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1
Panova, Olga Yu. "“Dear TD”: Ruth Epperson Kennell-Theodore Dreiser Correspondence, 1928-1929." Literature of the Americas, no. 11 (2021): 289–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2021-11-289-423.
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During his travel to the Soviet Union (November 4, 1927 — January 13, 1928) and on his return to the USA Theodore Dreiser was keeping in touch and dealing with Soviet literary institutions, periodicals and his Russian acquaints — publishers, editors, critics, etc. Ruth Epperson Kennell (1889 –1977) played an important role in making and maintaining these contacts in late 1920s-early 1930s. Ruth Kennell, who spent almost ten years in the Soviet Union, was a reference librarian (1925 –1927) in the Comintern Library in Moscow. On November 4, 1927 she got acquainted with Dreiser and was hired by him to serve as his secretary and guide as he toured the Soviet Union. Her role as a “Russian secretary”, personal assistant and friend is depicted in Dreiser’s Russian Diary and Kennell’s memoir Theodore Dreiser and the Soviet Union (1969) as well as in their correspondence that lasted till Dreiser’s death. Kennell continued to take part in Dreiser’s life and creative work in the USA, especially during the years that immediately followed their return from the USSR. The paper dwells at some length on Kennell’s biography, her role in publishing Dreiser’s work in the Soviet Union and USA, her work as an editor, critic and reviewer. Kennel had a long and varied writing career, and Dreiser helped her to start write and publish fiction. Their correspondence portrays Dreiser as a patron taking care of a young author and promoting her work. Kennell’s letters to Dreiser (1928 –1929) stored in the Manusсript Division of A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature are published in the addendum together with the Russian translation of several Dreiser’s letters to Kennell included in Theodore Dreiser: Letters to Women. New Letters (2009).
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Bezrogov, Vitaly, and Dorena Caroli. "Soviet Russian Primers of the 1940s." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 14–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2019.110103.
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What changes did the content, structure, and production of Russian primers published in the Soviet Union undergo between 1941 and 1948—that is, during the Second World War and its aftermath? This article answers this question by analyzing language, content, iconography, and the printing process. The first section addresses key characteristics of primers printed between 1941 and 1944, while the second section focuses on the content of postwar primers printed between 1945 and 1948. The final section addresses challenges facing the textbook approval and circulation process experienced by the State Pedagogical Publishing House of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1945 to 1948.
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Русина, Юлия Анатольевна. "ХАРАКТЕРЫ СОВЕТСКИХ ДИССИДЕНТОВ В ЭМИГРАНТСКИХ ЗАПИСКАХ АДВОКАТА ДИНЫ КАМИНСКОЙ." Acta Neophilologica 2, no. XX (December 1, 2019): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.3631.
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Dina Kaminskaya was a defense lawyer of Soviet dissidents and participated in the most famous political trials of the 1960s. She acted as a defense lawyer for the members of the human rights movement in the Soviet Union, the creators and disseminators of samizdat, those who organized protests and demonstrations, including the one on the Red Square in Moscow in August 1968. Leaving the USSR under the threat of arrest in 1977, in exile, she wrote a memoir, Attorney’s notes, which was published in New York by the Chronicle-Press publishing house in 1984. Not only is the Soviet political judicial system with its ideological tricks vividly represented in this book, but also the portraits of those dissidents whom she knew personally and worked for as a lawyer.
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Tannberg, Tõnu. "“Tsensuuri töö on väga vastutusrikas.” Dokumentaalne pilguheit Eesti NSV Glavliti tegevusele aastatel 1941–1948 [Abstract: “The work of censorship carries a great deal of responsibility”. A documentary glimpse of the activity of the Estonian SSR Glavlit]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 4 (September 10, 2019): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2018.4.04.
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Abstract: “The work of censorship carries a great deal of responsibility”. A documentary glimpse of the activity of them Estonian SSR Glavlit in 1941–1948"
Censorship was one of the important social control mechanisms of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs, or Glavlit (in Russian Glavnoe upravlenie po delam literaturȳ i izdatel’stv), was established under the jurisdiction of the People’s Commissariat for Education on 6 June 1922 by decree of the Russian SFSR Council of People’s Commissars. Its task was to combat the ideological opponents of the Soviet regime. The censorship of essentially all printed works published in the Soviet Union was gradually placed under Glavlit’s jurisdiction. By the end of the 1930s, Glavlit was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Council of People’s Commissars (starting in 1946 the Council of Ministers), but substantially, censorship officials were placed under the direction of subordinate institutions and officials of the Communist Party, and of the state security organs. The same kind of institutions in the Soviet republics and oblasts were subordinated to the central Glavlit of the USSR. The Glavlit of the Estonian SSR was established by decree of the Estonian SSR Council of People’s Commissars on 23 October 1940.
The task of Glavlit was to prevent the disclosure in print and in the media of Soviet military, state and economic secrets with the overall objective of banning the publication of all manner of ideas and information that was unacceptable to the regime. It was also to prevent such ideas and information from reaching libraries. To this end, both pre-publication censorship (the review of control copies of printed works before their publication) and post-publication censorship (review of published printed works, the physical destruction or obstruction of access to works that have proven to be unsuitable) were implemented. In order to carry out censorship, lists of banned literature were drawn up in cooperation with the state security organs, along with enumerations of information that was forbidden to publish in print. These formed the basis for the everyday work of Glavlit’s censors, in other words commissioners. Not a single printed work or media publication could be published during the Soviet era without Glavlit’s permission (departmental publishing houses practiced self-censorship). In addition to scrutinising printed works, the monitoring of art exhibitions, theatre productions and concert repertoires, the review of cinema newsreels, and provision of guidelines for publishing houses and libraries also fell within Glavlit’s jurisdiction. Censors also read mail sent by post and checked the content of parcels (first and foremost the exchange of postal parcels with foreign countries).
In the latter half of the 1980s, when Mikhail Gorbachev rose to lead the Soviet Union, Glavlit’s control functions in society gradually started receding. State censorship was done away with in the Soviet Union on 12 June 1990, depriving the former censorship office of its substantial functions. Glavlit was disbanded in Estonia on 1 October 1990.
The Estonian SSR Glavlit activity overview for the years 1940–1948 is published below. This is a report dated 20 October 1948 from Leonida Päll, the head of the Estonian SSR Glavlit (in office in 1946–1950), to Nikolai Karotamm, the Estonian SSR party boss of that time. This document provides a brief departmental insight into the initial years of the activity of the Estonian SSR Glavlit. It outlines the censorship agency’s main fields of activity, highlights the key figures of that time, and describes the agency’s concrete achievements, including recording the more important works and authors that had been caught between the gearwheels of censorship.
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Kotelenets, Elena A., and Maria Yu Lavrenteva. "The British Weekly: a case study of British propaganda to the Soviet Union during World War II." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-3-486-498.
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The research investigates a publishing history of the Britansky Souyznik (British Ally) weekly (further - British Weekly) in Russian language, which was published in the Soviet Union by the UK Ministry of Information in the Second World War years and to 1950. This newspaper published reports from fronts where British troops fought against Nazi Germany and its allies, articles on British-Soviet military cooperation, materials about British science, industry, agriculture, and transport, reports on people’s life in the UK, historical background of British Commonwealth countries, cultural and literature reviews. British Weekly circulation in the USSR was 50,000 copies. The main method used for the research was the study of the newspaper’s materials, as well as the propaganda concepts of its editorial board and their influence on the audience. The researched materials are from archives of the Soviet Foreign Ministry as well as of the UK Ministry of Information and Political Warfare Executive (1940-1945), declassified by the British Government only in 2002, on the basis of which an independent analysis is conducted. The British Weekly played a bright role in the formation of techniques and methods of British foreign policy propaganda to Soviet public opinion in 1942-1945. Results of the research indicates that the British government launched foreign policy propaganda to the USSR immediately after breaking-out of World War II and used the experience of the British Weekly for psychological warfare in the Cold War years.
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Birzniece, Eva. "Construction of Resistance Discourse in Latvian Post-Soviet Literature about Deportations and Imprisonments." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2012): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i2_9.
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During the Soviet era there were no publicly available published literary representations of the Soviet deportations and imprisonment of civilians and Latvian Army officers to Siberia and the Far East. If there were any, these were very scarce and available to very few people. Deportations and imprisonments were marginalized and silenced themes in all possible respects – politically, socially and culturally. Many narratives (in books published in state publishing houses) emerged only in the beginning of the 1990ies when the Soviet Union collapsed and Latvia regained its independence. Those narratives were written secretly during the Soviet time, as the authors were or could be repressed for talking about forbidden topics. The female experience was not only totally silenced but it was also different from men’s experience of imprisonments and deportations as men and women with children were separated – men were sent to forced labour camps and women to places of settlement. Even when writing about deportations was dangerous, the narratives of that experience construct strong resistance to the Soviet repressions against Latvia and its people. Many female narratives about these experiences emerged later adding to the testimonials studies of archives and historical documents thus making resistance discourse more pointed and stronger.
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Jones, Polly. "The Fire Burns On? The “Fiery Revolutionaries” Biographical Series and the Rethinking of Propaganda in the Brezhnev Era." Slavic Review 74, no. 1 (2015): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.74.1.32.
