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Journal articles on the topic 'Reference region'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 July 2024

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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Arvidsson, Ellen, Elias Castegren, Sylvan Clebsch, et al. "Reference Capabilities for Flexible Memory Management." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, OOPSLA2 (2023): 1363–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3622846.

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Verona is a concurrent object-oriented programming language that organises all the objects in a program into a forest of isolated regions. Memory is managed locally for each region, so programmers can control a program's memory use by adjusting objects' partition into regions, and by setting each region's memory management strategy. A thread can only mutate (allocate, deallocate) objects within one active region---its "window of mutability". Memory management costs are localised to the active region, ensuring overheads can be predicted and controlled. Moving the mutability window between regions is explicit, so code can be executed wherever it is required, yet programs remain in control of memory use. An ownership type system based on reference capabilities enforces region isolation, controlling aliasing within and between regions, yet supporting objects moving between regions and threads. Data accesses never need expensive atomic operations, and are always thread-safe.

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Nikanenka, Siarhey, Aliaksandr Danilchyk, Barbara Shulenkova, Olga Tarasova, and Evgenii Lutsenko. "Reference UVC LED Source." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2149, no. 1 (2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2149/1/012017.

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Abstract A compact reference UVC source based on commercially available LED has been developed. The article presents the design and results of the study of the optical characteristics of the radiation of the reference UVC LED source. The source provides a power density of radiation up to 400 μW/cm2 on area of 3×3 mm with inhomogeneity of 1.5 %.The emission band of a source with a maximum of 265 nm is predominantly 97 % in the UV-C spectrum region, and a small part of it is inUV-B and UV-A regions, 2.7 % and 0.3 %, respectively. The use of ComboSource for laser diodes allowed to precisionally stabilize the injection current and temperature of the LED. It is shown that overheating of the active region of the selected UV LED is only 10°C - 25°C at the recommended injection currents due to the peculiarities of its design. This results in a low degradation rate of the UV LED. Possible ways to improve the characteristics of the reference UVCsource are discussed.

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Parker, Sandi K., and E. Diane Johnson. "The Region 4 Collaborative Virtual Reference Project." Medical Reference Services Quarterly 22, no. 2 (2003): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j115v22n02_03.

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Gjedde, Albert, and Dean F. Wong. "Reference Region Model of Irreversible Ligand Rinding." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (1998): A23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31892-5.

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Roy, Aruna Deb, and Rajat Bhattacharjee. "Entrepreneurship Development in North Eastern Region with Special Reference to IIE, Guwahati." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 1 (2012): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2014/21.

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Ikoma, Yoko, Paul Edison, Anil Ramlackhansingh, David J. Brooks, and Federico E. Turkheimer. "Reference Region Automatic Extraction in Dynamic [11C]PIB." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 33, no. 11 (2013): 1725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.133.

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The positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer [11C]Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB) is a marker of amyloid plaque deposition in brain, and binding potential is usually quantified using the cerebellum as a reference where the specific binding is negligible. The use of the cerebellum as a reference, however, has been questioned by the reported cerebellar [11C]PIB retention in familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects. In this work, we developed a supervised clustering procedure for the automatic extraction of a reference region in [11C]PIB studies. Supervised clustering models each gray matter voxel as the linear combination of three predefined kinetic classes, normal and lesion gray matter, and blood pool, and extract reference voxels in which the contribution of the normal gray matter class is high. In the validation with idiopathic AD subjects, supervised clustering extracted reference voxels mostly in the cerebellum that indicated little specific [11C]PIB binding, and total distribution volumes of the extracted region were lower than those of the cerebellum. Next, the methodology was applied to the familial AD cohort where the cerebellar amyloid load had been demonstrated previously, resulting in higher binding potential compared with that obtained with the cerebellar reference. The supervised clustering method is a useful tool for the accurate quantification of [11C]PIB studies.

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Meyer, Jeffrey H., Alan A. Wilson, Nathalie Ginovart, and Sylvain Houle. "Misunderstandings About How to Choose a Reference Region." Biological Psychiatry 61, no. 11 (2007): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.007.

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Ahmed, Mohammed, Matthew Alan Back, Thomas Prior, et al. "Metabarcoding of soil nematodes: the importance of taxonomic coverage and availability of reference sequences in choosing suitable marker(s)." Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 3 (November 6, 2019): e36408. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.3.36408.

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For many organisms, there is agreement on the specific genomic region used for developing barcode markers. With nematodes, however, it has been found that the COI region designated for most animals lacks the taxonomic coverage (ability to amplify a diverse group of taxa) required of a metabarcoding marker. For that reason, studies on metabarcoding of nematodes thus far have utilized primarily regions within the highly conserved 18S ribosomal DNA. Two popular markers within this region are the ones flanked by the primer pairs NF1-18Sr2b and SSUF04-SSUR22. The NF1-18Sr2b primer pair, especially, has been critiqued as not being specific enough for nematodes leading to suggestions for other candidate markers while the SSUF04-SSUR22 region has hardly been tested on soil nematodes. The current study aimed to evaluate these two markers against other alternative ones within the 28S rDNA and the COI region for their suitability for nematode metabarcoding. The results showed that the NF1-18Sr2b marker could offer wide coverage and good resolution for characterizing soil nematodes. Sufficient availability of reference sequences for this region was found to be a significant factor that resulted in this marker outperforming the other markers, particularly the 18S-based SSUFO4-SSUR22 marker. None of the other tested regions compared with this marker in terms of the proportion of the taxa recovered. The COI-based marker had the lowest number of taxa recovered, and this was due to the poor performance of its primers and the insufficient number of reference sequences in public databases. In summary, this study highlights how dependent the success of metabarcoding is on the availability of a good reference sequence collection for the marker of choice as well as its taxonomic coverage.

