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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Regional Trade Agreement (RTAs)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Regional Trade Agreement (RTAs)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Regional Trade Agreement (RTAs)"

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Freckleton, Marie, and Patrice Whitely. "Can trade agreements among small countries create trade?" International Journal of Development Issues 19, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-06-2019-0110.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of a regional trade agreement among a group of small island developing states on trade creation and trade diversion. Design/methodology/approach An augmented gravity model and panel data are used to estimate the trade creation and trade diversion effects. The generalized method of moments technique is used to account for possible endogeneity. Country pair and time fixed effects are also included. Findings The regional trade agreement had a positive effect on intra-regional trade creation, but there was no significant diversion of imports from extra-regional trade partners. Practical implications Small developing economies can benefit from regional trade agreements (RTAs) among themselves. The trade diversion effects of such agreements are likely to be limited. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the only paper which investigates the impact of RTAs among small island developing states.

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Huang, Siyu, Wensha Gou, Hongbo Cai, Xiaomeng Li, and Qinghua Chen. "Effects of Regional Trade Agreement to Local and Global Trade Purity Relationships." Complexity 2020 (July 23, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2987217.

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In contrast to the rapid integration of the world economy, many regional trade agreements (RTAs) have also emerged since the early 1990s. This contradiction has encouraged scholars and policymakers to explore the true effects of RTAs, including both regional and global trade relationships. This paper defines synthesized trade resistance and decomposes it into natural and artificial factors. Here, we separate the influence of geographical distance, economic volume, and overall increase in transportation and labor costs and use the expectation maximization algorithm to optimize the parameters and quantify the trade purity indicator, which describes the true global trade environment and relationships among countries. This indicates that although global and most regional trade relations gradually deteriorated during the period 2007–2017, RTAs generate trade relations among members, especially contributing to the relative prosperity of European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries. In addition, we apply the network to reflect the purity of the trade relations among countries. The effects of RTAs can be analyzed by comparing typical trade unions and trade communities, which are presented using an empirical network structure. This analysis shows that the community structure is quite consistent with some trade unions, and the representative RTAs constitute the core structure of international trade network. However, the role of trade unions has weakened, and multilateral trade liberalization has accelerated in the past decade. This means that more countries have recently tended to expand their trading partners outside of these unions rather than limit their trading activities to RTAs.

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Pal, Parthapratim. "Regional Trade Agreements in a Multilateral Trade Regime." Foreign Trade Review 40, no. 1 (April 2005): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515050102.

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One of the most striking developments in the world trading system since the mid 1990s has been the surge in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). From about 50 till 1990, the number of RTAs has crossed 250 in 2003. As trading within RTAs does not come under the purview of World Trade Organization (WTO), this explosive growth of regionalism is threatening to emerge as an alternative to the WTO led international trading system. This has initiated an intense debate among economists whether RTAs are “building blocks” or “stumbling blocks” of the multilateral trading system. In this backdrop, this paper traces the reasons behind this resurgent regionalism and surveys the literature on RTAs and its interaction with the multilateral trading system. This paper attempts to look at these issues from the perspective of a developing country.

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Barnekow, Sarah Ellis, and Kishore G. Kulkarni. "Why Regionalism? A Look at the Costs and Benefits of Regional Trade Agreements in Africa." Global Business Review 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2017): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150916666881.

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Countries were involved in regional trade agreements (RTAs) long before the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established in 1947. In recent years, however, RTAs have proliferated, particularly in Africa. In this article, we examine the various reasons why African countries have chosen to engage in these agreements, particularly in light of the fact that they do not seem to be ‘trade creating’ in nature. As Jacob Viner made it popular in the 1950s, not all trade agreements lead to higher economic welfare for the nations engaging in them. In the case of African countries where there is a limited degree of variation in the goods that are produced, and infrastructure and trading systems are designed for intercontinental rather than intra-continental trade, RTAs may not necessarily lead to greater welfare. Our examination of RTAs does not yield a strong positive result that they are welfare-enhancing exercises. A greater care needs to be taken for future RTAs.