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In this article, I analyze the production of late Soviet propaganda, highlighting the shifts toward greater literary sophistication and the reinvention of revolutionary biography, instituted in order to re-enthuse the population about revolutionary ideals. In the Khrushchev and early Brezhnev eras, the State Political Publishing House (Politizdat) grappled with a profound crisis of political persuasion and came to realize that collaboration and compromise with literary writers constituted the only solution. The key outcome of this debate over mass political literature was the innovative and unpredictable “;Fiery Revolutionaries” series of biographies, published from 1968 to the end of the Soviet Union. Arguing against the view of the Brezhnev era as a time of political language's standardization, and complicating the binary opposition between Soviet and dissident writers, I argue that it was the sophisticated and nuanced debates and editorial practices within this “;niche” in the post- Stalinist propaganda state that ultimately enabled many of the period’s most talented (and sometimes notorious) writers to contribute sophisticated biographies to the series later in its history.
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Yarrow, Andrew L. "Selling a New Vision of America to the World: Changing Messages in Early U.S. Cold War Print Propaganda." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 4 (October 2009): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.4.3.
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This article examines how U.S. Cold War print propaganda shifted from an emphasis in the late 1940s on America's liberal democratic idealism to an emphasis by the mid-1950s on the country's high and rising living standards and shiny new system of “people's capitalism.” The United States could claim to have beaten the Soviet Union at its own game, providing “classless abundance for all.” These messages echoed those disseminated domestically, in which political leaders, business executives, journalists, and educators increasingly defined America's greatest virtues and identity in economic terms, emphasizing growth and prosperity. This article assesses how the United States—via the U.S. Information Agency and its precursors from the late 1940s to 1960—presented itself to those in the Soviet bloc and globally. The article relies on content analysis of three magazines—Amerika, a Russian-language monthly published for Soviet audiences from 1945 to 1952; Free World, a magazine sent to East Asia that began publishing in English and various Asian languages in 1952; and America Illustrated, a Russian-language monthly published for three-and-a-half decades beginning in 1956—as well as of many pamphlets and other printed material intended for overseas audiences.
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Lipša, Ineta. "Silencing Sex Education in Soviet Latvia in the early 1980s: the Case of the Destruction of the Book Mīlestības vārdā by Jānis Zālītis." Acta medico-historica Rigensia 15 (2022): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/amhr.2022.xv.04.
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Through the case study of the publishing and banning of the second edi- tion of the book Mīlestības vārdā (1982, In the Name of Love) by the Latvian physician Jānis Zālītis (1933–2007), the article aims to analyse the changed understanding among medical educators and officials of the Latvian Communist Party on limits of what could be promoted in a handbook on sex education in the early 1980s. The author of the handbook and the publishing house were convinced that the degree of explicitness of the content of the sex education books already published was sufficient to risk expanding it with drawings of sex positions, despite the fact that the message of the illustrations did not correspond to the thesis of the conservative sexual agenda prevailing in the Soviet Union that sexual intercourse should take place only within marriage. Drawings by Edgars Ozoliņš clearly conveyed the message of pleasure and enjoyment, but they did not explicitly state that the woman and man enjoying penetrative sex were in a marital relationship as husband and wife. The article will argue that the decision to destroy the book was ethe nforced by the decision of the Burau of the Central Committee of the Latvian Communist Party of August 17, 1982, and promoted by its First Secretary (1966–1984) Augusts Voss, who called the book pornographic and influenced by Western ideology and harmful to Soviet ideology. The paper will establish that the destruction of the book Mīlestības vārdā shows that not only Zālītis’ ideas about what was and was not permissible in promoting sexual knowledge differed from the Soviet conservative sexual agenda, but that there was also a diversity of opinions within the Soviet Latvian nomenklatura.
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BERNHEIM, MARK. "JOHN B. SIMON, STRANGERS IN A STRANGER LAND." Society Register 5, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2021.5.2.11.
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This is a book review of "STRANGERS IN A STRANGER LAND: How One Country's Jews Fought an Unwinnable War Alongside Nazi Troops…and Survived"; by John B. Simon; Rowman and Littlefield; 2019 (originally published in Finnish as Mahdoton sota, "The Impossible War," by Siltala Publishing, 2017).
The review was written for the Jewish Book Council by a Professor Emeritus of English and contains both historical and pedagogical reflections on the educational messages emmerging from the book. This is important not only for memory studies and for identity politics but also when looking deep into the complex issues of socialization and education after the WWII. The book contains a story of the contradictory role of Finland's Jewish community in the wars against the Soviet Union and Germany.
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Josephson, Paul R. "Atomic-Powered Communism: Nuclear Culture in the Postwar USSR." Slavic Review 55, no. 2 (1996): 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501914.
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In 1953, just after Stalin's death, the Soviet state machine tool publishing house released A. A. Kanaev's From the Water Wheel to the Atomic Engine (Ot vodianoi mel'nitsy do atomnogo dvigateli). Like other books and articles published in the popular and scientific press in the USSR in this period, From the Water Wheel to the Atomic Engine explored the political, economic, and cultural significance of an incipient “atomic century” and touted the nearly limitless applications of the power of the atom in agriculture, medicine, and industry. Indeed, there was little doubt among scientists, engineers, economic planners, and party officials that the Soviet Union would soon enter the stage of “communist construction”: communism would be achieved within their lifetimes, owing to the omniscient leadership of the Communist Party and on the basis of the achievements of science and technology. By the end of the decade, the average Soviet citizen, too, came to believe that the glorious future had arrived. Many people wrote letters to prominent physicists with suggestions on how to tame the power of the atom to improve the quality of life. For citizens, scientists, and officials alike, successes in atomic energy provided undeniable confirmation that at long last society had embarked on the final leg of the long journey to communism.
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Kosovan, Elena A. "POST-SOVIET CITY AS A PALIMPSEST." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 4 (2020): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2020-4-48-68.
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The author of the publication reviews the photobook “Palimpsests”, published in 2018 in the publishing house “Ad Marginem Press” with the support of the Heinrich Böll Foundation. The book presents photos of post-Soviet cities taken by M. Sher. Preface, the author of which is the coordinator of the “Democracy” program of the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Russia N. Fatykhova, as well as articles by M. Trudolyubov and K. Bush, which accompany these photos, contain explanation of the peculiarities of urban space formation and patterns of its habitation in the Soviet Union times and in the post-Soviet period. The author of the publication highly appreciates the publication under review. Analyzing the photographic works of M. Sher and their interpretation undertaken in the articles, the author of the publication agrees with the main conclusions of N. Fatykhova, M. Trudolyubov and K. Bush with regards to the importance of the role of the state in the processes of urban development and urbanization in the Soviet and post-Soviet space, but points out that the second factor that has a key influence on these processes is ownership relations. The paper positively assesses the approach proposed by the authors of the photobook to the study of the post-Soviet city as an architectural and landscape palimpsest consisting mainly of two layers, “socialist” and “capitalist”. The author of the publication specifically emphasizes the importance of analyzing the archetypal component of this palimpsest, pointing out that the articles published in the reviewed book do not pay sufficient attention to this issue. Particular importance is attributed by the author to the issue of metageography of post-Soviet cities and meta-geographical approach to their exploration. Emphasizing that the urban palimpsest is a system of realities, each in turn including a multitude of ideas, meanings, symbols, and interpretations, the author points out that the photobook “Palimpsests” is actually an invitation to a scientific game with space, which should start a new direction in the study of post-Soviet urban space.
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Rodigina, N. N. "How to write for children about “our land”: a version of the writers of Western Siberia in the late 1920s and early 1930s." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (2020): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/73/8.
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The study analyses the publications in “Siberian lights” and “Siberian pedagogical magazine” of the 1920s – early 1930s and the reports of the First Congress of writers of Western Siberia (1934). The opinions of writers, teachers, publishers, and representatives of the party bureau-cracy about the tasks and thematic priorities of regional children’s literature and future chil-dren's writer qualities are studied. The activities of the children’s section of the West Siberian Committee of the Union of Writers are considered. The Committee meetings focused on the tasks, thematic priorities of Siberian children’s literature, and working methods of children’s writers with the members organizing literary evenings for schoolchildren, competitions for the best works for children, promoting children’s books about the region. Encouraging moti-vations for addressing the Siberian children’s literature issue were the party resolutions “On the publishing house “Molodaya Gvardiya” (1931), “On the perestroika of literary and artistic organizations” (1932), “On the establishment of the publishing house “Children’s literature” (1933), preparation for the First Writers’ Congress of Western Siberia, the First Congress of Soviet writers. Also, the lack of works about the region for children, the growth and differen-tiation of the professional community of local writers were vital. The author concludes that for Siberian children’s literature, the 1920s were a period of the active search for themes, im-ages, literary forms, calls for party mobilization in the “workshop of children’s writers and poets.” It was not until 1933–1934 when the socialist-realist canon of children’s books was established, with the main requirements for children’s artistic works being ideological con-formity, pedagogical potential, and fascinating content.
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Kolmakova, Maria. "“Militant baptism” as evaluated by a group of researchers for the Propaganda and agitation department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party." St. Tikhons' University Review 102 (August 31, 2022): 119–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022102.119-144.