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Xu, Xunjian, Antonio Bueno, Koji Nonaka, and Salvador Sales. "Fiber Strain Measurement for Wide Region Quasidistributed Sensing by Optical Correlation Sensor with Region Separation Techniques." Journal of Sensors 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/839803.

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The useful application of optical pulse correlation sensor for wide region quasidistributed fiber strain measurement is investigated. Using region separation techniques of wavelength multiplexing with FBGs and time multiplexing with intensity partial reflectors, the sensor measures the correlations between reference pulses and monitoring pulses from several cascadable selected sensing regions. This novel sensing system can select the regions and obtain the distributed strain information in any desired sensing region.

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Sandiego, Christine M., Jean-Dominique Gallezot, Keunpoong Lim, et al. "Reference Region Modeling Approaches for Amphetamine Challenge Studies with [11C]FLB 457 and PET." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 35, no. 4 (2015): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.237.

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Detecting fluctuations in synaptic dopamine levels in extrastriatal brain regions with [11C]FLB 457 and positron emission tomography (PET) is a valuable tool for studying dopaminergic dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. The evaluation of reference region modeling approaches would eliminate the need to obtain arterial input function data. Our goal was to explore the use of reference region models to estimate amphetamine-induced changes in [11C]FLB 457 dopamine D2/D3 binding. Six healthy tobacco smokers were imaged with [11C]FLB 457 at baseline and at 3 hours after amphetamine (0.4 to 0.5 mg/kg, per os) administration. Simplified reference tissue models, SRTM and SRTM2, were evaluated against the 2-tissue compartmental model (2TC) to estimate [11C]FLB 457 binding in extrastriatal regions of interest (ROIs), using the cerebellum as a reference region. No changes in distribution volume were observed in the cerebellum between scan conditions. SRTM and SRTM2 underestimated binding, compared with 2TC, in ROIs by 26% and 9%, respectively, with consistent bias between the baseline and postamphetamine scans. Postamphetamine, [11C]FLB 457 binding significantly decreased across several brain regions as measured with SRTM and SRTM2; no significant change was detected with 2TC. These data support the sensitivity of [11C]FLB 457 for measuring amphetamine-induced dopamine release in extrastriatal regions with SRTM and SRTM2.

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Sure, Dr Yogita. "Human Resource Development Practices in Software Industry With special reference to Nagpur region." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (2012): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/125.

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Talpin, Jean-Pierre, and Pierre Jouvelot. "Polymorphic type, region and effect inference." Journal of Functional Programming 2, no. 3 (1992): 245–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800000393.

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AbstractWe present a new static system which reconstructs the types, regions and effects of expressions in an implicitly typed functional language that supports imperative operations on reference values. Just as types structurally abstract collections of concrete values, regions represent sets of possibly aliased reference values and effects represent approximations of the imperative behaviour on regions.We introduce a static semantics for inferring types, regions and effects, and prove that it is consistent with respect to the dynamic semantics of the language. We present a reconstruction algorithm that computes the types and effects of expressions, and assigns regions to reference values. We prove the correctness of the reconstruction algorithm with respect to the static semantics. Finally, we discuss potential applications of our system to automatic stack allocation and parallel code generation.

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Belov, A. V., and L. P. Sokolova. "A new survey-reference vegetation map of the Baical region." Geobotanical mapping, no. 2015 (2015): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/2015.22.

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The Baikal region is a vast and complex geographic formation. Its central component is the unique Baikal Lake, recognized by UNESCO as the World Heritage Site. The territory of the Baikal region is located in the center of Asia, connecting two subcontinents: the North and Central Asia. The paper presents the stages of the cartographic studies of vegetation in the south of East Siberia within the Russian Federation, as well as in North Mongolia. All available different-scale vegetation maps of this area, literary and archival sources, and forest inventory data, as well as modern satellite images obtained from the Internet resources (Google Earth) were used to compile the vegetation map of the Baikal region. The main attention was paid to the principles and methods of mapping in 1 : 2 500 000 scale. When creating the legend well-tested for Siberian regions geographical-genetic and structural-dynamic principles of multi-dimensional and multilevel vegetation classification were applied (Sochava, 1979). Accordingly, the legend of the map has a multi-level structure. The highest hierarchical level of the legend is formed by the following vegetation types: high mountain (alpine), taiga (boreal) and steppe. Each type of vegetation is presented by its own set of plant communities of genetically close phratries of formations and their regional groups of formations. The paper describes only the structure of the highest subdivisions of the legend of the vegetation map of the Baikal region, as it is not possible to publish the whole legend due to the limited paper size. However, a fragment of the vegetation map with a full legend is presented. In general, the new map reveals in details the spatial flora-coenotic structure of the vegetation cover of the Baikal region in its evolutionary-genetic and dynamic aspects.

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Maris, M. N. A., B. de Boer, and J. Oerlemans. "A climate model intercomparison for the Antarctic region: present and past." Climate of the Past 8, no. 2 (2012): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-803-2012.