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Gounder, Neelesh, and Biman Chand Prasad. "Regional trade agreements and the new theory of trade." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 10, no. 1 (March 29, 2011): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14770021111116133.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the two issues of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the new theory of international trade and draw conclusions for Pacific Island countries (PICs). The authors provide a deeper conceptual treatment of the consequences of RTAs and analyse the new theory of international trade to explore its implications for trade policy in PICs.Design/methodology/approachWith regard to RTAs, the argument is developed in the context of the conjecture that questions the benefits from adopting more open trade policies with neighbours while maintaining restrictive policies towards the rest of the world. The authors draw on international and regional analytical literature and on recent modelling work to review critically the possible gains and losses of RTAs for PICs. In the latter issue, the focus is on the roles of imperfect competition and scale economies and their relevance to PICs.FindingsFreeing up trade gradually and unilaterally and realizing the benefits of comparative advantage remains the best way to maximise welfare. PICs could be worse off under a complex system of overlapping RTAs and existence of RTAs by Australia and New Zealand outside the region has the possibility of marginalizing weak PICs economies.Practical implicationsPICs are currently at a critical juncture in terms of trade policy making with various trade agreements being thrown in the region and this paper has the capacity to provide some answers to policy makers on the approach to take.Originality/valueThe paper offers insights into regional trade agreements and the new theory of trade.

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Martin, Philippe, Thierry Mayer, and Mathias Thoenig. "The Geography of Conflicts and Regional Trade Agreements." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.4.4.1.

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In addition to standard trade gains, regional trade agreements (RTAs) can promote peaceful relations by increasing the opportunity cost of conflicts. Country pairs with large trade gains from RTAs and a high probability of conflict should be more likely to sign an RTA. Using data from 1950 to 2000, we show that this complementarity between economic and politics determines the geography of RTAs. We disentangle trade gains from political factors by a theory-driven empirical estimation and find that country pairs with higher frequency of past wars are more likely to sign RTAs, the more so the larger the trade gains. (JEL D72, D74, F15, N70)

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Wandel, Jürgen. "Do free trade agreements promote sneaky protectionism? A classical liberal perspective." International Journal of Management and Economics 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2019-0017.

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Abstract A neglected aspect of regional trade agreements (RTAs) is their protectionist potential. In times of a stagnating World Trade Organization (WTO), growing economic nationalism and skepticism about the merits of free trade and trade agreements, the paper examines to what extent recently signed RTAs really promote genuine free trade or rather foster sneaky protectionism under the guise of free trade. For this, the paper proposes an ideal-type free trade agreement benchmark model based on a classical liberal perspective and applies it in a multiple case study approach to assess three cases of recently concluded mega-RTAs: the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the renegotiated North American trade agreement USCMA, and the Canada–European Union (EU) agreement CETA. The article shows that all of them are far from the classical liberal ideal of totally free trade and have a high content of back door protectionism suitable to raise trade barriers when politically opportune. In particular, the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) includes many clear protectionist provisions that might even outweigh its liberalizing stipulations, whereas CPTPP and CETA can be deemed net liberalizing. It concludes that given political economy constraints, RTAs can nevertheless remain a second-best solution to the classical liberal ideals of completely unhampered trade and unilateral liberalization provided that they remove more impediments to free exchange than they cement or create.

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DAWAR, KAMALA. "Government Procurement in the WTO: A Case for Greater Integration." World Trade Review 15, no. 4 (January 5, 2016): 645–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000592.

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This article assesses the regulation of government procurement in the WTO, specifically under the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (WTO GPA), the General Agreement on Tariffs in Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM). It compares these findings from leading regional trade agreements (RTAs) with government procurement regulation, most notably the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

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Willemyns, Ines. "Agreement Forthcoming? A Comparison of EU, US, and Chinese RTAs in Times of Plurilateral E-Commerce Negotiations." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz048.

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ABSTRACT This paper discusses the results of a study into the evolution of electronic commerce-related provisions in regional trade agreements (RTAs) and supplements them with a tripartite comparison of the e-commerce provisions in Chinese, EU, and US RTAs. As trade barriers related to electronic commerce are becoming ever more important in the global trade landscape and no explicit provisions exist at the multilateral level, it can be expected that WTO Members increasingly include provisions addressing such barriers, and electronic commerce more generally, at the bilateral and regional levels. This study applies a term-frequency analysis to the whole body of RTAs that contain e-commerce-related provisions, mapping the evolution of e-commerce chapters over time. Subsequently, a legal analysis is conducted on the e-commerce terms that were found in Chinese, EU, and US RTAs. Based on these Members’ position at the multilateral level, the e-commerce topics covered in their RTAs, and the nature of the provisions included, the paper aims to assess the convergences and divergences in their approach to e-commerce at the bilateral level and to draw lessons for the ongoing WTO plurilateral negotiations on the trade-related aspects of electronic commerce.

