Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Question (Logic)'

The main arguments for Greek influence in Indian logic are that the Indian and Greek systems of logic display more similarities than can be reasonably explained as the result of coincidence; that Indian logic, unlike Greek logic, shows no signs of progressing through stages of development; that Greek logic pre-dates Indian logic; that the Greeks were in India at the right time to influence Indian logicians; and that the Greeks are known to have influenced Indians in areas other than logic, e.g. art and astronomy. I show that the arguments for Greek influence in Indian logic are not compelling. Moreover, I present a case that Indian logic most likely developed without Greek influence. The main argument against Greek influence in Indian logic is that there are developmental stages in Indian logic, and these demonstrate that logic in India most probably evolved from the ancient tradition of debate in a manner completely independent of any Greek influence. My account of early Indian logic draws on a wide variety of sources. These range from the very earliest surviving records that describe the days of the Buddha (fifth century BC) down to the works of Nāgārjuna (second century AD). These sources include ancient works on debate, as well as religious, philosophical and medical works. The logically significant material scattered through these works has been separated from all other extraneous material and arranged both chronologically and by topic. My thesis therefore presents the essential features of early Indian logic without the complications normally associated with research in this area. The stages in the development of early Indian logic show that there is no need to invoke Greek influence in order to account for the existence of well-developed logic in India during the Hellenistic period.

The main objective of this study is to shed light on some difficulties involved in the formulation of the problem of contingency in Leibniz&rsquo
s philosophical system. Leibniz&rsquo
s mature philosophy is characterized by the solutions he proposes for this problem, and the ontological ideas underlying or assisting them. &lsquo
The problem of contingency&rsquo
refers to the tension between his conceptual containment theory of truth and his claim that true existential propositions &ndash
that is, propositions which concern actual individuals &ndash
are all contingent. Though Leibniz does not seem to have one definite theory of contingency, two general lines of thought can nevertheless be discerned from his fragments on propositions and propositional truth. The first one is the infinite analysis theory, which is regarded in general as Leibniz&rsquo
s real theory of contingency, and the other is a theory of necessity, providing a division between absolute and hypothetical modalities. This thesis is not a study on the question whether Leibniz did really manage to solve the problem, but rather an attempt to trace the problem to its logical and ontological origins, and redefine it under a relatively simple form. It is first shown that Leibniz&rsquo
s theory of propositions relies heavily on his ontological conception of modalities, which covers the idea of a division between pure possibility and actuality
and then this idea is shown to be reflected on the logical level as a division between essential and existential truths. Finally it is argued that the two lines of thought and some peculiar characteristics of Leibniz&rsquo
s conception of modalities bring us to the conclusion that his real problem is the (deliberate) inability of his propositional calculus to express the difference between truths of reason (essential truths) and truths of fact (existential truths) as a logical structural one.

Cette thèse présente une coopération entre l'assistant de preuve Coq et certains prouveurs externes basée sur l'utilisation de traces de preuves. Nous étudions plus particulièrement deux types de prouveurs pouvant renvoyer des certicats : d'une part, les réponses des prouveurs SAT et SMT peuvent être vériées en Coq afin d'augmenter à la fois la confiance qu'on peut leur porter et l'automatisation de Coq ; d'autre part, les théorèmes établis dans des assistants de preuves basés sur la Logique d'Ordre Supérieur peuvent être exportés en Coq et re-vérifiés, ce qui permet d'établir des preuves formelles mêlant ces deux paradigmes logiques. Cette étude a abouti à deux logiciels : SMTCoq, une coopération bi-directionnelle entre Coq et des prouveurs SAT/SMT, et HOLLIGHTCOQ, un outil important les théorèmes de HOL Light en Coq. L'architecture de chacun de ces deux développements a été pensée de manière modulaire et efficace, en établissant une séparation claire entre trois composants: un encodage en Coq du formalisme de l'outil externe qui est ensuite traduit avec soin vers des termes Coq, un vérificateur certifié pour établir les preuves, et un pré-processeur écrit en Ocaml traduisant les traces venant de prouveurs différents dans le même format de certicat. Grâce à cette séparation, un changement dans le format de traces n'affecte que le pré-processeur, sans qu'il soit besoin de modier du code ou des preuves Coq. Un autre composant essentiel pour l'efficacité et la modularité est la réflexion calculatoire, qui utilise les capacités de calcul de Coq pour établir des preuves à la fois courtes et génériques à partir des certificats.

Le solipsisme a été thématisé comme un préalable pour fonder la connaissance au dix-septième siècle. Cette doctrine suggérait, qu’en vue de la certitude, il fallait admettre transitoirement la concevabilité d'un doute portant sur l'existence du monde extérieur en totalité et des autres esprits. L'existence du monde extérieur a pu ainsi être tenue pour établie à l'occasion de preuves de l'existence d'un créateur unique ou tenue pour assurée à l’aide d'une déduction transcendantale. En comparaison, rien ne semble pouvoir prouver l'existence des autres. D'une part, rien ne semble compter comme une preuve a posteriori de l'existence d’autrui, puisque ce doute ne peut s'appuyer sur l'expérience. D'autre part, une preuve permettant de lever ce doute ne peut être produite a priori, puisque l'absence empirique généralisée des autres est concevable a posteriori. Ainsi, rien ne semble exclure la possibilité d'une découverte a priori de son unicité. Cette thèse entreprend de mettre au jour le traitement de cette difficulté par Sartre et Wittgenstein. Les deux philosophes se sont confrontés à l'illusion de confinement qui est le corollaire de l’admission, à titre de possibilité pertinente, de l'absence généralisée des autres esprits. Sartre propose dans L'être et le néant une preuve conceptuelle de l'existence d'autrui pour montrer que ledit problème théorique de l'existence d'autrui est un faux-problème, tandis que Wittgenstein propose dans le Tractatus de dissoudre les problèmes philosophiques de l'existence du monde extérieur et des autres esprits par le biais d'une réflexion sur les conditions d'intelligibilité de l'expression. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit de dissiper l’apparence d’un doute portant sur le monde en totalité et du même coup sur les autres esprits. Non seulement une preuve de l'existence d'autrui est impossible, mais elle est en plus superflue. Ainsi, requérir une telle preuve ne peut que conduire à manquer l’obviété de nos engagements envers les autres, et par là au déni de leurs existences
Solipsism was conceived as a preliminary to grounding knowledge in the seventeenth century. This doctrine suggested that, in order to achieve certainty, one had to temporarily admit the conceivability of doubt about the existence of other minds and the external world as a whole. The existence of the external world was then taken to be established by means of proofs of the existence of a unique creator, or assured by means of transcendental deduction. By comparison, nothing seems to prove the existence of others. On the one hand, nothing seems to count as proof a posteriori of the existence of others, for the doubt it would dispel cannot be grounded in experience. On the other hand, nor can a proof which would dispel such doubt be produced a priori, for the empirical and generalized absence of others is conceivable a posteriori. Thus, nothing seems to exclude the possibility of an a priori discovery of one’s unicity. This thesis endeavours to bring out the similarity of the treatment of this difficulty by Sartre and Wittgenstein. Each of these philosophers confronted the illusion of confinement that presupposes admitting the generalized absence of others. In Being and Nothingness, Sartre proposes a conceptual means to establish that the theoretical problem of the existence of other minds is a pseudo-problem. In the Tractatus, Wittgenstein proposes to dissolve the philosophical problems of the existence of the external world and the existence of other minds via reflexion on the intelligibility conditions of expression. Both cases involve dispelling the appearance that doubt about the world and other minds is possible and required. Not only that proof of the existence of other minds is impossible, it is also superfluous. To require such a proof therefore can lead to nothing but missing the obviousness of our commitments to others, and thereby to denying their existence

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 170 p. : ill. Advisors: Timothy J. Long and John S. Schlipf, Department of Computer Science and Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-170).

Cette thèse cherche à connaître le bonheur tel que Bobin conçoit et projette dans son œuvre. Pour ce but, l'approche bachelardienne nous a servi à définir dans l'œuvre de Bobin un élément symbolique pour le bonheur : la flamme. Pour traiter la question du temps et sa complexité, très liée à notre question principale, les réflexions de Bachelard, de Bergson et de la physique moderne sur le temps sont prises en référence ainsi que la " logique du contradictoire " (de Lupasco). Les images plus attachées à l'intellect sont analysées suivant les travaux d'Henry Corbin et définies comme " images-corps-réalités ". Elles témoignent d'un regard mystique chez Bobin. Une tendance vers la géopoétique pour acquérir l'Unité du monde s'ajoute aussi à ce regard. Et une langue d'" anima/animus " et un processus de la production du sens, " hélice du sens ", interviennent pour traduire l'intransmissible en fragments. Cela rend l'écriture de Bobin " fragmentaire ", ce que nous avons désigné comme un nouveau genre : " poésie-prose " mystique.

A correta implementação de sistemas de pergunta-resposta representa uma mudança no conceito de interação entre Homem e máquina devido à utilização exclusiva de linguagem humana na comunicação em ambos os sentidos. Existem ainda poucas alternativas de sistemas de pergunta-resposta para língua portuguesa, orientados a domínios médicos ou baseados em ontologias e/ou programação em lógica. Esta dissertação descreve a implementação e avaliação de um sistema de pergunta-resposta em lógica contextual para interrogação em português de uma ontologia de relatórios neurovasculares definindo uma combinação inovadora de tecnologias em sistemas de pergunta-resposta. Esta abordagem é avaliada com um conjunto de perguntas formulado especificamente para este domínio médico relativamente a precisão, cobertura, acerto e pontuação F revelando resultados satisfatórios/medianos; ### Abstract: The mature development of question answering systems sets a turning point in humancomputer interaction due to the exclusive use of human language on both ways of communication. There are still few alternatives for question answering systems for the portuguese language, medical domain oriented or based on ontologies and/or logic programming. This thesis describes the development and evaluation of a question answering system in contextual logic allowing portuguese queries on an ontology of neurovascular reports defining a new combination of technologies in question answering systems. This approach is evaluated with a domain specific question set for precision, recall, accuracy and F-score showing reasonable results.

