Relevant bibliographies by topics / Residential organic waste

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Residential organic waste'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Residential organic waste"

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Granzotto, Fabiane, Minéia Johann Scherer, and Eduarda Holz Bracher. "Treatment of urban residential organic waste through anaerobic digestion." Scientia cum Industria 4, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v4iss2p131.

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Chowdhury, Asma, Hoang Lan Vu, Kelvin T. W. Ng, Amy Richter, and Nathan Bruce. "An investigation on Ontario’s non-hazardous municipal solid waste diversion using trend analysis." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 11 (November 2017): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0168.

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Non-hazardous waste disposal and diversion trends in Ontario from 1996 to 2010 were identified using parametric and non-parametric statistical methods, and the temporal variability of its waste diversion practices were examined. Ontario’s diversion was sensitive to waste diversion policy and residential diversion programs. Total waste diversion increased by 85% in 14 years. Results suggested that waste minimization may be more effective than recycling on Ontario diversion rates. Programs targeting non-residential sectors are recommended, specifically for smaller businesses with limited waste management budgets. Linear regression and Mann-Kendall tests detected significant increasing trends for residential waste diversion. In contrast, non-residential diversion had a decreasing trend using linear regression. A significant upward trend (S = +10) was found for Ontario’s total waste diversion using Mann-Kendall tests. Highly significant upward trends were observed for plastic and organic recycling. Mann-Kendall tests were found more appropriate for waste trend analysis in the present study.
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Ismail, Y., R. Juwono, and N. Hadikusuma. "The study of household willingness to pay for solid waste management at Bekasi and Tangerang cities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 978, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/978/1/012006.

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Abstract Organic waste is the dominant and the biggest waste from household. Actually, organic waste is degradable waste, but in city not enough place could used to dump the organic waste. The aim of this paper are to know the willingness to pay of household for solid waste facilities at Bekasi and Tangerang cities, to compare household retribution rate and willingness to pay among household in residential at Bekasi, and Tangerang cities, and to analyse the effort to improve the solid waste management at Bekasi and Tangerang cities. The quantitative method used in this research, and collect data by run the survey used questionnaire. Sampling method used purposively with criteria which are housewife live at residential in Bekasi or Tangerang city and manage their household solid waste by themselves. Data analysis method used descriptive and statistical t test. The average of household willingness to pay for solid waste facilities in Bekasi is Rp 33,814,- and at Tangerang is Rp 34,117,. From t test find that there are significance difference between retribution rate and willingness to pay of household at that two cities. Comparing the household willingness to pay among the household in Bekasi, and Tangerang cities not in amount of money paid, but more about the facilities that household got. The more good facilities offer, more willingness to pay from the household.
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Kirillova, A. N., and N. N. Musinova. "Problems of organising the solid municipal waste collection in residential buildings." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 2 (April 2, 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2022-2-64-70.

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The functioning of the regional operators’ territorial infrastructure of solid municipal waste management revealed a number of problems. The article considers the initial phase of the solid municipal waste management life cycle – the organisation of separate waste collection, which requires joint construction, technological, financial and social solutions, with close cooperation between the state, business and the population. The need to introduce new technologies for the organic waste separate collection, new design solutions in residential buildings under construction for the solid municipal waste separate collection has been noted. In order to monitor waste management processes, coordinate and make decisions to ensure their sustainable functioning, it has been proposed to form an automated information system at the federal level allowing communication to close all regional operators into a unified sectoral information system.
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KOSIYUK, Mykola. "COGENERATION DEVICE BASED ON INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION OF ORGANIC WASTE." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 309, no. 3 (May 26, 2022): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-309-3-85-88.

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This work considers the issue of creating efficient and environmentally friendly energy systems based on cogeneration technology. In industrialized countries, work is underway to develop and implement innovative technology for supercritical hydrothermal destruction of industrial and household waste and highly toxic substances. An extremely important urgent task is the complex solution of the problems of creating an autonomous energy complex based on the technology of cogeneration and utilization of organic waste and their use as renewable energy sources. Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that the method of supercritical hydrothermal destruction has high environmental and economic efficiency and demonstrates versatility, providing complete one-stage disposal of any organic waste. It is established that the reaction of supercritical aqueous oxidation of organic matter is exothermic and in the presence of only 15-20% of organic matter the waste processing process becomes autothermal. Autothermal modes of destruction of organic waste at supercritical parameters of the aquatic environment lead to a high-enthalpy vapor-gas mixture, which can be used in the schemes of the autonomous energy complex. Cogeneration units are offered on the basis of a steam power plant operating on the Rankin cycle and on the basis of a heat engine with external heat supply, which operates on a closed thermodynamic Stirling cycle. A non-standard equipment of supercritical hydrothermal destruction technology is a quasi-flow reactor. The conducted research testifies to the possibility of further development of supercritical hydrothermal destruction technologies, both in terms of providing increased process parameters and in terms of developing increasingly reliable, productive and safe types of reactors. The development is based on the replacement of a single-pipe coaxial (two-pipe) reactor. This reactor design significantly expands the temperature and barometric performance characteristics, allows to increase the heat transfer surface and the temperature inside the reactor, bringing it closer to the external temperature of the reactor wall surface while maintaining performance. The cogeneration unit can be used to solve energy efficient and environmentally friendly disposal of organic waste. Allows to solve problems of autonomous electricity and heat supply of industrial and residential facilities and has significant market potential.
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Pickering, Gary J., Hannah M. G. Pickering, Ashley Northcotte, and Catherine Habermebl. "Participation in residential organic waste diversion programs: Motivators and optimizing educational messaging." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 158 (July 2020): 104807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104807.

