Academic literature on the topic 'Reciprocity. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Reciprocity. eng"
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Dobroskok, Anastasia A., and Alexander M. Linkov. "Corrigendum to “CV dual reciprocity BEM for transient flow in blocky systems with singular points and lines of discontinuities” [Eng. Anal. Boundary Elem. 34(3) (2010) 238–247]." Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 35, no. 1 (2011): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2010.05.005.
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Zhukov, Leonid, David Weinstein, and Chris Johnson. "Reciprocity basis for EEG source imaging." NeuroImage 11, no. 5 (2000): S598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(00)91529-5.
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Araújo, Naiara Sales. "Literature and Videogames: Adaptation and Reciprocity." Revista Letras Raras 6, no. 3 (2017): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35572/rlr.v6i3.872.
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The present article aims to discuss on the relation between Literature and Videogames showing how the lifestyle of the postmodern man was, somehow, predicted by the literaty production from the twentieth century, and how literature has offered subsidies to the production of videogames narratives and other virtual programms which intend to represent reality. To this end, we have used the studies of James Naremore (2000) and Tania Pellegrini (2003), among others, to raise discussions toward the process of adaptation and reciprocity in the literaty and virtual universe. The results point to a close relation between these two forms of expression. Also, the gamer culture has been taking its space and developing potentialities in individuals that few methods can. Every year, elements that make impossibilities possible are developed in monumental speed. It is necessary to take into account such phenomena so they are not unnoticed. The physical reality adds to the virtual and vice versa. This cycle will not end soon.
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Hall, Jeffrey A. "Sex differences in friendship expectations: A meta-analysis." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 28, no. 6 (2010): 723–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407510386192.
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Friendship expectations are prescriptive normative behaviors and highly valued qualities in ideal same-sex friends. This paper reports the results of five meta-analyses of sex differences from 37 manuscripts (36 samples, N = 8825). A small difference favoring females was detected in overall friendship expectations ( d = .17). Friendship expectations were higher for females in three of four categories: symmetrical reciprocity (e.g., loyalty, genuineness; d = .17), communion (e.g., self-disclosure, intimacy; d = .39), solidarity (e.g., mutual activities, companionship; d = .03), but agency (e.g., physical fitness, status; d = -.34) was higher in males. Overall expectations and symmetrical reciprocity showed small effect sizes. Medium effect sizes for communion favoring females and for agency favoring males support predictions of evolutionary theory.
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Saglam, Hakan. "The reciprocity between art and architecture." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 4 (2019): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i4.4413.
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The concept of ‘Art’ in the modern meaning, evaluates within the Enlightenment’s seminal World of philosophy. Before the Enlightenment architecture and craft were instinctively united fields of creating, almost impossible to detach one from the other. From the beginning of twentieth century the avant-garde of modern architecture were aware of the growing schism between art and architecture and vice versa. The pioneers were writing manifestos, stating that art and architecture should form a new unity, a holistic entity, which would include all types of creativity and put an end to the severance between “arts and crafts”, “art and architecture”. Approaching the end, of the first decade of the twenty first century, as communicative interests in all fields are becoming very important, we should once more discuss the relation/ interaction / cross over of art and architecture; where the boundaries of the two fields become blurred since both sides, art and architecture, are intervening the gap between. The aim of this paper is to discuss the examples of both contemporary art and architecture, which challenge this “in between gap.”
 Key words: Architecture, art, interaction, in between.
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Firmansyah, Muh Reza, Faturochman Faturochman, and Wenty Marina Minza. "Do closeness, support, and reciprocity influence trust in friendship?" Jurnal Psikologi Sosial 19, no. 1 (2021): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jps.2021.07.
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 Prior qualitative research by Faturochman and Minza (2014) on trust in Indonesia found that trust is influenced by relational attributes, including closeness, support, and reciprocity. This study aims to examine whether the findings of the previous research can be applied in specific forms of relationships, e.g. friendship. The survey method is used in this study, involving 97 males and 123 (N = 220) females who completed a scale related to the variables studied. We found that support and reciprocity significantly predicted the score of trust. However, closeness did not. It was also found that the effect of support is higher than reciprocity. Based on the research, we created the regression model with the contribution of support to the trust 37.8%, then reciprocity addition which was analyzed together with support gave a total contribution to the trust 41.5%. The implication of this study is further discussed.
 
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Irwin, Stacey O. "Technological Reciprocity with a Cell Phone." Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 18, no. 1 (2014): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne201461613.
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Perception and reciprocity are key understandings in the lived experience of driving while using a cellular phone. When I talk on a cell phone while driving, I interpret the world through a variety of technologically mediated perceptions. I interpret the bumps in the road and the bug on the windshield. I perceive the information on the dashboard and the conversation with the Other on the other end of the technological “line” of the phone. This reflection uses hermeneutical phenomenology to address the things themselves in life with which we relate and interact with in our everydayness, as we talk on a cell phone while driving.
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Schaefer, Max. "The Limits of Care in Heidegger: Self-Interest and The WellBeing of the World." Differenz, no. 4 (2018): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/differenz.2018.i04.06.
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This paper seeks to establish the limits in Heidegger’s account of how human beings are with one another in the world. Toward this end, we will examine Heidegger’s finding that human beings exist in the world as care, as a finite movement that needs to seek the perseverance and growth of its being. We will be brought to find that, in Heidegger’s thought, this finite movement is essentially worldly and holistic, and that this means that the essential formal structure of human relations is that of reciprocity. The form and limit of such relations of reciprocity will be pursued by examining Heidegger’s account of how these relations are lived in inauthentic and authentic ways. In the case of the former, we will find that human relations abide by a logic of tit-for-tat. In the latter case, however, such relations of reciprocity will be seen to open onto and foster the growth of the wellbeing of the world as a whole. In closing, we will ask whether Heidegger’s account of our finite movement in the world can accommodate relations of non-reciprocity.