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Suominen, Kati. "The Changing Anatomy of Regional Trade Agreements in East Asia." Journal of East Asian Studies 9, no. 1 (April 2009): 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800002800.

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The recent proliferation of regional trade agreements in the East Asian region can be seen as the most notable development in the region's trading panorama in recent years. Yet, very little is as yet understood about the anatomy of these agreements and, consequently, their full implications to the regional economy. This article strives to fill this gap by analyzing the structure of four dozen RTAs by their various key component parts, including tariff liberalization schedules, rules of origin, and competition policy, customs, investment, and services provisions. The results reveal that intra-Asian RTAs are generally quite rapidly liberalizing, with the exception of agriculture, but they are also quite thin in trade-related disciplines when compared with the more legalistic US trans-Pacific RTAs and those of Mexico and Chile. The proposed Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific would inherently be a construct of the political economy interests of these various constituent RTAs.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Regional Trade Agreement (RTAs)"

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Then, de Lammerskötter Rosario. "WTO und Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) : Artikel XXIV und die enabling clause im Lichte eines idealen Regulierungssystems /." Münster : LIT, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/387731849.pdf.

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Lunani, Sadat Mulongo. "Understanding regionalisation and preferential relations in world trade law and policy: a perspective from the East African Community (EAC)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6793_1363787835.

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The rapid growth in the number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has led to concern about the weakening of the multilateral trading system. This thesis examines the spread of such agreement and the extent to which they pose a threat to the multilateral system. Regionalism and multilateralism are complimentary as shown in the case study of the East African Community. The current regional trade agreement management rules are weak and ambiguous and possible amendments for these rules are proposed

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Soukar, Louai. "Natural resources endowment, international trade and convergence." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0160/document.

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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'effet de la répartition inégale des ressources naturelles entre les pays sur trois aspects principaux. Dans le premier chapitre, nous examinons empiriquement les effets asymétriques potentiels de l'adhésion à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) entre les membres, en nous concentrant spécifiquement sur les pays en développement. Les résultats suggèrent que l'adhésion à l'OMC a contribué à l'augmentation des exportations de tous les pays, à l'exception des pays non-émergents riches en ressources. En revanche, les pays émergents riches en ressources sont les plus grands bénéficiaires de l'accession à l'OMC. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous explorons empiriquement l'impact de la dotation en ressources naturelles sur les gains de six Accords Commerciaux Régionaux (ACR) entre les membres à travers trois axes : la complémentarité entre les pays, la diversification des pays riches en ressources ainsi que la création et le détournement des échanges. Nous concluons que la complémentarité entre les pays riches et les pays pauvres en ressources a été atteinte dans les accords de l’ECOWAS, du SADC et du CIS. Les résultats indiquent également que, dans tous les ACR, les pays riches en ressources ont accru leurs exportations hors secteurs des ressources naturelles et diversifié ainsi leurs structures d'exportation, en particulier avec les partenaires régionaux. En outre, dans la plupart des ACR, les pays pauvres ont accru leurs exportations vers leurs partenaires riches en ressources, tandis que ces derniers souffrent du détournement des échanges en termes d'importations. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous étudions l'impact de la dotation en ressources naturelles sur le processus de convergence entre les pays du PAFTA. Premièrement, les résultats démontrent que la sigma-convergence n'était observable qu'entre 1970 et 1990 dans les pays du PAFTA. De plus, l’estimation révèle que les ressources naturelles sont l'un des principaux déterminants de la convergence conditionnelle au sein du PAFTA. Par conséquent, l'asymétrie entre les pays en termes de dotation en ressources naturelles n'a pas empêché la convergence dans le PAFTA. L'analyse de la convergence des clubs a identifié trois principaux clubs parmi les pays du PAFTA. En outre, les facteurs qui ont déterminé la formation des clubs sont les ressources naturelles, la qualité des institutions et l'investissement. Par ailleurs, une abondance de ressources naturelles n'est pas suffisante pour être le meilleur club, mais doit être accompagnée d'institutions de qualité
In this thesis, we examine the effect of the unequal distribution of natural resources between countries on three main aspects. In chapter one, we empirically examine potential asymmetric effects of the accession of the World Trade Organization (WTO) across members, focusing specifically on the developing countries. The results suggest that membership in the WTO contributed to greater exports for all countries, except for non-emerging resource-rich countries. In contrast, emerging resource-rich countries are the greatest beneficiaries from the accession of the WTO. In chapter two, we empirically explore the impact of natural resource endowments on the gains of six Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) across members through three axes: complementarity between countries, diversification of resource-rich countries, and trade creation and diversion. We conclude that the complementarity between resource-rich and resource-poor countries has been achieved in the ECOWAS, SADC and CIS agreements. The results also indicate that in all RTAs, the resource-rich countries increased exports in non-natural resource sectors and thereby diversified their export structures, especially with regional partners. Moreover, in most RTAs, poor countries boosted their exports to resources-rich partners, while resource-rich countries suffer from trade diversion in terms of imports. In the last chapter, we study the impact of natural resource endowments on the process of convergence among PAFTA countries. First, the results demonstrate that sigma-convergence was only observable between 1970-1990 among PAFTA countries. The estimation reveals that natural resources are one of the main determinants of conditional convergence within PAFTA. Therefore, the asymmetry between countries in terms of natural resource endowment did not impede the convergence in PAFTA. Club convergence analysis identify three main clubs among PAFTA countries. In addition, the factors that determined clubs’ formation are natural resources, quality of institutions, and investment. Further, an abundance of natural resources is alone not enough to be the best club, but must be accompanied by high-quality institutions

