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Journal articles on the topic 'Protobothrops'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Deng, Zeshuai, Xiangyun Ding, Bing Zhang, et al. "Behavior and Activity Patterns of the Critically Endangered Mangshan Pit Viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis) Determined Using Remote Monitoring." Animals 14, no. 15 (2024): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14152247.

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This study focuses on understanding the behavior and activity patterns of the critically endangered Protobothrops mangshanensis in China in order to better provide scientific data for upcoming artificial breeding and propagation efforts. We conducted a long-term observation of 15 Mangshan pit vipers at different sites in Hunan Province during the summer and autumn of 2021. Our methods involved analyzing the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and light condition on the snakes’ day and night activity and behaviors. The results revealed that the wild behaviors of Protobothrops mangshanensis include resting, sunbathing, crawling, and exploring, with distinct rhythms in their diel behavior. The snakes’ diel activity exhibits three peak periods which may be related to food activity and sunbathing. This study also highlights the complex interplay of environmental factors on the activity of Protobothrops mangshanensis. Relative humidity was identified as a critical factor accounting for the difference in activity between observation groups. There was little inter-individual variation among the 15 Protobothrops mangshanensis, even though these snakes used terrestrial and arboreal habitats under different environmental conditions. These findings enhance our understanding of Protobothrops mangshanensis behavior and provide a basis for effective conservation measures for this rare and critically endangered species.

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2

Guo, Peng, Hui Zhao, Ermi Zhao, Shunqing Lu, and Song Huang. "Hemipenial morphology of five Asian pitvipers, with a discussion on their taxonomy." Amphibia-Reptilia 27, no. 1 (2006): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853806776052047.

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AbstractThe hemipenial morphology of five Asian pitvipers, Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, Protobothrops jerdonii, Ovophis zayuensis, Ovophis monticola and Viridovipera yunnanensis, are described and illustrated. Of them, the hemipenes of the first three species have been briefly reported in Chinese Journal of Zoology in Chinese. The results reveal that five species are different in hemipenial structures. The differences between Ovophis zayuensis and Ovophis monticola, and between Viridovipera yunnanensis and Viridovipera stejnegeri, further confirm the validation of Ovophis zayuensis and Viridovipera yunnanensis respectively.

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3

Guo, Peng, Ermi Zhao, Yaping Zhang, and Junfeng Pang. "A Re-analysis of the phylogeny of the genus Protobothrops (Reptilia: Viperidae), with particular reference to the systematic position of P. xiangchengensis." Amphibia-Reptilia 27, no. 3 (2006): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853806778189954.

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AbstractBased on three mitochondrial gene fragments (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome b), the phylogeny of Protobothrops is re-analyzed using Maximum-parsimony (MP), Maximum-likelihood (ML), and Bayesian (BI) approaches. All phylogenetic analyses indicate that all putative Protobothrops species examined formed a monophyletic group; however, the intrageneric relationships are still unresolved. The phylogenetic relationships further confirm that P. xiangchengensis is a valid species distinct from P. mucrosquamatus and that it is closely related to P. jerdonii.

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4

YANG, JIAN-HUAN, NIKOLAI L. ORLOV, and YING-YONG WANG. "A new species of pitviper of the genus Protobothrops from China (Squamata: Viperidae)." Zootaxa 2936, no. 1 (2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2936.1.3.

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A new species of pitviper, Protobothrops maolanensis sp. nov. is described from the forested karst region in Maolan National Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China based on scalation, body proportions and color pattern. Data on the natural history of the new species are provided and a new key to the currently recognized species of Protobothrops is given. The new discovery and other recent findings suggest that further research is desirable in the karst regions in southern China and adjacent Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar.

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5

Lee, Po-Hsin, Yan-Chiao Mao, Po-Yu Liu, Chih-Sheng Lai, and Kuo-Lung Lai. "Snakebite (Protobothrops mucrosquamatus)-related myositis." Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 118, no. 7 (2019): 1168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.03.013.

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6

Liu, Aijing, Zhige Tian, Chuanming Yin, et al. "The Analysis of Oral and Fecal Virome Detects Multiple Novel Emerging Viruses in Snakes." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2023 (May 17, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4214812.