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Ennarah, K. M. "The End of Reciprocity: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Security Sector." South Atlantic Quarterly 113, no. 2 (2014): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2644194.
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Barclay, Pat. "Reciprocity creates a stake in one's partner, or why you should cooperate even when anonymous." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1929 (2020): 20200819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0819.
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Why do we care so much for friends, even making sacrifices for them they cannot repay or never know about? When organisms engage in reciprocity, they have a stake in their partner's survival and wellbeing so the reciprocal relationship can persist. This stake (aka fitness interdependence) makes organisms willing to help beyond the existing reciprocal arrangement (e.g. anonymously). I demonstrate this with two mathematical models in which organisms play a prisoner's dilemma, and where helping keeps their partner alive and well. Both models shows that reciprocity creates a stake in partners' welfare: those who help a cooperative partner––even when anonymous––do better than those who do not, because they keep that cooperative partner in good enough condition to continue the reciprocal relationship. ‘Machiavellian' cooperators, who defect when anonymous, do worse because their partners become incapacitated. This work highlights the fact that reciprocity and stake are not separate evolutionary processes, but are inherently linked.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reciprocity. eng"
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Oliveira, Flávio Ismael da Silva. "Affordances : a relação entre agente e ambiente /." Marília : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88194.
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Orientador: Sérgio Tosi Rodrigues<br>Banca: Maria Eunice Quilici Gonzalez<br>Banca: Umberto Cesar Corrêa<br>Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o conceito de affordance de James Gibson (1977, 1979/1986) e suas implicações teóricas e filosóficas, principalmente no que se referem às noções de informação e de percepção. Como um organismo visualmente sensitivo, o homem se move para atingir as suas metas e tem grande parte de suas atividades sob controle direto da visão, possibilitando uma interação dinâmica com o meio. Duas perspectivas teóricas para a interação agente-ambiente, baseadas na percepção visual, foram revistas neste estudo - a perspectiva representacionista, que admite que representações mentais são necessárias para a percepção visual, e a perspectiva ecológica, que assume que o ambiente pode ser percebido sem o envolvimento de processos representacionais. De acordo com Gibson, muitas questões sobre como a informação visual é "construída" internamente pelo agente poderiam ser substituídas por questões que tratam das fontes de informação no ambiente, determinantes para o comportamento do agente. O conceito gibsoniano de informação reconcilia dois aspectos da relação agente-ambiente, os inseparáveis conceitos de invariantes e affordances. A noção de invariantes é baseada na idéia de que padrões de energia que estimulam os sentidos contêm informações que especificam o ambiente. O conceito de affordances especificamente faz referência ao agente, expressando as possibilidades de ação oferecidas pelo ambiente. Adicionalmente, o presente estudo discute uma variedade de aspectos relacionados ao conceito de affordances tais como a noção de reciprocidade (animal-ambiente, percepção-propriocepção e percepção-ação), as relações com eventos, sua ontologia e as principais críticas feitas por cientistas cognitivos.<br>Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyse the James Gibson's (1979/1986) concept of affordance and its theoretical and philosophical implications, specially those related to the notions of information and perception. As a visually sensitive organism, humans move to reach their goals and have great part of their activities under direct control of the vision, allowing a dynamic interaction with the environment. Two theoretical approaches to the agent-environment interaction based upon visual perception were reviewed in this study - the representationist approach, stating that mental representations are necessary to visual perception, and the ecological approach, assuming that the environment can be perceived without involving representational processes. According to Gibson, many issues regarding to how visual information is internally "built" by agent should be changed to issues regarding to the sources of visual information in the environment, relevant to agent's behavior. The gibsonian concept of information reconciles two aspects of the relation agent-environment, the inseparable concepts of invariants and affordances. The notion of invariants is based on the idea that patterns of energy that stimulate the senses contain information that specifies the environment. The concept of affordances specifically refers to the agent, expressing possibilities of action offered by the environment. Additionally, the present study discusses a variety of aspects related to the concept of affordances, such as the notion of reciprocity (animal-environment, perception-propriception, and perception-action), the relations with events, its ontology, and its main criticisms by cognitive scientists.<br>Mestre
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Kami, Camila Maria da Costa. "A motivação na aprendizagem de língua estrangeira via teletandem /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93892.