The present research is a logico-philosophical analysis of the issues concerning the semantics for plural logic, with particular attention to the recent work by A. Oliver and T. Smiley, Plural Logic (OUP). The first chapter introduces into the model-theoretic semantics for second-order languages. Three versions are presented: standard, Henkin and multi-sorted. All three differ in the definition of the assignment function to the second-order variables. The second chapter analyzes the relationship between model-theoretic semantics and ontology, in particular realism and nominalism. On the one hand, realism relies on the so called referential (or objectual) semantics; on the other hand, nominalism must rely on the so called substitutional semantics, for what concerns second-order variables, in order to avoid any ontological commitment with respect to such variables. The third chapter introduces plural semantics. W.O. Quine (in 1970), argued that second-order logic is a ‘set theory in sheep’s clothing’ and, so, not a pure logic. Quine’s approach was strongly criticized by G. Boolos, in a series of articles in the 70s and 80s of the last century. He proposed a new sort of referential semantics for (monadic) secon-order variables and quantifiers, the so called plural interpretation based on a (one-many) ralation assignment. The fourth chapter presents an outline of the more ideas of the work by Oliver and Smiley. In particular, their system 1) recasts predication in terms of plural predication and 2) attempts to capture plural denotation phenomena. In order to extend the category of terms to the plural case, Autors propose a theory of definite descriptions that contrasts with the Russellian one. Plural functional terms, obtained by means of the descriptive apparatus, denote so called multivalued functions – to be added to the usual functions, now singlevalued. In the fifth chapter it is provided an analysis of such function with respect to mathematics and logic. Multivalued functions play also a key role in the semantics of plural logic, modeling the assignment function for plural variables. It is also considered some semantic consequence due to their assumption. The final chapter concludes the analysis of plural logic. Ø. Linnebo (2003) presented a criterion of logicality. From the application of such a criterion, it emerges that there are no compelling reasons not to define plural logic a pure logic. The only main point against such plural logics is the modal rigidity of the notion of plurality. Such a rigidity reveals that the alleged formalization of some typical features of that fragment of natural language that is related to plural phenomena is not fully adequate in these sort of plural logics.
La presente ricerca consiste in un’analisi logico-filosofica delle questioni inerenti alla semantica per la logica plurale, con particolare attenzione al recente lavoro di A. Oliver e T. Smiley, Plural Logic (OUP). Il primo capitolo introduce la semantica modellistica per i linguaggi del secondo ordine, presentando tre varianti, standard, di Henkin e multi-sorted, le quali si distinguono per la definizione della funzione di assegnazione di valori alle variabili del secondo ordine. Il secondo capitolo analizza le relazioni fra la semantica modellistica e l’ontologia, in particolare il realismo e il nominalismo. Da un lato, il realismo si affida alla semantica c.d. referenziale, dall’altro il nominalismo, che deve evitare il c.d. impegno ontologico delle variabili del secondo ordine pur permettendone l’uso linguistico, si deve affidare alla semantica c.d. sostituzionale rispetto a tali variabili. Il terzo capitolo, introduce alle questioni inerenti alla semantica plurale. W.O. Quine (nel 1970) sostenne che la logica del secondo ordine non è una logica pura. Tale approccio fu intensamente criticato da G. Boolos, in una serie di articoli negli anni ’70-’80 del secolo scorso in cui Boolos giunse a proporre un nuovo tipo di semantica referenziale per le variabili (monadiche) del secondo ordine quantificate, la c.d. interpretazione plurale basata su una relazione (uno-molti) di assegnazione di valori a tali variabili. Il quarto capitolo presenta una sintesi delle maggiori idee su cui si basa il sistema di logica plurale di Oliver e Smiley. Tale logica plurale riformula la predicazione nei termini della predicazione plurale. La preoccupazione principale degli Autori è quella di catturare il fenomeno della denotazione plurale. A tal fine presentano una teoria delle descrizioni definite che contrasta con quella russelliana. I termini funzionali plurali, ottenuti mediante tale apparato descrittivo, denotano le c.d. funzioni polidrome. Nel quinto capitolo si fornisce una analisi estensionale di tali funzioi. Le funzioni polidrome sono fondamentali anche nella semantica della logica plurale, in quanto codificano la funzione di assegnazione plurale. Alcune conseguenze semantiche dovute alla loro assunzione sono così evidenziate. Il capitolo conclusivo, il sesto, termina l’analisi della logica plurale. Ø. Linnebo (2003) presentò un criterio di logicità, dalla cui applicazione emerge che non ci sono ragioni stringenti per non considerare la logica plurale una pura logica. Una critica, però, su tutte alla logica plurale: la rigidità della nozione di pluralità. Emerge, così, che alcuni tratti del linguaggio naturale legati a fenomeni plurali (quantificazione e denotazione), non sono catturati adeguatamente nei sistemi di logica plurale come quello di Oliver e Smiley.

L'objectif de cette recherche est d'identifier et d'analyser des dispositions et des logiques d'actions des enseignants lorsqu'ils se trouvent face à une situation liée à la question religieuse dans deux pays qui se définissent comme laïque, à savoir, le Brésil et la France. Il s'agit d'une étude d'inspiration ethnographique dans une perspective d'étude comparée. La recherche se situe dans le cadre de la Sociologie de l'éducation et utilise la sociologie de la socialisation et la sociologie pragmatique comme principaux cadres théoriques. A partir de cela, nous analysons les les dispositions et les principes de justice dans la pratique des enseignements brésiliens et français aux collèges publics. Ainsi les questions qui ont motivées la recherche sont : comment les enseignants traitent-ils une situation impliquant la question religieuse ? Pourquoi agissent-ils de cette façon ? Quelle(s) logique(s) d'action sont mobilisées dans les pratiques enseignantes? Quelles dispositions contribuent au "choix" de la logique d'action ? Comment les configurations sociales influencent-elles la question religieuse ? Existe-t-il des différences entre la pratique enseignante liée aux situations impliquant la question religieuse et la pratique enseignante tout court ? Pour répondre à ces questions une trentaine d'entretiens ont été effectués avec des enseignants brésiliens et français et trois établissement public ont été le cadre d'un travail d'observation (deux établissement au Brésil et Un en France), Les deux méthodes donnant accès à la description de situations professionnelles concernant les religions. La façon ont les enseignants gèrent la question religieuse privilégie la logique libérale au Brésil et la logique civique en France. En ce qui concerne les dispositions des enseignants, nous avons identifié des dispositions hybrides dans les actions brésiliennes et des dispositions professionnelles dans l'activité enseignante française. Enfin, nous avons mis au jour une logique d'action propre à la profession enseignante dans les deux pays, ce que nous appelons la logique professorale
The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the teachers' dispositions and logic of actions when faced with a sotuation related to the religious question in two countries that define themselves as secular,such a Brazil and France. this is an ethnographic-inspired study wich mobilizes a comparative education perspective. The research is situated within the field of the Sociology of Education and uses the sociology of socialization and pragmatic sociology as the main theoretical frameworks. Therefore, we analyze the provisions and pinciples of justice in the pratice of Brazilian and French teachers at public colleges. Thus, the queestions that motived the research are : how do the teachers deal with a situation involving the religious question ? Why do they act this way ? What logic(s) of action are mobilized in teaching pratices ? Wich dispositions contribute to the "choice" of the logic action ? How social configurations influence teaching practice with regard to the religious question ? Are there differences between the teaching pratice itself ? To answer these questions,approximately thirty interviews were conducted with Brazilian and french teachers and three public institutions were part of a field observation (two institutions in Brazil and one in France), the two methods giving access to the description of professional situations concerning religions. The liberal logic identified in the pratices of Brazilian teachers and the civic logic favored in France in situations involving the religious questions are different wayss to guarantee secularism. Regarding teachers' dispositions, we have identified hybrid dispositions in Brazilian actions and professional dispositions in the French teaching practice. Finally, we have brought to light a logic of action peculiar to the teaching profession in both countries, what we call the teaching logic

Ontology Learning requires a deep specialization on Semantic Web, Knowledge Representation, Search Engines, Inductive Learning, Natural Language Processing, Information Storage, Extraction and Retrieval. Huge amount of domain specific, unstructured on-line data needs to be expressed in machine understandable and semantically searchable format. Currently users are often forced to search manually in the results returned by the keyword-based search services. They also want to use their native languages to express what they search. In this thesis we developed an ontology based question answering system that satisfies these needs by the research outputs of the areas stated above. The system allows users to enter a question about a restricted domain by means of natural language and returns exact answer of the questions. A set of questions are collected from the users in the domain. In addition to questions, their corresponding question templates were generated on the basis of the domain ontology. When the user asks a question and hits the search button, system chooses the suitable question template and builds a SPARQL query according to this template. System is also capable of answering questions required inference by using generic inference rules defined at a rule file. Our evaluation with ten users shows that the sytem is extremely simple to use without any training resulting in very good query performance.