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Wild animals are considered reservoirs for emerging and reemerging viruses, such as the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous studies have reported that bats and ticks harbored variable important pathogenic viruses, some of which could cause potential diseases in humans and livestock, while viruses carried by reptiles were rarely reported. Our study first conducted snakes’ virome analysis to establish effective surveillance of potential transboundary emerging diseases. Consequently, Adenoviridae, Circoviridae, Retroviridae, and Parvoviridae were identified in oral samples from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, Elaphe dione, and Gloydius angusticeps based on sequence similarity to existing viruses. Picornaviridae and Adenoviridae were also identified in fecal samples of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus. Notably, the iflavirus and foamy virus were first reported in Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, enriching the transboundary viral diversity in snakes. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed that both the novel-identified viruses showed low genetic similarity with previously reported viruses. This study provided a basis for our understanding of microbiome diversity and the surveillance and prevention of emerging and unknown viruses in snakes.

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7

LIU, QIN, EDWARD A. MYERS, GUANG H. ZHONG, JIAN HU, HUI ZHAO, and PENG GUO. "Molecular evidence on the systematic position of the lance-headed pitviper Protobothrops maolanensis Yang et al., 2011." Zootaxa 3178, no. 1 (2012): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3178.1.5.

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In order to assess the phylogenetic position of the recently described Protobothrops maolanensis Yang et al., 2011, wereconstructed relationships within the genus Protobothrops based on four mtDNA gene fragments (12S RNA, 16S RNA,ND4 and cyt b). Phylogeny reconstruction consistently recovered a sister relationship between P. maolanensis and P. ele-gans though with uncompelling support. However, a clade composed of P. maolanensis, P. mucrosquamatus and P. ele-gans was recovered with strong support. The genetic distance between P. maolanensis and P. elegans and between P.maolanensis and P. mucrosquamatus is relatively high compared to other sister-species comparisons within sampled Pro-tobothrops. Given the molecular results and morphological differences, we conclude that P. maolanensis is a valid species closely related to P. elegans and P. mucrosquamatus.

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8

Yang, Jian-Huan, Nikolai L. Orlov, and Ying-Yong Wang. "A new species of pitviper of the genus Protobothrops from China (Squamata: Viperidae)." Zootaxa 2936 (December 31, 2011): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.278107.

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9

Niu, Xiaotong, Haorong Lu, Minhui Shi, Shiqing Wang, Yajie Zhou, and Huan Liu. "Genome assembly and annotation of the Brown-Spotted Pit viper Protobothrops mucrosquamatus." Gigabyte 2023 (November 7, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46471/gigabyte.97.

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The Brown-Spotted Pit viper (Protobothrops mucrosquamatus), also known as the Chinese habu, is a widespread and highly venomous snake distributed from Northeastern India to Eastern China. Genomics research can contribute to our understanding of venom components and natural selection in vipers. Here, we collected, sequenced and assembled the genome of a male P. mucrosquamatus individual from China. We generated a highly continuous reference genome, with a length of 1.53 Gb and 41.18% of repeat elements content. Using this genome, we identified 24,799 genes, 97.97% of which could be annotated. We verified the validity of our genome assembly and annotation process by generating a phylogenetic tree based on the nuclear genome single-copy genes of six other reptile species. The results of our research will contribute to future studies on Protobothrops biology and the genetic basis of snake venom.

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10

CHEN, Yi-Hsuan, Ying-Ming WANG, Ming-Jhy HSEU, and Inn-Ho TSAI. "Molecular evolution and structure–function relationships of crotoxin-like and asparagine-6-containing phospholipases A2 in pit viper venoms." Biochemical Journal 381, no. 1 (2004): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20040125.

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Some myotoxic or neurotoxic PLA2s (phospholipases A2) from pit viper venoms contain characteristic N6 substitutions. Our survey of the venoms of more than ten pit viper genera revealed that N6-PLA2s exist only in limited Asian pit vipers of two genera, Protobothrops and Gloydius, and exist as either monomers or the basic subunits of heterodimers in some New World pit vipers. For the newly identified N6-PLA2s, the neuromuscular blocking activities were assayed with the chick biventer cervicis neuromuscular tissue, whereas the increased serum creatine kinase level assessed their myotoxicities. The purified N6-PLA2s from Protobothrops mangshanensis and Gloydius intermedius saxatilis were found to be presynaptic neurotoxins. In contrast, all N6-PLA2s from the venoms of Sistrurus miliarius strackeri, S. m. barbouri, Crotalus viridis viridis, C. lepidus lepidus, Cerrophidion godmani and Bothreichis schlegelii were myotoxins without neurotoxicity even in the presence of crotoxin A. Crotoxin-like complexes were for the first time purified from the venoms of Sitrurus catenatus tergeminus, C. mitchelli mitchelli, C. horridus atricaudatus, C. basiliscus and C. durissus cumanensis. The cDNAs encoding six novel N6-PLA2s and subunits of the crotoxin-like complex from S. c. tergeminus were cloned and fully sequenced. Phylogeny analysis showed that two structural subtypes of N6-PLA2s with either F24 or S24 substitution have been evolved in parallel, possibly descended respectively from species related to present-day Protobothrops and Gloydius. Calmodulin binds all the N6-PLA2s but crotoxin A may inhibit its binding to crotoxin B and to other neurotoxic N6-PLA2s. Structure–activity relationships at various regions of the PLA2 molecules were extensively discussed.

