Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ratio de paramètres'
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Smail, Mohamed. "Identification des paramètres des structures vibrantes dans le domaine temporel." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0354.
Full textVerrier, Isabelle. "Influence de certains paramètres sur la propagation lumineuse dans les fibres optiques : fluctuations d'intensité en sortie de fibre multimodale." Saint-Etienne, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STET4008.
Full textNdzana, Abanda Raphaël François Xavier. "Régulation des bio-agresseurs dans les cultures associées de blé dur et de pois : impact de la diversité végétale sur la démographie des pucerons du pois." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1780/.
Full textAphids are major pests of crops in temperate regions. Their status as major crop pests is based on their high reproductive potential due to parthenogenesis in spring and summer, their polyphenism, and the transmission of viruses to plants. Several control methods have been considered against aphids. Of these methods, the most popular includes the "top down" appoach, which considers natural enemies and chemical control. When comparing the development time of aphids and their natural enemies, like ladybirds, we observe that the former grow faster than the latter. This difference in the speed of development characterizes aphids as short-lived prey. The generation time ratio of the natural enemies of aphids to that of the aphids is greater than 1. This value indicates that "Top-down" regulation is unlikely. Thus, to regulate pea aphids, other possibilities for biological control need to be considered. The "Bottom-up" approach seems to be more appropriate. This approach (Bottom-up) encourages an increase in plant biodiversity in the farm to regulate the population dynamics of pea aphids (A. Pisum Harris). This thesis aims at verifying the impact of plant diversity on the demography of pea aphid (A. Pisum Harris) in winter pea monoculture and in winter pea and durum wheat intercropping system. During our field work we were able to verify that aphid infestations were statistically higher in monoculture pea compared to an intercrop of winter pea and durum. We were also able to evaluate the influence of the host plant on the movements and the fitness of the aphids. The movements and demographic parameters of adults A. Pisum were examined in a pure stand of winter peas and an intercrop of winter pea and durum wheat. The distances covered in pure culture of peas were significantly longer than in intercropping. The fertility rate was higher in intercropping pea / wheat than in pure culture of peas. Similarly, the survival rate of the larvae of aphids was higher in intercrop than in sole crop pea although the difference was not significant. We tested 1,036 aphids on their choice between odor sources from two types of cropping systems (peas monoculture and an intercrop of durum wheat and pea). To this, we added other parameters such as the morph of the aphid (winged or wingless), the aphid strain (wild or reared in the laboratory), and the amount of plants in pots during the experiment. The choice of aphids on the type of crop did not show significant results. However, there was a tendency of the aphids to be attracted by the odor from the pea monoculture. These results highlight the importance of plant diversity in the control of aphids. Effects related to the host plant "bottom up" help regulate certain pests. However, other varieties of plant species in the cereal-legume couple should be tested to confirm this hypothesis
Stanciu, Mihai Ionut. "Sur l'estimation aveugle de paramètres de signaux UWB impulsionnels dans un contexte de radio intelligente." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2023.
Full textThis thesis is concerned with the study of UWB systems which represent a promising perspective in low range radio systems field. UWB technology is best suited to be used within ad-hoc Piconet radio networks, which must dispose of high flexibility. Consequently this thesis is focused on one hand on the development of very low complexity parameters blind estimation methods, which can play an essential role in the synchronization stage, and on the other hand on the statistical characterization of the propagation channel, with the scope of establishing criteria to realize blind real time adjustments of the digital transmission. The study is organized in three main directions. The first consists of developing a method to estimate the chip time, based on noisy times of arrival measurements, with false and missing observations. The main problem with this approach is that the considered times of arrival statistical model cannot realistically reflect indoor UWB channels. Therefore a second direction is concerned with the development of a method to estimate the chip time based on energy measurements on the received UWB impulse radio signal. Using the well known energy detector principle this approach jointly estimates the chip time and this optimal integration window, the main advantage is that it allows considering propagation noise, multipath propagation and multiuser interference. The third direction deals with a statistical study of the multipath propagation interference of a UWB propagation channel
Racine, Emmanuel. "Estimation efficace des paramètres de signaux d'usagers radio-mobile par traitement avec antenne-réseau." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30193/30193.pdf.