Cette thèse contribue au développement d'un langage de programmation logique probabiliste spécifique aux neurosciences cognitives, appelé NeuroLang, et présente certaines de ses applications à la méta-analyse d'études en neuroimagerie. En reposant sur les formalismes logiques comme datalog, et leurs extensions probabilistes, nous montrons comment NeuroLang permet de mettre en relation des données incertaines et hétérogènes pour formuler des hypothèses méta-analytiques riches. Nous encodons la base de données Neurosynth dans un programme NeuroLang et formulons des requêtes logiques probabilistes permettant d'obtenir des cartes cérébrales d'association à un terme spécifique mentionné dans les études de le base de données et de coactivation similaires aux outils existants, et mettant en évidence des réseaux cérébraux connus. Nous montrons que cette modélisation est correcte en traduisant un programme logique probabiliste en un réseau bayésien dont la distribution de probabilité jointe mène aux mêmes estimations que l'outil Neurosynth. Puis, nous montrons que modéliser l'association entre études et termes de manière probabiliste à partir des mesures TF-IDF (term frequency-inverse document frequency) permet d'obtenir, pour un nombre d'études réstreint, une meilleure précision lors de la résolution de requêtes conjonctives sur des données simulées, et une meilleure cohérence sur des données réelles, que par l'application d'un seuil. Enfin, nous utilisons NeuroLang pour formaliser et tester des hypothèses concrètes de cartographie cérébrale fonctionnelle, reproduisant ainsi les résultats d'études précédentes. En calculant la solution de requêtes ségrégatives combinant la base de données Neurosynth, les modèles de sujet et l'atlas fonctionnel DiFuMo, nous supportons l'existence d'une organisation hétérogène du réseau cérébral fronto-pariétal relié au contrôle cognitif, et supportons l'implication d'une région du lobule fusiforme appelée visual word form area (VWFA) dans des tâches cognitives d'attention, en plus des tâches cognitives reliées au langage
This thesis contributes to the development of a probabilistic logic programming language specific to the domain of cognitive neuroscience, coined NeuroLang, and presents some of its applications to the meta-analysis of the functional brain mapping literature. By relying on logic formalisms such as datalog, and their probabilistic extensions, we show how NeuroLang makes it possible to combine uncertain and heterogeneous data to formulate rich meta-analytic hypotheses. We encode the Neurosynth database into a NeuroLang program and formulate probabilistic logic queries resulting in term-association brain maps and coactivation brain maps similar to those obtained with existing tools, and highlighting existing brain networks. We prove the correctness of our model by using the joint probability distribution defined by the Bayesian network translation of probabilistic logic programs, showing that queries lead to the same estimations as Neurosynth. Then, we show that modeling term-to-study associations probabilistically based on term frequency-document inverse frequency (TF-IDF) measures results in better accuracy on simulated data, and a better consistency on real data, for two-term conjunctive queries on smaller sample sizes. Finally, we use NeuroLang to formulate and test concrete functional brain mapping hypotheses, reproducing past results. By solving segregation logic queries combining the Neurosynth database, topic models, and the data-driven functional atlas DiFuMo, we find supporting evidence of the existence of an heterogeneous organisation of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN), and find supporting evidence that the subregion of the fusiform gyrus called visual word form area (VWFA) is recruited within attentional tasks, on top of language-related cognitive tasks

Savoir comment l'art s'est établi en tant que champ autonome et analyser le processus qui conduisit à la définition du concept d'art lui-même tout au long du XVIIIe siècle et à son approfondissement aux XIXe et XXe siècles, ainsi que rendre plus clair jusqu'à quel point et de quelle façon le champ autonome de l'art est mis à l'épreuve dans les dernières décennies constituent les objectifs de cette étude. À partir de sources diverses est effectué un travail de délimitation des différents enjeux autour de la question de l'autonomie de l'art, notamment celui de son rapport dialectique avec cette autre question majeure de la théorie moderne de l'art, la souveraineté de l'art. La façon dont l'idéologie de l'autonomie de l'art, aussi bien que sa contestation postmoderne, ont joué dans la définition des éléments constitutifs du monde de l'art - l'artiste, le récepteur, l'oeuvre d'art, aussi bien que l'histoire de l'art -sont les lignes directrices qui président à l'articulation des thèmes.

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The objective of this work is to address the Combinatorial Analysis as a theme that can be treated in the classroom, without the utilization of mathematical formulas in problem solving. For this it will presented a method of reasoning that, basing on logic and languages, underscores the importance of: To read, interpret and analyze texts that are presented in the mother tongue; Formulate conjectures, make choices and seek strategies of count; and Make the correct translation between languages maternal and mathematics. Expected to show from this approach that the Combinatorial Analysis, besides its importance in various elds of knowledge, may also be seen by students and teachers as a challenging and stimulating content.
O objetivo deste trabalho é abordar a Análise Combinatória como um tema que pode ser tratado, em sala de aula, sem a utilização de fórmulas matemáticas na resolução de problemas. Será apresentado um método de raciocínio que, baseando-se em Lógica e Linguagens, destaca a importância de: Ler, interpretar e analisar textos que se apresentam em língua materna; Formular conjecturas, fazer escolhas e buscar estratégias de contagem; e Fazer a tradução correta entre as linguagens materna e matemática. Espera-se mostrar, a partir desta abordagem, que a Análise Combinatória, além da sua importância em vários campos do conhecimento, também pode ser encarada, por estudantes e professores, como um conteúdo desa ador e estimulante.

Notre étude porte sur la vie politique à la Réunion, de 1946 à 1982 à travers le prisme de la question du statut. La constante de cette thématique est en lien étroit avec la problématique des rapports entre le département d'Outre-mer et sa "métropole". Elle acquiert à partir de la départementalisation, en 1946, une dimension qui focalise durablement une grande partie des débats politiques et constitue un enjeu central des consultations électorales. Jusqu'à la fin des années 1950, cette question du statut oppose une droite réunionnaise prônant une assimilation "mesurée" et un mouvement communiste qui défend une intégration totale et immédiate. A partir de 1959, c'est un projet autonomiste porté par le parti communiste réunionnais qui est développé à l'encontre d'un camp départementaliste et qui est assorti, à partir de 1971, d'un volet financier autour de l'idée d'une "aide globalisé" de la France. La problématique du statut se retrouve à l'épreuve d'autre enjeu comme l'idée de la régionalisation ou celle de rompre avec le seul axiome statutaire dans le débat de politique réunionnais. Elle perd de sa force avec le retrait du mot d'ordre d'autonomie en 1981
Our study relates to the political life of Reunion's island, of 1946 to 1982 in the prism of the question of the statute. The constant of this set of themes is in close link with the problems of the relationship between the overseas department and its "Metropolis". It acquires starting from the departmentalization, in 1946, a dimension which durably focuses most of the political debates and constitutes a central stake of the electoral consultations. Until the end of the years 1950, this question of the statute opposes a line in the island preaching a "measured" assimilation and a communist movement which defends a total and immediate integration. Since 1959, it is a separatist project carried by the Communist party Reunionnais which is developed against a camp departementalist and which is matched, since 1971, of a financial shutter around the idea of a "globalized assistance" of France. The problems of the statute are found the another stake proof like the idea of regionalization or that to break with the only statutory axiom in the debate of la Reunion's policy. It loses its force with the withdrawal of the watchword of autonomy in 1981

Depuis 1972 l'Australie a adopté une politique réformiste pour ses Aborigènes, préconisant le principe d'autodétermination politique, socio-économique et culturelle. L'égalité de droit et l'égalité des chances, synonymes de citoyenneté australienne, étaient déjà des revendications de l'époque assimilationniste et elles constituent deux points essentiels des nouvelles politiques. Mais l'administration fédérale de Canberra doit aussi répondre aux demandes aborigènes de droits inhérents à leur condition de peuple premier. L'octroi de droits fonciers, la reconnaissance du Titre Indigène et la compensation représentent au cours de ces années une partie capitale de l'action gouvernementale qui s'est singularisée aussi par la mise en place de structures politiques propres aux Aborigènes. Mais la question fondamentale de l'autodétermination reste liée à celle d'un Makarrata, d'un Traité qui scellera la Réconciliation de tous les Australiens.
Australia has adopted a reformist policy for its Aboriginal population since 1972, advocating the principle of political, socio-economic and cultural self-determination. Equal rights and equal opportunities, synonymous with Australian citizenship, were already claimed at the time of assimilation and are two essential points of the new policies. But the federal administration of Canberra also has to respond to Aboriginals’ demands for the recognition of their inherent rights as First peoples. The granting of land rights, the recognition of Native Title and compensation for injury or lost land, have represented during those years an important part of government action which has also been distinctive in its establishment of new Aboriginal structures specifically for Aborigines. Nevertheless, the fundamental issue of self-determination remains inextricably linked with the Makarrata, the Treaty which will seal the Reconciliation of all Australians

O presente trabalho se dispõe a discutir como Schopenhauer elabora seu princípio de razão suficiente, em sua primeira versão (1813), e qual a concepção de verdade empregada pelo autor para justificar o modo de operacionalização da segunda classe - ratio cognoscendi - do referido princípio e como ela se relaciona com as demais. Em face dessas duas questões apresenta-se como o autor desenvolve sua teoria do conhecimento conceitual e dos juízos. Também se busca discutir como a ciência, um saber abstrato, é sistematizada, dado que ela é um conjunto de conhecimentos homogêneos que depende de conceitos e tem sua organização expressada segundo a ratio cognoscendi. Por fim, a presente dissertação esclarece que a verdade nem sempre é o caso, pois, ao Homem, ocorre a capacidade do riso, fenômeno, o qual demonstra que nem sempre o princípio de razão e a concepção de verdade, que é uma de suas expressões e mostra a congruência entre as classes, é obedecido.
This work presents a discussion about how Schopenhauer elaborates his principium rationis sufficientis, in it first version (1813), and which is the truth conception used by the author to justify the way of second class works - ratio cognoscendi - of it principle and how it is the relation among another ones. In face of this two questions, we present how author developes his theory of conceptual knowledge and judgments. We also expect to discuss how science, abstract knowledge (Wissen) is systematized, in so far as it is a class of homogeny knowledges that depend on concepts and have it organization express by ratio cognoscend. Finally, this dissertation explains why truth sometimes is not the case, because to human being happens the laughter capacity, phenomenon, which is one of it expressions and shows the incongruity of the classes, is satisfied.