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11

Guo, Peng, Qin Liu, Tao Wen, et al. "Multilocus phylogeny of the Asian Lance-headed pitvipers (Squamata, Viperidae, Protobothrops)." Zootaxa 4093, no. 3 (2016): 382–90. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4093.3.5.

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Guo, Peng, Liu, Qin, Wen, Tao, Xiao, Rong, Fang, Ming, Zhong, Guanghui, Truong, Nguyen Q., Zhu, Fei, Jadin, Robert C., Li, Cao (2016): Multilocus phylogeny of the Asian Lance-headed pitvipers (Squamata, Viperidae, Protobothrops). Zootaxa 4093 (3): 382-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4093.3.5

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12

Isomoto, Akiko, Eiichi Shoguchi, Kanako Hisata, et al. "Active Expression of Genes for Protein Modification Enzymes in Habu Venom Glands." Toxins 14, no. 5 (2022): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050300.

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Genes encoding snake venom toxins have been studied extensively. However, genes involved in the modification and functioning of venom proteins are little known. Protobothrops is a genus of pit vipers, which are venomous and inhabit the Nansei (Southwest) islands of Japan, Taiwan China, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, and India. Our previous study decoded the genome of Protobothrops flavoviridis, a species endemic to the Nansei Islands, Japan, and revealed unique evolutionary processes of some venom genes. In this study, we analyzed genes that are highly expressed in venom glands to survey genes for candidate enzymes or chaperone proteins involved in toxin folding and modification. We found that, in addition to genes that encode venom proteins and ribosomal proteins, genes that encode protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members (orthologs of human P4HB and PDIA3), Selenoprotein M (SELENOM), and Calreticulin (CALR) are highly expressed in venom glands. Since these enzymes or chaperones are involved in protein modification and potentially possess protein folding functions, we propose that P4HB, SELENOM, CALR, and PDIA3 encode candidate enzymes or chaperones to confer toxic functions upon the venom transcriptome.

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13

Sumontha, Montri, Taksa Vasaruchapong, Niruth Chomngam, et al. "Protobothrops kelomohy sp. nov. (Squamata: Viperidae), the Second Known Species of Lance-Headed Pit Viper from Thailand." Tropical Natural History 20, no. 1 (2020): 43–59. https://doi.org/10.58837/tnh.20.1.208081.

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Protobothrops kelomohy sp. nov. is described from dry evergreen forest in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, based on morphology and a molecular phylogeny. It differs from congeners by the following combination of characters: 1) relatively large body size (total length up to 1,310 mm); 2) dorsal scale rows 23–23–17, all keeled; 3) ventral scales 231–234; 4) subcaudal scales 80–84, paired; 5) supralabials 8–9; 6) infralabials 12–13; 7) typical lance-pattern on upper head surface; 8) three bold vertical facial stripes; and 9) dorsal and tail brown, each scale with dark reddish-brown transverse blotches, edged in black, somewhat fused together as a median zigzag line on dorsum, a row of large ventrolateral blotches on each side, each darker marking edged by a narrow yellow line. The new discovery and other recent findings suggest that further herpetological research is required in the montane forest of northern Thailand and adjacent Myanmar and Laos. Data on the natural history of the new species and an updated key to the species of Protobothrops are provided. This is the second species of Lance-headed Pit Viper recorded from Thailand after P. mucrosquamatus.

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14

Fung, Hin Tat, and Oi Fung Wong. "An exotic snakebite by Protobothrops jerdonii and its antivenom therapy." Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine 37 (October 2024): 102139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visj.2024.102139.