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Resumo: Sabe-se que no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de línguas, um aluno motivado estará mais propenso a assumir maior responsabilidade pelo próprio aprendizado, agindo de forma autônoma e usufruindo dos recursos tecnológicos para aprimorá-lo. O Projeto Teletandem Brasil: línguas estrangeiras para todos se apresenta como um contexto novo para o estudo da motivação e da autonomia de aprendizes ao interagirem por meio de ferramentas de mensagem instantânea (Windows Live Messenger, Skype, Oovoo). Nesse contexto, cada membro do par interagente aprende a língua do outro e ensina a própria, posicionando-se ora como aprendiz, ora como ensinante. A autonomia no Teletandem é construída de forma colaborativa pelos interagentes, onde cada um assume a responsabilidade pelo próprio aprendizado e, ao mesmo tempo, por meio da interação produzem o conhecimento a partir das necessidades individuais e da constante negociação. Dessa forma, a escolha por um dado assunto ou determinada estratégia de ensino-aprendizagem pode repercutir na motivação de cada um dos membros da parceria. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo: i) verificar as motivações iniciais das brasileiras em relação ao aprendizado da língua estrangeira em teletandem e ii) analisar como elas se sustentam ou não, ao longo do processo interativo, tendo em vista fatores pessoais, socioculturais e contextuais. O presente trabalho qualitativo de natureza etnográfica focou as interagentes brasileiras de duas parcerias de teletandem, uma de inglês-português e outra de espanhol-português. Compreendemos as motivações iniciais como as razões que levaram as interagentes brasileiras a interagirem via teletandem, bem como suas expectativas em relação ao aprendizado da língua estrangeira. Yasmim buscou o teletandem porque estava tendo dificuldades com a compreensão e produção oral, por essa razão, ela esperava, principalmente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: It is known that in the language learning and teaching process, a motivated student will take more responsibility for their own learning, being autonomous and using the technological resources in order to improve their knowledge. The Project Teletandem Brasil: Foreign languages for all is considered a new context to study the learner's autonomy and motivation, who interact through instant message tools (Windows Live Messenger, Skype, Oovoo). In this context, each teletandem partner learns the other's language and teaches his own language, being learner at a moment and teacher in the next one. The autonomy in the Teletandem is constructed in a collaborative way by the teletandem partners, each one takes responsibility for their own learning and, at the same time, through interaction they construct the knowledge from the individual needs and the constant negotiation. Therefore, the choice for a given subject or a learning-teaching strategy may reflect in the teletandem partner's motivation. The current work aims: i) verify the Brazilian teletandem partner's initial motivations in relation to the foreign language learning and ii) analyze if it is maintained or not during the interactional process, considering personal, sociocultural and contextual factors. The current qualitative work, of ethnographic nature, focused on Brazilian learners from two teletandem partnerships, English-Portuguese and Spanish-Portuguese. We understand initial motivations as reasons that conducted the Brazilian teletandem partners to interact in teletandem, as well as their expectancy in relation to the foreign language learning. Yasmim looked for teletandem since she was facing difficulties in listening and speaking, so, she expected, specially, to develop these abilities and learn vocabulary and American cultural aspects. Débora was interested in the teletandem project since she wanted to develop Estágio... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Orientador: Ana Mariza Benedetti<br>Coorientador: Maria Helena Vieira Abrahão<br>Banca: Sílvia Matravolgyi Damião<br>Banca: Suzi Marques Spatti Cavalari<br>Mestre
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Burgess, Elizabeth. "Understanding interactive fictions as a continuum : reciprocity in experimental writing, hypertext fiction, and video games." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/understanding-interactive-fictions-as-a-continuum-reciprocity-in-experimental-writing-hypertext-fiction-and-video-games(5202be2d-db6d-4791-aa53-004072ffa4a7).html.
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This thesis examines key examples of materially experimental writing (B.S. Johnson’s The Unfortunates, Marc Saporta’s Composition No. 1, and Julio Cortázar’s Hopscotch), hypertext fiction (Geoff Ryman’s 253, in both the online and print versions), and video games (Catherine, L.A. Noire, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, and Phantasmagoria), and asks what new critical understanding of these ‘interactive’ texts, and their broader significance, can be developed by considering the examples as part of a textual continuum. Chapter one focuses on materially experimental writing as part of the textual continuum that is discussed throughout this thesis. It examines the form, function, and reception of key texts, and unpicks emerging issues surrounding truth and realism, the idea of the ostensibly ‘infinite’ text in relation to multicursality and potentiality, and the significance of the presence of authorial instructions that explain to readers how to interact with the texts. The discussions of chapter two centre on hypertext fiction, and examine the significance of new technologies to the acts of reading and writing. This chapter addresses hypertext fiction as part of the continuum on which materially experimental writing and video games are placed, and explores reciprocal concerns of reader agency, multicursality, and the idea of the ‘naturalness’ of hypertext as a method of reading and writing. Chapter three examines video games as part of the continuum, exploring the relationship between print textuality and digital textuality. This chapter draws together the discussions of reciprocity that are ongoing throughout the thesis, examines the significance of open world gaming environments to player agency, and unpicks the idea of empowerment in players and readers. This chapter concludes with a discussion of possible cultural reasons behind what I argue is the reader’s/player’s desire for a high level of perceived agency. The significance of this thesis, then, lies in how it establishes the existence of several reciprocal concerns in these texts including multicursality/potentiality, realism and the accurate representation of truth and, in particular, player and reader agency, which allow the texts to be placed on a textual continuum. This enables cross-media discussions of the reciprocal concerns raised in the texts, which ultimately reveals the ways in which our experiences with these interactive texts are deeply connected to our anxieties about agency in a cultural context in which individualism is encouraged, but our actual individual agency is highly limited.
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Abu, Alqumboz Moheeb Abed. "Challenges to interorganisational learning in learning networks : implications for practice." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/challenges-to-interorganisational-learning-in-learning-networks-implications-for-practice(a449165f-f826-4f1c-afd6-378c4e0f0afd).html.
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Research on organisational learning (OL) was mainly positioned within the psychological and sociological domains. Past and extant research on OL focused on the behavioural, cognitive and intuitive perspectives in addition to a growing track of research grounded on social theory. So far, a countless number of research studies attempted to address inter-organisational learning (IOL) from various perspectives. However, the lack of understanding of how IOL occurs in networks can be observed due to the social tensions that are created at the inter-organisational level such as free-riding and knowledge leakage. This thesis, therefore, aims to draw theoretical explanations of IOL and how it occurs in learning networks, taking into consideration similarities and contradictions amongst a network’s participating organisations. Towards this end, the thesis employs two theoretical lenses, namely structure-agency and social exchange theories to draw conclusions that provide fresh explanations of how networks are helpful in fostering or hindering learning activities in addition to how reciprocity as an efficacy device mediates IOL dynamics. Positioned within a qualitative vein, the thesis employs an interpretive perspective to collect and analyse empirical evidence. The qualitative data were developed through a mixture of participant observations, semi-structured interviews and casual conversations with network administrators and participants. The data were analysed using thematic analysis which generated codes, following which conclusions were drawn. The main contributions of this article are (1) unfolding the network as agency which provides a fresh understanding of how the agential role of networks mediates IOL and (2) drawing a framework of dimensions of reciprocal exchanges that explains how IOL occurs in networks. The first conclusion of this thesis explained how the agential role is socially constructed and how the interpretive device facilitated this construction. The second conclusion of this thesis explained how reciprocal exchanges mediate IOL and provide a framework that suggested IOL can be better understood through temporal, spatial, directional and symmetrical perspectives.