Comparée à l’intérêt des chercheurs pour l’étude des problèmes sociaux et religieux dans l'Afrique romaine, la question de la faim a été généralement négligée, probablement à cause d’un jugement positif porté sur la prospérité de la région. Cependant, malgré un contexte généralement favorable décrit par Claude Lepelley en 1981, la pauvreté fut présente dans l’Afrique de l’Antiquité Tardive, comme représentation et comme réalité, ce que tente d’explorer cette recherche à partir de l’œuvre d’Augustin d’Hippone. Le thème de la faim, lié à celui de la pauvreté, est à la jonction de l'histoire sociale et des représentations mentales. La question de la pauvreté dans l’Antiquité tardive fut analysée en 1974 par Évelyne Patlagean, qui insistait sur sa réalité, puis par Peter Brown en 2002, qui y voyait plutôt un thème privilégié du discours des évêques qui se présentaient en patron des pauvres. Ces deux aspects des réalités et des représentations sont à prendre en compte. D’une part, si la faim concernait les pauvres, elle fut également un problème socio-politique pour les élites dirigeantes des cités qui devaient faire face aux pénuries dans un monde ancien où les forces de l'ordre étaient limitées. Dans ce contexte, il était plus prudent de prévenir la question de la faim, grâce à la possibilité qu’offrait un marché méditerranéen des céréales, que de la résoudre ; la question de l'approvisionnement et de l'alimentation des grandes villes a déjà été bien étudiée pour le Haut Empire (Garnsey, Virlouvet) et pour l’empire tardif (Jaïdi). D’autre part, le développement du discours chrétien au IVe siècle, encouragé par les empereurs chrétiens depuis Constantin, a modifié le regard sur la pauvreté et la faim. Nous avons étudié la question de la faim en Afrique dans les écrits d’Augustin d’Hipponeselon diverses perspectives : la dimension sociale d'une réalité touchant les pauvres, les interprétations métaphoriques des mentions de la faim présentes dans les textes bibliques, les discours religieux visant à un appel à la charité, et les institutions visant à répondre au problème de la faim. Les limites chronologiques de notre étude correspondent aux années 360-430, période bien documentée par Ammien Marcelin mais surtout par les écrits d'Augustin d’Hippone, principalement le sermonnaire et la correspondance. Grâce à la base de données textuelles en ligne Brepolis, nous avons pu localiser 341 exemples d’allusions à la faim, la soif et la famine chez Augustin, qui forment notre corpus, analysé en trois parties : la faim en tant que problème théologique (chapitres 1-3) ; la faim comme une réalité voulue (chapitres 4-5) ; la faim comme une réalité subie (chapitres 6-7). En conclusion on peut noter que la faim au temps d’Augustin, est une réalité qui a permis au chrétien de tester sa foi, son espérance et sa charité
Compared with scholarly interest in the study of social and religious problems in Roman Africa, the issue of hunger has generally been neglected, probably because of a positive judgement of the local prosperity. However, despite the generally favourable context described by Claude Lepelley in 1981, poverty was present in Late Antique Africa, both as a representation and as a reality, which is what this research seeks to explore, using the works of Augustine of Hippo as a starting point. The theme of hunger, linked to that of poverty, lies at the crossroads of social history and mental representations. The question of poverty in Late Antiquity was analysed in 1974 by Évelyne Patlagean, who emphasised its reality, and then by Peter Brown in 2002, who saw it as a privileged theme in the discourse of the bishops who presented themselves as the patron of the poors. These two aspects of reality and representation need to be undestood. On the one hand, while hunger concerned the poor, it was also a socio-political problem for the ruling elites of the cities, who had to cope with shortages in an ancient world where the forces of law and order were limited. In this context, it was more prudent to prevent hunger, thanks to the possibilities offered by a Mediterranean cereal market, than to solve it; the question of supplying and feeding large cities has already been well studied for the High Empire (Garnsey, Virlouvet) and the Late Empire (Jaïdi). On the other hand, the development of Christian discourse in the fourth century, encouraged by the Christian emperors from Constantine onwards, changed the way poverty and hunger were viewed.We have studied the question of hunger in Africa in the writings of Augustine of Hippofrom various perspectives: the social dimension of a reality affecting the poors, the metaphorical interpretations of the references to hunger in the biblical texts, the religious discourses aimed at an appeal to charity, and the institutions designed to respond to the problem of hunger. The chronological limits of our study are the years 360-430, a period well documented by Ammianus Marcellinus but above all by the writings of Augustine of Hippo, principally the sermonary and correspondence. Thanks to the online textual database Brepolis, we have been able to locate 341 examples of allusions to hunger, thirst and famine in Augustine, which form our corpus, analysed in three parts: hunger as a theological problem (chapters 1-3); hunger as a desired reality (chapters 4-5); hunger as an endured reality (chapters 6-7). In conclusion, we can see that hunger in Augustine's time was a reality that allowed Christians to test their faith, hope and charity

The master's thesis deals with Information Retrieval. It summarizes the knowledge in the field of Information Retrieval theory. Furthermore, the work gives an overview of models used in Information Retrieval, the data and the actual issues and their possible solutions. The practical part of the master's thesis is focused on the implementation of methods of information retrieval in textual data. The last part is dedicated to experiments validating the implementation and its possible improvements.

This thesis portrays my multifaceted and emergent inquiry into the protracted problem of culturally decontextualised mathematics education faced by students of Nepal, a culturally diverse country of south Asia with more than 90 language groups. I generated initial research questions on the basis of my history as a student of primary, secondary and university levels of education in Nepal, my Master’s research project, and my professional experiences as a teacher educator working in a university of Nepal between 2004 and 2006. Through an autobiographical excavation of my experiences of culturally decontextualised mathematics education, I came up with several emergent research questions, leading to six key themes of this inquiry: (i) hegemony of the unidimensional nature of mathematics as a body of pure knowledge, (ii) unhelpful dualisms in mathematics education, (iii) disempowering reductionisms in curricular and pedagogical aspects, (iv) narrowly conceived ‘logics’ that do not account for meaningful lifeworld-oriented thinking in mathematics teaching and learning, (v) uncritical attitudes towards the image of curriculum as a thing or object, and (vi) narrowly conceived notions of globalisation, foundationalism and mathematical language that give rise to a decontextualised mathematics teacher education program.With these research themes at my disposal my aim in this research was twofold. Primarily, I intended to explore, explain and interpret problems, issues and dilemmas arising from and embedded in the research questions. Such an epistemic activity of articulation was followed by envisioning, an act of imagining futures together with reflexivity, perspectival language and inclusive vision logics.In order to carry out both epistemic activities – articulating and envisioning – I employed a multi-paradigmatic research design space, taking on board mainly the paradigms of criticalism, postmodernism, interpretivism and integralism. The critical paradigm offered a critical outlook needed to identify the research problem, to reflect upon my experiences as a mathematics teacher and teacher educator, and to make my lifetime’s subjectivities transparent to readers, whereas the paradigm of postmodernism enabled me to construct multiple genres for cultivating different aspects of my experiences of culturally decontextualised mathematics education. The paradigm of interpretivism enabled me to employ emergence as the hallmark of my inquiry, and the paradigm of integralism acted as an inclusive meta-theory of the multi-paradigmatic design space for portraying my vision of an inclusive mathematics education in Nepal.Within this multi-paradigmatic design space, I chose autoethnography and small p philosophical inquiry as my methodological referents. Autoethnography helped generate the research text of my cultural-professional contexts, whereas small p philosophical inquiry enabled me to generate new knowledge via a host of innovative epistemologies that have the goal of deepening understanding of normal educational practices by examining them critically, identifying underpinning assumptions, and reconstructing them through scholarly interpretations and envisioning. Visions cultivated through this research include: (i) an inclusive and multidimensional image of the nature of mathematics as an im/pure knowledge system, (ii) the metaphors of thirdspace and dissolution for conceiving an inclusive mathematics education, (iii) a multilogical perspective for morphing the hegemony of reductionism-inspired mathematics education, (iv) an inclusive image of mathematics curriculum as montage that provides a basis for incorporating different knowledge systems in mathematics education, and (v) perspectives of glocalisation, healthy scepticism and multilevel contextualisation for constructing an inclusive mathematics teacher education program.

A pesquisa de cunho qualitativo aqui apresentada tem como propósito discutir o valor e o papel da lógica fuzzy na solução de problemas reais, dada a característica de suas ferramentas para lidar com questões subjetivas, uma vez que as soluções de problemas provenientes do mundo real estão carregadas de relações construídas no mundo interno do resolvedor são oriundas da subjetividade do sujeito resolvedor. Nosso trabalho teve como um dos objetivos responder às questões: Quais os pressupostos teóricos da teoria fuzzy e quais as possibilidades de reconhecimento de seu valor e de seu papel para a Educação Matemática? Como o pensamento matemático do aluno lida com o raciocínio fuzzy? Com essa perspectiva, aproximamo-nos dos alunos do Curso de Licenciatura das Faculdades Unificadas da Fundação Educacional de Barretos UNFEB , na busca de evidências, em termos de pesquisa, por meio de dois questionários e um minicurso ministrado pelo pesquisador, nesta ordem: questionário, minicurso e questionário. O primeiro questionário instigava o uso de variáveis subjetivas na solução de questões. O minicurso teve como foco central a resolução de um mesmo problema, utilizando matemática clássica e matemática fuzzy. O questionário final, de cunho avaliativo, verificava o uso, pelo aluno, das ferramentas da teoria fuzzy em problemas semelhantes aos anteriores. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram a pouca experiência dos alunos com o raciocínio fuzzy dada, talvez, a dominância da matemática formal/determinística; mostraram, também, evidências de que os mesmos problemas, resolvidos verbalmente, sem o uso da matemática, revelam-se especialmente desafiadores quando é solicitada uma solução matemática fuzzy.
The qualitative research here presented intends to discuss the value and the role of fuzzy logic in the solution of real problems, due to the characteristic of its tools to deal with subjective questions, since the solution of problems originated in the real world are loaded with relationships built in the resolvers internal world they are originated in the subjectresolvers subjectivity. Our work had as one of its goals to answer the questions: Which are Fuzzy Theory theoretical assumptions and what are the possibilities of acknowledgement of its value and role to Mathematical Education?; How does the students mathematical thinking deal with fuzzy reasoning? On this perspective, we approached the students of the Curso de Licenciatura das Faculdades Unificadas da Fundação Educacional de Barretos - UNFEB searching for research evidences by means of two questionnaires and a mini-course taught by the researcher, in the following order: questionnaire, mini-course and questionnaire. The first questionnaire incited the use of subjective variables in the solution of questions. The mini-course, after the questionnaire, had as main focus the solution of one (same) problem using classical mathematics and fuzzy mathematics. The final questionnaire, of evaluative nature, verified the students use of fuzzy theory tools for problems similar to the previous ones. The research results indicated the students little experience with fuzzy reasoning maybe due to the dominance of formal/deterministic mathematics as well as showing evidences that the same problems solved verbally without the use of mathematics were especially challenging when a fuzzy mathematics solution was requested.

