Academic literature on the topic 'Proto-Turkic language'

This article explores the nominalizing suffixes derived from verbs in the Altaic languages, specifically focusing on Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic-Manchu, and Korean languages. It examines the verb-to-noun derivational affixes in the Turkic languages as the base language and compares them with their counterparts in other Altaic languages. The study analyzes their meanings and origins and reconstructs their forms from the Proto-Altaic period.

Today, when the Republic of Kazakhstan at the turn of the century gained independence, the generalization of all historical and spiritual knowledge and their use for the good of the country is necessary for the formation and development of national consciousness. In this context, the language of the runic inscriptions as a source reflects the mentality of the ancient world and the archetypes of the historical evolution of the linguistic units of the Turkic languages. Consequently, the ancient linguistic data reveal the continuity of their historical development, the successive connection of the system of ancient Turkic languages with the system of modern Turkic languages, incl. modern Kazakh language. The above is confirmed by the results of scientific research of G. Aydarov, Doctor of Philology, professor, runologist, who managed to penetrate into the secrets of ancient inscriptions carved on stones and establish diachronic connections of ancient Turkic languages with Kypchak Turkic languages, with the Kazakh language and thereby prove, that the Kazakh language does not belong to the so-called «new» group of languages and that the history of the language is older than the history of the nation. Professor G. Aydarov is one of the first in Kazakh Turkic studies to investigate the heterogeneous linguistic system of the ancient Turkic and ancient Uighur languages, graphic, phonetic-phonological, lexical, morphemic-derivational and grammatical tiers of ancient languages, defining their features and successive ties with modern Turkic languages, including with the Kazakh language. As a confirmation, the author of the article considers the structural ontology of the Turkic word (monosyllabic and other models of the Turkic proto-root), in the study of which G. Aydarov made his invaluable contribution. It should also be noted: the assertion of the author of the article that the followers of G. Aydarov, in the study of the ancient Turkic languages, actively use the anthropocentric approach, which makes it possible to reveal new knowledge about the world and mentality of the ancient Turkic peoples, which are so necessary for understanding the historical development of the Turkic world.

The article examines the origin, historical development and semantics of the word yeran ‘red’ in the Bashkir language. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in Bashkir linguistics, this color designation is subjected to a comprehensive etymological, comparative historical, and lexico-semantic analysis. During the scientific analysis, it was revealed that the yeran ‘red’ lexeme is characterized by an ancient origin: scientists have restored its proto-Turkic (*jẹgre-n ‘red (about the color of a horse); deer, gazelle, antelope’), proto-Altai (*negre ‘type of deer’) forms. It is established that the first fixation of the word falls on the ancient Turkic period. The word is found in almost all Turkic languages in the meaning of ‘red color of a horse or other animals’, in Kipchak – in the designation of red hair, mustache, beard, in some Turkic languages – as the names of animals ‘roe deer, gazelle, antelope’ (‘roe deer’, ‘gazelle’, ‘antelope’). It is assumed that jagren ‘chestnut’ in the Turkic languages originally meant the color of the horse’s skin, over time the semantics of the word expanded – it began to be applied to the color of human hair, then gradually to all objects of reddish color, reddish hue. In Bashkir, eran, like the reflexes *jẹgre-n in many Turkic languages, functions in the meanings of ‘red (about the suit, about the hair, mustache, beard)’. Related lexemes are found in other Altaic languages: in Korean and Tungusic-Manchurian languages, they are used in the meanings of ‘roe deer’, ‘vazhenka (female reindeer)’. In the Mongolian and Tungusic-Manchu languages, the meaning of the word ‘red horse color’ is a Turkic loan. The Turkic word entered the Russian language as well: Igreny ‘light red (about horse color)’.

Introduction. The article continues the discussion of isogloss types and their relevance for the Proto-Turkic reconstruction and reconstruction of the intermediate nodes of the Turkic family tree. Goals. The paper makes another attempt to reconstruct the morphophonological appearance of some affixes for intermediate languages-ancestors of the standard Turkic group (Oguz, ‘Kyrgyz’, Altai, Karluk, Toba, Kypchak). The study draws into consideration not only the plural affix *-lar, but in general inflectional and derivational affixes starting with *-l. Materials and Methods. Methods of stepwise reconstruction are used simultaneously with morphophonological methods of identifying classes of positions and distribution of classes of allomorphs. Field records of dialects, dialectological publications, both modern ones and those of the 19th century, as well as written monuments were used as research material. Results. Both modern field data and classical sources, with the correct application of the methods of stepwise reconstruction, point that affixal *-l has no alternants in proto-Oghuz, proto-Karluk and proto-Qypchaq. All instances of alternation in modern idioms like dialectal Bashkir, dialectal Kazakh, ‘Qyrghyz’ languages, Yakut-Dolghan and Toba languages are to be classified as recent areal innovation. This is deduced due to the nature of morphophonological rules in these languages — neither is applyable for the proto-Common-Turkic stem auslaut, but instead is limited to forms that are specific to each separate group in question.