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Ahcar, Olmos Jaime Rafael. "An inquiry on Regional Trade Integration and Trade Potentials." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090055/document.

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Dans un contexte où les négociations commerciales multilatérales languissent dans une impasse, les accords commerciaux régionaux ACR prennent de l’élan. Cette thèse doctorale cherche à faire avancer la connaissance sur ce domaine. C’est grâce au modèle de gravité du commerce que trois chapitres supportés par des analyses économétriques appliqués ont été mis au point.Le premier chapitre examine les effets sur les flux bilatéraux de commerce attribuables aux ACR, le système généralisé de préférences (SGP) et l’appartenance à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce OMC. Plusieurs spécifications économétriques et techniques d’estimation ont été testées. Particulièrement Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML), qui se présente comme la technique la plus recommandée pour contenir des biais bien connues et des problèmes d’endogénéité. Cette recherche a été conduite avec un modèle de gravité du commerce international qui comporte 153 pays sur la période 1980-2012. Les résultats montrent systématiquement qu’un effet positif et significatif sur les flux bilatéraux de commerce est à attendre après l’entrée en vigueur d’un ACR. De même, des effets positifs mais peu importants, voir nuls sont accordés à la participation au sein de l’OMC. La spécification qui utilise PPML et qui contrôle l’influence de l’hétérogénéité inobservable montre un effet non-significatif pour le SGP. Le deuxième chapitre, coécrit avec mon directeur de thèse Jean-Marc Siroën, explore quel est l’effet de l’hétérogénéité des ACR sur le cadre de l’approfondissement de l’intégration. Nous envisageons pouvoir déceler si les ACR qui sont plus profonds contribuent plus à la création de commerce que ceux qui sont moins profonds. Nous avons recours à deux bases de données récemment ouverts au public. La première appartenant à l’OMC et la deuxième a la World Trade Institute (WTI-DESTA). Nous procédons à créer des indicateurs crédibles de l’approfondissement de l’intégration pour passer à les tester dans un modèle de gravité. Nous trouvons qu’un effet positif et significatif peut-être accordé aux accords les plus profonds, indépendamment que l’indicateur testé soit un indicateur additive où un indicateur obtenu par l’Analyse de correspondance multiple (ACM). De même cet effet est constaté pas seulement dans les accords qui comportent des clauses classiquement négociées sur le cadre de l’OMC, mais aussi dans les accords qui dépassent cette dimension. Le troisième chapitre se consacre à étudier l’existence des potentiels de commerce entre la Colombie et l’Union Européenne. Des prédictions dans l’échantillon après des estimations avec PPML et effets fixes qui varient dans le temps nous indiquent que des potentiels de commerce existent avec l’Autriche, la République Tchèque, la Finlande, la France, l’Allemagne, la Hongrie, la Suède et la Pologne. Dans le sens inverse la Suède, l’Irlande, la Finlande et Pologne détiennent une marge importante à gagner dans le marché colombien. Des tests de sensibilité ont été effectués pour garantir la robustesse de ces résultats
Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have surged in a context of stalled multilateral trade negotiations. This doctoral thesis intends to advance scientific knowledge in the field. Thus, thanks to a gravity model theoretical framework, three chapters of applied empirical econometrics analysis have been completed. The first chapter examines the effects of RTAs, the Generalized System of Preference (GSP) and World Trade Organization memberships on bilateral trade flows. I put into practice different econometric specifications and estimation methods, notably Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML), which is the one that better seems to contend with well-known biases and endogeneity problems. I conduct this research with an international trade gravity model estimated across 153 countries from the year 1980 to 2012.I consistently found a strong positive impact of regional trade agreement RTAs on most specifications and low or non-significant results for WTO membership. The estimates from the PPML method that includes controls for unobserved heterogeneity show non-significant effects of the Generalized System of Preference (GSP) on trade.The second chapter, co-authored with my supervisor Jean-Marc Siroën, explores the effect of heterogeneity of RTAs in the scope of deep integration. We intend to determine if deeper RTAs promote trade more effectively than less ambitious agreements. We make use of two recently available data sets from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Trade Institute (WTI-DESTA) to generate credible indicators of deep integration. Additive and Multiple Correspondence Analysis derived indicators for the depth of the agreements are then computed and their significance is tested in a gravity model. We find that deeper agreements increase trade more than shallow ones, whereas the provisions they included are within or outside of the WTO domain.The third chapter investigates the existence of trade potentials between Colombia and the EU. I obtain in-sample predictions after the estimation of a gravity model with the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator. I control for unobserved omitted variable bias by the inclusion of exporter and importer time varying fixed effects, and run a series of sensitivity analysis.Untapped trade potentials are found between Colombia and a group of EU countries in both directions of the trade flows. Exports from Colombia have a gap to bridge with Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Sweden. In the other direction, Sweden, Ireland, Finland and Poland have an interesting margin to gain in the Colombian market