Full textThis thesis addresses the problem of parameter estimation of radio signals from mobile users using an antenna array. A rigorous theoretical approach to the problem is adopted in an attempt to overcome the limitations and disadvantages of existing estimation methods in this field. The main chapters have been written covering only the theoretical aspects related to the main contributions of the thesis, while at the same time providing an appropriate literature review on the considered topics. The thesis is divided into three main parts related to the aforesaid contributions. Following a review of the basics concepts in antenna array processing techniques for signal parameter estimation, we first present an improved version of an existing estimation algorithm expoiting higher-order statistics of the received signals. Subsequently, we show how a nonlinear estimation technique exploiting the specific statistical distributions of the received complex envelopes at the array can be developed in order to overcome the limitations of second and fourth-order algorithms. Finally, we present the development of an estimation algorithm exploiting the cyclostationary nature of communication signals in a natural asynchronous environment. We show how such an algorithm is able to estimate the channel matrix of the received signals independently of the spatial or temporal correlation structure of the noise, thereby enabling a full exploitation of the array’s degree of freedom. The estimation process is carried out by solving a joint diagonalization problem involving target matrices computed by a differential operation between autocorrelation matrices obtained by the sole use of second-order statistics. Various simulation experiments are presented for each contribution as a means of supporting and evidencing the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Vecellio, Laurent. "Influence des paramètres physiques de la nébulisation sur la métrologie et la dynamique des aérosols." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR3310.
Full textTop, Alioune. "Estimation paramétriques et tests d'hypothèses pour des modèles avec plusieurs ruptures d'un processus de poisson." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1014/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the parametric estimation, hypothesis testing and goodnessof-fit test problems for non homogenous Poisson processes. First we consider two models having two jumps located by an unknown parameter.For the first model the sum of jumps is positive. The second is a model of switching intensity, piecewise constant and the sum of jumps is zero. Thus, for each model, we studied the asymptotic properties of the Bayesian estimator (BE) andthe likelihood estimator (MLE). The consistency, the convergence in distribution and the convergence of moments are shown. In particular we show that the BE is asymptotically efficient. For the second model we also consider the problem of asimple hypothesis testing against a one- sided alternative. The asymptotic properties (choice of the threshold and power) of Wald test (WT) and the generalized likelihood ratio test (GRLT) are described.For the proofs we use the method of Ibragimov and Khasminskii. This method is based on the weak convergence of the normalized likelihood ratio in the Skorohod space under some tightness criterion of the corresponding families of measure.By numerical simulations, the limiting variances of estimators allows us to conclude that the BE outperforms the MLE. In the situation where the sum of jumps is zero, we developed a numerical approach to obtain the MLE.Then we consider the problem of construction of goodness-of-test for a model with scale parameter. We show that the Cram´er-von Mises type test is asymptotically parameter-free. It is also consistent
Visoz, Raphaël. "Traitements itératif et conjoint pour les systèmes radio-mobiles." Paris, ENST, 2002. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001292.
Full textCheng, Shiqi. "Characterization and modeling of the polarimetric MIMO radio channel for highly diffuse scenarios." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10146/document.
Full textA deeper understanding of the radio channel propagation phenomena is the key to improve the overall performance of wireless communication systems. This is particularly true for challenging propagation environments wherein strong diffuse scattering mechanisms are observed. However, the most recent radio channel models do not include this component and must be re-evaluated. In this thesis, it is proposed to decompose the polarimetric MIMO radio channel into specular and dense multipath components (SMC and DMC) where DMC includes diffuse scattering and weak SMC. The purpose of this decomposition is to investigate the contribution of DMC to the radio channel and develop a comprehensive modeling framework; framework which has been applied to two propagation scenarios presenting strong diffuse scattering mechanisms: indoor industrial and outdoor vegetation. Here, novel polarimetric models have been developed and validated from measured radio channels. Moreover, a multipath component distance (MCD)-based automatic clustering identification algorithm is proposed to group SMC obtained from measured radio channels. Its performance and robustness are compared with the K-means MCD algorithm using cluster data simulated by the WINNER II channel model. The validated clustering algorithm was then directly applied onto data which were estimated from the measured radio channels with or without DMC in the radio channel data model. The results unambiguously demonstrate that the proposed models not only provide a better understanding of the propagation mechanisms but also that radio channel models without DMC could potentially mislead the interpretation of those mechanisms
Marnat, Marguerite. "Récepteur radiofréquence basé sur l’échantillonnage parcimonieux pour de l'extraction de caractéristiques dans les applications de radio cognitive." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT093/document.
