α e del core polimerasico della DNA Polimerasi III di E. coli.
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41

Bivall, Petter. "Touching the Essence of Life : Haptic Virtual Proteins for Learning." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medie- och Informationsteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-58994.

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This dissertation presents research in the development and use of a multi-modal visual and haptic virtual model in higher education. The model, named Chemical Force Feedback (CFF), represents molecular recognition through the example of protein-ligand docking, and enables students to simultaneously see and feel representations of the protein and ligand molecules and their force interactions. The research efforts have been divided between educational research aspects and development of haptic feedback techniques. The CFF model was evaluated in situ through multiple data-collections in a university course on molecular interactions. To isolate possible influences of haptics on learning, half of the students ran CFF with haptics, and the others used the equipment with force feedback disabled. Pre- and post-tests showed a significant learning gain for all students. A particular influence of haptics was found on students reasoning, discovered through an open-ended written probe where students' responses contained elaborate descriptions of the molecular recognition process. Students' interactions with the system were analyzed using customized information visualization tools. Analysis revealed differences between the groups, for example, in their use of visual representations on offer, and in how they moved the ligand molecule. Differences in representational and interactive behaviours showed relationships with aspects of the learning outcomes. The CFF model was improved in an iterative evaluation and development process. A focus was placed on force model design, where one significant challenge was in conveying information from data with large force differences, ranging from very weak interactions to extreme forces generated when atoms collide. Therefore, a History Dependent Transfer Function (HDTF) was designed which adapts the translation of forces derived from the data to output forces according to the properties of the recently derived forces. Evaluation revealed that the HDTF improves the ability to haptically detect features in volumetric data with large force ranges. To further enable force models with high fidelity, an investigation was conducted to determine the perceptual Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in force for detection of interfaces between features in volumetric data. Results showed that JNDs vary depending on the magnitude of the forces in the volume and depending on where in the workspace the data is presented.
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42

Cantarella, Claudia. "Relazione fra ossidazione lipidica e proteica nelle carni di tacchino." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Negli ultimi 50 anni, la produzione globale di carne avicola ha visto un incremento notevole per le sue caratteristiche compositive e la sua attitudine alla lavorazione industriale. Tuttavia, la produzione intensiva e la selezione genetica hanno reso i broiler vulnerabili allo stress ossidativo e la carne ottenuta risulta di scarsa qualità per le reazioni ossidative che si verificano a carico di lipidi e proteine. La contestuale presenza di quest’ultime suggerisce che questi fenomeni possano influenzarsi fra loro. L’obiettivo del lavoro di tesi è evidenziare la relazione fra l’ossidazione dei lipidi e delle proteine nelle carni di tacchino (muscolo oggetto di studio Extensor Iliotibialis lateralis), testando l’effetto di livelli crescenti (0, 0,25, 0,50, 1,0, 2,5 e 5 mM) di malondialdeide (MDA), tipico prodotto dell’ossidazione dei lipidi, sul contenuto di composti carbonilici, tioli liberi e sulla proporzione delle diverse forme della mioglobina (deossi-Mb, MbO2 e MetMb), in carni fresche e ossidate di tacchino mediante l’aggiunta di ipoclorito di sodio. I risultati hanno evidenziato che l’esposizione a condizioni ossidanti e la presenza di MDA (maggiore di 2,5 mM) possono favorire la formazione di carbonili. L’esposizione a condizioni ossidanti ha determinato un incremento nel contenuto di gruppi tiolici liberi, mentre, a prescindere dall’esposizione a condizioni ossidanti, all’aumentare della concentrazione di MDA si è osservata una riduzione di tioli liberi (29% nei campioni con 5 mM di MDA). Per quanto concerne la quantificazione dei pigmenti, i risultati hanno evidenziato, che la proporzione di deossi-Mb non è influenzata né dalla presenza di composti ossidanti né da livelli crescenti di MDA, l’esposizione a condizioni ossidanti ha determinato un aumento della concentrazione relativo di Met-Mb, a discapito della frazione di MbO2 che è risultata ridotto.
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43

Kay, Richard G. "The application of proteomic technologies to the detection of the abuse of gene therapy and protein therapeutic agents." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6969.