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Kayonde, Susan. "Towards an International Standard on government procurement in the WTO: Assessing the role of RTAs in entrenching the principles of the WTOs agreement on government procurement in developing countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5482_1256911225.

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Government procurement is a very important aspect of international tradeas it can either promote or inhibit trade depending on laws and policies of a country. The study is confined to issues pertaining to the role of RTAs in establishing government procurement standards that resemble or conform to those of the GPA in developing countries. The study used Africa as a case study by evaluating selected RTAs that have been signed focussing on RTAs such as the procurementinitiativeof the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA) and US-Morocco Free Trade Agreement. The major objectives of the study were to examine the role of the existing international regulatory instruments towards the harmonisation of global standards on government procurement. The reserach aimed at analysing the role of the WTOs GPA as a possible global standard for government procurement and to investigate reasons of limited membership by developing countries.

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Duma, Siphumelele Ernest. "Regional Integration and the challenges of Intra-Regional Trade : an assessment of the implementation of SADC's Free Trade Agreement." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65546.

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Regional Integration is one of the most prominent phenomena in the 21st century; it has manifested itself in various ways worldwide, including through the Intra-Regional Trade. The African continent has not been an exception as we have seen African leaders calling for the strengthening of the continent's Regional Economic Communities (RECs) through the signing of the Abuja Treaty in the year 1991 in the quest for the African Economic Community (AEC). As one of Africa's RECs, SADC signed the Trade Protocol in the year 1996 seeking to enhance the free flow of goods, services and capital among member states, presumably in response to the call from the continental level. Regional integration initiatives are not without challenges in the African continent. Thus, using the case of SADC's Free Trade Agreement (FTA), envisaged by the Trade Protocol, this study seeks to understand the contributing factors to the failure of the member states, who are signatories to the Trade Protocol, to live up to their commitments. It argues that varying degrees of economic growth and development, as well as different trading structures, have different impacts on member states' responses to their commitments. To conduct this study, a Qualitative case study approach is adopted. The study recommends that, efforts made by SADC to industrialise the region, through the Regional Development Fund, should be prioritised and well implemented as it has the potential to capacitate SADC member states that lack necessary infrastructure and developed industry sector to efficiently work towards goals enshrined in the region’s trade protocol.
Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Political Sciences
MA
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Dari, Teurai Thirdgirl. "Tripartite Free Trade Agreement as a solution to increasing intra-African trade." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4786.

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Magister Legum - LLM
Trade has been widely accepted as an important tool in spearheading economic growth and development. In many different parts of the world, countries have alleviated poverty and economically prospered through effective trade. Despite the efforts to dismantle trade restrictions and create a common market, the problem remains that of African disintegrated markets which then lead to poor intra-African trade. There is therefore the need to use intra-African trade as an instrument that effectively serve in the attainment of rapid and sustainable social and economic development. The aim of this study is to therefore determine whether the solution to increasing intra-African trade can be found in the Tripartite FTA.