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Ahi, Sercan Taha. "Solving The Forward Problem Of Electrical Source Imaging By Applying The Reciprocal Approach And The Finite Difference Method." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608717/index.pdf.
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One of the goals of Electroencephalography (EEG) is to correctly localize brain activities by the help of voltage measurements taken on scalp. However, due to computational difficulties of the problem and technological limitations, the accuracy level of the activity localization is not perfect and should be improved. To increase accuracy level of the solution, realistic, i.e. patient dependent, head models should be created. Such head models are created via assigning realistic conductivity values of head tissues onto realistic tissue positions.
This study initially focuses on obtaining patient dependent spatial information from T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance (MR) head images. Existing segmentation algorithms are modified according to our needs for classifying eye tissues, white matter, gray matter, cerebrospinal fluid, skull and scalp from volumetric MR head images. Determination of patient dependent conductivity values, on the other hand, is not considered as a part of this study, and isotropic conductivity values anticipated in literature are assigned to each segmented MR-voxel accordingly.
Upon completion of the tissue classification, forward problem of EEG is solved using the Finite Difference (FD) method employing a realistic head model. Utilization of the FD method aims to lower computational complexity and to simplify the process of mesh creation for brain, which has a very complex boundary. Accuracy of the employed numerical method is investigated both on Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) and EEG forward problems, for which analytical solutions are available. The purpose of EIT forward problem integration into this study is to evaluate reciprocal solution of the EEG forward problem.
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Lansley, John Waring. "The interplay of charity and theology, c. 1700-1900." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-interplay-of-charity-and-theology-c-17001900(c052191c-b7d0-4c52-9fd1-bbce6795db19).html.
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The thesis follows the development of charity, both as a theological concept and as the activity of increasing number of social institutions, over two centuries. The main narrative of the thesis follows these two themes, but it also identifies other background factors, particularly developments in social history. It uses insights from anthropological gift theory, reflected in part in the concept of noblesse oblige, a standpoint which both demands support from the rich to the poor and legitimates social divisions: points frequently made in charity sermons. The thesis explores the development of theologies of charity, in particular in the writings of Butler, Wesley, Sumner, Chalmers, Maurice, and Westcott, and also considers the philosophy of J S Mill and T H Green. From these, it is argued that the key development in theoretical analyses of charity is a shift in discourse from an emphasis on the duty of the rich to behave charitably (as in Butler's concept of benevolence) to a concern with the outcome of such giving on the recipients of charity. This is first seen in the writings and practice of the early leaders of the evangelical revival who saw the poor as children of God, but also as being in need of moral reformation. With the advent of a Christian approach to economics based on the thinking of Malthus and Sumner, a harsher approach developed which saw charity as undermining a divinely ordered social economy and was expressed in the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The reaction against this led to a split in thinking about charity: on the one side a mix of economic theory, Comtean altruism and Greenian Idealism resulted in the growth of an autonomous, secular and professional approach to charity exemplified by C S Loch, and on the other a changing Christian approach to the position of the poor in society, going back to Maurice which was expressed in a call for justice rather than charity by the Christian Socialists of the late nineteenth century. Meanwhile, other political developments were resulting in a greater state involvement in what had hitherto been an independent field of charitable work, and resulted in very different patterns of welfare, in which charity took second place to state provision. The thesis ends by revisiting the split in discourse between givers and receivers of charity, and argues that both sides need to be considered in any theological discussion, including the need for recipients to be allowed to reciprocate to others.
Books on the topic "Reciprocity. eng"
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The end of reciprocity: Terror, torture, and the law of war. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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Hartley, Christie. Is a Feminist Political Liberalism Possible? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683023.003.0007.
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This chapter makes the case that political liberalism is a feminist liberalism. It is argued that political liberalism’s ideas of reciprocity and equal citizenship limit reasonable political conceptions of justice to only those that include principles that yield substantive equality for all, including women (and other marginalized groups). To this end, it is claimed that the criterion of reciprocity calls for (1) the eradication of social conditions of domination and subordination relevant to democratic deliberation among free and equal citizens and (2) the provision of the social conditions of recognition respect. As a result, the criterion of reciprocity limits reasonable political conceptions of justice to those that provide genuine equality for women along various dimensions of social life central to equal citizenship.
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Cohen, I. Glenn. Sperm and Egg Donor Anonymity. Edited by Leslie Francis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199981878.013.22.
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Gamete donor anonymity has become an increasingly active area of legislative, bioethical, and empirical interest over the last decade or so. This chapter begins by detailing the very different status of gamete donor anonymity, contrasting the United States (where the law does not prohibit it) with the rest of the world (where it has been largely prohibited by law) and examining the effects of these policies. The chapter then examines the major arguments that have been offered in favor of and against mandating nonanonymous gamete donation. In particular, it focuses on the effects of removing anonymity on supply and arguments in favor of ending sperm donor anonymity based on the welfare of donor-conceived children or rights claims by them. The chapter also more briefly considers ethical and legal issues related to donor compensation, accidental incest, information reciprocity between donors and recipients, and reproductive tourism.
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Halliday, Daniel. Inheritance and Luck. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803355.003.0004.