En matière de compétence économique, la droite bénéficie toujours de la présomption d’innocence tandis que la gauche ne parvient pas à sortir de l’ère du soupçon. Représentation solide, profondément enracinée dans l’inconscient collectif, la mauvaise réputation économique de la gauche en général et du socialisme en particulier constitue l’un des stéréotypes les plus pérennes et les mieux partagés de la vie politique française. Nul besoin d’aller chercher du côté de la droite ou de l’extrême droite les critiques à l’encontre de sa gestion ; ses rangs fourmillent déjà de sévères censeurs nourrissant un stéréotype d’autant plus fort qu’il n’est que rarement l’objet d’une lecture critique. Partant de ce constat, deux ambitions étroitement liées sont à l’origine de ce travail. La première est de combler une lacune historiographique. L’étude du rapport entretenu par le socialisme politique à l’économie après 1945 constitue, en effet, un angle mort de la production historienne. La deuxième est de nature épistémologique. L’analyse conjointe, dans un parti, du contenu de ses propositions économiques, de leur usage politique et des experts chargés de leur élaboration ne fait l’objet d’aucune recherche spécifique pour le second XXe siècle. Or, dans la société française de l’après-guerre, où la légitimité du pouvoir est de plus en plus justifiée par les moyens scientifiques et techniques à la disposition des gouvernants, où la compétence économique commence, au tournant des années 1960, à être reconnue comme faculté nécessaire à l’homme politique, le rôle de l’économie dans un parti se réclamant continûment du marxisme dans ses déclarations de principes mérite un examen attentif
While the french right still enjoys the presumption of innocence in economic matters, the left continues to be bound to an era of suspicion. The pervasive cliché of the left's poor performance is deeply rooted in the collective unconscious of french political life. Based on this observartion the objective of this dissertation is to discuss that representation by developing two methodological lines. The first aims to fill a gap in french historiography. The study of the relationship between the French socialist parties and economic issues remains a blind spot. The second line deals with epistemological issues. To our knowledge, there is no available research to study both ideological production, political uses and the role of experts in the economic strategies of a french political party in the second half of the 20th century. Such a gap is problematic: since the second world war the legitimacy of political power has been increasingly based on economic competence. Therefore the role of the economy within a party claiming to remain faithful to the principles of marxism such as the socialist party deserves careful examination

Notre thèse retrace le parcours inédit de solidarisation entre les États et les peuples européens que constitue le processus de l’intégration européenne. Elle interroge les conditions, les justifications et les obstacles de ce que Robert Schuman identifiait comme le passage d’une « solidarité de fait à une solidarité de production », c’est-à-dire d’une solidarité négative entendue au sens d’interdépendance, à une solidarité positive, souhaitée, choisie. Cet objectif ambitieux souffre de nombreux obstacles. Progressivement, la solidarité européenne s’est vue dépolitisée pour devenir une entreprise technique, suivant la méthode fonctionnaliste, engendrant une perte de sens et des finalités du projet européen. Dès lors, la question des justifications légitimes de la solidarité européenne est devenue impérieuse, tout comme la recherche des conditions d’un renouvellement du consentement des États et des peuples à la solidarité européenne. En effet, pourquoi et comment les États ont-ils consenti par le passé à un projet d’intégration qui impliquait des sacrifices en termes de souveraineté, et pourquoi et comment pourraient-ils à nouveau y consentir demain ? La crise de confiance et de légitimité que traverse l’UE est révélatrice d’une crise plus profonde de la solidarité intra-européenne. Nous identifions ainsi les conditions normatives et empiriques de la solidarité que nous confrontons à l’expérience européenne. Puis, par l’identification des finalités de la solidarité européenne, nous définissons les contours d’un cadre d’intégration capable de répondre aux attentes des européens en matière de solidarité, moyen de protection complémentaire des solidarités nationales
Our thesis traces the unprecedent path of solidarity between European States and Peoples made possible by the process of European integration. It questions the conditions, the justifications and the obstacles of what Robert Schuman identified as the transition from “de facto solidarity to production solidarity”, that is to say from negative solidarity understood in the sense of interdependence, to positive, desired, chosen solidarity. This ambitious goal encounters many obstacles. Gradually, European solidarity has been depoliticized and thus became a technical enterprise, following the functionalist method, which caused a loss of meaning and of the aims of the European project. Consequently, the question of legitimate justifications for European solidarity has become imperative, as has the search for conditions for a renewal of the consent of States and Peoples to European solidarity. Indeed, why and how have States consented in the past to an integration project that involved sacrifices in terms of sovereignty, and why and how could they consent to it again tomorrow? The crisis of trust and legitimacy in the EU is indicative of a deeper crisis of intra-European solidarity. We thus identify the normative and empirical conditions of solidarity that we confront with the European experience. Then, by identifying the purposes of European solidarity, we define the contours of an integration framework capable of meeting the expectations of Europeans in terms of solidarity, a means of added protection

Dans l'exercice de son contrôle de constitutionnalité, le Conseil constitutionnel français utilise des techniques juridictionnelles parmi lesquelles les moyens et questions soulevés d'office tiennent une place de choix. Spécifiquement dans son contrôle a priori des lois ordinaires, le juge constitutionnel a recours à ces techniques pour élargir les termes de la saisine. Par l'usage des moyens soulevés d'office, le juge peut substituer, une ou plusieurs normes de référence de son choix, à celles invoquées par les requérants contre la disposition de loi. Par l'usage des questions soulevées d'office, le juge constitutionnel choisit, à son initiative, une ou plusieurs dispositions de loi non contestées par la saisine. Au prisme de la question de l'étendue du contrôle des lois ordinaires, l'étude de ces techniques permet de confirmer que le contrôle a priori des lois a pour objet de s'exercer sur la totalité de ses dispositions, au regard de la totalité des normes de référence. Les techniques des moyens et questions soulevés d'office permettent au juge de confirmer le caractère inquisitorial et objectif marqué des lois ordinaires où la saisine déclenche le contrôle sans le limiter. Aussi, si cette technique existe dans le contentieux issu de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité, le juge peut seulement élargir d'office la norme de référence invoquée par les requérants, mais pas la disposition de contrôle. L'étude de ces deux techniques permet de dégager un critère qui justifie leur utilisation par le juge. Après avoir constaté l'examen élargi des dispositions de lois et des normes de référence du contrôle que permettent les techniques, il apparaît que le juge systématise les cas d'utilisation de cette technique en fonction d'une sélection des dispositions qui devront appeler son contrôle d'office. Cette sélection s'opère dès lors qu'est constatée une inconstitutionnalité manifeste et suffisamment grave.

La thèse poursuit deux objectifs principaux. D’abord, confronter les projets d'ontogenèse et de grammatologie respectivement proposés par G. Simondon en 1958 et J. Derrida en 1967 en les resituant dans leur contexte historico-théorique et en explicitant leurs enjeux épistémologiques (il s’agit dans les deux cas d'"excéder" les présupposés métaphysiques de la tradition philosophique occidentale et d’inventer une nouvelle relation entre discours philosophique et savoirs positifs). Puis, évaluer les conséquences théoriques de ces deux gestes concernant les questions philosophiques de l’homme et de la technique (il s'agit dans les deux cas de rompre avec une conception « humaniste » de l'homme et « instrumentale » de la technique, et de repenser la relation entre vie, technique et esprit). Il s’agit enfin de confronter ces pensées au contexte technique actuel et d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives pour penser les enjeux anthropologiques et sociaux des transformations technologiques contemporaines
The aim of this work is twofold. First, we focus on the projects of ontogenesis and grammatology, formulated by G. Simondon in 1958 and by J. Derrida in 1967, we situate them in their theoretical context and we evaluate their metaphysical and epistemological stakes (we try to show that a new way of thinking is appearing, after the end of Western metaphysics) ;Secondly, we focus on the theoretical consequences of Simondon’s and Derrida’s thought, particularly on the questions of human and technics (we try to show that they both open a way beyond humanism and reductionism by rethinking the links between life, technics and mind or spirit). We finally try to revive Simondon’s and Derrida’s reflections in the contemporary technical context, in order to open new perspectives on the anthropological and social consequences of the current digital transformations

Scientific and technological causes and consequences of climate change (CC) are getting more important in the general debate agenda (Ford, 2008) especially after the crucial tipping point represented by the year 2007, when it has become a matter of concern and urgency for the public, as most of the surveys on this issue show (Eurobarometer, 2009, Carvahlo, 2008). Indeed, given that the challenge of global CC demands a large effort by the scientific community and policy makers to provide the public with the best information possible, it is important to establish and sustain a genuine sharing of understanding between science and society (Funtowitcz 1993, Carvalho 2008, Felt and Fochler, 2008). My focus in this process is well founded in the relationship between science and its non-expert publics in the Italian context, focusing on the topic of responsibility, as it is indeed a central issue in the communication of the theme and the constitution of policy making. Under the theoretical frame of the process sociology (Elias, 1970) and of the socio-semiotic paradigm (Greimas, 1979, Landowsky, 1989) as a heuristic method of investigation, my analysis is based on two main complementary parts: on the one side, a qualitative research phase with selected publics and, on the other, a media analysis of tv news. The research is built on the European project R.A.C.E.S. (Raising Awareness on Climate Change and Energy Saving, www.liferaces.eu), during which 15 focus groups in five different cities all along Italy were carried out (Trento, Modena, Firenze, Potenza and Bari) with three different publics: teachers, family representatives (householders) and stakeholders (administrators, NGO leaders, service suppliers). The main themes explored referred to the significance of climate change, the most important local issues on climate change, the sources of information and the communication issue. Out of the European project, two additional focus groups were carried out after the COP15 event (in February 2010) in order to focus on the theme of responsibility as central for the communication process. The second and complementary part of the research is the analysis of a sample of TV news during the COP15 conference. The sample comprises the whole monitoring of the prime time TV news of 6 Italian free channels (out of 7), 1 week before and 1 week after the Copenhagen conference (altogether a period of 4 weeks). I collected a total of 80 items, many of which are redundant in material, using the same film report. The research design, the analysis and the results answer to a double necessity: • that of carrying on empirical studies in order to describe the way how phenomena are represented, perceived and discussed by the publics and how they can produce effects on the local communities (Pellizzoni e Ylönen, 2008). It can become important on the strategic level, and potentially asks retro-action on the management of the environmental issue. • that of providing a better understanding of the Italian situation in its geographical and cultural complexity, in front of a growing uncertainty. My assumption is that the actual phenomenon of climate change is not the central issue when talking about the perception of it. As already stated by different scholars, talking about climate change is to pose the environmental issues as a central societal issue. The environmental crisis manifests itself inextricable entangled with the (bad) use of natural resources and current representations of individual and social wellness. This means to talk about the quality of life, the policymaking, or management of environments (cities, industries, countryside, vacations sites, etc.). Results show how different is the perception of the topic of responsibility along Italy, with a more consistent habit to pay attention to the environmental issues and to assume an individual responsibility towards them in the North in the South of the country. In terms of communicative findings, starting from the local issues and from the values carried when talking about responsibility and climate change appear as the most effective starting points to arise the interest and the awareness of the lay public. Indeed, the environmental issues represent a fertile field in observing citizens participating in the dialogue between techno-science and society. Given that environment potentially overcome social classes, cultures and habits and influences the everyday quality of life, it seems obvious that there should be more voices involved in decisional processes, de-monopolizing the expert competence and developing a technological, cosmopolitan citizenship.