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Dipholo, Thabo. "The potential impact of the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement on a regional service provider." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/74834.

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The advent of trade in services theory has been a developing research topic since 1980, where various factors are in place to determine trade flows and the impact of regulatory frameworks and policies. Services trade is an important contributing factor towards economic objectives and continues to drive development. With growth in services trade across the globe there is increased value in understanding the impact of the services sector on the African continent. The evolving reliance on services towards globalisation in low-income economies is proven to contribute significantly to gross domestic product. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement was instituted to integrate economies by creating ease of access for the intra-trade of goods and services across the continent. This study aimed to explore the impact of the AfCFTA agreement on a regional financial services provider. The research followed a semi-structured interview methodology, which measured and tested the impact of the agreement on trade in services for this qualitative study. The results indicated that the service provider would adopt the AfCFTA agreement’s requirements in the expansion of its operations, to establish services across the continent. Although the minimum number of countries required supported the ratification process, a lot of work is needed to develop and understand the effect of international trade, on the back of reformative policy changes such as the AfCFTA agreement.
Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MPhil
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Jana, Vimbai Lisa Michelle. "Adopting a harmonised regional approach to customs regulation for the tripartite free trade agreement." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8861_1380710167.

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Mathis, James Haley. "Regional trade agreements in the GATT/WTO GATT article XXIV and the internal trade requirement /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/60558.

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Books on the topic "Regional Trade Agreement (RTAs)"

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Cernat, Lucian. Assessing regional trade arrangements: Are South-South RTAs more trade diverting? New York: United Nations, 2001.

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Gupta, Anju. Outsiders and RTAs among small countries: The case of regional markets. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group., 1997.

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Enhancing regional trade integration in Southeast Europe. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2010.

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Melo, Jaime De. Regional integration old and new. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Country Economics Dept., World Bank, 1992.

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Indonesia and the ASEAN free trade agreement: Nationalists and regional integration strategy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2008.

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Findlay, Christopher C. (Christopher Charles), Kaufmann Uwe 1983-, and Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ASEAN Studies Centre, eds. Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement (ANZCERTA) and regional integration. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2011.

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California. Legislature. Assembly. Select Committee on the Americas. Hearing/roundtable discussion: Regionalism, the Greater Los Angeles Basin Region Agreement, and the Power in Regional Partnership Agreement. Sacramento, CA: Assembly Publications Office, 1995.

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Scollay, Robert. Regional trade agreements and developing countries: The case of the Pacific islands' proposed free trade agreement. New York: United Nations, 2001.

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1934-, Bhagwati Jagdish N., ed. Regional trade agreements in the GATT/WTO: Article XXIV and the internal trade requirement. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2002.

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United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America, ed. Services in regional agreements between Latin American and developed countries. Santiago, Chile: Naciones Unidas, CEPAL, Division of International Trade and Integration, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Regional Trade Agreement (RTAs)"

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Rabinovych, Maryna. "EU rule of law promotion through RTAs in third states." In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 106–43. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-6.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. "EU rule of law promotion through RTAs in third states." In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 68–105. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-5.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. "Coherence between the “regulation” and “action” dimensions of rule of law promotion through RTAs (internal coherence)." In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 144–67. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-7.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. "Coherence between the rule of law promotion through RTAs and EU broader rule of law promotion activities (external coherence)." In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 168–89. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-8.

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Odularu, Gbadebo, and Adenike Odularu. "Leveraging Trade Facilitation (TF) Measures to Maximize the Benefits of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) in West Africa." In Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development, 141–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45569-3_9.

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Jayanthakumaran, Kankesu. "Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)." In Industrialization and Challenges in Asia, 99–133. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0824-5_4.

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Yunling, Zhang. "Path to the East Asia Free Trade Agreement." In On East Asian Regional Cooperation I, 59–83. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: China perspectives: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351242172-3.

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Jiang, Yang. "China’s Policymaking for the China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement." In China's Policymaking for Regional Economic Cooperation, 32–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137347602_2.

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Olofin, Sam, Afees Salisu, Idris Ademuyiwa, and Joel Owuru. "Determinants of a Successful Regional Trade Agreement in West Africa." In Regional Economic Integration in West Africa, 181–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01282-7_8.