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This chapter reviews and criticizes varieties of the luck egalitarian conception of justice. It begins with the ‘naïve’ distinction between choice and circumstance, on which inequalities are permissible insofar as they depend on the former rather than the latter. The bulk of the chapter discusses more sophisticated versions of luck egalitarianism, which either supplement the naïve view with some countervailing principle (e.g. by appeal to personal prerogatives) or by constraining its scope (e.g. by focusing on the mediating effects of institutions). Later parts of the chapter evaluate other contemporary oppositions to inherited wealth grounded in interpretations of reciprocity and a concern about the role of inheritance in enabling freeriding. The chapter ends with a discussion of Ronald Dworkin’s views, which bear a formal resemblance to the position defended in the following two chapters.
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Moehler, Michael. Pure Instrumental Morality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785927.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the domain of pure instrumental morality that represents the second level of the two-level contractarian theory. To this end, the chapter clarifies the features of the homo prudens model that underlies the derivation of the weak principle of universalization. Further, the chapter develops, in the form of the empathetic contractor theory, the hypothetical decision situation in which rational agents are placed to derive the weak principle of universalization. Finally, the chapter clarifies the features of the weak principle of universalization that, although its derivation does not rely on substantial moral premises as traditionally conceived, weakly expresses the moral ideals of autonomy, equality, impartiality, and reciprocity.
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Smiley, Will. Negotiating the Prisoner-of-War System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785415.003.0007.
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This chapter examines how prisoners of war in Ottoman hands attempted to work with, around, or against the Ottoman state to improve their conditions in the 1768–74, 1787–92, and 1806–12 Russo–Ottoman wars. It argues that in the process they revealed, and defined, the legal limits and the principles of Ottoman captivity. Many of these factors were the same as those that governed captives’ fates under the Law of Release. The claims considered include officers’ privileges; claims under the European Law of Nations; work in or out of the Arsenal; religion (both converts and Muslims by birth); refusal to work through a strike; and release at war’s end. In the end, what proved most important was the Ottoman state’s need for skilled labor; the pressure of reciprocity with enemy states; claims of Russian subjecthood; and religious identity or conversion. Claims under the Law of Nations were unavailing.
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Alexandrowicz, C. H. Le rôle des Traités dans les relations entre les puissances européennes et les souverains africains. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766070.003.0019.
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This chapter divides the history of treaty-making between European and African powers into three periods. In the pre-colonial period through the end of the eighteenth century, European treaty relations with primarily North African powers reflected a non-discriminatory law of nations. During a transitional period leading to the 1885 Congress of Berlin, provisions of equality and reciprocity disappeared from European treaties with African powers. Still, as European powers sought to secure juridical title to African land through bilateral treaties of territorial cession and protection with African sovereigns, the latter retained a measure of influence over negotiations. After the Congress of Berlin, the majority of international jurists, members of the positivist school, defied the rules of traditional international law with a new conception of colonial protectorate that gave European powers carte blanche to occupy and annex the territory of ‘protected’ states.
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Christensen, James. The Opportunities of Trade. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810353.003.0005.
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Here our focus shifts from the burdens of trade to its benefits. The trade regime provides its members with opportunities to access the markets of others, and this chapter addresses the claim that the distribution of these opportunities should be regulated by a principle of ‘formal equality’, according to which all states are to receive and offer equal, or uniform, treatment (e.g., by matching the market liberalization efforts of others). The first section of the chapter explicates the idea of formal equality and its rationales, identifies a number of positive arguments for departing from formal equality, and rebuts several objections to granting ‘special and differential treatment’ to developing countries. The second section analyses one specific element of formal equality in the trade regime, namely, the principle of reciprocity. The third section considers the claim that without policy ‘harmonization’, market access will be impeded by a slanted playing field.
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O'Hara, Alexander. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190857967.003.0001.
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In the early Middle Ages Europe’s political landscape was significantly shaped by the emergence of new fundamental modes of identification, both ethnic and religious. These processes created new forms of social cohesion and conflict. The world into which the Irish ascetic exile and monastic founder Columbanus entered when he left Ireland toward the end of the sixth century was a world of gentes, new constellations of peoples. The pluralistic political landscape of the gentes had replaced a world of empire. This chapter introduces the themes and approach of this volume, which explores Columbanus’s influence on Robert Schuman, one of the founding fathers of the modern European Union; the emerging idea of Europe in the early Middle Ages, which Columbanus gave voice to; and how reciprocity and cultural hybridity can be useful lenses through which to study this period of transformation from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages.
Book chapters on the topic "Reciprocity. eng"
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Bates, Vincent C., Daniel J. Shevock, and Anita Prest. "Cultural Diversity, Ecodiversity, and Music Education." In The Politics of Diversity in Music Education. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65617-1_12.
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AbstractDiversity discourses in music education tend toward anthropocentrism, focusing on human cultures, identities, and institutions. In this chapter, we broaden conceptualizations of diversity in music education to include relationships between music, education, and ecology: understood as interactions among organisms and the physical environment. Diversity in music education can be realized by attending to the ongoing interrelationships of local geography, ecology, and culture, all of which contribute dynamically to local music practices. We situate our analysis within specific Indigenous North American cultures (e.g., Western Apache, Nuu-chah-nulth, Stó:lō, and Syilx) and associated perspectives and philosophies to shed light on the multiple forms of reciprocity that undergird diversity. Indigenous knowledge, in combination with new materialism and political ecology discourses, can help us come back down to earth in ways of being and becoming that are ecologically sustainable, preserving the ecodiversity that exists and grows in place, forging egalitarian relationships and a sense of communal responsibility, fostering reverence for ancestors along with nonhuman lives and topographies, and cultivating musical practices that are one with our respective ecosystems.
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Geva, Yinnon, Itay Greenspan, and Michal Almog-Bar. "Building Social Capital for Sustainable Well-being in Israel: A Scientific Review." In Sustainable Well-Being in Israel, edited by Yarden Niv. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52873/policy.2021.wellbeing.05-en.