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Abstract. Eighteen General Circulation Models (GCMs) are compared to reference data for the present, the Mid-Holocene (MH) and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) for the Antarctic region. The climatology produced by a regional climate model is taken as a reference climate for the present. GCM results for the past are compared to ice-core data. The goal of this study is to find the best GCM that can be used to drive an ice sheet model that simulates the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Because temperature and precipitation are the most important climate variables when modelling the evolution of an ice sheet, these two variables are considered in this paper. This is done by ranking the models according to how well their output corresponds with the references. In general, present-day temperature is simulated well, but precipitation is overestimated compared to the reference data. Another finding is that model biases play an important role in simulating the past, as they are often larger than the change in temperature or precipitation between the past and the present. Considering the results for the present-day as well as for the MH and the LGM, the best performing models are HadCM3 and MIROC 3.2.2.

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Wang, Sheng Hua, Tie Bang Xie, and Xu Dong Yang. "The Application of Motif Characterizing Method in the Surface Topography Evaluation of MEMS Device." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.210.

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The surface topography characterization of MEMS device is very important to bonding technology of MEMS device. Motif characterizing method is a characterizing method of surface topography by graph. Aiming at the diversity and regionality of surface topography of MEMS device, in this study we have sampled the surface of MEMS device by 3-dimentinal grids using the surface profiler developed by us and characterizes the surface topography of MEMS device by the extended Motif characterizing method. The surface of MEMS device is divided into several Motif regions; the surface topography of every divided region can be evaluated respectively; the details of every region can be zoomed and these regions as a whole or every region can be revolved and projected; one of these regions can be as the reference of other regions. So the height, gradient and other characteristics of others regions of the whole MEMS device surface can be analyzed relative to the reference region; the whole and local surface topography of whole MEMS device can be analyzed.

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Rozum, Molly P. "Prairies and Plains: The Reference Literature of a Region." Annals of Iowa 69, no. 2 (2010): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1426.

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Bugrova, E. M., V. N. Beniamovsky, I. P. Tabachnikova, T. S. Ryabokon’, and E. P. Radionova. "The Kantemirovka Paleogene reference section of the Voronezh region." Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 24, no. 6 (2016): 602–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0869593816060034.

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Le, Gyungho, and Yixin Shi. "Access region cache with register guided memory reference partitioning." Journal of Systems Architecture 55, no. 10-12 (2009): 434–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2009.09.002.

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Kralik, Ivana, Ivana Bjelobrk, Ana Buinac, et al. "Indication based vs anatomical region based diagnostic reference levels." Radiološki vjesnik 47, no. 2 (2023): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55378/rv.47.2.8.

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Korištenje dijagnostičkih referentnih razina u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi s ciljem optimizacije postupaka koji se provode rendgenskim uređajima za računalnu tomografiju može predstavljati poseban izazov ako su dane za pojedina anatomska područja. Razlog tome je činjenica da se za oslikavanje istog anatomskog područja mogu koristiti različiti protokoli, ovisno o potrebnoj razini kvalitete radiološke snimke koja je određena kliničkom indikacijom. Usporedba tipičnih vrijednosti dozimetrijskih veličina s takvim dijagnostičkim referentnim razinama može rezultirati pogrešnim poimanjem potrebe za poduzimanjem korektivnih mjera bilo s ciljem smanjenja ozračenja pacijenta bilo s ciljem poboljšanja kvalitete dijagnostičke informacije. Zbog toga je važno uspostaviti i koristiti dijagnostičke referentne razine koje su dane za pojedinu indikaciju što će u ovom radu biti pokazano na nekoliko primjera iz svakodnevne kliničke prakse.

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Delgado-Ramírez, Gerardo, Martín Alejandro Bolaños-González, Abel Quevedo-Nolasco, Adolfo López-Pérez, and Juan Estrada-Ávalos. "Estimation of Reference Evapotranspiration in a Semi-Arid Region of Mexico." Sensors 23, no. 15 (2023): 7007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23157007.

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Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is the first step in calculating crop irrigation demand, and numerous methods have been proposed to estimate this parameter. FAO-56 Penman–Monteith (PM) is the only standard method for defining and calculating ET0. However, it requires radiation, air temperature, atmospheric humidity, and wind speed data, limiting its application in regions where these data are unavailable; therefore, new alternatives are required. This study compared the accuracy of ET0 calculated with the Blaney–Criddle (BC) and Hargreaves–Samani (HS) methods versus PM using information from an automated weather station (AWS) and the NASA-POWER platform (NP) for different periods. The information collected corresponds to Module XII of the Lagunera Region Irrigation District 017, a semi-arid region in the North of Mexico. The HS method underestimated the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) by 5.5% compared to the PM method considering the total ET0 of the study period (26 February to 9 August 2021) and yielded the best fit in the different evaluation periods (daily, 5-day mean, and 5-day cumulative); the latter showed the best values of inferential parameters. The information about maximum and minimum temperatures from the NP platform was suitable for estimating ET0 using the HS equation. This data source is a suitable alternative, particularly in semi-arid regions with limited climatological data from weather stations.

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Hu, Jian, Rong Ma, Shouzheng Jiang, Yuelei Liu, and Huayan Mao. "Prediction of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in China’s Climatic Regions Using Optimized Machine Learning Models." Water 16, no. 23 (2024): 3349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16233349.