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15

Keyler, Daniel E., Jon B. Cole, Travis Olives, and Terry Phillip. "A rare Chinese pit viper in minnesota: Protobothrops mangshanensis envenomation." Toxicon 119 (September 2016): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.036.

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16

Zhao, Hong-Yan, Na He, Yan Sun, et al. "Phylogeny-Related Variations in Venomics: A Test in a Subset of Habu Snakes (Protobothrops)." Toxins 15, no. 5 (2023): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15050350.

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We conducted a comparative analysis to unveil the divergence among venoms from a subset of Old World habu snakes (Protobothrops) in terms of venomic profiles and toxicological and enzymatic activities. A total of 14 protein families were identified in the venoms from these habu snakes, and 11 of them were shared among these venoms. The venoms of five adult habu snakes were overwhelmingly dominated by SVMP (32.56 ± 13.94%), PLA2 (22.93 ± 9.26%), and SVSP (16.27 ± 4.79%), with a total abundance of over 65%, while the subadult P. mangshanensis had an extremely low abundance of PLA2 (1.23%) but a high abundance of CTL (51.47%), followed by SVMP (22.06%) and SVSP (10.90%). Apparent interspecific variations in lethality and enzymatic activities were also explored in habu snake venoms, but no variations in myotoxicity were found. Except for SVSP, the resemblance of the relatives within Protobothrops in other venom traits was estimated to deviate from Brownian motion evolution based on phylogenetic signals. A comparative analysis further validated that the degree of covariation between phylogeny and venom variation is evolutionarily labile and varies among clades of closely related snakes. Our findings indicate a high level of interspecific variation in the venom proteomes of habu snakes, both in the presence or absence and the relative abundance of venom protein families, and that these venoms might have evolved under a combination of adaptive and neutral mechanisms.

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17

Grassby-Lewis, Rupert J., Peter Brakels, Nathanaël Maury, et al. "A new endemic karst-associated species of lance-headed pit viper (Squamata, Viperidae, Protobothrops) from Laos." Herpetozoa 38 (February 25, 2025): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e146004.

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We describe a new species of lance-headed pit viper from north-western Laos, based on morphological and molecular (6092 bp from cyt b, ND4, COI, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes and c-mos and RAG1 nuclear DNA genes) lines of evidence. Protobothrops flavirostrissp. nov. is easily distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: dorsal scales in 23–21–17 rows, all keeled; ventral scales 215; subcaudal scales 79, all paired; supralabials 7–8; infralabials 10; horn-like projections on supraoculars absent; head triangular with a typical lance-shaped pattern on its dorsal surface; three faint dark vertical stripes on the snout; head blackish-brown with rostral, nasals, preoculars, loreals and the two anterior supralabials, as well as the anterior parts of supraoculars yellow-orange; dorsal surfaces of body and tail brown or greyish-brown, dorsum with large dark reddish-brown cross-shaped blotches, edged in black, somewhat fused together forming an interrupted zigzag line and a row of large brown ventrolateral blotches on each side. The new species differs from the morphologically similar species Protobothrops kelomohy by a significant divergence in cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene sequences (p = 7.8%). The new species is currently known only from tropical limestone forest of Vientiane Province, north-western Laos (elevation 362 m a.s.l.). We suggest the new species be considered as Endangered (EN) following the IUCN’s Red List categories.

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18

Grassby-Lewis, Rupert J., Peter Brakels, Nathanaël Maury, et al. "A new endemic karst-associated species of lance-headed pit viper (Squamata, Viperidae, Protobothrops) from Laos." Herpetozoa 38 (February 25, 2025): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.38.e146004.

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We describe a new species of lance-headed pit viper from north-western Laos, based on morphological and molecular (6092 bp from cyt <i>b</i>, ND4, COI, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes and c-mos and RAG1 nuclear DNA genes) lines of evidence. <i>Protobothrops flavirostris</i> sp. nov. is easily distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: dorsal scales in 23–21–17 rows, all keeled; ventral scales 215; subcaudal scales 79, all paired; supralabials 7–8; infralabials 10; horn-like projections on supraoculars absent; head triangular with a typical lance-shaped pattern on its dorsal surface; three faint dark vertical stripes on the snout; head blackish-brown with rostral, nasals, preoculars, loreals and the two anterior supralabials, as well as the anterior parts of supraoculars yellow-orange; dorsal surfaces of body and tail brown or greyish-brown, dorsum with large dark reddish-brown cross-shaped blotches, edged in black, somewhat fused together forming an interrupted zigzag line and a row of large brown ventrolateral blotches on each side. The new species differs from the morphologically similar species <i>Protobothrops kelomohy</i> by a significant divergence in cytochrome <i>b</i> mitochondrial DNA gene sequences (p = 7.8%). The new species is currently known only from tropical limestone forest of Vientiane Province, north-western Laos (elevation 362 m a.s.l.). We suggest the new species be considered as Endangered (EN) following the IUCN's Red List categories.