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Humans are social beings, whose well-being depends on their ability to interact and act collectively, to create shared identities and to come to each other’s support in times of need. From an early age, we look to those closest to us for material aid and emotional support, and we also adopt from them basic values of right and wrong. We are raised into communities, and from these communities we adopt norms and implicit behavioral rules, such as how to act in public. As life progresses, we make new friends and acquaintances, through whom we build our identity and acquire information about jobs, schools, and other opportunities. Along this life trajectory, we find the time and resources to reciprocate by helping others — friends, family members, and sometimes complete strangers. These essential traits of human life are made possible only through interpersonal connections. While they may benefit us personally, they also require us to see past our own selves, acknowledge the value of belonging, and trust that others see us in a similar way. The concept of social capital is a multi-dimensional term referring to all the resources that help individuals build social abilities and power. Social capital binds together the intangible resources that are accumulated and sustained through human relations, and the modes of cooperation and engagement that arise from these resources. Networks of acquaintance and belonging, and the norms of trust and reciprocity that are shared by their members, are accepted across different theoretical schools as a fundamental component of social capital.
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Raghavan, Pallavi. "Evacuee Property." In Animosity at Bay. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190087579.003.0004.
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The Ministry of External Affairs was an instrumental institution in shaping the debate about how these rules ought to be fashioned on the basis of a reciprocity. In this chapter, I look at the various stages of the negotiations—how definitions hardened, and when, and the reasons why this was so. I track the changing ways in which this question was conceptualized, and the extent to which the role played by the foreign ministries and inter-dominion conferences on the question impacted the process. I argue that it was the principle of reciprocity that in the end was the pin that held up the structure of evacuee property legislation. In carrying out this exercise, the ministry was also adhering to a formulation that a more fruitful outcome would be where the question of property appropriation was more closely informed by similar pieces of legislation across the border.
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Cadenhead, Raphael A. "The Integration of the Virtues." In Body and Desire. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520297968.003.0004.
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Chapter 2 highlights a potential methodological problem in recent commentaries on Gregory’s theorization of desire in which his discussion of sexual desire is treated as a self-contained area of moral reflection. According to Gregory’s rendition of the doctrine of the reciprocity of the virtues, the moderation of one’s sexual desires is placed within an overarching project of moral and spiritual transformation in which, as in Plato, physical sexual desire for other people is set in a spectrum of transformative possibilities en route to desire for the divine. This chapter argues that the reciprocity of the virtues is, for Gregory, not motivated by an abstract deliberation on the nature of the virtues (as some have suggested), but by the demands of uncompromising spiritual fidelity to Christ, which is the goal of the ascetic life.
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Yon, Angela, and Eric Willey. "Learning from each other: Reciprocity in description between Wikipedians and librarians." In Wikipedia and Academic Libraries. Michigan Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11778416.ch19.en.
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Librarians, archivists, and museum professionals are increasingly realizing the value of using and contributing information to Wikipedia through projects such as edit-a-thons and the 1Lib1Ref project. As the amount of knowledge in Wikipedia and Wikidata grows, the benefits to libraries in partnering with Wikimedia projects to enhance their own bibliographic records and catalog search results also increase. Conversely, librarians have created an immense number of bibliographic and authority records that Wikipedia and Wikidata editors can use both as resources in and of themselves and as examples of various approaches to metadata and knowledge creation. Despite some challenges there are numerous benefits for working to integrate library data with Wikipedia more closely. This chapter will serve to highlight differences between Wikipedia resources and library catalog records, and how librarians and Wikipedians can learn from each other to improve description and discoverability in both Wikipedia and library catalogs for their respective users. It will also illustrate differences between these two systems in order to reduce confusion and errors when data are merged uncritically. The discussion draws on experience gained from a previous Illinois State University Research Grant-funded project that used the Wikipedia List of African-American writers to enhance library catalog records.
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Cummins, Ian. "Reimagining a social state." In Poverty, Inequality and Social Work. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447334804.003.0007.
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This chapter considers a new or revised model of a social state based on notions of equality, mutuality and reciprocity. It looks at ethical and philosophical approaches that can be used to develop an alternative model of welfare, citizenship and social provision, with the goal of finding an opportunity for social work and social workers to challenge the orthodoxy of a focus on risk management. To this end, the chapter draws on the work of Emmanuel Levinas to examine the notions of the duties we, as humans, owe each other. It first provides an overview of the politics of discourses of human rights and dignity before discussing the notion of ‘Othering’, Martha Fineman's concept of the vulnerable subject, the Capabilities Approach (CA), and Marian Barnes' ethic of care.
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Gibbs, John C. "Introduction." In Moral Development and Reality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878214.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces not only the social perspective-taking central to morality, but also our theory-based exploration of moral development, behavior, and reality. Perspective-taking relates to both “the right” (justice, reciprocity, equality; Kohlberg’s theory) and “the good” (welfare, beneficence, empathy; Hoffman’s theory) of morality. The right (condition of reversibility) provides an objective basis for morality not recognized in relativistic moral theories such as Haidt’s (Chapter 2). The good may provide the broad moral referent for differentiated intuitions (e.g., loyalty, authority, purity) specified by Haidt. Chapters 3 and 4 address “the right” or the cognitive strand of moral motivation and development, whereas Chapter 5 addresses “the good” or the affective strand. Subsequent chapters (6 through 10) relate the theories of moral development to social behavior (prosocial, antisocial) as well as to a deeper reality of human connection
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Peak, Daniel A., Victor R. Prybutok, and Chenyan Xu. "A New Perspective on Visual Design within Information Systems." In Inventive Approaches for Technology Integration and Information Resources Management. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6256-8.ch007.