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The accurate estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is essential for crop water consumption modeling and agricultural water resource management. In the present study, three bionic algorithms (aquila optimizer (AO), tuna swarm optimization (TSO), and sparrow search algorithm (SSA)) were combined with an extreme learning machine (ELM) model to form three mixed models (AO-ELM, TSO-ELM, and SSA-ELM). The accuracy of the ET0 estimates for five climate regions in China from 1970 to 2019 was evaluated using the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith (P-M) equation. The results showed that the predicted values of the three mixed models and the ELM model fitted the P-M calculated values well. R2 and RMSE were 0.7654–0.9864 and 0.1271–0.7842 mm·d−1, respectively, for which the prediction accuracy of the AO-ELM model was the highest. The performance of the AO-ELM combination5 (maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), total solar radiation (Rs), sunshine duration (n)) was most significantly improved on the basis of the ELM model. The prediction accuracy for the stations in the plateau mountain climate (PMC) region was the best, while the prediction accuracy for the stations in the tropical monsoon climate region (TPMC) was the worst. In addition to the wind speed (U2) in the temperate continental climate region (TCC)—which was the largest variable affecting ET0—n, Ra, and total solar radiation (Rs) in the other climate regions were more important than relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (U2) in predicting ET0. Therefore, AO-ELM4 was selected for the TCC region (with Tmax, Tmin, Rs, and U2 as inputs) and AO-ELM5 (with Tmax, Tmin, Rs, and n as inputs) was selected for the TMC, PMC, SMC, and TPMC regions when determining the best model for each climate region with limited meteorological data.

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Lange, C., G. Ulrich, H. Amthauer, et al. "Global scaling for semi-quantitative analysis in FP-CIT SPECT." Nuklearmedizin 53, no. 06 (2014): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0659-14-04.

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SummarySemi-quantitative characterization of dopamine transporter availability from single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 123I-ioflupane (FP-CIT) is based on uptake ratios relative to a reference region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the whole brain as reference region for semiquantitative analysis of FP-CIT SPECT. The rationale was that this might reduce statistical noise associated with the estimation of non-displaceable FP-CIT uptake. Patients, methods: 150 FP-CIT SPECTs were categorized as neurodegenerative or non-neurode- generative by an expert. Semi-quantitative analysis of specific binding ratios (SBR) was performed with a custom-made tool based on the Statistical Parametric Mapping software package using predefined regions of interest (ROIs) in the anatomical space of the Montreal Neurological Institute. The following reference regions were compared: predefined ROIs for frontal and occipital lobe and whole brain (without striata, thalamus and brainstem). Tracer uptake in the reference region was characterized by the mean, median or 75th percentile of its voxel intensities. The area (AUC) under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used as performance measure. Results: The highest AUC of 0.973 was achieved by the SBR of the putamen with the 75th percentile in the whole brain as reference. The lowest AUC for the putamen SBR of 0.937 was obtained with the mean in the frontal lobe as reference. Conclusion: We recommend the 75th percentile in the whole brain as reference for semi-quantitative analysis in FP-CIT SPECT. This combination provided the best agreement of the semi-quantitative analysis with visual evaluation of the SPECT images by an expert and, therefore, is appropriate to support less experienced physicians.

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Arya, Rashmi. "The Role of Education in Women Empowerment: A Special Reference to the Jaunsar Region." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 14, no. 4 (2025): 1849–50. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr25421223128.

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Tereshchenko, V. E. "Technique for relation global reference system and local realization of global reference system by continuously operated reference stations." Geodesy and Cartography 962, no. 8 (2020): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2020-962-8-24-37.

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The article suggests a technique for relation global kinematic reference system and local static realization of global reference system by regional continuously operated reference stations (CORS) network. On the example of regional CORS network located in the Novosibirsk Region (CORS NSO) the relation parameters of the global reference system WGS-84 and its local static realization by CORS NSO network at the epoch of fixing stations coordinates in catalog are calculated. With the realization of this technique, the main parameters to be determined are the speed of displacement one system center relativly to another and the speeds of rotation the coordinate axes of one system relatively to another, since the time evolution of most stations in the Russian Federation is not currently provided. The article shows the scale factor for relation determination of coordinate systems is not always necessary to consider. The technique described in the article also allows detecting the errors in determining the coordinates of CORS network in global coordinate system and compensate for them. A systematic error of determining and fixing the CORS NSO coordinates in global coordinate system was detected. It is noted that the main part of the error falls on the altitude component and reaches 12 cm. The proposed technique creates conditions for practical use of the advanced method Precise Point Positioning (PPP) in some regions of the Russian Federation. Also the technique will ensure consistent PPP method results with the results of the most commonly used in the Russian Federation other post-processing methods of high-precision positioning.

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Antonova, Anastasiia A., Aleksey V. Lebedev, Ekaterina N. Ozhmegova, Anastasia V. Shlykova, Ilya A. Lapavok, and Anna I. Kuznetsova. "Variability of non-structural proteins of HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 (Retroviridae: Orthoretrovirinae: Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus-1, sub-subtype A6) variants circulating in different regions of the Russian Federation." Problems of Virology 69, no. 5 (2024): 470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-262.