The discussion about the extent to which technology structures the human sphere is nowadays severely hampered by the popularization of mythological (Promethean threat, etc.) or narrative analogies (threat of AI, cyborg, etc.). Many authors who have questioned the essence of technology in detail have come to divide it into two categories, roughly summarized as (post)modern technology and ancient technology, thus evacuating the formal quality of technology. The feeling of anxiety that our societies experience in front of the autonomy and empowerment of technology would be explained by the ontological discontinuity of the human-technology relations. Isn't transhumanism, incidentally, the concrete embodiment of this rupture? Our thesis postulates that in order to correctly interpret the emergence of phenomena such as transhumanism, we need a philosophical reading of the phenomenon of technique. Now, a philosophical reading of the technique is only possible by questioning the anthropological and ontological roots of technology itself. Our intention to use philosophy to tackle this complex and highly mediatized issue of transhumanism leads us to reinvest pre-existing and absolutely fundamental metaphysical questions regarding the relationship between technology and human beings. We have chosen to take a phenomenological approach to better understand transhumanism, in order to outline the metaphysical issues at stake in our technical imaginary, as well as to serve as a new entry point to the question of technology itself. The eidetic reduction allows us to identify the internal divergences of transhumanism in order to express a minimal discourse, the desire to improve the human being through technology. This dialogue can from then on be assumed by the philosophy of technology and serve as a revealing phenomenon, while taking part in a major discussion that is still ongoing. In spite of the cultural and anthropological evolution of technology and its objects, we defend the hypothesis that there is no rupture between a modern technology and an ancient one, and that the emergence or the solidification of forms of contemporary technical imaginaries contributes to the ontological sphere of human existence. Our purpose is to return to the questions that technology raises towards the being of the human, instead of staying at the human that raises questions about the impact of science and technology. The transhumanism is considered as a starting point to the question of technology, which allows to reinstate the human-technology relations in the temporality of a continuous evolution, and induces a renewed and plastic adaptation of the human being to his environment. Our first part introduces the conceptual framework of the understanding of the technical object, as an object embedded in human mediations. We question this object from familiar landmarks, between mechanism and finalism, gesture and mediation, organ and tool. This allows us to determine some phenomenological aspects regarding body unity and the relation between "paraphernalia" and technical object. These defining elements are embodied in the analysis of contemporary techno-scientific objects, which determines the convergences and divergences between the mode of existence of technical objects and the one of emerging objects, in order to induce the possibility of a formal continuity in the ontology of the technical object. It is then necessary to question the relationship of the human being to his materiality, and thus his relationship to his milieu and temporality. Our second part aims at revitalizing the phenomenology of the dwelling through anthropology, in order to bring technology into play at the center of the human experience. We put our technical milieu back at the center of an epistemology that focuses on the notions of intention, invention and imagination, in order to reconstruct the relation of technology to human virtuality and to propose an analysis of the evolution of technology outside the ontic framework of human historicity. This apparent independence of technology requires us to question the reasons behind the feeling of threat that contemporary technology gives rise to. Our third part reshapes the rational and irrational dangers of which technique is the scapegoat by placing them outside the essence of technology itself. We start from a metaphysics of the substance of worldly objects which locates these concrete perils within the framework of the anthropological evolution of production modes and technical progress. We present these elements as the symptom of the transition from a humanist imaginary to a form of technical imaginary. This transition participates in a redefinition of the humanism that is able to overcome the technological ban and to testify of the cultural reality of technology. The emblematic example of these new technical imaginaries is the emergence of transhumanism. The fourth part thus extends these concrete questionings by focusing on the way in which transhumanism reclaims the metaphysical stakes of our materiality. It is based on the transhumanist conception of the human body through the difference therapy/enhancement, which reveals the invariant of the body phenomenon and revitalizes the truly disruptive viewpoints of transhumanism on immortality. They contrast with the existential relation of the human to finitude, considered as a structuring horizon of time. The opening of finitude to new temporalities invites us to question the way in which transhumanism brings into play the thought of eschatology and transcendence as a measure of lived time. Therefore, our fifth and last part questions the notion of transhumanist Grand Narrative in the light of emblematic technical myths, in order to unveil the metapoetics of imaginaries that support transhumanist and anti-transhumanist discourses. We locate the mythification of transhumanism in a more general eschatological and temporal process, taking into account the chosen recourse of transhumanist movements to technophilic optimism. These interrogations allow us to reinvest our analyses of the milieu and temporality to synthesize the continuistic evolutionism that makes transhumanism a consistent and metaphysical vector of the technical organization of the human sphere.
Le débat visant à évaluer dans quelle mesure la technique structure la sphère humaine est aujourd’hui grandement bridé par la vulgarisation d’analogies mythologiques (menace prométhéenne, etc.) ou narratives (menace de l’IA, du cyborg, etc.). De nombreux auteurs qui ont questionné en détail l’essence de la technique la scindent aujourd’hui selon deux modalités, résumées schématiquement en une technique (post)moderne et une technique ancienne, en évacuant la quiddité formelle de la technique. Le sentiment d’inquiétude qu’éprouvent nos sociétés face à l’autonomisation et à la puissance technique s’expliquerait par la discontinuité ontologique des relations humain-technique. Le transhumanisme, d’ailleurs, ne se fait-il pas l’incarnation concrète de cette rupture ? Notre thèse postule qu’afin de correctement interpréter l’émergence de phénomènes comme le transhumanisme, nous avons besoin d’une lecture philosophique du phénomène de la technique. Cette lecture philosophique de la technique nécessite de réinterroger les racines anthropologiques et ontologiques de la technique elle-même. Nous adoptons pour cela une approche phénoménologique de l’objet transhumaniste, qui se propose d’esquisser les enjeux métaphysiques propres à nos imaginaires techniques, en plus de servir d’entrée nouvelle à la question de la technique elle-même. La réduction eidétique nous permet de localiser les divergences internes au transhumanisme pour les rendre à l’expression d’un discours minimal, la volonté d’amélioration de l’homme par la technique. Ce discours manifesté et manifestant peut dès lors être pris en charge par la philosophie de la technique et servir de phénomène dévoilant, en prenant part à une discussion majeure et au demeurant largement entamée. Malgré l’évolution culturelle et anthropologique de la technique et de ses objets, nous défendons l’hypothèse qu’il n’y a pas de rupture entre une technique moderne et une technique ancienne, et que l’émergence ou la solidification de formes d’imaginaires techniques contemporains participe ontologiquement de la sphère d’existence humaine, et non accidentellement. Notre intention est donc de revenir aux questions que soulève la technique envers l’être de l’humain, au lieu d’en rester à l’humain comme l’être soulevant des questions sur l’impact de la science et de la technique. Le transhumanisme est pensé comme une porte d’entrée à la question de la technique, permettant de réinscrire les relations humain-technique dans la temporalité d’une évolution continue, induisant l’adaptation renouvelée et plastique de l’homme à son milieu. Notre première partie introduit le cadre conceptuel de la compréhension de l’objet technique, comme objet s’insérant dans les médiations humaines. Nous interrogeons cet objet à partir de points de repères familiers, entre mécanisme et finalisme, geste et médiation, organe et outil. Ces éléments nous permettent de déterminer certains apports phénoménologiques quant à l’unité organique et au rapport entre « util » et objet technique. Ces éléments de définition sont concrétisés dans l’analyse d’objets technoscientifiques contemporains, qui détermine les convergences et divergences entre le mode d’existence des objets techniques et celui des objets émergents, afin d’induire la possibilité d’une continuité formelle dans l’ontologie de l’objet technique. Il devient nécessaire de questionner le rapport de l’humain à l’engagement de sa matérialité, et donc de ses rapports au milieu et à la temporalité. Notre seconde partie cherche à revitaliser la phénoménologie de l’habitat par l’anthropologie, afin de faire jouer la technique au centre de la notion de vécu humain. Nous y replaçons le milieu technique au centre d’une épistémologie faisant travailler les notions d’intention, d’invention et d’imagination, pour reconstruire la relation de la technique à la virtualité humaine et proposer une analyse de l’évolution de la technique et de ses objets hors du cadre ontique de l’historicité humaine. Cette apparente autonomisation de la technique nous enjoint dès lors à questionner les ressorts du sentiment de danger que fait naître la technique contemporaine. Notre troisième partie participe d’une tentative de redéfinition de l’humanisme, apte à dépasser l’interdit technologique et à témoigner de la réalité culturelle de la technique. Elle restructure les dangers rationnels et irrationnels dont la technique se fait le bouc-émissaire en les resituant en dehors de l’essence de la technique elle-même, à partir d’une métaphysique de la substance des objets mondains qui replace ces périls concrets dans le cadre de l’évolution anthropologique de modes de production et de la notion de progrès technique. Nous présentons ces éléments comme le symptôme du passage d’un imaginaire humaniste vers une forme d’imaginaire technique, dont l’exemple emblématique est l’émergence du transhumanisme. La quatrième partie prolonge donc ces questionnements concrets en s’appuyant sur la façon dont le transhumanisme se réapproprie les enjeux métaphysiques de notre matérialité. Elle s’appuie sur la conception transhumaniste du corps humain à travers la différence thérapie/augmentation, qui dévoile l’invariant du phénomène corporel et vient revitaliser l’aspect véritablement rupturel des considérations immortalistes transhumanistes. Celles-ci viennent en contrepoint à la relation existentiale de l’humain à la finitude, considérée comme horizon de structuration du temps et du monde. L’ouverture de la finitude à de nouvelles temporalités nous invite alors à questionner la façon dont le transhumanisme fait jouer une pensée de l’eschatologie et de la transcendance comme mesure d’un temps vécu. Notre cinquième et dernière partie interroge par conséquent la notion de Grand Récit transhumaniste à l’aune de mythes techniques emblématiques, pour dévoiler la métapoétique de l’imaginaire qui sous-tend les discours transhumanistes et anti-transhumanistes. Nous en venons à resituer la mythification du transhumanisme dans un processus eschatologique et temporel plus général, prenant en compte le recours choisi des mouvements transhumanistes à l’optimisme technophile. Ces interrogations nous permettent de réinvestir nos analyses du milieu et de la temporalité pour synthétiser l’évolutionnisme continuiste faisant du transhumanisme un vecteur consistant de la structuration onto-anthropotechnique de la sphère humaine.