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19

Valenta, Jiri, Zdenek Stach, and Michal Otahal. "Protobothrops mangshanensis bite: first clinical report of envenoming and its treatment." Biomedical Papers 156, no. 2 (2012): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/bp.2012.021.

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20

Yeh, Ying-Tse, Min-Hui Chen, Julia Chia-Yu Chang, Ju-Sing Fan, David Hung-Tsang Yen, and Yen-Chia Chen. "Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Bites to the Head: Clinical Spectrum from Case Series." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99, no. 3 (2018): 753–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0220.

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21

Peng, GUO, LI Jiatang, CHEN Yueying, and WANG Yuezhao. "Designation of a Neotype for Protobothrops mangshanensis (Zhao, 1990)." Asian Herpetological Research 3, no. 4 (2013): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1245.2012.00340.

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22

SO, Shuhei, Tatsuo MURAKAMI, Naoki IKEDA, et al. "Identification and Evolution of Venom Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors from Protobothrops elegans Serum." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 75, no. 3 (2011): 480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100676.

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23

Tashiro, Yutaka, Akitoshi Goto, Tatsuya Kunisue, and Shinsuke Tanabe. "Contamination of habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis) in Okinawa, Japan by persistent organochlorine chemicals." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 1 (2020): 1018–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10510-y.

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24

Yasunaga, Tomohide, and Michael D. Schwartz. "Review of the mirine plant bug genus Phytocoris Fallén in Japan (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae), with descriptions of eight new species." Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 158, no. 1 (2015): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119434-15812048.

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The mirine plant bug genus Phytocoris Fallén of Japan is reviewed; twelve species are recognized. Eight new species are proposed, diagnosed, and described: P. amateras, P. hasegawai, P. izanagii, P. izanamiae, P. kerzhnerianus, P. minakatai, P. miyamotoi, and P. protobothrops. Four known species are diagnosed, and two poorly recognized species, P. ohataensis Linnavuori and P. pallidicollis Kerzhner, are also redescribed. Phytocoris scotinus Kerzhner is proposed as a junior synonym of P. ohataensis. The male and female genitalic structures are figured and the biological information is documented for most treated species. A checklist and a key are provided to aid in the identifications of all Japanese species.

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25

Chen, Yen-Chia, Tse-Yao Wang, Yu-Kai Huang, et al. "Effects of Sodium Silicate Complex against Hemorrhagic Activities Induced by Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Venom." Toxins 13, no. 1 (2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010059.

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Protobothrops mucrosquamatus poses a serious medical threat to humans in Southern and Southeastern Asia. Hemorrhage is one of the conspicuous toxicities related to the pathology of P. mucrosquamatus envenoming. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies showed that a silica-derived reagent, sodium silicate complex (SSC), was able to neutralize hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities induced by pit viper venoms, including Crotalus atrox, Agkistrodoncontortrix contortrix and Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma. In this study, we validated that SSC could neutralize enzymatic and toxic effects caused by the venom of P. mucrosquamatus. We found that SSC inhibited the hemolytic and proteolytic activities induced by P. mucrosquamatus venom in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated that SSC could block intradermal hemorrhage caused by P. mucrosquamatus venom in a mouse model. Finally, SSC could neutralize lethal effects of P. mucrosquamatus venom in the mice. Therefore, SSC is a candidate for further development as a potential onsite first-aid treatment for P. mucrosquamatus envenoming.

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26

Chuang, Po-Chun, Kang-Wei Chang, Shih-Yu Cheng, et al. "Benefits of Early In-Hospital Antivenom Administration to Patients with Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Envenomation." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 1 (2021): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0659.

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27

Holste, Jonas, Paul Weldon, Donald Boyer, and Stefan Schulz. "The scent gland composition of the Mangshan pit viper, Protobothrops mangshanensis." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 20 (October 18, 2024): 2644–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.20.222.