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Introduction. HIV-1 non-structural proteins are promising targets for vaccine development and for creating approaches to personalized medicine. HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 has become the dominating strain in Russia. However, the geographic, economic and demographic characteristics of the country can contribute to the formation of differences between A6 variants circulating in different regions. The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of the consensus sequences of non-structural proteins in A6 variants circulating in the Amur Region, in Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk and Murmansk. Materials and methods. 48 whole blood samples obtained from HIV-infected patients without experience of therapy observed at the AIDS Centers in Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Murmansk and Amur Region were analyzed. HIV-1 whole-genome nucleotide sequences were obtained and were subtyped. Consensus sequences of sub-subtype A6 variants non-structural proteins for each analyzed region were formed. Furthermore, reference sequences of sub-subtype A6 non-structural proteins were formed based on whole-genome sequences retrieved from the international Los Alamos database. Comparison of consensus sequences and references was performed using the MEGA v.10.2.2 and the PSIPRED programs. Results. Vif, Vpr and Nef reference sequences have been obtained for HIV-1 sub-subtype A6. There was not difference in consensus sequences of Vpr in different regions. Characteristic features were found for consensus sequences of Tat, Rev, Vpu, Vif and Nef proteins in different regions. Conclusion. A limitation of the study is a small sample size. Overall, the results demonstrate the existing diversity of non-structural proteins in sub-subtype A6 variants in different regions and indicate the relevance of studying the polymorphism of non-structural proteins of virus variants in different regions.

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Chu, Philip W., Sophronia Yu, Yifei Wang, et al. "Reference phantom selection in pediatric computed tomography using data from a large, multicenter registry." Pediatric Radiology 52, no. 3 (2021): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00247-021-05227-0.

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Abstract Background Radiation dose metrics vary by the calibration reference phantom used to report doses. By convention, 16-cm diameter cylindrical polymethyl-methacyrlate phantoms are used for head imaging and 32-cm diameter phantoms are used for body imaging in adults. Actual usage patterns in children remain under-documented. Objective This study uses the University of California San Francisco International CT Dose Registry to describe phantom selection in children by patient age, body region and scanner manufacturer, and the consequent impact on radiation doses. Materials and methods For 106,837 pediatric computed tomography (CT) exams collected between Jan. 1, 2015, and Nov. 2, 2020, in children up to 17 years of age from 118 hospitals and imaging facilities, we describe reference phantom use patterns by body region, age and manufacturer, and median and 75th-percentile dose–length product (DLP) and volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) doses when using 16-cm vs. 32-cm phantoms. Results There was relatively consistent phantom selection by body region. Overall, 98.0% of brain and skull examinations referenced 16-cm phantoms, and 95.7% of chest, 94.4% of abdomen and 100% of cervical-spine examinations referenced 32-cm phantoms. Only GE deviated from this practice, reporting chest and abdomen scans using 16-cm phantoms with some frequency in children up to 10 years of age. DLP and CTDIvol values from 16-cm phantom-referenced scans were 2–3 times higher than 32-cm phantom-referenced scans. Conclusion Reference phantom selection is highly consistent, with a small but significant number of abdomen and chest scans (~5%) using 16-cm phantoms in younger children, which produces DLP values approximately twice as high as exams referenced to 32-cm phantoms

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Agung Dwi Laksono, Ratna Dwi Wulandari, and Oedojo Soedirham. "REGIONAL DISPARITIES OF HEALTH CENTER UTILIZATION IN RURAL INDONESIA." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 19, no. 1 (2019): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.19/no.1/art.48.

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One indicator to see the quality of health system performance was to look at the disparity in the utilization of healthcare facilities. The research objective was to analyze the disparity between regions in the utilization of health centers in rural areas in Indonesia. The results of the 2013 Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) were used as analysis material. The 2013 Riskesdas was designed a cross-sectional survey. Respondents obtained 388,598 using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Binary Logistic Regression Test was used to analyze data. Data is obtained through a structured questionnaire. The results showed that there were statistically significant disparities between regions. All regions showed better utilization than the Papua region as a reference. The best utilization was in the Sumatra region, which was 3.781 times more utilizing health centers than the Papua region (OR = 3.781; 95% CI = 3.580-3.993). The utilization of health centres that approached the Papua region was the Nusa Tenggara region (OR = 1.582; 95% CI = 1.490-1.679) and the Maluku region (OR = 2.175; 95% 1.999–2.366). All three regions are all in the Eastern part of Indonesia. The research concluded there was a disparity in health center utilization between regions in rural Indonesia. Regions in the western part of Indonesia tend to have better health center utilization in rural areas. Research results could be used as a reference for making policies that focus on equality of services to reduce existing disparities.

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HARRIS, FAISAL, and AHMAD YUNANI. "ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN DAN KETIMPANGAN REGIONAL ANTAR KABUPATEN-KOTA DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN DAN KALIMANTAN TENGAH TAHUN 2010-2016: SEBUAH PERBANDINGAN." JIEP: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 2, no. 2 (2019): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jiep.v2i2.1187.

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This study aims to analyze how the Comparison of Income Inequality between Regions, Classification of Region, and Level of Interaction between Region in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan Provinces. The data used in this research is Secondary Data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency. The analytical techniques used are Williamson Index, Classen Typology, and Gravity Model.The results showed that income inequality between regions in South Kalimantan was higher than Central Kalimantan. Regional Classification in South Kalimantan is dominated by Developing Regions, while Central Kalimantan is dominated by Relatively Lagging Regions. And based on the Gravity Model, South Kalimantan with the Reference City of Banjarmasin has a higher Gravity Index value than Central Kalimantan with the Reference City of Palangka Raya.Keywords : Economic Growth, Regional Inequality, Williamson Index, Classen Typology, Gravity Model

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Shen, N. L., E. C. Hotaling, G. Subrahmanyam, P. F. Martin, and W. Sofer. "Analysis of sequences regulating larval expression of the Adh gene of Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 129, no. 3 (1991): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/129.3.763.