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Draft document, currently stored in a single copy in the personal fund of A.I. Klibanov in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is published in the article. The document consists of 31 sheets of typewritten text, prepared in June 1966 by a group of scientists (A.I. Klibanov, P.K. Kurochkin, L.N. Mitrokhin, E.G. Filimonov and G.S. Lyalina) for the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party. The authors analyze a lot of material, on the basis of which the first part of the document gives an assessment of the internal schism taking place in the Soviet Baptist Church. A special narrative is given to the activities of Council of Churches of Evangelical Christians-Baptists (CC ECB) and its May protest action, held in the center of Moscow, in which several hundred believers took part. Emphasizing the anti-Soviet sentiments among the followers of the SC ECB, the authors of the document refer to this religious organization first as a «militant church», and later clarify this name in the form «militant Baptism». In the final part, the document contains nine constructive proposals to suppress the conflict between the CC ECB and the state, as well as to normalize interaction between the authorities and various religious organizations. The surviving copy of the document has several losses that could not be replenished. Attempts to find a complete document in various archives and personal funds did not bring any result. Parts of the published document have become the basis for a number of books, pamphlets and articles written by members of the research group who prepared the document. The May protest action and the document published in this article played an important role in the publication of the entire popular science publishing series «Library “Modern Religions”».
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Stykalin, Alexander, and Teimur Dzhalilov. "“To think that a communist society will be within the borders of the Soviet Union is to understand nothing about communism”. An unpublished speech by N. S. Khrushchev in Hungary (April 1958)." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2022): 389–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2022.1-2.4.04.
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In April 1958, a year and a half after the most powerful Hungarian uprising, which shook the very foundations of the communist power in this country, N. S. Khrushchev arrived in Hungary as the head of the Soviet delegation. During the ten day trip, the Soviet leader was shown the success of the normalization of the communist regime in the country. We are publishing a recording of Khrushchev’s speech at a reception on the occasion of the day of the liberation of Hungary from Nazi occupation. Since this particular speech was not originally intended to be reflected in the press, the Soviet leader, by his nature, in principle, prone to violation of the ritual, improvisation, deviations from the texts written in advance by speechwriters, could more freely address subjects, the coverage of which in the open press seemed inappropriate or premature. The published source is valuable for various reasons. It provides little-known from other sources details on the coordination between the USSR authorities and leaders of other socialist countries regarding actions about the situation in Hungary. It also reflects Khrushchev’s reaction to the independent policy of Tito’s Yugoslavia, especially to the preparation of the New Program of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, adopted at the 7th Congress of the latter, which took place at the same time, in April 1958, and was recognized in Moscow as revisionist.
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Cieszkowski, Marek, and Jolanta Mędelska. "O potrzebie podjęcia badań nad radziecką wersją języków mniejszości narodowych byłego Związku Radzieckiego." Acta Baltico-Slavica 34 (August 31, 2015): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2010.008.
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About the need to take up research concerning the Russian version of former Soviet Union’s national minorities’ languagesResearch on the so-called Polish Russian language of the interwar period, i.e. specific type of contemporary Polish used within the territory of the Russian empire in post-war twenties, has been successfully developing for 10 years. There were numerous articles published on this topic and recently the first two-volume monography came out.According to the authors of this article, it is worth using the experience of persons researching the Polish Russian language and taking up studies on Russian types of many other languages that were used in the Soviet Union during the early post-revolutionary period. It is in particular about languages of those national minorities that had their own countries outside the Soviet Union (for instance the Germans, French, Greek, Latvians and Finns). Thanks to the so-called Lenin’s national politics, introduced at the beginning of the twenties in relation to all nationalities residing in the Soviet Union, there was mass production of various documents, propagandist materials, books, school books with the mother tongue as the lecture language, didactic materials for institutions fighting illiteracy of adults etc. published in their mother tongue. Nowadays this entire publishing production is a great source reflecting the state of national languages of those days – languages that were impregnated with various Russian and Soviet idioms, abounding in strange new-coined words. Some of the above changes are presented by the authors on the example of the German Russian language of the post‑revolutionary period. O необходимости исследования советских вариантов языков национальных меньшинств в бывшем Советском СоюзеУже лет 10 успешно развиваются исследования т. н. советского польского языка межвоенного периода, т. е. особого варианта современного польского языка, употреблявшегося на территории советской империи в послереволюционный период. По этой теме опубликованы несколько десятков научных статей, в 2009 г. появилась первая (двухтомная) монография.Согласно мнению авторов настоящей статьи, необходимо использовать накопившийся уже опыт исследователей советского польского языка и начать изучение советских вариантов многих других языков, употреблявшихся в СССР в ранний послереволюционный период. Это касается прежде всего тех национальных меньшинств, у которых были собственные государства вне СССР (напр. немцы, французы, греки, латыши, финны). Благодаря т. н. ленинской национальной политике, реализованной советскими властями в начале 20-х гг. ХХ в., для всех народностей, проживавших в Советском Союзе, массово издавались на их национальных языках различные документы, всяческие пропагандистские материалы, книги, учебники для школ, в которых велось обучение на родных языках, методические материалы, предназначавшиеся для пунктов ликвидации безграмотности взрослого населения, и т.п. В наши дни вся тогдашняя издательская продукция – это бесценный источник, отразивший состояние национальных языков в раннее послереволюционное время, напр. их насыщенность диковинными новообразованиями. Часть языковых изменений этого рода авторы статьи показывают на примере советского немецкого языка послереволюционного периода.
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Антон Олександрович Сичевський. "POWER AND «OPIUM OF THE PEOPLE»: ANTI-RELIGIOUS AGITATION AND PROPAGANDA IN SOVIET UKRAINE IN 1944–1991." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111821.
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The article analyzes the implementation mechanism and organizational system of anti-religious agitation and propaganda in Soviet Ukraine. The author recorded a conflict between the republican and all-union centers for religious cults regarding the implementation of religious policies and atheization of the population. It is analyzed how the change in the state leadership of the USSR in 1954 led to a radical reassessment of the ideological struggle with religion as a relic of class formations in the minds of people.It was established that in the 1960s cinematographic works were actively involved in anti-religious propaganda. The actual number of regional commissioners to the Council for Religious Affairs also increased, committees for assistance were set up in all cities and districts of the regions, public councils for the coordination of anti-religious work were organized under the regional committees of the Communist Party of Ukraine. It was found out that within the framework of the atheistic education of society, the Soviet leadership introduced the concept of Soviet «non-religious» holidays and rituals, honoring the leaders of communist labor. The structural formalization of organizations responsible for the introduction of the new Soviet rituals in the 1970s is analyzed.The article describes the employment of the media resource and state publishing houses that published millions of copies of atheistic periodicals and literature for the sake of «eradicating the religious consciousness of the masses» by the party leadership. The reduction of state influence on the affairs of believers since the mid-1960s and the harsh criticism of the liberal course in relation to religion at the All-Union Conference of Commissioners for Religious Affairs in 1972 are analyzed. It is proved that, despite the «Perestroika», the idea of religion as a reactionary ideology and the need to transform the society of mass atheism into a society of general atheism prevailed in atheistic education.The author found out that in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine a discussion on the importance of rethinking the strategy of religious policy to establish a dialogue with churches and guaranteeing believers the possibility of religious freedom began only in 1990.
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Kosovan, Elena A. "RUSSIAN-BELARUSIAN TUTORIAL "HISTORY OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR. ESSAYS ON THE SHARED HISTORY"." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 3 (2020): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2020-3-68-88.
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The paper provides a review on the joint Russian-Belarusian tutorial “History of the Great Patriotic War. Essays on the Shared History” published for the 75th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War. The tutorial was prepared within the project “Belarus and Russia. Essays on the Shared History”, implemented since 2018 and aimed at publishing a series of tutorials, which authors are major Russian and Belarusian historians, archivists, teachers, and other specialists in human sciences. From the author’s point of view, the joint work of specialists from the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in such a format not only contributes to the deepening of humanitarian integration within the Union state, but also to the formation of a common educational system on the scale of the Commonwealth of Independent States or the Eurasian integration project (Eurasian Economic Union – EEU). The author emphasises the high research and educational significance of the publication reviewed when noting that the teaching of history in general and the history of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War in particular in post-Soviet schools and institutes of higher education is complicated by many different issues and challenges (including external ones, which can be regarded as information aggression by various extra-regional actors).
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Власова, Е. С. "“Collective of Professional Composers” as the “Primary Cell” of the Union of Soviet Composers of the USSR." OPERA MUSICOLOGICA, no. 2022 (May 11, 2022): 132–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26156/om.2022.14.2.006.