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The Mangshan pit viper, Protobothrops mangshanensis, is a rare, highly endangered snake native to the mountainous regions of Hunan Province in China. Snakes possess abdominal scent glands, which have been chemically studied in several species. These glands can contain various lipids and peptides, but very often also complex mixtures of carboxylic acids. We report here the occurrence of novel methyl-branched unsaturated acids found in the secretions of six captive individuals living in a zoo. The structures of these compounds, 4.6-dimethylalk-5-enoates in a homologous series from C11–C16, were characterized by GC–MS and GC–IR analysis and various microderivatization reactions including hydrogenation and esterification leading to methyl and pyridylmethyl esters. In addition, dimethyloxazoline formation helped to localize the double bond. The synthesis of methyl 4,6-dimethyldodec-5-enoate allowed the correct assignment of structures and showed the (E)-configuration of the double bond for the major naturally occurring diastereomers. These acids occur in small amounts compared to the major glandular components, cholesterol, and 1-O-hexadecylglycerol, as well as other common long-chain alcohols and amides. Although a general defensive function has been proposed for snake abdominal scent glands, the specific chemistry and moderate amounts of acids reported here may suggest a function in chemical signaling for the Mangshan pit viper. In addition, proline-containing diketopiperazines were identified for the first time in snake scent glands, although an artificial formation from amino acids likely present in the secretion cannot be excluded.

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28

Su, Hy, Yh Li, Cn Tang, Ci Su, and Mj Tsai. "Can Surgery in Patient with Protobothrops Mucrosquamatus Envenomation be Predicted in Emergency Department?" Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 23, no. 4 (2016): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490791602300402.

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29

Ootawa, Tomoki, Siyuan Wu, Ryoya Sekio, et al. "Characterization of Vasoreactivity in a Semi-Arboreal Snake, the Tokara Habu (Protobothrops tokarensis)." Animals 13, no. 23 (2023): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13233629.

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Vasoreactivity is relatively well documented in terrestrial snakes but has previously been investigated in only one semi-arboreal snake species. Consequently, the extent to which vasoreactivity is common across snake taxa or varies by habitat is unclear. The Tokara habu (Protobothrops tokarensis) is a semi-arboreal snake endemic to only two small adjacent Japanese islands, and hence a useful species for further investigation of vasoreactivity. We evaluated responses to known vasoactive substances in thoracic aortas isolated from Tokara habu. Under resting tension, noradrenaline and angiotensin II induced concentration-dependent contraction, but acetylcholine, serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine; 5-HT), and isoproterenol induced relaxation followed by contraction. Histamine and rattlesnake bradykinin had no effect. Experiments with receptor-specific antagonists suggest that M1 and M3 receptors are involved in the acetylcholine-induced response; 5-HT1, 5-HT2, and 5-HT7 receptors in the serotonin-induced response; and β1 and β2 adrenoceptors in isoproterenol-induced relaxation. This is the first report on such response patterns in snakes (including serotonin- and isoproterenol-induced relaxation). Nitric oxide may be involved in acetylcholine-induced relaxation but not in the responses to serotonin or isoproterenol. In contrast to the uniform vasoreactivity observed in terrestrial snakes, the vasoreactivity of semi-arboreal snakes may be governed by diverse regulatory mechanisms.

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Zambre, Amod, Chintan Sheth, Shashank Dalvi, and Nirmal Ulhas Kulkarni. "First Record of Protobothrops Jerdonii Xanthomelas (Gunther, 1889) from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, India." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 106 (June 12, 2010): 211–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456185.

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Zambre, Amod, Chintan Sheth, Shashank Dalvi, and Nirmal Ulhas Kulkarni. "First Record of Protobothrops Jerdonii Xanthomelas (Gunther, 1889) from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, India." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 106 (June 7, 2010): 211–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456185.

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Zambre, Amod, Chintan Sheth, Shashank Dalvi, and Nirmal Ulhas Kulkarni. "First Record of Protobothrops Jerdonii Xanthomelas (Gunther, 1889) from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, India." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 106 (July 3, 2010): 211–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456185.

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Zambre, Amod, Chintan Sheth, Shashank Dalvi, and Nirmal Ulhas Kulkarni. "First Record of Protobothrops Jerdonii Xanthomelas (Gunther, 1889) from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, India." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 106 (July 10, 2010): 211–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456185.