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This chapter proposes that the Information Systems (IS) discipline can serve as a reference discipline for the Visual Design discipline and that visual design can reciprocate as a reference discipline for IS. To this end, it offers a pluralistic framework of Visual Systems Design (VSD) where the primary focus is on how the Visual Design discipline utilizes the intellectual know-how of IS concerning systems development. Because visual design is part of the aesthetic paradigm where interpretivism rules and IS is contained in the positivist paradigm, the chapter employs a multi-paradigm, theory-building approach to bridge these two paradigms and their constituent disciplines. The implications of VSD are discussed in the remainder of the chapter.
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Nowak, Martin A., and Karl Sigmund. "How populations cohere: five rules for cooperation." In Theoretical Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209989.003.0005.
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Subsequent chapters in this volume deal with populations as dynamic entities in time and space. Populations are, of course, made up of individuals, and the parameters which characterize aggregate behavior—population growth rate and so on— ultimately derive from the behavioral ecology and life-history strategies of these constituent individuals. In evolutionary terms, the properties of populations can only be understood in terms of individuals, which comes down to studying how life-history choices (and consequent genefrequency distributions) are shaped by environmental forces. Many important aspects of group behavior— from alarm calls of birds and mammals to the complex institutions that have enabled human societies to flourish—pose problems of how cooperative behavior can evolve and be maintained. The puzzle was emphasized by Darwin, and remains the subject of active research today. In this book, we leave the large subject of individual organisms’ behavioral ecology and lifehistory choices to texts in that field (e.g. Krebs and Davies, 1997). Instead, we lead with a survey of work, much of it very recent, on five different kinds of mechanism whereby cooperative behavior may be maintained in a population, despite the inherent difficulty that cheats may prosper by enjoying the benefits of cooperation without paying the associated costs. Cooperation means that a donor pays a cost, c, for a recipient to get a benefit, b. In evolutionary biology, cost and benefit are measured in terms of fitness. While mutation and selection represent the main forces of evolutionary dynamics, cooperation is a fundamental principle that is required for every level of biological organization. Individual cells rely on cooperation among their components. Multicellular organisms exist because of cooperation among their cells. Social insects are masters of cooperation. Most aspects of human society are based on mechanisms that promote cooperation. Whenever evolution constructs something entirely new (such as multicellularity or human language), cooperation is needed. Evolutionary construction is based on cooperation. The five rules for cooperation which we examine in this chapter are: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, graph selection, and group selection. Each of these can promote cooperation if specific conditions are fulfilled.
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Elior, Rachel. "Mystical Language and Magical Language." In Jewish Mysticism. Liverpool University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774679.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the role of language in Jewish mysticism, explaining the concept of mystical language. In mystical thought, the basic assumption for understanding reality is that the upper and lower worlds are joined and related. The hidden world is implied in the revealed world and is seen in its unity despite its various contrasts, whereas the revealed world reflects in its variety the hidden world and draws its life and essence from it. This reciprocity is based on language, which according to the mystical point of view has a divine source whose existence is multifaceted. Speech is the unfolding of the divine being in language, and reality is simply the unfolding and revelation of the divine word. Divine language is thus a revelation in perceptible concepts of the infinite power of God within creation, understood by mystical doctrine as an infinite stream of letters or as a chain of letters and divine names whose links are connected from the highest level of the unknown being down to its revealed end. The letters are thus understood as a ‘ladder placed on earth whose top touches heaven’. Creative power is embodied in the letters of the sacred divine language, which constitute the building blocks of being and join one another in the process of creation.
Conference papers on the topic "Reciprocity. eng"
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Marcos. "Frequency Dependent Velocity and Vorticity Fields of Electroosmotic Flow in a Closed-End Rectangular Microchannel." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60898.
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The frequency dependent electroosmotic flow in a closed-end rectangular microchannel is analyzed in this study. Dynamic AC electroosmotic flow field is obtained analytically by solving the Navier-Stokes equation using the Green’s function formulation in combination with a complex variable approach. With the Debye-Hu¨ckel approximation, the electrical double layer potential distribution in the channel is obtained by analytically solving the linearized two-dimensional Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Additionally, the Onsager’s principle of reciprocity is demonstrated to be valid for AC electroosmotic flow. The effects of frequency-dependent AC electric field on the oscillating electroosmotic flow and the induced backpressure gradient are studied. Furthermore, the expression for the electroosmotic vorticity field is derived, and the characteristic of the vorticity field in AC electroosmotic flow is discussed. Based on the Stokes second problem, the solution of the slip velocity approximation is also presented for comparison with the results obtained from the analytical solution developed in this study.
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Marschner, Uwe, Günther Pfeifer, and Eric Starke. "Reciprocity of Linear Systems With Smart Materials Utilized for Precise Measurement Techniques." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7418.
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In electromechanical measurement techniques, passive transducers and passive electrical networks often interact. In some applications, continua are part of the system, in which fields are formed and waves are propagated. If networks, continua and electromechanical transducers feature sufficient amplitude linear behavior in their environment (e.g., in a small region around the operating point) and all elements of the system having constant parameters during the measurement period, the skillful application of the inherent reciprocity of these systems can lead to surprisingly useful benefits. This is shown by actual examples from metrology. Although the facts of the matter are well known, its potential is often overlooked or disregarded in measurement technique.
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Erdo¨nmez, Cengiz, and Hasan Saygın. "Conduction Heat Transfer Problem Solution Using the Method of Fundamental Solutions With the Dual Reciprocity Method." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72566.
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The method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is first proposed in 1964 by Kupradze and theoretical basis of this method is constructed at the end of 1980’s. As a meshless method, no domain meshing is required for MFS. Fundamental solutions are used to solve problems without coping with the singularity on the boundary because of the fictitious boundary defined containing the domain of the problem. In this paper effectiveness of the MFS will be introduced by two test problem for the homogeneous and inhomogeneous modified helmholtz equations. In-homogeneous terms are approximated by using the method of particular solutions through the dual reciprocity method. The conduction heat transfer problem is defined and transformed to the corresponding elliptic partial differential equation by using finite difference and the method of lines method which gives an inhomogeneous helmholtz equation. Then the problem is solved iteratively by using the MFS. Two test problem are solved by both the finite element method (FEM) and MFS and compared in the figures. It can be seen that as a meshless method, MFS gives very good results for the test problems. The thermal shock problem presented here also gives accurate solutions by using MFS and agrees well with the FEM solution.