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В статье представлена деятельность «Коллектива профессиональных композиторов» (1918–1923), который рассматривается как непосредственный предшественник Союза советских композиторов СССР. Доказывается, что создание композиторского союза изначально не было обусловлено стремлением государственных институтов к управлению творческой интеллигенцией в рамках единой организации. Инициатива принадлежала самим композиторам, выступавшим за профессиональное объединение, учитывающим советские реалии и соглашавшимся на компромисс с идеологическими требованиями государственных институтов в обмен на их организационную и финансовую поддержку. Публикуются Уставы и Декларация композиторских организаций 1915–1918 годов. Приводятся новые сведения о выстраивании концертной, просветительской, издательской, библиотечной деятельности, о начале формирования системы авторского права в интересах композиторского сообщества; всё это заложило фундамент для функционирования будущего Союза советских композиторов СССР. Работа «Коллектива профессиональных композиторов» рассматривается в тесной связи с деятельностью Ассоциации современной музыки, которая унаследовала многие направления, сложившиеся в работе «Коллектива». Подчеркивается, что главные отличия «Коллектива» от будущего Союза советских композиторов СССР заключались в профессиональной состоятельности его членов, терпимости к индивидуальному творческому поиску, сосредоточенности на решении творческих и материальных проблем. Доказывается, что инициаторами и практическими исполнителями данной исторической для композиторского сообщества инициативы выступило поколение 1870–1880 годов. Особую роль в исключительном для развития отечественной музыкальной культуры начинании сыграл Н. Я. Мясковский. The article presents the activities of the “Collective of Professional Composers” (1918–1923), which is considered to be the direct predecessor of the Union of Soviet Composers of the USSR. It is proved that creation of the composers, union was not initially due to the desire of state institutions to manage the creative intelligentsia within a single organization. This is explained mainly by practical implementation of the initiative of the composers themselves, who stood for a professional association, taking into account Soviet realities and agreeing to the compromise with the ideological requirements of state institutions in exchange for their organizational and financial support. The Charters and Declarations of different Composers, Organizations of the period 1915–1918 are published. The article provides information about formation of concert, educational, publishing and library activities, formation of the copyright system in the interests of the composer community, which laid the foundation for the functioning of the future Union of Soviet Composers of the USSR. The work of the “Collective of Professional Composers” is considered in close connection with the activities of the Association of Contemporary Music, which has inherited many trends that developed in the work of the “Collective”. It is emphasized that the main difference between the “Collective” and the future Union of Soviet Composers of the USSR is represented in the following factors: professional competence of its members, tolerance for individual creative search, focus on creative and material problem solving. It is proved that the initiators and practical performers of this historical initiative for the composer community were the generation of 1870–1880, Nikolay Ya. Myaskovsky playing a special role in the exceptional undertaking for the development of Russian musical culture.
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Kodres, Krista. "Toward a New Concept of Progressive Art: Art History in the Service of Modernisation in the Late Socialist Period. An Estonian Case." Artium Quaestiones, no. 30 (December 20, 2019): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/aq.2019.30.10.
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The paper deals with renewal of socialist art history in the Post-Stalinist period in Soviet Union. The modernisation of art history is discussed based on the example of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR), where art historians were forced to accept the Soviets’ centrally constructed Marxist-Leninist aesthetic and approach to art and art history. In the art context, the idea of progressiveness began to be reconsidered. In previous discourse, progress was linked with the “realist” artistic method that sprang from a progressive social order. Now, however, art historians found new arguments for accepting different cultures of form, both historical and contemporary, and often these arguments were “discovered” in Marxism itself. As a result, from the middle of 1950’s Soviet art historians fell into two camps in interpreting Realism: the dogmatic and revisionist, and the latter was embraced in Estonia. In 1967, a work was published by the accomplished artist Ott Kangilaski and his nephew, the art historian Jaak Kangilaski: the Kunsti kukeaabits – Basic Art Primer – subtitled “Fundamental Knowledge of Art and Art History.” In its 200 pages, Jaak Kangilaski’s Primer laid out the art history of the world. Kangilaski also chimed in, publishing an article in 1965 entitled “Disputes in Marxist Aesthetics” in the leading Estonian SSR literary journal Looming (Creation). In this paper the Art Primer is under scrutiny and the deviations and shifts in Kangilaski’s approach from the existing socialist art history canon are introduced. For Kangilaski the defining element of art was not the economic base but the “Zeitgeist,” the spirit of the era, which, as he wrote, “does not mean anything mysterious or supernatural but is simply the sum of the social views that objectively existed and exist in each phase of the development of humankind.” Thus, he openly united the “hostile classes” of the social formations and laid a foundation for the rise of common art characteristics, denoted by the term “style.” As is evidenced by various passages in the text, art transforms pursuant to the “will-to-art” (Kunstwollen) characteristic of the entire human society. Thus, under conditions of a fragile discursive pluralism in Soviet Union, quite symbolic concepts and values from formalist Western art history were “smuggled in”: concepts and values that the professional reader certainly recognised, although no names of “bourgeois” authors were mentioned. Kangilaski relied on assistance in interpretation from two grand masters of the Vienna school of art history: Alois Riegl’s term Kunstwollen and the Zeitgeist concept from Max Dvořák (Zeitgeist, Geistesgeschichte). In particular, the declaration of art’s linear, teleological “self-development” can be considered to be inspiration from the two. But Kangilaski’s reading list obviously also included Principles of Art History by Heinrich Wölfflin, who was declared an exemplary formalist art historian in earlier official Soviet historiography. Thaw-era discursive cocktail in art historiography sometimes led Kangilaski to logical contradictions. In spite of it, the Primer was an attempt to modernise the Stalinist approach to art history. In the Primer, the litmus test of the engagement with change was the new narrative of 20th century art history and the illustrative material that depicted “formalist bourgeois” artworks; 150 of the 279 plates are reproductions of Modernist avant-garde works from the early 20th century on. Put into the wider context, one can claim that art history writing in the Estonian SSR was deeply engaged with the ambivalent aims of Late Socialist Soviet politics, politics that was feared and despised but that, beginning in the late 1950s, nevertheless had shown the desire to move on and change.
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Khisamutdinov, Amir A. "Russian Print in North-East Asia: To the Compilation of the Catalogue of Hamilton Library of the University of Hawaii." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, no. 5 (December 9, 2020): 522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-5-522-528.
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The article considers the Russian printing in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (China, Japan, Korea, USA, etc.). The author offers the review of literature published in Russian in these countries, basing on the materials of the Russian North-East Asian collection of Hamilton Library of the University of Hawaii (Honolulu, USA), which is one of the best collections in the world on this subject. The article reports on the history of the Russian collection and its creators. The author discusses the terms “Russian book Diaspora” (publishing emigrant activities within the same country — China, Japan, USA, etc.) and “Russian book community” (publishing activities of people from Russia within the same city, such as Harbin, Shanghai, Tokyo; organizations or groups of individuals, etc.). Special attention is paid to the bibliographic description of this collection, which was first published in 2002 in the publishing house of the Russian State Library “Pashkov Dom” (“Russian print in China, Japan and Korea: Catalogue of the collection of Hamilton Library of the University of Hawaii”) and reprinted in the expanded version in 2016 under the title “Russian print in the Asia-Pacific region” (in 4 parts). The article also reports on other foreign collections that contain emigrant publications, including those printed in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (the libraries of the University of California in Berkeley, the Hoover Institute for war, revolution and peace, and the Museum of Russian culture in San Francisco). The author presents the data on the work of scientific centre of the University of Hawaii for the study of the USSR / Russia “Soviet Union in Pacific Asia Rim”. The article analyses international cooperation of the University of Hawaii library with Russian libraries, in particular, its relations with the libraries of the Russian Far East. The author describes the project of the University of Hawaii Library to create the electronic library catalogue with complete bibliographic and historical information about each edition of the collection and to expand the exchange of literature and information.
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Sitnikova, T. Ya, A. V. Sysoev, and P. V. Kijashko. "Species of freshwater gastropods described by Ya.I. Starobogatov: Pulmonata (Acroloxidae), Heterobranchia (Valvatidae) and Caenogastropoda (Viviparoidea, Truncatelloidea and Cerithioidea)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 321, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 247–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2017.321.3.247.
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Professor Yaroslav Igorevich Starobogatov was a famous Russian biologist, zoologist and malacologist of wide knowledge in different fields of invertebrate zoology. Ya.I. Starobogatov travelled all over the former Soviet Union and collected numerous samples of mollusks and other invertebrates. As a result, he studied and described many new species, genera and families of different invertebrates, including mollusks. More than one thousand names of Mollusca were introduced by Ya.I. Starobogatov. This paper is a continuation of publishing the photographs of extant type specimens or topotypes of freshwater gastropods described by Ya.I. Starobogatov (1932–2004) with his disciples and coauthors. Photographs are given for 83 of 84 considered species belonging to Acroloxidae (Pulmonata), Valvatidae (Heterobranchia), and Viviparidae, Amnicolidae, Baicaliidae, Bithyniidae, Hydrobiidae, Lithoglyphidae, Melanopsidae and Thiaridae (Caenogastropoda). The data presentation includes detailed information about types; the “Additional records” section lists only the Zoological Institute (ZIN) catalog-based data because ZIN is the place of storage of the type specimens and the whole material studied by Ya.I. Starobogatov. Published data on subsequent records of the species are cited in the section “History of the name application”. The references are provided with brief information about their content. The synonymy, if exists, includes the references to authors of synonymization. The ecology information is based on publications and label data.
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Sozina, Elena K. "The Far Side of the Moon (Rusina, Yu.A. (2019) Samizdat v SSSR: Teksty i Sud’by [Samizdat in the USSR: Texts and Lives]. St. Petersburg: Aleteyya; Yekaterinburg: Ural State University. 204 P.)." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 24 (2020): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/24/10.