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34

Elangbam, Premjit Singh, Lal Biakzuala, Parag Shinde, Ht. Decemson, Mathipi Vabeiryureilai, and Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga. "Addition of four new records of pit vipers (Squamata: Crotalinae) to Manipur, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 6 (2023): 23315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8486.15.6.23315-23326.

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In spite of the potential richness in biodiversity, Manipur is still one of the least explored areas in northeastern India. In this work, we report on our finding of four pit viper species, namely, Trimeresurus mayaae, T. salazar, T. erythrurus, and Protobothrops jerdonii in Manipur during our herpetological surveys in 2022. We affirm the identity of these specimens based on the combination of standard morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Our study not only reports four new records of pit vipers for the first time in Manipur, but also extends their respective known geographical ranges. This information calls for further dissemination especially to health care sector, as it is on venomous snakes that could be of medical importance as regards human snakebites.

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Oyama, Etsuko, and Hidenobu Takahashi. "Structures and Functions of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMP) from Protobothrops venom Collected in Japan." Molecules 22, no. 8 (2017): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22081305.

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Morine, Nobuya, Seiko Matsuda, Koki Terada, Akira Eto, Isao Ishida, and Hirosuke Oku. "Neutralization of hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase HR1a from Protobothrops flavoviridis by human monoclonal antibody." Toxicon 51, no. 3 (2008): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.009.

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Shimada, Akiko, Naoki Ohkura, Kyozo Hayashi та ін. "Subunit structure and inhibition specificity of α-type phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Protobothrops flavoviridis". Toxicon 51, № 5 (2008): 787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.014.

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MORINE, Nobuya, Seiko MATSUDA, Koki TERADA, Hironori IWASAKI, and Hirosuke OKU. "The Occurrence of HR1b in the Venom of the Snake Okinawa Habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis)." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 72, no. 2 (2008): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70540.

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Tsai, Inn-Ho, Yi-Hsuan Chen, and Ying-Ming Wang. "Comparative proteomics and subtyping of venom phospholipases A2 and disintegrins of Protobothrops pit vipers." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 1702, no. 1 (2004): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.08.006.

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Morine, Nobuya, Seiko Matsuda, Yumiko Izumi, Akiko Oshiro, and Jun Kudaka. "The Protobothrops flavoviridis Hemorrhagic Metalloproteinase HR2 Is Inhibited by Human Alpha 2-Macroglobulin." Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 71, no. 4 (2018): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.065.

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Guo, Peng, Qin Liu, Cao Li, et al. "Molecular phylogeography of Jerdon’s pitviper (Protobothrops jerdonii): importance of the uplift of the Tibetan plateau." Journal of Biogeography 38, no. 12 (2011): 2326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02566.x.

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Chen, Yen-Wen, Min-Hui Chen, Chien-Kuang Chen, et al. "Differences in Clinical Profiles of Patients with Protobothrops mucrosquamatus and Viridovipera stejnegeri Envenoming in Taiwan." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, no. 1 (2009): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.28.

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GUO, PENG, QIN LIU, TAO WEN, et al. "Multilocus phylogeny of the Asian Lance-headed pitvipers (Squamata, Viperidae, Protobothrops)." Zootaxa 4093, no. 3 (2016): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4093.3.5.

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Chen, Yen-Wen, Yen-Chia Chen, Dong-Zong Hung, Hung-Tsang Yen, Chun-I. Huang, and Chen-Chang Yang. "Differences in clinical profiles of patients With Protobothrops mucrosquamatus and Viridovipera stejnegeri envenoming in Taiwan." Toxicology Letters 180 (October 2008): S143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.794.

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Chiang, Liao chun, Wang-chou Sung, and Wen-guey Wu. "Snake venomics of individual specimens of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus reveal systematic geographic variation and molecular characterization." Toxicon 158 (February 2019): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.175.

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Chijiwa, Takahito, Naoki Ikeda, Haruna Masuda, et al. "57. Structural Characteristics and Evolution of A Novel Venom Phospholipase A2 Gene from Protobothrops flavoviridis." Toxicon 60, no. 2 (2012): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.058.

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Hitschfeld, Ellen, Anna Hundsdörfer, Markus Auer, et al. "Is the horned pitviper Ceratrimeresurus shenlii Liang and Liu, 2003 from China a valid Protobothrops?" Amphibia-Reptilia 32, no. 1 (2011): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x541922.