Le but de notre travail est de définir un modèle de recherche d'informations, intégrant les deux modes d'accès que sont la formulation de requêtes (approche systèmes de recherche d'information) et la navigation (approche systèmes hypermédia). La motivation de cette étude repose sur la constatation que ces deux approches sont fortement complémentaires, les avantages de l'une compensant largement les limitations de l'autre. Classiquement, les modèles de recherche d'informations et d'hypermédia établissent une distinction entre les aspects structure des informations et les aspects représentation des connaissances. Cette distinction est, d'une part, de nature à limiter les possibilités de ces systèmes, et est un obstacle à l'intégration de ces deux modèles d'autre part. La base de notre approche d'intégration consiste tout d'abord à unifier ces deux types d'informations: une sémantique est attachée aux structures, et cette sémantique doit être explicitée et utilisée dans le processus d'accès à l'information, au même titre que les connaissances attachées au contenu de l'information. La définition formelle proposée du modèle intégré est largement fondée sur le formalisme des graphes conceptuels qui a été retenu pour représenter toutes les connaissances du système et pour réaliser les différentes opérations d'interrogation et de navigation propres aux deux approches. Une conclusion intéressante de cette démarche d'intégration est qu'elle conduit également à améliorer les deux modèles composants, par rapport à l'état de l'art. Une expérimentation du modèle proposé a conduit à la réalisation d'un prototype fondé sur O2 (SGBD Orienté Objet) et l'interface MOSAIC de WWW (World Wide Web), et les tests ont utilisé le corpus du système RIME (Recherche d'Informations MEdicales)

Since the advent of the environmental crisis, some writers have raised concerns with the moral influence of Christian scripture and interpretive traditions, such as the medieval book of nature, a hermeneutic in which nature and scripture are "read" in reference to one another. Scripture, they argue, has tended to stifle sacred relationships with nature as a non-human other. This thesis argues that such perspectives are reductive of the sacred quality of scripture. Environmental perspectives should be concerned with the desacralization of religious texts in addition to nature. Chapter one suggests that two questions surrounding the medieval book of nature's history can help us address ways that such perspectives reduce religious interpretation of sacred texts. The first question is the tension between manifestation and proclamation, or the question of how scripture and nature reveal sacred meanings. The second is the problem of evil, or the question of where evil and suffering come from. It also proposes that Shakespeare's As You Like It and religious philosophy, particularly Paul Ricoeur's writings, can help us address these problems and provide a contemporary religious perspective of the "book of nature." Drawing on scenes in the play in which nature is "read" as a book and Ricoeur's essay on "Manifestation and Proclamation," chapter two argues how manifestation often works interdependently with proclamation. Chapter three discusses how anthropocentric worldviews in which natural entities are exploited also distort interpretive relationships with scripture. Overcoming desacralization requires giving up desires to suppress contingencies, particularly suffering, in nature and in interpreting religious texts. Only as the characters in As You Like It accept contingencies are they able to engage hidden sources of hope, which is comparable to the need to let go of mastery in interpretation Ricoeur describes. Chapter four discusses problems with attempts to uncover the origins of the environmental crisis by discussing what Ricoeur writes about the problems with theodicy and Jean-Luc Marion's phenomenology of evil. Assumptions that specific human origins for evil can be blamed confirm deceptively human-centered worldviews and can mask valuable messages about how to morally respond to suffering that are taught in Judeo-Christian narratives.

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The research focuses on the performance evaluation methodology within the models of multiple-choice questions from methodeutics criteria of Fuzzy Logic proposed by Lotfi Zadeh associated with statistical reasoning presented by Santos, Pigari and Tolentino present in the theories of uncertainty discussed by Russell and Norvig and item response theory presented by Fontanive. The study was based on an exploratory and experimental research used questionnaires that were submitted to academic groups. The collected data were compared with a bibliography on the field evaluation, education and logic, resulting in the organization of a methodology that enabled the construction of a prototype computer system to validate the realized and expected outcomes studies. Following the classification s heuristics Clancey it concludes by identifying a set of rules that have been identified as strong enough to guide work and software modeling, aimed at building models of multiple-choice questions based Fuzzy Logic rules. Finally, the results were gathered and presented by means of a system prototype able to characterize the main established rules, as well as studies, being able to be fully utilized in the implementation of performance assessments that may present evidence with expected results, supporting identifying random responses during evaluations
A pesquisa enfoca a metodologia da avaliação de desempenho, dentro dos modelos de questões do tipo múltipla escolha, a partir de critérios metodêuticos da Lógica Fuzzy (Lógica Difusa ou nebulosa) proposta por Zadeh Lotfi associados ao raciocínio estatístico apresentado por Santos, Pigari e Tolentino presente nas teorias da incerteza discutido por Russell e Norvig e teoria da resposta ao item apresentado por Fontanive. O estudo partiu de uma pesquisa exploratória e experimental que utilizou questionários que foram submetidos a grupos de acadêmicos. Os dados colhidos foram cotejados com uma bibliografia sobre o campo de avaliação-educação e lógica, resultando na organização de uma metodologia que possibilitou a construção de um sistema protótipo computacional para a validação dos estudos realizados e resultados esperados. Seguindo a Classificação Heurística de Clancey a pesquisa conclui pela identificação de um conjunto de regras que foram identificadas como suficientemente fortes para nortear trabalhos e de modelagem de softwares, visando a construção de modelos de questões do tipo múltipla escolha baseado em regras de Lógica Fuzzy. Finalmente, os resultados foram reunidos e apresentados por meio de um sistema protótipo capaz de caracterizar as principais regras estabelecidas, bem como os estudos realizados, sendo capaz de serem utilizados plenamente na aplicação de avaliações de desempenho que possam apresentar evidências com resultados esperados, oferecendo suporte a identificação de respostas ao acaso durante avaliações

L’instauration de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité (QPC) conduit à repenser les rapports entre les juridictions suprêmes : Conseil constitutionnel, Cour de cassation et Conseil d’Etat. Elle met aussi en lumière les spécificités de la fonction de juger – et notamment l’exercice, par le juge, de son pouvoir d’interprétation. De fait, en créant un lien direct entre les trois juridictions suprêmes, la QPC brouille les frontières de leurs compétences respectives et les place dans une situation d’interdépendance qui impacte directement l’étendue et l’exercice de leur pouvoir herméneutique. La QPC s’avère donc être le vecteur – c’est-à-dire à la fois le support, et le révélateur – d’une concurrence très vive entre les interprètes. De ce fait, il n’est pas possible de considérer qu’un juge détient le « dernier mot » pour l’attribution d’un sens à la loi ou à la Constitution – ces deux textes étant conjointement et simultanément interprétés par l’ensemble des juges du système. Le contrôle de constitutionnalité a posteriori met ainsi en lumière l’existence d’un processus interprétatif à la fois continu et inachevé. L’étude de ce contentieux permet donc de mieux comprendre le travail herméneutique effectué par le juge – en donnant l’occasion de forger le concept d’interprétation normative
The introduction of the The Priority Preliminary Ruling on the Issue of Constitutionality (QPC) leads to rethinking the relations between the supreme jurisdictions : Constitutional Council, Court of Cassation and Council of State. It also highlights the specificities of the judging’s function- and in particular the exercise by the judge of his interpretation’s power. In fact, by creating a direct link between the three supreme jurisdictions, the QPC blurs the boundaries of their respective jurisdictions and places them in a situation of interdependence that directly impacts the extent and the exercise of their hermeneutical power. Therefore, the QPC turns out to be the vector - that is to say, both the medium and the developer - of a very lively competition between the performers. Thereby, it is not possible to consider that a judge has the "last word" for the attribution of a meaning to the law or the Constitution - these two texts being jointly and simultaneously interpreted by the whole judges of the system. The QPC thus highlights the existence of an interpretive process that is both ongoing and uncompleted. The study of this litigation so lets understand the hermeneutical work done by the judge - by giving the opportunity to forge the concept of normative interpretation

碩士
國立臺灣大學
哲學研究所
89
In this thesis I show that Gadamer’s Truth and Method can be taken as a dialogue on the concept of truth in the hermeneutics of the human sciences. One party of this dialogue upholds the slogan of objective understanding (I call it the antithesis of this dialogue). Its main representatives are F. Schleiermacher, W. Dilthey and E. Hirsch. The other party, represented by H.G. Gadamer, advocates the concept of the logic of question and answer (I call it the thesis of this dialogue). Since the concept of objective understanding in the former party is already out of date, it makes this dialogue appears to be unintelligible to the present minds, therefore it is necessary to recover its contemporary sense. In chapter one I try to raise the antithesis of this dialogue to a universal position that I call it “the model of interpretation based on the concept of substance prior to relation.” From this position I recover the contemporary sense of the antithesis and further indicate the difficulties involved in it. In chapter two I raise the thesis of this dialogue to another universal position that I call it “the model of interpretation based on the concept of relation prior to substance.” I then try to show how Gadamer attacks the antithesis of this dialogue. Chapter three shows that the climax of Gadamer’s model of interpretation is accomplished in his concept of the logic of question and answer. I am sure that my work here can retrieve the actuality of the dialogue implied in the Truth and Method. Subject Cataloging: Hermeneutics, H.G. Gadamer, Logic of Question and Answer, Objective Understanding.