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Chung, He Len, Kayla Taylor, and Caitlin Nehila. "Preparing students for service-learning and social entrepreneurship experiences." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8171.
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A critical feature of contemporary models of civic engagement is mutually-beneficial collaboration between campus and community partners, in which all members contribute skills and experience to co-create knowledge. At any given time, multiple relationships require attention – for example, triadic relationships between students, faculty, and staff of community organizations. This model is relevant for both service-learning (SL) and social entrepreneurship (SE), as both seek to work with community partners or in the community to address challenges facing the community. To date, research involving students has focused on the impact of these learning opportunities on student development (e.g., academics, civic participation). For students to be true partners in SL and SE projects, however, we need to understand the reciprocity of these interactions, particularly how to prepare students can become collaborators in developing campus-community partnerships (i.e., participatory readiness). To promote participatory readiness among students, we argue for a competency-based framework that integrates research and recommendations from the fields of service-learning, social entrepreneurship, and educational leadership. Throughout the article, we discuss similarities and differences in SL and SE practices and draw attention to the implications of the work for community engagement and pedagogy in higher education.
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Filipe Narciso, Carla Alexandra. "Neoliberal hegemony and the territorial re-configuration of public space in Mexico City." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6348.
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Sustainability, ecological modernization, citizen participation, public space and rights are concepts that have acquired great importance in international political discourses and that have figured in indicators, guidelines, programs and policies, at national level, giving rise to a urban planning from administrative units or “zoning”, which instead of showing the different structures, forms and functions of cities as a whole, what has generated is a fragmentation of urban space. In a certain way, the implosion of these themes shows the success of capitalism in a period of neoliberal hegemony, since it becomes a smokescreen to hide the class differences superimposed on global discourses of modernization and development, as well as the transformation of natural resources in products, the capitalization of nature and the transformation of politics into management. The text seeks to reflect on the territorial configuration of public space in the light of emerging urban policies and programs in a neoliberal geopolitical context based on two axes of analysis: in the first analyze the neoliberal imposition models on how to construct public space and in the second will analyze the institutional bases, programs and policies of intervention highlighting their objectives, limitations and contradictions that help to understand the material and immaterial forms that the public space adopts at different scales in Mexico City through of the socio-territorial relations that are constructed in a process of mutual reciprocity. References Brenner, N.; Peck, J.; Theodore, N. (2009).Urbanismo neoliberal: La ciudad y el imperio de los mercados. SUR Corporación de Estudios Sociales y Educación, Temas sociales, n.66. Capel, H. (2002). La morfología de las ciudades. I. Sociedad, cultura y paisaje urbano (Ediciones del Serbal, Barcelona). Harvey, D. (2007) Espacios del capital. Hacia una geografía crítica (Akal, Madrid). Narciso, C.; Ramírez, B. (2016). Discursos, política y poder: el espacio público en cuestión. Territorios 35, Bogotá, pp.37-57. Pradilla, E. (2009) Los territorios del neoliberalismo en América Latina (Universidad Autónoma de México/Miguel Ángel Porrúa, México).
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Karkar, Sami, and Manuel Collet. "Nonreciprocal Acoustics Using Programmable Boundary Conditions: From Boundary Control and Active Metamaterials to the Acoustic Diode." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3797.
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In this communication, we first introduce the concept of programmable boundary conditions, and then use it to design a nonreciprocal acoustic device: an effective, broadband, acoustic diode. Previous works showed that, using sufficiently small transducers, an active acoustic metasurface can be realized: a smart active acoustic skin with tunable acoustic properties. Using distributed control, these properties can be adapted or reconfigured in real-time. Or, it can even depend on the acoustic field itself, allowing for a programming of the (meta)surface properties: a programmable boundary condition. For instance, a partial derivative equation depending on the acoustic quantities can be imposed, in a discretized form, at the surface of such a programmable boundary. This type of non-standard boundary conditions have been shown to provide the necessary basis for nonreciprocal propagation for a plane wave interacting with a boundary with non grazing incidence, ie. for wavevectors that possess a component normal to the boundary. This restriction may appear problematic when the wavevector is then parallel to the boundary, e.g. when dealing with plane waves in a 1D waveguide, as in an acoustic diode. An acoustic diode, or acoustic isolator, is a nonreciprocal device that let acoustic power pass only in one direction, hence breaking the reciprocity of normal acoustic propagation. We propose a new model of acoustic diode, based on active components: a continuous, distributed source inside the domain. However, based on the modeling of parietal sources in ducts, in the low frequency range, we show that the boundary control approach and the distributed domain sources are equivalent. The only difference is that, in the case of the programmable boundary condition, the near-field of the boundary also contains a component normal to the boundary. Hence our acoustic diode can be realized in practice using programmable boundary conditions. Moreover, the acoustic diode is effective on a broad frequency range, since it can work both on the fundamental mode (plane waves) and on higher-order mode of the waveguide.
Reports on the topic "Reciprocity. eng"
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Otero Alvarado, María Teresa, and Ana Lozano González. El principio de reciprocidad en el ceremonial y el protocolo: representaciones oficiales en los Días Nacionales y de Honor de la Exposición Universal de Sevilla 1992 / The reciprocity principle in the ceremonial and protocol: official representations in the National and Honor Days from the Universal Exposition in Seville 1992. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5783/rirp-11-2016-10-181-212.
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