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Abstract The effects of a series of eight, 50 base pair internal deletions in the 5' region upstream of the proximal transcription start site of the Adh gene of Drosophila melanogaster were examined in a quantitative assay. Mixtures of two plasmids, one bearing a deleted gene, the other with an intact reference gene, were injected into alcohol dehydrogenase-negative embryos. Third instar larvae of the injected generation were assayed for relative alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Quantitative analysis of the eight deletions indicated that two regions were required for any detectable enzyme activity and one region was required for appropriate tissue specificity. The remaining five deletions significantly decreased, but did not eliminate activity. When the deleted genes were placed on a plasmid with an intact reference gene, activities of all but one deletion were restored to levels equivalent to that of the intact reference gene (regardless of orientation). This restoration of activity did not occur when the regulatory region of the intact gene was replaced with the Hsp70 heat shock promoter nor when the 50-base pair deletion encompassed the region that includes the TATA sequence. The fact that seven of the eight deleted genes express activity in the presence of a reference gene on the same plasmid suggests that the deleted gene is controlled by regulatory elements in the reference gene. Further, these regulatory elements exhibit no preference for their own, more proximate, promoter.

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Peng, Zhangli, Sara Salehyar, and Qiang Zhu. "Stability of the tank treading modes of erythrocytes and its dependence on cytoskeleton reference states." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 771 (April 20, 2015): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.187.

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We studied the tank treading motion of an erythrocyte (red blood cell, or RBC) in linear shear flows by using a boundary-element fluid-dynamics model coupled with a multiscale structural model of the cell. The purpose was to investigate the correlation between the reference (stress-free) state of the cytoskeleton and the cell dynamics in shear flows with relatively high capillary numbers. We discovered that there exist two distinctive modes of tank treading, mode 1 and mode 2. In mode 1 the membrane elements originating from the dimple areas keep close to the central plane, whereas in mode 2 these elements remain near the farthermost locations from the central plane. Mode 1 is also characterized by significantly higher breathing and swinging oscillations. During tank treading one mode may become unstable and switch to the other. Their stability depends on the viscosity ratio and the capillary number. At a fixed viscosity ratio, when the capillary number is increased the cell experiences sequentially a region dominated by mode 2, a mode 1/mode 2 bistable region and a region dominated by mode 1. More profoundly, these regions are highly sensitive to the reference state of the cytoskeleton. For example, compared with a cell with a biconcave reference state, a cell with a spheroidal reference state features a much smaller region dominated by mode 2. This finding may guide experiments to identify the actual reference state of these cells.

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Ishibashi, Kenji, Chelsea L. Robertson, Mark A. Mandelkern, Andrew T. Morgan, and Edythe D. London. "The Simplified Reference Tissue Model with 18 F-Fallypride Positron Emission Tomography: Choice of Reference Region." Molecular Imaging 12, no. 8 (2013): 7290.2013.00065. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7290.2013.00065.

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Tamazian, G. S., A. A. Kanapin, and A. A. Samsonova. "Analysis of coverage of Alu repeats by aligned genomic reads." Биофизика 68, no. 3 (2023): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0006302923030109.

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Alu repeats occupy a notable part of the human genome and greatly affect processes related to genome integrity maintenance. One of the basic methods for studying variation in a genome, including Alu repeats is genome sequencing followed by mapping the sequenced reads to a reference genome sequence. The key feature of the read alignment is the depth of reference genome region coverage by mapped reads. In this paper, a new method is proposed for analyzing the coverage of Alu repeats and their flanking regions by whole-genome sequencing reads and the distribution of mean coverage in two aforementioned region types is explored.

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Elsman, Martin. "Garbage-Collection Safety for Region-Based Type-Polymorphic Programs." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, PLDI (2023): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3591229.

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Region inference offers a mechanism to reduce (and sometimes entirely remove) the need for reference-tracing garbage collection by inferring where to insert allocation and deallocation instructions in a program at compile time. When the mechanism is combined with techniques for reference-tracing garbage collection, which is helpful in general to support programs with very dynamic memory behaviours, it turns out that region-inference is complementary to adding generations to a reference-tracing collector. However, region-inference and the associated region-representation analyses that make such a memory management strategy perform well in practice are complex, both from a theoretical point-of-view and from an implementation point-of-view. In this paper, we demonstrate a soundness problem with existing theoretical developments, which have to do with ensuring that, even for higher-order polymorphic programs, no dangling-pointers appear during a reference-tracing collection. This problem has materialised as a practical soundness problem in a real implementation based on region inference. As a solution, we present a modified, yet simple, region type-system that captures garbage-collection effects, even for polymorphic higher-order code, and outline how region inference and region-representation analyses are adapted to the new type system. The new type system allows for associating simpler region type-schemes with functions, compared to original work, makes it possible to combine region-based memory management with partly tag-free reference-tracing (and generational) garbage-collection, and repairs previously derived work that is based on the erroneous published results.