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Hansen, Niles. "The North American Free Trade Agreement: Implications for US Regions." In Regional Science: Perspectives for the Future, 232–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25514-6_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Regional Trade Agreement (RTAs)"

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Gültekin, Raşit, and Mustafa Erkan Üyümez. "Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Russian Federation and its Possible Effects to these Countries’ Trade and Taxational Reflections." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01300.

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The last period of international trade in goods covers a process carried out with globalization and regionalization efforts. Many countries, on the one hand, take part in arrangements that are executed under the leadership by global actors and aim at removing or reducing conventional obstacles to international trade, on the other hand, participate in various and regional economic integrations to provide a more deep and comprehensive economic cooperation and to cope with the competition and trade restrictions which continually increasing due to political, commercial and economical motives. Trade relations between Turkey and Russian Federation is an important element of the two countries' multidimensional cooperation. The most effective attempt to raise the top level of the volume and quality of existing commercial relationships will be the signing and putting into practice of a comprehensive free trade agreements between the two countries that have not been done previously. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential effects of such a free trade agreements between Turkey and Russian Federation in terms of trade in goods between two countries. To this end, in this study, theoretical aspects of free trade agreements' effects and place within regional integration types will be considered the impact of the possible Turkey-Russia free trade agreement will be examined in a framework of basic provisions with customs duties that set out in free trade agreements, recent trade data and key issues related to these countries.

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Marin, Nikolay, and Mariya Paskaleva. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE EU’S INVESTMENT POLICY AFTER CETA: EFFECTS ON THE BULGARIAN ECONOMY." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.55.

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In this paper we analyze the changes of the EU’s investment policy provoked by the mixed trade agreements. The EU’s investment policy has turned towards attaining bilateral trade agreements. One of these “new-generation” agreements is the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). It is in a process of being ratified by the national parliaments of the EU members. This study is focused on the general characteristics of CETA and the eventual problems posed by its regulatory and wide-ranging nature. We prove that the significance of this agreement pertains not only to the economic influence, that it will have on the European and Canadian economies, but CETA is also the first trade agreement to have been negotiated with a focus on investment protection and a change in the EU’s investment policy. The current study reveals the influence arising from the conclusion of CETA on the Bulgarian economy with an emphasis on electronic industry, machinery industry and manufacturing. We estimate both – the direct and indirect effects on Bulgaria’s exports, imports, value added and employment. In order to estimate the influence, we apply the multi-regional input-output model. It is proved that CETA will have a low but positive impact on the Bulgarian economy. After constructing different scenarios of development, we prove that the influence of CETA on the Bulgarian economy will amount to 0.010% GDP. The average total employment will be increased by more than 172 jobs in Bulgaria, which in turn, relative to the labor market, represents less than 0.01% of the total employment.

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Ribeiro, Eric O., Taina S. Ruchiga, and Jose A. M. Lima. "A Brazilian Northeast Coast Wave Data Comparison: Radar vs Buoy." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10290.

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Wave buoys are well known by its accuracy in measuring sea surface elevations while wave radars were developed later. Buoy’s motions are considered direct wave measurements while microwave radars use remote sensing for tracking the sea surface. Due to sensitivity to winds, sea surface roughness, rain, etc, it is a good practice to check radar data against buoys records. Even both systems installed being 6 km apart in a deep water region offshore northeast Brazilian shelf, there were differences in wave directional spectral parameters calculated by both equipments. The wave measurements at Sergipe and Alagoas basin were in good agreement in terms of significant wave height. Hs correlation was 91% and bias was only 0.06 m. A particular behavior of radar Hs when compared to buoy Hs was overestimation in high sea states and underestimation in low ones. Tp1 correlation was 69%, bias was 0.02 s and linear regression coefficient was 0.64. The worst correlated parameter was peak direction Dp1 with 60% of correlation for E-ESE directional band. Time series matched each other and showed the typical regional wave climate with Hs 1.0–2.0 m, Tp 6–10 s and Dp1 from E-ESE. The distinction between radar and the buoy directions is related to radar susceptibility to SE trade winds during Spring and Summer seasons. However, the difference did not diverge from prevailing wave regional climate.

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Nakayama, Shinichi, Yoshio Watanabe, and Masami Kato. "Regulatory Research for Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste in Japan." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40116.