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An acetonitrile based protein extraction method was developed that demonstrated high efficient and effective removal of high abundant proteins from both human and murine serum. The protein content of the extract was characterised using gel electrophoresis, the Bradford assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with database searching. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) analysis was used to quantify the levels of high abundant serum proteins to further validate the extraction methodology. The ACN depletion method, in combination with artificial neural networks (ANNs) data mining software, was applied to a murine growth hormone (GH) gene doping study with the aim of identifying biomarker ions capable of detecting gene doping. The LC-MS and ANNs analysis approach failed to conclusively identify a biomarker to gene doping in the mouse model. However, the application of the same technique to serum from a rhGH administration study in humans, returned models capable of discriminating between rhGH treated placebo states. The ion identified as being the most discriminatory was characterised using mass spectrometry, and was derived from the protein leucine-rich a-2-glycoprotein (LRG). Multiple LRG related tryptic peptides were identified as being up-regulated upon dosing with recombinant human GH (rhGH). A high throughput LC-MS/MS and SRM approach was developed to quantify proteins in human serum. The approach was validated by comparison of LC-MS/MS derived APO A1 concentrations with those obtained using established clinical analyser technologies. The LC-MS/MS methodology was applied to a large cohort of 257 serum samples from two rhGH administration studies performed at Royal Free Hospital . The two administrations included serum samples from 15 individuals who had been dosed daily with rhGH. Serum concentrations of the established rhGH biomarker insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were quantified by LC-MS/MS and compared well with those determined using two different immunoassay-based methodologies. Serum concentrations of the LRG protein were measured simultaneously with IGF-I and appeared to increase in 14 of the 15 rhGH dosed individuals. Combining the LRG and IGF-I data further increased the separation of rhGH treated and placebo states within each individual, and the application of ANNs analysis showed that the combination of the two proteins increased the discrimination characteristics over using IGF-I alone. The murine equivalent of the LRG protein was identified and SRM transitions for a tryptically derived peptide were developed, along with transitions for monitoring a peptide from the murine IGF-I protein. These transitions were used to quantify the two proteins in the remaining aliquots from a murine GH gene doping experiment, however neither protein appeared to increase in the GH +ve plasmid samples that were analysed.
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44

Fonseca, Emanuella Maria Barreto 1984. "Novos inibidores de LMW-PTP e CDC25B : planejamento baseado em fragmentos moleculares com uso de métodos in silico, ensaios de inibição e cristalografia de proteínas." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249168.

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Orientadores: Ricardo Aparicio, Munir Salomão Skaf
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: O câncer é uma doença cuja incidência e prevalência atinge proporções alarmantes, estabelecendo-se, hoje, como um problema mundial de saúde pública. A fosforilação de proteínas é um evento dinâmico e reversível, governado pela atividade oposta de proteínas tirosina quinases e proteínas tirosina fosfatases. Níveis elevados das fosfatases LMW-PTP e CDC25B foram observados em uma ampla variedade de tumores e, assim, estas foram selecionadas como alvo para o desenvolvimento de novos inibidores. Utilizando métodos in silico, uma coleção, contendo aproximadamente 500 mil fragmentos, foi montada a partir de um banco de compostos comerciais. Para cada enzima, esses fragmentos foram submetidos a distintos protocolos de docagem molecular, através dos quais 19 pequenas moléculas foram selecionadas e adquiridas comercialmente. Os resultados computacionais foram validados por ensaios de inibição enzimática, tendo sido identificados novos esqueletos moleculares capazes de inibir mais do que 50% da atividade enzimática, obtendo-se valores de eficiência do ligante de até 0,33 kcal mol-1 por átomo diferente de hidrogênio. Paralelamente, uma série de compostos derivados do ácido benzenofosfônico foi ensaiada frente à LMW-PTP após estudos de docagem, seguindo-se estudos cristalográficos que levaram à obtenção de duas estruturas inéditas: uma com a proteína na forma apo e outra de um complexo LMW-PTP:inibidor. Além do sítio ativo já conhecido, observou-se um segundo sítio cristalográfico cuja potencial função biológica, se confirmada, poderia abrir novas possibilidades para modular a atividade da LMW-PTP, perspectiva que demanda investigação
Abstract: Cancer is a disease whose incidence and prevalence have reached alarming proportions, emerging today as a major public health problem. Protein phosphorylation is a dynamic and reversible event, governed by the opposite activities of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases. High levels of the phosphatases LMW-PTP and CDC25B have been observed in a wide variety of tumors and, for this reason, they have been selected as targets for inhibitor development. Using in silico methods, a collection of approximately 500,000 fragments was assembled from a database of commercial compounds. For each enzyme, these fragments were subjected to different molecular docking protocols, through which 19 small molecules have been selected and purchased. The computational results were validated by enzyme inhibition assays, with the identification of new molecular scaffolds capable of inhibiting in more than 50% the enzyme activity, resulting in ligand efficiency values up to 0.33 kcal mol-1 per non-H atom. Similarly, a number of compounds derived from benzenophosphonic acid was tested against the LMW-PTP after docking studies, followed by crystallographic studies which resulted in two new structures: one of the apo protein and another of a complex LMW-PTP:inhibitor. In addition to the previously described active site, a second crystallographic site was identified, whose potential biological function, if confirmed, might open new possibilities to modulate LMW-PTP activity, in a perspective which demands further investigation.
Doutorado
Físico-Química
Doutora em Ciências
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45