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Gomes Filho, Raimundo Rodrigues, Igor Leonardo Nascimento Santos, Leno Gonzaga de Souza, Ketylen Vieira Santos, Débora Thalita Brito de Oliveira, and Elber Costa de Jesus. "ESTIMATE OF THE REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF THE POÇO VERDE REGION." Revista Brasileira de Agricultura Irrigada 11, no. 5 (2017): 1714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7127/rbai.v11n500764.

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Aloomary, Rana Fathi. "The Reference of architectural Identity of Kurdistan Region of Iraq." Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences 1, no. 1 (2014): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/sjes.100014.

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Aloomary, Rana Fathi. "The Reference of architectural Identity of Kurdistan Region of Iraq." Sulaimani journal for engineering sciences 1, no. 1 (2014): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10014.

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Liu, Ruochen, Ruinan Wang, Wen Feng, Junjun Huang, and Licheng Jiao. "Interactive Reference Region Based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Through Decomposition." IEEE Access 4 (2016): 7331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2605759.

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Høye, Johan S., and Enrique Lomba. "Analysis of the critical region of the hierarchical reference theory." Molecular Physics 109, no. 23-24 (2011): 2773–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2011.627384.

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Tabari, Hossein, and P. Hosseinzadeh Talaee. "Multilayer perceptron for reference evapotranspiration estimation in a semiarid region." Neural Computing and Applications 23, no. 2 (2012): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-0904-7.

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Yang, Jiachen, Zhihui Huang, Kyohoon Sim, Wen Lu, Kai Liu, and Hehan Liu. "No-reference image quality assessment focusing on human facial region." Signal Processing: Image Communication 78 (October 2019): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2019.05.011.

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Huo, Shouliang, Chunzi Ma, Beidou Xi, Jing Su, Fengyu Zan, and Tiantian Jiang. "Defining Reference Nutrient Concentrations in Southeast Eco-Region Lakes, China." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 42, no. 8 (2013): 1066–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300202.

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Darela-Filho, João Paulo, Anja Rammig, Katrin Fleischer, et al. "Reference maps of soil phosphorus for the pan-Amazon region." Earth System Science Data 16, no. 1 (2024): 715–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-715-2024.

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Abstract. Phosphorus (P) is recognized as an important driver of terrestrial primary productivity across biomes. Several recent developments in process-based vegetation models aim at the concomitant representation of the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and P cycles in terrestrial ecosystems, building upon the ecological stoichiometry and the processes that govern nutrient availability in soils. Thus, understanding the spatial distribution of P forms in soil is fundamental to initializing and/or evaluating process-based models that include the biogeochemical cycle of P. One of the major constraints for the large-scale application of these models is the lack of data related to the spatial patterns of the various forms of P present in soils, given the sparse nature of in situ observations. We applied a model selection approach based on random forest regression models trained and tested for the prediction of different P forms (total, available, organic, inorganic, and occluded P) – obtained by the Hedley sequential extraction method. As input for the models, reference soil group and textural properties, geolocation, N and C contents, terrain elevation and slope, soil pH, and mean annual precipitation and temperature from 108 sites of the RAINFOR network were used. The selected models were then applied to predict the target P forms using several spatially explicit datasets containing contiguous estimated values across the area of interest. Here, we present a set of maps depicting the distribution of total, available, organic, inorganic, and occluded P forms in the topsoil profile (0–30 cm) of the pan-Amazon region in the spatial resolution of 5 arcmin. The random forest regression models presented a good level of mean accuracy for the total, available, organic, inorganic, and occluded P forms (77.37 %, 76,86 %, 75.14 %, 68.23 %, and 64.62% respectively). Our results confirm that the mapped area generally has very low total P concentration status, with a clear gradient of soil development and nutrient content. Total N was the most important variable for the prediction of all target P forms and the analysis of partial dependence indicates several features that are also related with soil concentration of all target P forms. We observed that gaps in the data used to train and test the random forest models, especially in the most elevated areas, constitute a problem to the methods applied here. However, most of the area could be mapped with a good level of accuracy. Also, the biases of gridded data used for model prediction are introduced in the P maps. Nonetheless, the final map of total P resembles the expected geographical patterns. Our maps may be useful for the parametrization and evaluation of process-based terrestrial ecosystem models as well as other types of models. Also, they can promote the testing of new hypotheses about the gradient and status of P availability and soil-vegetation feedback in the pan-Amazon region. The reference maps can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.25824/redu/FROESE (Darela-Filho and Lapola, 2023).

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Al-Ghobari, Hussein M. "Estimation of reference evapotranspiration for southern region of Saudi Arabia." Irrigation Science 19, no. 2 (2000): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002710050004.

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Lopatriello, Giulia, Simone Maestri, Massimiliano Alfano, et al. "CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Enrichment Coupled to Nanopore Sequencing Provides a Valuable Tool for the Precise Reconstruction of Large Genomic Target Regions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (2023): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021076.