Partant des travaux séminaux de Boole, Frege et Russell, le mémoire cherche à clarifier l‟enjeu du pluralisme logique à l‟ère de la prolifération des logiques non-classiques et des développements en informatique théorique et en théorie des preuves. Deux chapitres plus « historiques » sont à l‟ordre du jour : (1) le premier chapitre articule l‟absolutisme de Frege et Russell en prenant soin de montrer comment il exclut la possibilité d‟envisager des structures et des logiques alternatives; (2) le quatrième chapitre expose le chemin qui mena Carnap à l‟adoption de la méthode syntaxique et du principe de tolérance, pour ensuite dégager l‟instrumentalisme carnapien en philosophie de la Logique et des mathématiques. Passant par l‟analyse d‟une interprétation intuitive de la logique linéaire, le deuxième chapitre se tourne ensuite vers l‟établissement d‟une forme logico-mathématique de pluralisme logique à l‟aide de la théorie des relations d‟ordre et la théorie des catégories. Le troisième chapitre délimite le terrain de jeu des positions entourant le débat entre monisme et pluralisme puis offre un argument contre la thèse qui veut que le conflit entre logiques rivales soit apparent, le tout grâce à l‟utilisation du point de vue des logiques sous-structurelles. Enfin, le cinquième chapitre démontre que chacune des trois grandes approches au concept de conséquence logique (modèle-théorétique, preuve-théorétique et dialogique) forme un cadre suffisamment général pour établir un pluralisme. Bref, le mémoire est une défense du pluralisme logique.
Starting from the seminal work of Boole, Frege and Russell, the dissertation seeks to clarify the issue of logical pluralism in the era of the proliferation of non-classical logics and the developments in theoretical computer science and proof theory. Two “historical” chapters are scheduled: the first chapter articulate the absolutism of Frege and Russell, taking care to show how it condemns the possibility to consider alternative structures and logics; the fourth chapter describes the path that led Carnap from the adoption of the syntactic method to the formulation of the principle of tolerance, then goes on to display Carnap‟s instrumentalism in philosophy of Logic and mathematics. Opening with the analysis of an intuitive interpretation of linear logic, the second chapter then turns to the establishment of a form of logico-mathematical pluralism with the help of order theory and category theory. The third chapter delineates the playground of revisionism (philosophical positions surrounding the debate between monism and pluralism) and then provides an argument against the thesis that denies the reality of the conflict between rival logics, all this being done by adopting the substructural logic point of view. The fifth chapter shows that each of the three main approaches to the concept of logical consequence (model-theoretic, proof-theoretic and dialogical) supplies a framework sufficiently general to establish pluralism. In short, the dissertation is a defence of logical pluralism.

abstract: While in recent years deep learning (DL) based approaches have been the popular approach in developing end-to-end question answering (QA) systems, such systems lack several desired properties, such as the ability to do sophisticated reasoning with knowledge, the ability to learn using less resources and interpretability. In this thesis, I explore solutions that aim to address these drawbacks. Towards this goal, I work with a specific family of reading comprehension tasks, normally referred to as the Non-Extractive Reading Comprehension (NRC), where the given passage does not contain enough information and to correctly answer sophisticated reasoning and ``additional knowledge" is required. I have organized the NRC tasks into three categories. Here I present my solutions to the first two categories and some preliminary results on the third category. Category 1 NRC tasks refer to the scenarios where the required ``additional knowledge" is missing but there exists a decent natural language parser. For these tasks, I learn the missing ``additional knowledge" with the help of the parser and a novel inductive logic programming. The learned knowledge is then used to answer new questions. Experiments on three NRC tasks show that this approach along with providing an interpretable solution achieves better or comparable accuracy to that of the state-of-the-art DL based approaches. The category 2 NRC tasks refer to the alternate scenario where the ``additional knowledge" is available but no natural language parser works well for the sentences of the target domain. To deal with these tasks, I present a novel hybrid reasoning approach which combines symbolic and natural language inference (neural reasoning) and ultimately allows symbolic modules to reason over raw text without requiring any translation. Experiments on two NRC tasks shows its effectiveness. The category 3 neither provide the ``missing knowledge" and nor a good parser. This thesis does not provide an interpretable solution for this category but some preliminary results and analysis of a pure DL based approach. Nonetheless, the thesis shows beyond the world of pure DL based approaches, there are tools that can offer interpretable solutions for challenging tasks without using much resource and possibly with better accuracy.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2019

碩士
國立中興大學
資訊科學與工程學系所
107
In this study, we investigate the employment of the pre-trained BERT language model to tackle question generation tasks. We introduce three neural architectures built on top of BERT for question generation tasks. The first one is a straightforward BERT employment, which reveals the defects of directly using BERT for text generation. And, the second one remedies the first one by restructuring the architecture into a sequential manner for taking information from previous decoded result. In addition, we further propose third model which improves the performance through different BERT input representation formulation. Our models are trained and evaluated on the recent question-answering dataset SQuAD. Experiment results show that our best model yields state-of-the-art performance which advances the BLEU 4 score of the existing best models from 16.85 to 22.17.

Nel pensiero contemporaneo la questione della metafisica viene posta e risolta sul terreno della logica pura. L’impostazione contemporanea del problema metafisico dipende dall’avvento della logica matematica. Ora, secondo i neopositivisti, questa disciplina offre gli strumenti per negare in modo definitivo la possibilità stessa di una metafisica teorica. I tomisti reagiscono all’eliminazione logica della filosofia prima, negando alla logistic il rango di vera e propria logica. La tesi tomista si basa su una precisa filosofia della logica. Il fine di Inaudita Ars è quello di esaminare tale filosofia, analizzando in particolare il modello demiurgico che i tomismi elaborano a partire dalla nozione di ars logica. Le tesi principale di Inaudita Ars possono essere formulate come segue: a) Il modello demiurgico con cui i tomisti cercano di definire la natura dei metodi analitici, fornisce una semplice approssimazione analogica all’ente di ragione (being of reason), lasciando conseguentemente del tutto irrisolta la questione relativa alla epistemic quiddity of logic. b) Nondimeno, la risposta puramente analogica del modello demiurgico costituisce un’importante acquisizione all’interno della costellazione aristotelico-tomista. Né Aristotele né i peripatetici chiariscono infatti in quale dei tre generi epistemici previsti nella loro Wissenshaflehere rientrino i metodi analitici. La nozione di organon non indica infatti una specie epistemologica, ma una funzione epistemica che può essere esercitata da tutte le discipline, indipendentemente dal fatto che abbiano un carattere teoretico, pratico o poietico. c) Essendo consapevole dei limiti interni alla concezione demiurgica della logica, Tommaso potenzia la nomenclatura aristotelica dei generi epistemici, introducendo la nozione rationalis scientia, sulla base della quale costruisce un nuovo modello che gli consente di definisce univocamente la quiddità dei metodi analitici. d) Perfezionando il modello scientifico di Tommaso, J. Deely ne elabora uno di tipo semiotico, mostrando che la rationalis scientia di cui parla l’Aquinate è una disciplina che rientra propriamente nell’ambito epistemico della dottrina dei segni. La conclusione principale di Inaudita Ars è che il tomismo ha elaborato non meno di tre modelli per definire la quiddità della logica, pervenendo infine ad una teoria abbastanza potente da determina univocamente sia la specie epistemica dell’analitica, che la natura ontologica degli oggetti di cui tale disciplina si occupa.
In contemporary thought, the matter of metaphysics is commonly addressed and resolved on the grounds of pure logic. It was the emergence of mathematical logic that determined this contemporary configuration of metaphysical issues. According to neopositivist thinkers, the discipline of mathematical logic offers the tools necessary to definitely negate the very possibility of a theoretical metaphysics. Thomists respond to the logical elimination of the First Philosophy by denying the logistic the status of true logic. The Thomist position is based on a precise philosophy of logic. The main aim of Inaudita Ars is to explore this philosophy with a particular analytical focus on the demiurgic model that Thomist scholars have developed, beginning from the notion of ars logica. The primary theses of Inaudita Ars might be expressed as follows: a) The demiurgic model that Thomists use in their efforts to define the nature of analytical methods provides a simple analogical approximation of the being of reason, consequently utterly failing to resolve the issues surrounding the epistemic quiddity of logic. b) Nevertheless, the purely analogical response provided by the demiurgic model constitutes an important achievement within the Aristotelian-Thomist school. As a matter of fact, neither Artistotle nor Peripatetics effectively clarify which of the three epistemic types outlined in their Wissenschaftslehre comprises analytical methods. Indeed, the notion of organon does not refer to an epistemological genre but rather an epistemic function that can be exercised by any discipline, whether it be theoretical, practical or poietic in character. c) With an awareness of the intrinsic limits of the demiurgic conception of logic, St. Thomas enriches the Aristotelian terminology of epistemic types by introducing the notion of rationalis scientia, which he uses as a foundation on which to construct a new model that allows him to univocally define the quiddity of analytical methods. d) In refining Thomas’ scientific model, J. Deely develops a semiotic-type model, thus demonstrating that the discipline represented by Aquinas’ rationalis scientia should properly be considered part of the epistemic sphere of the doctrine of signs. The main conclusion of Inaudita Ars is that Thomism has developed no less than three models for defining the quiddity of logic, with the end result of formulating a theory powerful enough to univocally determine both the epistemic genre of analytics and the ontological nature of the objects this discipline addresses.