Masini, Alessandro. "Influence of the casting parameters on the membrane morphological characteristics." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23058/.

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During the last century, the importance of membranes has increased drastically in our society; following this trend, their use in everyday life and in the industrial sector has dramatically rised. Consequently, membranes have been object of study in order to develop new material with new characteristics. This work aims at improving a current GVS portfolio-product, by developing a new filter based on alternative material and to substitute a competitor 3 membrane, whose production will be stopped due to the PerFluoroOctanoic Acid content, in a medical device that has to retain human urine. Firstly, the new polymer was studied, in order to understand how it affects membrane properties; once the basic information were obtained, we moved to analyze the influence of all the parameters in the solution preparation and in the casting process. Additionally, we have analyzed and selected the most appropriate membrane support and casting knife, to produce the most reliable membrane. Once we checked all the parameter, a first industrial trial was done based on the knowledge previously obtained; later, the trial has been analyzed to verify the stability of the product and to confirm the success of the industrial scale-up. The industrial trial has been compared with competitors’ membrane after urine test were carried out; the industrial trial showed superior results compared to the other membrane. Later we analyzed the impact of a standard laboratory testing protein on membranes, to observe if they were the main responsible for the pore occlusion after urine contact. Competitor 3 retains the same amount of protein of other membrane, for this reason, the hypothesis previously made was rejected.
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46

De, Simone Andrea Stefano. "Daily modulation of the Heat shock proteins (Hsps) in three different species of scleractinian corals." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8401/.

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Temperature and light intensity is the most important environmental parameters that influence circadian cycle of scleractinian corals. In this context, modulation of the biomarkers Hsp60 and Hsp70 in situ was investigated by three different healthy coral species (Acropora tenuis, Echinopora lamellosa and Porites lobata) not stress induced during time course of 24h. Significance species-specific modulation under natural conditions is displayed by all corals under study. A strong fluctuation in Hsps expression is shown by the most susceptible, branched coral A. tenuis, instead of fine and low modulation is shown by the massive coral P. lobata. From the results match between morphology difference and physiological difference response its suggest and similarity pattern between Hsps with different cellular compartments location is suggested too. Starting from this study health of coral reefs could be able to be investigated in the future with a set of biomarkers composed also by Hsps which will be set up.
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47

Tamburi, Marco. "Stochastic modeling of bacterial protein domains distribution to predict horizontal gene transfer." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8749/.