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The Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (NISA) has renewed its regulatory role and its need for regulatory research on radioactive waste management, with recent circumstances of radioactive waste management in Japan being taken into consideration. In response, a technical supporting organization, the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES), in 2009 released the five-year research plan “Regulatory Research Plan on Radioactive Waste Management 2010–2014”, in cooperation with the research institutes of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). The geological disposal research plan and the future research activities are outlined in this paper. JNES launched safety studies on geological disposal in 2003, the year it was established. JAEA and AIST joined as regulatory support research institutes in 2005. In October 2007, all three parties signed an agreement of cooperative study on geological disposal, which facilitated joint studies and exchanges of staff, data, and results. One of the ongoing joint studies has focused on regional-scale hydrogeological modeling using JAEA’s Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory.

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Byun, Hoonseok, Seogchan Yoon, Jonghae Kim, and Samchul Lee. "The Present and the Future of the Korea Electric Power Industry Code." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61827.

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Korea Electric Power Industry Code (KEPIC), a set of integrated standards applicable to the design, construction and operation of electric power facilities including nuclear power plants, has been developed on the basis of referring to the prevailing U.S. codes and standards which had been applied to the electric power facilities in Korea. Being the developing and managing organization of KEPIC, Korea Electric Association (KEA) published its first edition in 1995, the second in 2000 and the latest in 2005. KEPIC has been applied to the construction of nuclear power plants since 1997 in Korea. Along with the effectuation of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) in 1995, the international trend related to codes and standards is changing rapidly. KEA is, therefore, making its utmost efforts so as for KEPIC to keep abreast with the changing environment in international arena. KEA notified ISO/IEC Information Centre of its acceptance of the Code of Good Practice in the Agreement on TBT. Also the 2005 edition of KEPIC was published to be retrofitted according to the ISO/IEC Guide 21-Adoption of International Standards as regional or national standards. On the other hand, KEA is continuously performing to study on the improvement of KEPIC requirements. Such KEA’s efforts will help KEPIC correspond with international standards such as ISO/IEC standards, and internationally recognized standards such as ASME codes and standards. Furthermore KEA will expedite the publication of the bilingual edition of KEPIC at 2010 as per the globalization plan and KEA hopes that KEPIC can assist Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) and Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. (KHNP) in exportation of Korea Standard Nuclear Power Plant (KSNP) such as OPR-1000 and APR-1400 by the bilingual edition.

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Ribeiro, Eric Oliveira, Marcelo Andrioni, Renato Parkinson Martins, Guisela Grossmann Matheson, Jose´ Henrique Alves, and Luis Manoel Paiva Nunes. "Climatologically Modeled Wave Field Analyses in the Western South Atlantic." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79457.

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Wave height, period and direction are basic parameters for designing off-shore structures. Besides this direct application, knowledge of the regional characteristics of a wave field can also help in the selection of optimal regions for wave power energy plant design and installation. A wave climatology based on data generated by a WAVEWATCH III model simulation (NOAA WW3) for the Brazilian coast was analyzed and validated against statistical values derived from opportunity vessel measurements. The hindcast covered the period from January 1997 to December 2005 in a region between 5°N – 40°S and 10°W – 65°W. The grid used was uniform with a 0.25° spacial resolution. The boundary conditions were obtained from NOAA WW3 operational model and the atmospheric forcing from NOAA GFS model. The model results were calibrated with field data and detailed information about the simulation can be obtained in Alves et al. (2008) and Alves et al. (in press). Monthly averages of significant height, period and wavelength were calculated using 3 hour time resolution fields. Since a simple mean direction has small physical representativeness, the predominant direction (moda) and associated persistency were obtained from the data. The results were then compared with values from the U.S. Navy Marine Climate Atlas of the World. This Atlas has four points located within the selected model grid region. These points showed good agreement with wave period, height and direction persistency based on the WW3 simulation results. The wave climatology showed that the predominant wave direction from April to July was from S and SE in southern Brazil, associated with swells related to cold fronts. The S and SE swells were also responsible for the largest mean wave height (2.1 m) observed in the climatology. Another result that was validated with the literature was the E and NE predominant wave direction during the austral summer. This phenomenon is associated with winds originated from the South Atlantic High Pressure Center, which is a semi permanent high pressure center near Trindade Island. The wave climate in northern Brazil showed a predominant direction from the N during January to March, associated with the northern hemisphere winter storms. During the remaining months of the year, the predominant wave direction is E and NE associated with trade winds. The model results are still in a processing phase to produce extreme values, which will be more useful for coastal and off-shore structure design.

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Reports on the topic "Regional Trade Agreement (RTAs)"

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Fowler, Barry. Regional Alliances - Free Trade Area of Americas Agreement. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401666.

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