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The review is written on a 2019 book Samizdat in the USSR: Texts and Lives by Yu.A. Rusina. The author of the book discusses a relevant problem of the recent history of the country and analyses the phenomenon of samizdat (self-publishing) in the second part of the 20th c. Three main definitions in the conception of samizdat are given: samizdat as (1) a cultural phenomenon of “another”, “different” culture which supplements official culture; (2) a phenomenon of self-organization of society in the cultural sphere, self-reflection of society and its informational activity; (3) a historical source, which is very important for studying dissent and the dissident movement in the Soviet Union. Rusina is investigating the second and third definitions of samizdat. She consistently analyses samizdat: open letters and appeals, document digests, periodicals, court proceedings. The analysis shows figures and fates of people disagreeable with the regime, for instance, A. Ginzburg, Yu. Daniel, A. Sinyavsky, the disgraced General P.G. Grigorenko, V. Bukovsky, V. Rutminsky, and others. A separate section of the book is devoted to periodicals, journals which were particularly important for the development of opposition movements, dissemination of opinions and information, and for legal and humanitarian education. Rusina thoroughly examines Chronicle of Current Events, sociopolitical, national, and religious journals Political Diary, Obshchestvennye Problemy [Social Issues], Veche, Vestnik Spaseniya [Messenger of Salvation], Exodus, Herald of Exodus, The White Book of Exodus, and others. She analyses not only metropolitan manifestations of dissent but also samizdat in province: student literary and artistic-journalistic periodicals that published works of students of the Ural State University. The book is interesting and significant by itself and also as a source for the following historical and philological studies of the opposition movement in the USSR.
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Komarova, Olga. "“Писатель всегда платит за все валютой собственной жизни: за счастье, за творчество, за любовь, за увлечения...”: О романе Дины Рубиной На солнечной стороне улицы." Poljarnyj vestnik 10 (January 1, 2007): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1307.
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The article deals with Dina Rubina's novel On the Sunny Side of the Street, published in 2006. The writer's name became known in Russia in the 70-ies when as a young girl she began publishing her first short stories in the liberal literary magazine Junost ́, and got her first recognition among the reading public as a promising story-teller.After her emigration to Israel in 1990 a new period in Dina Rubina's writing started. A new theme made itself apparent in her stories - the theme of Jews from the former Soviet Union discovering their new Motherland, their new experience of living under absolutely different geographical and social surroundings. She managed to create in her stories a gallery of characters almost recognizable in their uncertainty and fumbling attempts at survival. The stories she wrote then were a success with the public not only because of their plot but also because of a peculiar mixture of humour and sadness, and very vivid and convincing speech characteristics of the protagonists, they also witnessed about the awakening of patriotic feelings of the newcomers. Dina Rubina's artistic style seemed to combine the vividness of the psychological characterization and caleidoscopic variety of depicted situations.The novel On the Sunny Side of the Street is different both in the topic and in the artistic means used by the author. It is telling a story of two gifted persons, mother and daughter, and their different ways of using their talents.This particular story is shown on a wide background of different events taking place in Tashkent during some four decades after World War II with a picturesque variety of characters of different nationalities and beautiful scenery, tragic and comic signs of the Soviet time - all this helps to create a panoramic view of both the city and its inhabitants.The structure of the novel is complicated, the story is often interrupted by voices of former inhabitants of Tashkent telling about their impressions from the town or by the voice of the author telling of her own private experiences and even meetings with the main protagonist, Vera, who is a painter. This fact accounts for the author's masterful use of colourful details both in descriptions of the characters, their speech and the nature.This novel was rewarded with a special Radio-Booker prize in 2006, and with a very prestigious literary prize "Bol ́šaja kniga" in 2007. Dina Rubina has proved that she remains a very important part of Russian literary life.
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Kokorina, H. V., N. I. Kudriavtseva, A. I. Baranova, I. L. Haiova, and S. I. Prasol. "FASHIONGRAPHICS AND COSTUME DESIGN IN UKRAINE IN THE 1920s." Art and Design, no. 3 (December 13, 2021): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2617-0272.2021.3.6.
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The purposeof the paperis to study the fashion peculiarities in Ukraine based on the analysis of fashion graphics of “Fashion Magazine”, which was published in Kyiv and Kharkiv in the 1920s. The events of fashion life in Ukraine are considered in the context of current world fashion trends. Methodology. The methods of historical-chronological and comparative analysis, methods of visual information systematization have been used in the paper. Results. The social conditions for the first specialized fashion publication in Ukraine have been identified.The description of fashion trends of the 1920s has been given based on the analysis of women’s clothing models presented on the pages of “Fashion magazine”.The analysis of changes in Western fashion during the twenties in the Soviet Union has been carried out.Featured artistic expression means of fashion graphics, compositional solutions of magazine centerfolds have been considered. The connection between popular fashion images and events in the Ukrainian republic has been shown, namely: changes in the women’s role in society, the spread of sports, new formats of leisure. The reasons for the transformation of the figurative language of fashion graphics of the early twentieth century have been generalized, the connection of the magazine fashion graphics evolution with the general changes in the world fine arts has been analyzed.The scientific novelty is that there have been introduced the facts of publishing the first domestic magazines on fashion, analyzed the specifics of fashion in Ukraine in the 1920s on the basis of fashion graphics samples from Ukrainian magazines for the first time in the context of Ukrainian fashion history. The practical significance lies in the fact that the information offered in the article fills certain gaps in the Ukrainian fashion history.The practical works of artists who created relevant fashion images in the early twentieth century by means of graphics can be used today both in the process of designing new clothes and in order to promote new costume design ideas.
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Panov, S. I., and O. Yu Panova. "Soviet Publishers and Readers of French Literature, Late 1920s – 1930s." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 3 (2021): 738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.311.
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Soviet images of French literature are often reduced to the Stalinist canon of the late 1930s that comprised classical literature, including “modern classics,” like Romaine Rolland or Anatole France; and Communist and leftist writers selected as ideologically and aesthetically suitable for the Soviet reading audience, such as Henri Barbusse, Paul Vaillant Couturier, and others. This stereotype being partially true suggests, however, a simplistic and flattened view of the Soviet reception of French literature. It should be noted that even in the late 1930s there existed a certain amount of diversity in the choice of French authors; for example, International Literature magazine from time to time published ideological opponents like Pierre Drieu la Rochelle or Henry de Montherlant. As for the 1920s, in the course of the New Economic Policy both state and private publishing companies offered a wide and varied range of writers and books that included classics, “proletarian” and “revolutionary” authors along with adventure fiction, love stories, and “colonial novels,” easy reading, “decadent,” conservative, and “reactionary” writers. The paper traces transformations of publishing policy during the pivotal years of late 1920s and early 1930s, the period of the “Great Turn” in Soviet society, marked by processes of centralization, total state control, and tightening of censorship. Archival documents allow us to analyze the role of Soviet intellectuals (literary critics, reviewers, editors, publishers) in the elaborating of new guidelines and implementing new practices in publishing policy and organizing readers feedback. A collection of readers’ letters of the mid-thirties, stored in the archival funds of GIKHL (State Publishing House of Fiction), documents the process of the making of the Soviet reader and shows a range of readers’ opinions and attitudes to French writers and their works at the early stage of Stalinist canon forming.
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Fomin, Dmitriy V. "Children’s Books of Mirimanov Publishing House." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2016-1-1-47-54.
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The article considers the activities of one of the largest and most prolific private publishers of children’s literature in the 1920s. Trying to revise a biased evaluation, rooted in bibliology of the Soviet period, the author analyzes the composition of writers and illustrators, collaborated with the publishing company of G.F. Mirimanov, the thematic diversity of published books, peculiarities of their art design and printing realization.
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Radchenko, O. "JEWS AND JEWISH CULTURE OF GALICIA AND GREAT UKRAINE IN GERMAN TRAVEL GUIDES (late 19th – first half of the 20th centuries)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 143 (2019): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.143.6.
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The article deals with travel guides in German language about current territory of Ukraine at the end of 19th – first half of 20th centuries. It is noted that they represent quite a small group of literary sources. Major part of their content is reference information about geography, history, specific features of daily life and household traditions of one region or another, but major function is imposing of normative perception of foreign, alien culture. The most well-known are those, which were issued by publishing house “Baedeker”, as well as those, published in the times of Austrian-Hungarian monarchy. The author analyses image of Jews as ethnic community in the regions of Eastern Galicia and so-called Great Ukraine before the First World War, in the interwar period and during the Second World War. It is emphasized that thorough consideration of image of the Jews through prism of travel guides during dramatic and tragic events of the end of XIX – the first half of XX centuries may open to the readers of the XXI century new perspectives in understanding of such socio-political phenomena, as a state policy towards ethnic minorities; collective auto- and hetero-stereotypes; dynamics of antisemitism from common level of everyday life to discrimination and extermination of Jews. Moreover, travel guides contain various materials for analysis of issues, related to cultural transfer, models of journeys, attractiveness of certain destinations and objects of cultural and historical heritage at the territory of regions, which for centuries were known by coexistence of various ethnic groups and frequent changes of borders. Necessity of usage of interdisciplinary approach was an additional stimulus for research on the subject under consideration. The author stressed that the book of Franz Obermeyer “Ukraine. Land der schwarzen Erde”, as well as the travel guide by Baedeker, 1943, and the travel guide for Kyiv, 1942, were instruments of the criminal Nazi-Propaganda, contrary to publications during Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, which to certain measure can be considered as a source of knowledge about inter-cultural communications and tolerance. But in both cases the character of these books depended on a political and ideological conjuncture. While in the books, published before the WWI, the image of a Jew was presented mainly from the ethnographic perspective, but in Nazi publications during WWII it was transformed into the image of an enemy. But the authors avoided usage of formulations like “judo-bolshevism” or “worldwide Jewish conspiracy”. Most likely, the traditional format of a travel guide as an instrument of inter-cultural communication limited its actual transformation into a primitive racial or anti-Semitic propaganda. Certain attention in the article is given to the soviet travel guides, edited by Alexander Rado and published by All-Union Society of Cultural Relations in the 1920-ies, which were and are still little known.