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In questo elaborato, abbiamo tentato di modellizzare i processi che regolano la presenza dei domini proteici. I domini proteici studiati in questa tesi sono stati ottenuti dai genomi batterici disponibili nei data base pubblici (principalmente dal National Centre for Biotechnology Information: NCBI) tramite una procedura di simulazione computazionale. Ci siamo concentrati su organismi batterici in quanto in essi la presenza di geni trasmessi orizzontalmente, ossia che parte del materiale genetico non provenga dai genitori, e assodato che sia presente in una maggiore percentuale rispetto agli organismi più evoluti. Il modello usato si basa sui processi stocastici di nascita e morte, con l'aggiunta di un parametro di migrazione, usato anche nella descrizione dell'abbondanza relativa delle specie in ambito delle biodiversità ecologiche. Le relazioni tra i parametri, calcolati come migliori stime di una distribuzione binomiale negativa rinormalizzata e adattata agli istogrammi sperimentali, ci induce ad ipotizzare che le famiglie batteriche caratterizzate da un basso valore numerico del parametro di immigrazione abbiano contrastato questo deficit con un elevato valore del tasso di nascita. Al contrario, ipotizziamo che le famiglie con un tasso di nascita relativamente basso si siano adattate, e in conseguenza, mostrano un elevato valore del parametro di migrazione. Inoltre riteniamo che il parametro di migrazione sia direttamente proporzionale alla quantità di trasferimento genico orizzontale effettuato dalla famiglia batterica.
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48

Yuan, Simin. "Effects of Two Proteins from Whey as an Oil Barrier in the Production of Deep-Fried Chicken." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1350954055.

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49

Zangirolamo, Amanda Fonseca. "Associação de alótipos de IgG1 e lgG2 bovina com raças geneticamente resistentes e suscetíveis a carrapatos e suas interações com a proteína ligante de lgG (lGBP-C) da saliva do carrapato do boi, Rhipicephalus microplus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17147/tde-07062017-125907/.

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O carrapato do boi, Rhipicephalus microplus, é o principal empecilho para o avanço da produção pecuária, causando enormes prejuízos econômicos. Durante a infestação, o carrapato acaba ingerindo uma grande quantidade de imunoglobulinas presentes no soro do hospedeiro. Desse modo, como mecanismo de defesa e com o objetivo de auxiliar o repasto sanguíneo realizado pelas fêmeas, carrapatos machos Ixodidae, secretam proteínas ligantes de IgG (IGBPs) contidas em sua saliva, teoricamente interferindo na ligação específica de anticorpos com antígenos do carrapato, bem como nas funções efetoras da IgG. Raças bovinas taurinas e zebuínas possuem uma peculiar distribuição de alótipos de IgG e, ao mesmo tempo, frente às infestações por carrapatos, tais raças se comportam de maneira distinta, sendo taurinas susceptíveis e zebuínas resistentes a esse ectoparasita. Uma vez que já é relatado na literatura existir diferença na ligação entre as IGBPs de diversos patógenos e os diferentes alótipos de IgG, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a natureza das interações entre a IGBP-C de R. microplus e os alótipos de IgG bovina de animais suscetíveis ou resistentes a carrapatos. Para isso, foi feita a genotipagem por sequenciamento da região CH1-CH3 de IgG1 e IgG2, de 40 bovinos da raça taurina Holandesa (Holandês preto e branco - HPB) e 40 bovinos zebuínos da raça Nelore, com posterior purificação do alótipo de IgG1 e IgG2 mais comum em cada raça a partir do soro dos animais homozigotos. Curiosamente, verificou-se que havia uma associação entre os genótipos da região constante da cadeia pesada de IgG1 e IgG2 com os fenótipos de infestação por carrapato observados nos animais estudados. Em seguida, foram realizados ensaios em sistema de Ressonância Plasmônica de Superfície (Biacore T200 - GE Healthcare) para avaliar a afinidade de ligação entre a proteína recombinante IGBP-C e os alótipos de IgG1 e IgG2 bovinas, de uma forma não cognata. Por meio do ensaio em Biacore, observou-se uma maior afinidade de ligação da IGBP-C com alótipos de IgG2 de ambas as raças estudadas em relação aos alótipos de IgG1 e apesar de ligar em mais moléculas do alótipo de IgG2 mais frequente em bovinos Nelore (resistente a carrapato), apresentou uma afinidade maior para o alótipo de IgG2 mais frequente na raça HPB (suscetível a carrapato). Além disso, foi possível confirmar a porção Fc como o sítio de ligação preferencial da IGBP-C na IgG. Por fim, para um maior entendimento da sua função, foi feita a modelagem por homologia da IGBP-C e em ensaios adicionais, visto que essa proteína também interfere no processo de angiogênese, bem como na ativação da via clássica do complemento. Em suma, no presente trabalho foi possível descrever algumas funções promovidas pela IGBP-C, demonstrando assim, a sua importância em compor mecanismos de escape do carrapato R. microplus em relação a resposta imune do hospedeiro
The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is the main impediment to the advance of livestock production, causing enormous economic losses. During infestation, the tick ingests a large amount of immunoglobulins present in the host\'s serum. Consequently as a defense mechanism and for assisting the blood meal performed by females, male Ixodidae ticks secrete IgG binding proteins (IGBPs) contained in their saliva, theoretically interfering in the specific binding of antibodies with tick antigens and in the effector functions of IgG. The taurine and zebu bovine breeds have a peculiar distribution of IgG allotypes and also present different phenotypes of tick infestation, being susceptible taurines and zebuines resistant to this ectoparasite. Since it is reported in the literature that there is a difference in the binding between the IGBPs of different pathogens and the different IgG allotypes, the present work aimed to evaluate the nature of the interactions between the IGBP-C of R. microplus and the IgG from susceptible or tick resistant animals. For this, was done genotyping by sequencing of the CH1-CH3 region of IgG1 and IgG2 from forty Holstein taurine and forty Nelore zebu cattle, with subsequent purification of the more common IgG allotypes in each breed, from the serum of homozygous animals. Interestingly, there was an association between IgG1 and IgG2 heavy chain constant region genotypes with tick infestation phenotypes. Subsequently, assays were performed in Surface Plasmon Resonance System (Biacore T200) to evaluate the binding affinity between the recombinant IGBP-C protein and the bovine IgG1 and IgG2 allotypes in a non-cognate manner. Through the Biacore assay, was observed that IGBP-C binding more affinity with IgG2 than IgG1 allotypes of both breeds, and although IGBP-C binds more molecules of the most frequent IgG2 allotype in Nelore tick resistant cattle, showed a higher affinity for the most frequent IgG2 allotype in the HPB, tick susceptible cattle. In addition, it was possible to confirm the Fc portion as the preferred binding site of IGBP-C in IgG. The homology modeling of this protein was done for a better understanding of its function and finally, IGBP-C has also been shown to interfere with the angiogenesis process, as well as in the activation of the classical complement pathway. In short, in the present work it was possible to describe some of the functions promoted by the IGBP-C, thus demonstrating its importance in composing escape mechanisms of the R. microplus tick to the host immune response
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50