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AbstractPrevious records of horned pitvipers from Vietnam and China are reviewed and the phylogenetic placement of four snakes from two sites in Tianjingshan Forest, China (Ruyan County, Guangdong Province; 24°43′N, 113°03′E, 563 m a.s.l.; 24°43′N, 113°02′E, 585 m a.s.l.) is examined. Using mitochondrial DNA sequence data (12S, 16S, ND4, cyt b; 2306 bp) and Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses, the Tianjingshan pitvipers are revealed as sister to Protobothrops cornutus with a differentiation resembling those of P. flavoviridis and P. tokarensis. This indicates a close relationship with P. cornutus and suggests that Ceratrimeresurus shenlii Liang and Liu, 2003, previously considered a junior synonym of P. cornutus (Smith, 1930), could be a valid subspecies of P. cornutus or a recently split distinct species. However, further studies and samples from intermediate localities are needed to decide whether the observed differentiation reflects a pattern of isolation-by-distance or a phylogeographic, and thus perhaps taxonomically relevant, break.

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Long, Chengbo, Ming Liu, Huiwen Tian, et al. "Potential Role of Platelet-Activating C-Type Lectin-Like Proteins in Viper Envenomation Induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy Symptom." Toxins 12, no. 12 (2020): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120749.

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Envenomation by viperid snakes may lead to severe bleeding, consumption coagulopathy, and thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms. The exact etiology or toxins responsible for thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms after snake envenomation remain obscure. Snake C-type lectin-like proteins (snaclecs) are one of the main non-enzymatic protein constituents in viper venoms, of which a majority are considered as modulators of thrombosis and hemostasis. In this study, we demonstrated that two snaclecs (mucetin and stejnulxin), isolated and identified from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus and Trimeresurus stejnegeri venoms, directly induced platelet degranulation and clot-retraction in vitro, and microvascular thrombosis has been confirmed in various organs in vivo. These snaclecs reduced cerebral blood flow and impaired motor balance and spatial memories in mice, which partially represent the thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms in some snakebite patients. The functional blocking of these snaclecs with antibodies alleviated the viper venom induced platelet activation and thrombotic microangiopathy-like symptoms. Understanding the pathophysiology of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with snake envenoming may lead to emerging therapeutic strategies.

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Tangtermpong, Athitarn, Kanokporn Pinyopornpanish, Taksa Vasaruchapong, Boriboon Chenthanakij, and Kanokwan Pinyopornpanish. "The Treatment of Unidentified Hematotoxic Snake Envenomation and the Clinical Manifestations of a Protobothrops kelomohy Bite." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 32, no. 1 (2021): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2020.11.001.

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Zhang, Bing, Bingxian Wu, Daode Yang, et al. "Habitat association in the critically endangered Mangshan pit viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis), a species endemic to China." PeerJ 8 (July 1, 2020): e9439. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9439.

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Habitat directly affects the population size and geographical distribution of wildlife species, including the Mangshan pit viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis), a critically endangered snake species endemic to China. We searched for Mangshan pit viper using randomly arranged transects in their area of distribution and assessed their habitat association using plots, with the goals of gaining a better understanding of the habitat features associated with P. mangshanensis detection and determining if the association with these features varies across season. We conducted transect surveys, found 48 individual snakes, and measured 11 habitat variables seasonally in used and random plots in Hunan Mangshan National Nature Reserve over a period of 5 years (2012–2016). The important habitat variables for predicting Mangshan pit viper detection were fallen log density, shrub density, leaf litter cover, herb cover and distance to water. In spring, summer and autumn, Mangshan pit viper detection was always positively associated with fallen log density. In summer, Mangshan pit viper detection was related to such habitats with high canopy cover, high shrub density and high herb cover. In autumn, snakes generally occurred in habitats near water in areas with high fallen log density and tall shrubs height. Our study is the first to demonstrate the relationship between Mangshan pit viper detection and specific habitat components. Mangshan pit viper detection was associated with habitat features such as with a relatively high fallen log density and shrub density, moderately high leaf litter cover, sites near stream, and with lower herb cover. The pattern of the relationship between snakes and habitats was not consistent across the seasons. Identifying the habitat features associated with Mangshan pit viper detection can better inform the forestry department on managing natural reserves to meet the habitat requirements for this critically endangered snake species.

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