Full textThis work deals with the topic of radiofrequency receivers based on Compressive Sampling for feature extraction in Cognitive Radio.Compressive Sampling is a paradigm shift in analog to digital conversion that bypasses the Nyquist sampling frequency.In this work, estimations are carried out directly on the compressed samples due to the prohibitive cost of signal reconstruction.First, the receiver architecture is considered, in particular through the choice of the mixing codes of the Modulated Wideband Converter.A high-level analysis on properties of the sensing matrix, coherence to reduce the number of measurement and isometry for noise robustness,is carried out and validated by a simulation platform.Finally, parametric estimation based on compressed samples is tackled through the prism of the Cram'{e}r-Rao lower bound on unbiased estimators.A closed form expression of the Fisher matrix is established under certain assumptions and enables to dissociate the effects of compression and diversity creation.The influence of Compressive Sampling on estimation bounds, in particular coupling between parameters and spectral leakage, is illustrated by the example
Zaylaa, Amer. "Multichannel EHG segmentation for automatically identifying contractions and motion artifacts." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2521.
Full textIn this study , we have focused on the automatic segmentation of events in the uterine EMG signal and then on the identification of contractions among these events by referring to the expert's knowledge. Our database includes uterine EMG signals of different weeks of gestation acquired through a matrix of 4x4 electrodes. Therefore, our work has first included an application of the dynamic cumulative sum (DCS) method in a monodimensional approach on monopolar signals in order to obtain a high spatial resolution of the data. Based on the obtained results, our study has then focused on bipolar signals in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of uterine EMGs. In fact, the DCS method has continued by associating first a series of techniques for the elimination of false detected ruptures either based on Fisher or on the SNR and by developing secondly two fusion methods of these ruptures : the firts one is automatic while the other one is based on the weighted majority voting system, where each channel is weighted by a factor when merging the instants of detected ruptures. In addition, the DCS method is applied in a multidimensional approach, first on the bipolar signals, then on their details after wavelet decomposition. Infact, we were interested in the dynamic selection of these details in both approaches by using a technique based on the Kullback Leibler ditance. Finally, in order to indentify the contractions and reduce the number of other detected events, an assay of parameters extraction of these obtained events has been presented and validated
El, Husseini Ali. "Estimation de canal radio à évanouissement plat par filtre de Kalman à modèle autorégressif : application aux canaux véhiculaires et à relais mobiles." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I008/document.
Full textChannel estimation is a crucial task of the radio receiver in wireless communication systems, especially in the case of mobility where the channel parameters vary over time due to the Doppler effect. In this thesis, we consider slow to moderate channel variations, typical of vehicular applications, and in particular the following two types of channels: fixed-mobile (F-M) channels and mobile-mobile (M-M) channels, with in the latter case the possible presence of mobile relays (Amplify and Forward). We started our study with the F-M channel, which will serve as a basis for investigating the M-M channel.For the case of an F-M channel, modeled by Rayleigh model described by the Jakes spectrum, a common approach to estimating the channel is to use a Kalman filter (KF) based on an autoregressive model of order p (AR(p)). The conventional method for setting AR(p) model parameters is based on the correlation matching criterion (CM). However, the major disadvantage of this method is that very high orders p>15) are needed to approach the Bayesian Cramer-Rao Bound. The choice of p as well as the adjustment of the parameters of the model are therefore critical and a compromise must be found between the numerical complexity and the performance. The reasonable compromise that has attracted a lot of attention is to take p = 2. Since the CM is not efficient for p = 2, other methods of tuning have been proposed in the literature, but these are mainly based on experimental results or exhaustive searches, which limits their application.To adjust the model, we propose to use a criterion of minimization of the asymptotic variance (MAV) of the estimation error at the output of the Kalman filter. A general tuning formula has been derived based on the state of the channel (Doppler frequency and signal-to-noise ratio), which can be very useful in practice. In addition, we also derived an analytic formula for the mean squared error, which allows a better understanding of KF behavior.Then we treated the M-M channel with the possible presence of mobile relays, following the same approach. The analytical expressions for the optimal adjustment of the AR(2) model parameters and the mean squared error performance were first set according to the second and fourth moments of the Doppler spectrum of the global channel. The analytical formulas of these moments were derived by exploiting the convolution property of the density functions, after decomposing the cascading global channel channel of Jakes spectrum elementary channels. With these approaches, the results of simulations for the different channels show a considerable gain in terms of mean squared error performance estimation, compared to the literature
Fhima, Mehdi. "Détection de ruptures et mouvement Brownien multifractionnaire." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF22197.