Donato, Laurence. "Gelification et separation de phase dans les melanges proteines globulaires/pectines faiblement methylees selon les conditions ioniques." Massy, ENSIA, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003705.

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La gélification thermique de l'albumine de sérum bovin (SAB) en mélange avec la pectine faiblement méthylée (pectine LM) a été étudiée par rhéologie et microscopie confocale à balayage laser couplée à une analyse d'image. La structure des gels de SAB, caractérisée par diffusion de la lumière, varie fortement selon la teneur en NaCl ou CaCl2. Dans les mélanges, une compétition entre les cinétiques de gélification protéique et de séparation de phase est observée. Celle-ci est fortement dépendante des facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques du système, en particulier la nature et de la teneur en sels dans le milieu. Ainsi le gel de protéine peut être affaibli ou renforcé par la présence du polyoside. En présence de calcium, les deux biopolymères présentent une affinité spécifique pour ce cation qui se traduit, pour les pectines LM, par leur capacité à gélifier. En mélange, un gel composite est alors formé. Une comparaison a été établie avec les mélanges à base de b-Lactoglobuline
Heat-induced gelation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixed with low methoxyl pectin (LM pectin) was studied by rheology and confocal laser scanning microscopy coupled with texture image analysis. The structure of BSA gels, characterized by light scattering, depended strongly on NaCl or CaCl2 content. In the mixture, a competition between protein gelation and phase separation kinetics was evidenced and depends strongly on intrinsic and extrinsic factors of the systems and especially on the nature and content of added salt. Therefore, protein gels can be weakened or strengthened by the presence of the polysaccharide. In presence of calcium, both biopolymers have a specific affinity for this cation that is traduced, for LM pectin, by its ability to form a gel. In the mixture, a composite gel is formed. A comparison was established with mixture containing b-Lactoglobulin
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