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Nosova, Bogdana. "Communicative Mission of Opinion Journalism and Transformation Processes of Identity in I. Dziuba’s Opinion Writing." Current Issues of Mass Communication, no. 21 (2017): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2312-5160.2017.21.69-86.
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The aim of the study is to determine how value motives of I. Dziuba’s opinion journalism articles contribute to the transformation of Ukrainian identity in social communication. The task to be accomplished is to consider a series of opinion journalism articles by I. Dziuba. They are combined by topics to highlight the multifaceted issues (cultural, linguistic, and educational) of transformation of modern Ukrainian identity. Methods. The study has been carried out by the method of conceptual analysis to determine how the communicative mission of opinion journalism appeared. In I. Dziuba’s opinion writing, Ukrainian being is re-created with a focus on important concepts such as Ukraine, independence, identity, nation, elite, culture, geopolitics, globalization, etc. Modern journalism study considers the research of opinion journalism discourse as a content conceptual reading, analysis of connections between various concepts. The study has been carried out not only by the method of conceptual analysis. The method of hermeneutics was used for reviewing I. Dziuba’s opinion journalism from the worldwide perspective. Transformation processes of Ukrainian national identity are studied on the examples of opinion journalism discourse about the development, the advocacy and the use of the language of the titular nation. The interpretation of I. Dziuba’s opinion writing is not possible without a reference to its social resonance that is formatted in the comments of intellectuals, published in media on the occasions of writer’s meeting with readers, celebration of his anniversary. To analyze the communicative mission of I. Dziuba’s opinion writing, there were used general theoretical methods such as dialectics and synergy. Dialectical method has been used to study how I. Dziuba interprets Russian nationalism, Ukrainophobia (Anti-Ukrainian sentiment). The principles of synergy analysis were used to analyse communicative mission of opinion journalism. Results and conclusions are based on the proving of the hypothesis on the value motives that were reflected in I. Dziuba’s work “Internationalism or Russification?” and at his collected book of articles and speeches “Spreading the Darkness” are almost the same (despite the fact that the time period between the publishing of these two books is over forty years). There are the advocacy of the Ukrainian language, the right of Ukrainians for a full development of national culture and education, a patriotic attitude to their native land, and then for the independent Ukrainian state. The differences are in the fact that “Internationalism or Russification?” was written in September – December 1965, in the Soviet Union, and the author had to defend the Ukrainian views under the totalitarian regime and communist ideology. Our study paves the way for further researches of the opinion journalism communicative mission.
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Stojanović, Dušica. "“A certain expansion of cooperation is planned”: A view of the Yugoslav diplomacy on Yugoslav-Soviet literary exchange. 1961–1964." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2021): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2021.1-2.1.07.
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Relations between Yugoslavia and the USSR in 1961–1964 differed for the better in comparison with the previous period. Intensive cooperation in the field of culture and literature characterized those years. The article traces the activities of Yugoslav diplomats in maintaining literary ties between Yugoslavia and the USSR. Yugoslav diplomats, in negotiations with their Soviet colleagues, publishers and editors of magazines, presented their country’s literature as a reflection of the current state policy of Yugoslavia. According to the reports of the embassy, Soviet partners were unofficially recommended to publish contemporary Yugoslav works. By encouraging Soviet publishers to negotiate directly with Yugoslav writers and their union, which was more competent in matters of literature, the embassy tried to present the matter as if the state in Yugoslavia did not interfere in the activities of independent creative associations. An exhibition of Yugoslav books, including political ones, organized in the USSR, was supposed to present the Yugoslav path to socialism. The mutual trips of the writers demonstrated the closeness and friendship of the two countries. The Yugoslav diplomats were faced with the task of maintaining positive relations between Belgrade and Moscow through interaction with Soviet partners, on the one hand, and with Yugoslav publishers and the Writers’ Union, on the other. It was necessary to prevent cultural contradictions that could darken bilateral political relations. This instrumentalization of culture, reflected in diplomatic reports, demonstrates that despite the public demonstration of the differences between Yugoslavia and the USSR, in practice, both states had a similar approach to culture policies.
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Karaychentseva, S. A., E. M. Sukhorukova, and K. M. Sukhorukov. "The books and booklets on librarianship published in post-Soviet Russia (1992–2020 bibliological review)." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 10 (November 12, 2021): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2021-10-109-130.
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The publishing business in post-Soviet Russia differs a lot from that of the Soviet period. The number of books and brochures has significantly increased, though the circulations have drastically decreased, which is evidenced by the national press statistics without interpreting indicators related to the subject. After USSR’s collapsed, many complete and reliable resources have appeared to study librarianship publishing repertoire in various aspects, e. g.: target readership of publications, their target audience, publishing chronology, main publishers; circulations. With these criteria, expert assessment of key publishing repertoire components is made. The Russian Book Chamber databases based on acquired mandatory copies of publications, as well as Rosinforkultura, Institute of scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, largest library catalogs and several bibliographic catalogs and indexes on the subject under examination, make the main source of statistical and bibliographic information for the authors. The authors identify the main problems and trends in librarianship publishing so to change situation to the better. The authors also focus on publication identification elements, i. e. their imprint.
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Inggs, Judith. "Translation and Transformation: English-Language Children's Literature in (Soviet) Russian Guise." International Research in Children's Literature 8, no. 1 (July 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2015.0145.
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This article investigates the perceived image of English-language children's literature in Soviet Russia. Framed by Even-Zohar's polysystem theory and Bourdieu's philosophy of action, the discussion takes into account the ideological constraints of the practice of translation and the manipulation of texts. Several factors involved in creating the perceived character of a body of literature are identified, such as the requirements of socialist realism, publishing practices in the Soviet Union, the tradition of free translation and accessibility in the translation of children's literature. This study explores these factors and, with reference to selected examples, illustrates how the political and sociological climate of translation in the Soviet Union influenced the translation practices and the field of translated children's literature, creating a particular image of English-language children's literature in (Soviet) Russia.
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Fraser, Erica L. "Kees Boterbloem, ed., Life in Stalin’s Soviet Union (London: Bloomsbury Academic Publishing, 2019)." Labour / Le Travail 90 (November 25, 2022): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52975/llt.2022v90.0032.
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Tikhonyuk, Ekaterina, and Mark McKinney. "Book Reviews." European Comic Art 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/eca.2020.130206.
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John Etty, Graphic Satire in the Soviet Union: Krokodil’s Political Cartoons (Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2019). 276 pp. ISBN: 978-1496821089 ($30)Livio Belloï and Fabrice Leroy, Pierre La Police: Une esthétique de la malfaçon (Paris: Serious Publishing, 2019). 200 pp. ISBN: 9782363200266 (30€)
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Kucukcan, Talip. "Russia and Azerbaijan." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 3 (October 1, 1997): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i3.2276.
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The last centuries of human history bear witness to the generation of havocand carnage brought about by the disintegration of world empires and superpowersthat ruled vast areas inhabited by people of different ethnic. religious,and national backgrounds. One such event took place in the early period of thiscentury: the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Its downfall left a power vacuumin many areas of the Balkans. North Africa and the Middle East. Out of the ashesof its ruin, new and independent states emerged.Toward the end of the twentieth century, the Soviet Union totally disintegratedand suddenly disappeared from the international scene in a relatively shorttime. As mentioned. history has recorded the gradual decline and final fall ofgreat empires. The collapse of the Soviet Union differs from other olderempires. We will draw a comparison between its disintegration and the fall ofthe older Ottoman Empire.There are abundant scholarly and literary analyses indicating that the OttomanEmpire underwent a process of gradual dismantling from it initial decline to itsfinal collapse. The Soviet Union, however, underwent an abrupt end to its reignand. entered ultimate oblivion without experiencing a prolonged loss of vitality.This abrupt fall and quick end may be auributed to various factors, from the failureof economic policies to the yearning for freedom. including the revival ofethnic, religious. and national identities. These are the points emphasized bySwietochowski's timely book on Russia and Azerbaijan.The current wave of world events exerts itself nor only upon the political elitebut also within academic quarters and on publishing trends. As the 1979 Iranianrevolution drew greater attention to Islam and was followed by the establishmentof new departments of Islamic studies and the publication of hundreds ofbooks on the subject, the collapse of the Soviet Union generated a significantamount of interest and, accordingly, academicians and publishing housesresponded to the growing search to know more about the region.Swietochowski's look should be considered a significant contribution to theseeffons.It is a widely held observation thal the disintegration of Lhe Soviet Union dramaticallychanged and traumatized the geopolitical and geocullural landscape ofthe area. Swietochowski's book concentrates specifically on Azerbaijan byexamining closely the last two centuries of this unknown land's history. As thetitle Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition suggests, the authordeals with a people whose land is divided between north and south. He usesarchival sources, official documents, and numerous books and articles written invarious languages to inform readers about a land and a people about which littlewas known before the Soviet Union's downfall. Swietochowski's work ...