Full textThis Ph.D dissertation deals with "Off-line" detection of change points on parameters of time series of independent random variables, and in the Hurst parameter of multifrcational Brownian motion. It consists of three articles. In the first paper, published in Sequential Analysis, we set the cornerstones of the Filtered Derivative with p-Value method for the detection of change point on parameters of independent random variables. This method has linear time and memory complexities, with respect to the size of the series. It consists of two steps. The first step is based on Filtered Derivative method which detects the right change points as well as the false ones. We improve the Filtered Derivative method by adding a second step in which we compute the p-values associated to every single potential change point. Then we eliminate false alarms, i.e. the change points which have p-value smaller than a given critical level. We showed asymptotic properties needed for the calibration of the algorithm. The effectiveness of the method has been proved both on simulated data and on real data. Then we moved to the application of the method for the detection of change point on the Hurst parameter of multifractional Brownian motion. This was done in two phases. In the first phase, a paper is to be published in ESAIM P&S where we investigated the Central Limit Theorem of the Increment Ratio Statistic of a multifractional Brownian motion, leading to a CLT for the time varying Hurst index. The proofs are quite simple relying on Breuer-Major theorems and an original freezing of time strategy.The second phase relies on a new paper submitted for publication. We adapted the FDpV method to detect change points on the Hurst parameter of piecewise fractional Brownian motion. The underlying statistics of the FDpV technology is a new statistic estimator for Hurst index, so-called Increment Zero-Crossing Statistic (IZCS) which is a variation of IRS. Both FDpV and IZCS are methods with linear time and memory complexities, with respect to the size of the series
Ghannudi, Hamza El. "Interférences d'accès multiples et performances d'un système impulsionnel à bande ultra large transposé à 60 GHz en réseau ad hoc." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-177.pdf.
Full textShu, Huaqiang. "Algorithmes de poursuite pour l'estimation de canal radio-mobile et performances asymptotiques : applications pour les systèmes OFDM." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00918418.
Full textKarolak, Cyprien. "CarboFrac : Analyse et modélisation de l'engrenage (d'un siège auto) en acier à faible teneur en carbone carbonitruré." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM057/document.
Full textThis work aims at a better understanding and modeling of the failure of gradient metallic materials. It is applied to carbonitrided pinions made out of 20MnB5 steel, inserted in a "recliner", a safety mechanism of automotive seats. Carbonitriding induces high surface hardness while preserving significant core ductility. The experimental analysis of the fracture behavior of seat recliners in an industrial test confirmed the dual failure behavior of the component : brittle external layer, ductile core material. A test bench has been specifically designed for the project: one tooth is submitted to a lateral force until complete failure. In situ observations are performed and the load-displacement curve recorded, showing a variety of behaviors as a function of the teeth engagement depth and of the presence or not of the carbonitrided layer. Experimental tests with various tress states were conducted to measure plastic properties as well as to calibrate fracture criteria, for the carbonitrided layer and for the core steel. Von Mises plasticity and a simple strain hardening curve fit very well all these experiments. As fracture criteria from the literature were unable to predict failure correctly for all the mechanical tests, an adapted criterion has therefore been proposed as an outcome of this extensive mechanical testing campaign. Fracture simulation in LS Dyna has been performed using the element erosion technique, the limitations of which are discussed. Comparison with the experimental tooth fracture measurements allows evaluation of the proposed failure criteria, and enables to stress out and discuss the present limits of the simulation, concluding that it will be necessary in future work to account more finely for the mechanical property gradient together with the compressive residual stresses in the carbonitrided layer
Desrosiers, Mélissa. "Homéostasie phosphocalcique et vitamine D : effets sur le cartilage de croissance par la mesure des paramètres physiques, biochimiques et géniques liés à la croissance osseuse." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8151.
Full textKadje, Kenmogne Romain. "Estimation de paramètres en exploitant les aspects calculatoires et numériques." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20584.
Full textAntoine, Bertille. "Gérer le risque d'échantillonnage en économétrie financière : modélisation et contrôle." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1963.
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