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Complete and accurate identification of genetic variants associated with specific phenotypes can be challenging when there is a high level of genomic divergence between individuals in a study and the corresponding reference genome. We have applied the Cas9-mediated enrichment coupled to nanopore sequencing to perform a targeted de novo assembly and accurately reconstruct a genomic region of interest. This approach was used to reconstruct a 250-kbp target region on chromosome 5 of the common bean genome (Phaseolus vulgaris) associated with the shattering phenotype. Comparing a non-shattering cultivar (Midas) with the reference genome revealed many single-nucleotide variants and structural variants in this region. We cut five 50-kbp tiled sub-regions of Midas genomic DNA using Cas9, followed by sequencing on a MinION device and de novo assembly, generating a single contig spanning the whole 250-kbp region. This assembly increased the number of Illumina reads mapping to genes in the region, improving their genotypability for downstream analysis. The Cas9 tiling approach for target enrichment and sequencing is a valuable alternative to whole-genome sequencing for the assembly of ultra-long regions of interest, improving the accuracy of downstream genotype–phenotype association analysis.

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Zhang, Sulan, and Jiaqiang Wan. "Anomaly Region Detection Based on DMST." International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 15, no. 1 (2019): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdwm.2019010103.

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Anomaly region detection aims at finding spatial outliers or spatial anomalous clusters. Generally, detection approaches cover spatial neighbor's discovery with spatial attributes and anomaly measurement of spatial regions according to non-spatial attributes. In this article, an anomaly region detection method using Delaunay minimal spanning tree (DMST for short) is proposed. First, a Delaunay minimal spanning tree is constructed. Then, the current longest edge of the tree is iteratively cut and anomaly regions are concurrently detected. Finally, the shortest edge of the related bipartite graph is taken as the anomaly measurement. The proposed method could avoid the disturbance of bad reference neighbors and generate anomaly regions keeping atomicity.

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Liu, Qian, Xiaochun Chen, Huan Hang, Zhihui Xu, and Fumeng Yang. "Reference interval for urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in healthy adults in Jiangsu region in Eastern China: a multicenter study." Biomarkers in Medicine 16, no. 1 (2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/bmm-2021-0464.

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Aim: We explored the concentrations of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in healthy adults in the Jiangsu region in Eastern China and established a reference interval using latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetry to provide important guidelines for the interpretation and application of urinary NGAL in clinical practice. Methods: In total, 1970 eligible subjects from four regions were included in this study. The urinary NGAL levels were measured using an AU5800 automatic biochemical analyzer with its matched reagents. The urinary NGAL reference interval was established using the one-sided percentile method (95th percentile). Results: The urinary NGAL data were non-normally distributed. The urinary NGAL levels were not significantly different by sex or age. Therefore, the urinary NGAL reference interval in healthy adults in the Jiangsu region in Eastern China was <87.5 ng/ml (95th percentile of the upper limit). Conclusion: Urinary NGAL reference interval will play an important role in promoting the clinical value of urinary NGAL.

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Silva, Helder J. Farias, Weber Andrande Gonçalves, and Bergson Guedes Bezerra. "SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND REGIONALIZATION OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FOR THE AMAZON REGION." Journal of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 7, no. 5 (2017): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.29150/jhrs.v7.5.p258-271.

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Sensitivity Analysis (SA) is important to understand the relative importance of climate variables in the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) computation. In this study, a sensitivity coefficient was used to predict ETo responses to disturbances of five climatic variables in the Amazonian Hydrographic Region - AHR (Brazilian Amazon). The ETo was estimated using the standardized equation of Penman-Monteith-FAO (PM-FAO). A 15-year meteorological data set of 38 surface meteorological stations were used in the study. An additional analysis was also presented to determine homogeneous regions of ETo by means of Cluster Analysis. The results showed that seven homogeneous sub-regions are sufficient to divide the AHR into different ETo patterns which were separated considering the intensity and the seasonal pattern of ETo. By the SA, the variables that contribute most to the computation of ETo using the PM-FAO method were the balance of radiation (Rn) and wind speed (u2). These results demonstrate that, in general, it should be emphasized to precise measures of insolation, since the precise estimation of Rn is directly associated with the measurement of this variable as well as of u2, which proved to be the second most influential variable in the ETo computation.

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Jones, Gregory V. "Spatial variability in climate, phenology, and fruit composition across a reference vineyard network in Southern Oregon." E3S Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001018.

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This paper provides a summary of observational data from a reference vineyard network in the Southern Oregon American Viticultural Area (AVA). The network was established to collect baseline data on spatial variations in temperature, grapevine phenology, and composition characteristics across a collection of varieties grown in the region. The results from the period 2003 through 2017 show a wide diversity of climate types for winegrape production ranging from relatively cool to relatively warm conditions (GST 14.8 to 17.5°C and GDD 1109 to 1657). One unique climate aspect is that the region experiences higher diurnal temperature ranges during the growing season than regions in Europe and many others in the western US. Grapevine phenological timing and intervals between events are similar to other wine regions with budbreak averaging 14-Apr, flowering 14-Jun, véraison 19-Aug. However, harvest dates are up to ten days to two weeks later than many regions in Europe. Ripening period and harvest composition observations reveal the diversity of potential varieties that the region can ripen. Over all varieties, sites and vintages observed harvest composition averages 23.7 °Brix, 6.4 g/L total acidity, a pH of 3.44, and yields of 2.7 tons/acre.

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Bharatbhai, Shah Gunjan. "Analysis of Sugar Production in South Gujarat Region with Special Reference from Chalthan Sugar Factory." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 4 (2011): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2013/89.

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T. Vijayalakshmi, T. Vijayalakshmi, and Dr V. R. Palanivelu Dr. V. R. Palanivelu. "A Study on Market Potential Analysis of Lakme Products with Special Reference to Namakkal Region." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 8 (2011): 399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2013/130.

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