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Jacquesson, Svetlana. "From Folk Epics to Epic Monuments: Studying and Publishing Epic Lore in the Soviet Union (1920s–1960s)." Journal of Central Asian History 1, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 100–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27728668-12340003.
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Abstract In this article, I problematize the existing analyses of the 1952 conference on the Manas epic either as a salvage operation conducted by USSR Academy of Sciences or as a locally mounted defence in response to the party-led offensive against Turkic national epics. I argue that notwithstanding the efforts invested in the elaboration of a distinctively Soviet approach to the study of folklore – an approach of a Marxist-Leninist extraction articulated around the concept of “folkness” – in the case of epics the boundary between “folk” and “national” remained blurred and easily instrumentalized, both by the detractors of epic lore and by its defenders. Until the early 1950s this blurred boundary led to frequent and abrupt movements between celebrating epics and castigating them, movements that were as much contingent on USSR domestic policies as on its frantic desire to distance Soviet scholarly traditions from “bourgeois” science. I also posit that because of the uncertain boundary between “folk” and “national” and the propensity of these concepts to feed from and spill into politics and geopolitics, the “solution” to the 1952 crisis, pace Bennigsen (1975), could not have been political. Instead, the 1952 Manas conference helped save epic lore in the Soviet Union only to the extent that it triggered a series of follow-up events at which metropolitan scholars reconceptualised epic lore from folk epics that were crucial for the identity of Soviet nations and the vitality of their national literatures to “epic monuments” that were irreversibly consigned to the past. Such a reconceptualization helped solve some of the dilemmas pestering the work of epic scholars and reassert the renown of the Soviet Union as the land of epic treasure trove.
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Crowe, David. "Bibliographic Article: Baltic Émigré Publishing and Scholarship in the Western World." Nationalities Papers 16, no. 2 (1988): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998808408084.
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The Soviet absorption of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania during World War II caused hundreds of thousands of Baltic immigrants to come to the West, where they established strong, viable ethnic communities, often in league with groups that had left the region earlier. At first, Baltic publishing and publications centered almost exclusively on nationalistic themes that decried the loss of Baltic independence and attacked the Soviet Union for its role in this matter. In time, however, serious scholarship began to replace some of the passionate outpourings, and a strong, academic field of Baltic scholarship emerged in the West that dealt with all aspects of Baltic history, politics, culture, language, and other matters, regardless of its political or nationalistic implications. Over the past sixteen years, these efforts have produced a new body of Baltic publishing that has revived a strong interest in Baltic studies and has insured that regardless of the continued Soviet-domination of the region, the study of the culture and history of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania will remain a set fixture in Western scholarship on Eastern Europe.
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Shapoval, Viktor. "‘The Books to the Illiterate?’: Romani Publishing Activities in the Soviet Union, 1927–1938." Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (June 4, 2020): 346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.2792.
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As one of the projects of the Soviet cultural revolution, the Gypsy project was notable for its unusual success in creating a new literary language and active book publishing. Among its achievements are both original fiction, textbooks and manuals in various fields of knowledge and technics. For instance, the elementary school was almost fully provided with necessary books in Romani. It is noteworthy that Roma women played an active role in the creation of new literature and proved to be not only translators, but also authors of original works in several genres. As the most hardworking author, N. Pankovo, who was distinguished by incredible productivity, should be noted. This project was regularly supported by the state, which allowed the distribution of books at reasonable prices. This project was stopped in 1938, which overwhelmed the narrow group of writers and activists, though it did not lead to fatal personal repressions against them.
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Brooks, Jeffrey. "Public and Private Values in the Soviet Press, 1921-1928." Slavic Review 48, no. 1 (1989): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498683.
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The Bolsheviks created a new system for the production and distribution of the printed word to replace the prerevolutionary print media. This innovation was in many respects the most remarkable of the early revolutionary years, since it led to the radical dichotomy between public and private codes of behavior that has plagued Soviet society ever since.The central feature of the new information system was a publishing monopoly, with corresponding prepublication censorship of all reading material. The link between producers and consumers that the market had provided was cut, and Bolshevik publishers did not have to offer what consumers wished to read. The result was to alter abruptly the flow of printed information and particularly the flow to and from the lower levels of the reading public.
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Borjas, George J., and Kirk B. Doran. "The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the Productivity of American Mathematicians*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 127, no. 3 (July 14, 2012): 1143–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjs015.
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Abstract It has been difficult to open up the black box of knowledge production. We use unique international data on the publications, citations, and affiliations of mathematicians to examine the impact of a large, post-1992 influx of Soviet mathematicians on the productivity of their U.S. counterparts. We find a negative productivity effect on those mathematicians whose research overlapped with that of the Soviets. We also document an increased mobility rate (to lower quality institutions and out of active publishing) and a reduced likelihood of producing “home run” papers. Although the total product of the preexisting American mathematicians shrank, the Soviet contribution to American mathematics filled in the gap. However, there is no evidence that the Soviets greatly increased the size of the “mathematics pie.” Finally, we find that there are significant international differences in the productivity effects of the collapse of the Soviet Union, and these international differences can be explained by both differences in the size of the émigré flow into the various countries and in how connected each country is to the global market for mathematical publications.
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Semicheva, A. M. "Documenting international cultural relations: activities of the All-Union State Library of Foreign Literature, Moscow." Art Libraries Journal 13, no. 4 (1988): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200005939.
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The All-Union State Library of Foreign Literature has been engaged, since 1976, in publishing a series of indexes to documentation on Soviet cultural relations with other countries. This material represents an important resource for research, and, a record of what has been achieved in the recent past, it is a springboard for fresh initiatives in the sharing of culture and the promotion of inter-cultural understanding.
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Bukhina, Olga. "Why Are They So Afraid of Children’s Books? The Subversive Power of Imagination (Part 2)." Dzieciństwo. Literatura i Kultura 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 188–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/dlk.164.
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The second part of the article explores particular examples of subversive books in American, Soviet, and Russian children’s literature as well as the revolutionary role of fantasy and innovative literary forms through different periods of the history of the USA, the Soviet Union, and Russia. To show how children’s literature was often at odds with particular governments and common opinions, the article uses the examples of the American Left writings for young readers, the 1920s Soviet children’s prose and poetry, and contemporary Russian children’s books. The article discusses the various attempts of governmental censorship and control over this literature and the ability of writers and publishers to resist the ideological and political pressures.
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Dvortsova, N. Р. "Mikhail Prishvin's «Diaries» as a publishing project." Bibliosphere, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2019-1-42-48.
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The research centers upon the bibliographical study of the history (1991–2017) and prehistory (1957–1990) of M. M. Prishvin’s «Diaries» (1905–1954) publication recognized as the longest (18 volumes) diaries in Russian literature. In modern science Prishvin’s «Diaries» are studied in a number of aspects: as a historical and cultural chronicle of the country in 1905–1954; the writer’s self-consciousness and creative laboratory; a fiction text in the system of its motives, literary and philosophical contexts, as well as from the point of view of its publishing fate which is narrowly understood as a fragmentary history of its publication. The paper novelty is due to, first, reconstruction of the history and prehistory of the «Diaries» publication, and second, the system analysis of the publication history in connection with the changing economic models of publishing business, types of publishing houses, their repertoire, strategies, and features of the editorial work during the publication of the collected works. Moreover, the author distinguishes three types of ego-texts in Prishvin’s works (sketch books, diary, and diary books) and, accordingly, different publication strategies. The study reveals that within the prehistory of the «Diaries» publication there were two main approaches to their publishing: first, they were published in shortened versions (1986); second, in fragmentary versions based on the thematic or chronological principle, most often in a journal variant. Prishvin’s «Diaries» are considered in the context of the writer’s whole collected works: the pre-Soviet («Znanie Publishing House», 1912–1914) and the Soviet («Gosizdat», 1927–1930, 1929–1931; «Goslitizdat», 1935–1939; «Khudozhestvennaya literature», 1982–1986) periods. The history of Prishvin’s «Diaries» publication in the post-Soviet period is described as a collective book project carried out by the efforts of five state and non-state publishing houses: «Moskovskii Rabochii» (1991–1995), «Russkaya kniga» (1999–2004), «ROSSPEN» (2012); «Novyi Khronograf» (2013–2014); and «Rostok» (2006–2017). The author demonstrates the «Diaries» connection with the repertoire and strategies of these publishers. After the reconstruction of the history and prehistory of Prishvin’s «Diaries» publication from the initial fragments to full print and electronic versions, the author convincingly proves that this long-term collective book project belongs to the local history of the Russian publishing industry in the XX–XXI centuries.
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Bobrus, V. V. "LENINGRAD INSTITUTE OF TRANSFUSION UNDER THE SIEGE AND IN FIRST POSTWAR PERIOD. TRUTH AND FICTION." Marine Medicine 6, no. 5(S) (January 20, 2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2413-5747-2020-6-s-29-45.
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Basing on detailed study of open information and documentary sources, the author of the paper assumed the ground-lessness of official narrative setting out in the A. A. Crohn’s book «Deep-sea master. A tale of friend” (Moscow, New World Journal. Congress of People’s Deputies of the Soviet Union Publishing House, 1984. 272 p.) with regard to causes of conviction of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Diver No. 1 — A. I. Marinesco, as a result of malice from former director of Leningrad Institute of Transfusion (LIT) — associate professor, candidate of medicine V. V. Kuharchik. An exceptional importance of collaborative work of collective and chiefs of LIT on organization of donor movement under the severe conditions of the siege Leningrad and in a time of despiteous political repressions during the Great Patriotic War was shown. On the basis of analysis of confusion of biographies of two special persons: A. I. Marinesco and V. V. Kuharchik, it was made a conclusion of necessity of continuation historical and documentory studies aimed to discover the historical truth representing heroism of Soviet people at struggle with fascism.
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Serdechnaia, Vera V., and Dmitri N. Zhatkin. "“OUR COUNTRY HAS BECOME SHAKESPEARE’S HOMELAND”: THE FORMATION OF SOVIET CANON OF SHAKESPEARE’S TRANSLATION IN THE DISPUTES OF THE 1930S." Practices & Interpretations: A Journal of Philology, Teaching and Cultural Studies 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2415-8852-2022-3-19-45.
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The article is devoted to the phenomenon of introducing Shakespeare into the reading canon of the Soviet Russia in 1930s. It also demonstrates the role of the new translations in this process. The authors explore the reasons for placing Shakespeare at the center of the canon: the approval of his work by Karl Marx, the Soviet appropriation of the highest achievements of world culture, the interpretation of Shakespeare as a Realist writer. The need for a new ‘Soviet Shakespeare’ led to the development of a concept of equirhythmic, “accurate” translation, invented by G. Shpet and A. Smirnov, the editors of the Academia publishing house. The implementation of this concept in the 1930s by A. Radlova, M. Lozinsky, and M. Kuzmin was protested by critics, especially K. Chukovsky; their translations were declared formalistic and were banned in later Soviet Union. In the new canon of the post-war ‘Soviet Shakespeare’ “creative” translations prevailed over “accurate” ones.
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Chen, Tracy X., Marion Schmitz, Joseph M. Mazzarella, Xiuqin Wu, Julian C. van Eyken, Alberto Accomazzi, Rachel L. Akeson, et al. "Best Practices for Data Publication in the Astronomical Literature." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 260, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac6268.
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Abstract We present an overview of best practices for publishing data in astronomy and astrophysics journals. These recommendations are intended as a reference for authors to help prepare and publish data in a way that will better represent and support science results, enable better data sharing, improve reproducibility, and enhance the reusability of data. Observance of these guidelines will also help to streamline the extraction, preservation, integration and cross-linking of valuable data from astrophysics literature into major astronomical databases, and consequently facilitate new modes of science discovery that will better exploit the vast quantities of panchromatic and multidimensional data associated with the literature. We encourage authors, journal editors, referees, and publishers to implement the best practices reviewed here, as well as related recommendations from international astronomical organizations such as the International Astronomical Union for publication of nomenclature, data, and metadata. A convenient Checklist of Recommendations for Publishing Data in the Literature (Appendix A) is included for authors to consult before the submission of the final version of their journal articles and associated data files. We recommend that publishers of journals in astronomy and astrophysics incorporate a link to this document in their Instructions to Authors.
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Бажанов, Валентин Александрович, and Irving H. Anellis. "Image of Soviet and Russian logic in the West. Latter Half of the XXth Century." Logical Investigations 27, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-1472-2021-27-2-133-152.
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The article attempts to overview Western scientific knowledge of research in mathematical logic and its history in the USSR and Russia in the first half of the 20th century. We claim that Western scholars followed and were generally aware of the main works of their Soviet and Russian colleagues on mathematical logic and its history. It was possible, firstly, due to the fact that a number of Western scientists knew the Russian language, and, secondly, because Soviet and Russian logicians published their works in English (sometimes in German) in the original journals of mathematical logic or Soviet publishing houses (mainly Mir Publishers) translated Soviet authors into English. Thus, the names of A.G. Dragalin, Yu.L. Ershov, A.S. Karpenko, A.N. Kolmogorov, Z.A. Kuzicheva, Yu.I. Manin, S.Yu. Maslov, F.A. Medvedev, G.E. Mints, V.N. Salii, V.A. Smirnov, A.A. Stolyar, N.I. Styazhkin, V.A. Uspensky, I.M. Yaglom, S.A. Yanovskaya, A.P. Yushkevich, A.A. Zinov’ev were quite known to their Western counterparts. With the dawn of perestroika, contacts of Soviet / Russian logicians expanded significantly. Nevertheless, the analysis of Western works on mathematical logic and the history of logic suggests that by the end of the 20th century the interest of Western scientists in the works of their Russian colleagues had noticeably waned.
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Bexultanova, Gayana, Julia Prakofjewa, Matteo Sartori, Raivo Kalle, Andrea Pieroni, and Renata Sõukand. "Promotion of Wild Food Plant Use Diversity in the Soviet Union, 1922–1991." Plants 11, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 2670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11202670.
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In the Soviet Union, wild food played a secondary role in diet (as cultivated species dominated). Yet the authorities eventually acknowledged their importance as diet diversifiers and a safety reservoir, and started to promote their use through various means, including publishing books on the use of wild food plants. These government publications appeared during a specific time, and therefore, we mapped all centralized publications in order to understand the dynamics of the promotion of wild-plant-related knowledge. For deeper analysis, we selected a sample of 12 books promoting wild food plants, and compared the taxa and uses represented in these works, which fall into two key periods: during World War II (1941–1943) and after the war (1953–1989). A total of 323 plant taxa belonging to 69 plant families were named, of which Rosaceae had the highest number of proposed food uses, prompting the reader to explore the use of borderland species. Most diverse food uses were attributed to Sorbus aucuparia, followed by Rosa and Vaccinium oxycoccos. Wartime books had fewer taxa with less variety, with a clear preference for staple food and substitutes, while post-war books promoted desserts and alcoholic drinks.
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Veisbergs, Andrejs. "TRANSLATION POLICIES IN LATVIA DURING THE GERMAN OCCUPATION." Vertimo studijos 7, no. 7 (April 5, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2014.7.10529.
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The period of German occupation in Latvia came after twenty years of Latvian independence and a year of Soviet occupation. The shifts in the translation policies at these critical junctions were incredibly fast. The independence period was marked by a developed translation industry, a variety of the source languages, a variety of kinds of literature, with a broad scope in the quality of the translations. When the Soviets came, they quickly nationalized the publishers, ideologised the system and reshaped the pattern of what was translated. Russian was made the main source language, and other languages were minimized. The share of ideological literature grew exponentially, reaching one third of all books. Soon after the German invasion, the publishers regained their printing houses and publishing was renewed. The percentage of translations was similar to that of the independence period, with German literature making up 70% of the source texts. Most of the other source texts were Nordic and Estonian. Translation quality of fiction was generally high and the print runs grew. There are surprisingly few ideologically motivated translations. The official policies of the regime as regards publishing in Latvia appear to be uncoordinated and vague, with occasional decisions taken by “gate-keepers” in the Ostministerium and other authorities according to their own preferences. There was a nominal pre-censorship, but the publishers were expected to know and sense what was acceptable. In turn the latter played it safe, sticking to classical and serious works to translate and publish. Some high class translations of Latvian classics into German were also published during the period.
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Veisbergs, Andrejs. "The Translation Scene in Latvia During the German Occupation." Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture 5 (June 5, 2015): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/bjellc.05.2015.09.
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The German occupation period in Latvia followed the twenty years of Latvian independence and a year of the Soviet occupation. The shifts in the translation policies at these critical junctions were incredibly fast. The independence period saw a developed translation industry. The source language variety was growing; the variety of literature translated and the quality of translations was broad. The communist system quickly nationalized the publishers, ideologised the system and reshaped the translation pattern. Russian was made the main source language and other languages minimized. The share of ideological literature grew exponentially.
Soon after the German invasion the publishers regained their printing houses and publishing was renewed. During the German occupation around 1500 books were published. Another reorientation occurred, with German literature taking around 70 per cent of the source texts. Most of the other source texts were Nordic. No pulp literature was produced. Translation quality was generally high. The focus was on literary classics, travel literature and biographies (many German musicians). There are few ideologically motivated translations.
The official policies of the regime as regards publishing in Latvia appear to be uncoordinated and vague, with occasional decisions taken by ‘gate-keepers’ in Ostministerium and other authorities according to their own preferences. There was a nominal pre-censorship, but the publishers were expected to know and sense what was acceptable. In their turn the latter played safe sticking to classical and quality translations. Yet the statistics of what was published reflects the general drift. Some high class translations into German of Latvian classics were published.