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Pohland, F. G., and J. C. Kim. "In Situ Anaerobic Treatment of Leachate in Landfill Bioreactors." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 8 (October 1, 1999): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0422.

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Landfills often serve as ultimate receptors for residential, commercial and industrial wastes. Both hazardous and nonhazardous wastes may be codisposed, but with potential threats to public health and the environment if not properly managed. Therefore, an understanding of the fundamental attenuating mechanisms determining mobilization and potential transport and fate of codisposed waste constituents is needed to direct the selection of appropriate landfill operational and management strategies. By focusing on changes in leachate and gas characteristics during codisposed loadings of organic and inorganic hazardous wastes, the potential treatment capacity of bioreactor landfills with leachate containment and in situ recirculation could be demonstrated.
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Surtiyeni, Neni, Raidha Rahmadani, Neny Kurniasih, Khairurrijal, and Mikrajuddin Abdullah. "A Fire-Retardant Composite Made from Domestic Waste and PVA." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7516278.

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We report the synthesis of a composite from domestic waste with the strength of wood building materials. We used original domestic waste with only a simple pretreatment to reduce the processing cost. The wastes were composed of organic components (generally originating from foods), paper, plastics, and clothes; the average fraction of each type of waste mirrored the corresponding fractions of wastes in the city of Bandung, Indonesia. An initial survey of ten landfills scattered through Bandung was conducted to determine the average fraction of each component in the waste. The composite was made using a hot press. A large number of synthesis parameters were tested to determine the optimum ones. The measured mechanical strength of the produced composite approached the mechanical properties of wood building materials. A fire-retardant powder was added to retard fire so that the composite could be useful for the construction of residential homes of lower-income people who often have problems with fire. Fire tests showed that the composites were more resistant to fire than widely used wood building materials.
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Masjud, Yunita Ismail, Filson Maratur Sidjabat, Filda Rahmiati, and Grace Amin. "Training on making composter bins for household organic waste treatment." Abdimas: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Merdeka Malang 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2022): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/abdimas.v7i1.6057.

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Waste management in households can make waste as a resource and provide benefits for the manager. One way to manage organic waste is to make it into liquid fertilizer using composting bins that can be used independently by households. In this community service activity aims to educate households on how to use composting barrels. The activities carried out are by holding training on making barrels as well as procedures for turning organic waste into liquid pupu for housewives who directly handle waste in their households. This activity was carried out in a residential area in Cikarang, Bekasi Regency with a total of 45 participants. The training was conducted for one day, starting with a briefing on the formation of a RW-level waste management organization, followed by making composting bins and making bins together. Participants in this training are generally 40-45 years old (40%) with high school education (64%). In this training, 1 composting bin has been successfully made using a container that was used as a chemical container that was deliberately purchased from a secondhand goods trader. This training is expected to educate housewives to be able to manage organic waste into liquid fertilizer and can increase their income because it still has economic value.
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Schieder, D., R. Schneider, and F. Bischof. "Thermal hydrolysis (TDH) as a pretreatment method for the digestion of organic waste." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0070.

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The recycling concept under consideration is based on the process of Thermal Hydrolysis (TDH) followed by an anaerobic digestion. By increasing pressure and temperature the organic part of the waste is split up in a first step into short-chain fragments that are biologically well suited for microorganisms. The following fermentation runs much faster and more complete than in conventional digestion processes and the biogas yield is increased. Left is just a small amount of a solid residue that can be easily dewatered and utilized as surrogate fuel for incineration or as compost additive. The thermal hydrolysis process allows a complete energy recovery from organic waste. During the total procedure more energy sources are produced than are needed for running the plant. The procedure is especially suited for wet organic waste and biosolids that are difficult to compost, such as food scraps, biological waste from compact residential areas and sewage sludge. As a complete disinfection is granted due to the process temperatures the procedure is also suited for carcasses.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Residential organic waste"

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(11888357), Robert Kijak. "Integration of life cycle assessment with environmental, social and economic impact analysis methodologies for the selection of `sustainable' waste management options." Thesis, 2004. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Integration_of_life_cycle_assessment_with_environmental_social_and_economic_impact_analysis_methodologies_for_the_selection_of_sustainable_waste_management_options/21722426.

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This thesis describes a framework for a decision support tool which can assist the assessment of options/scenarios for the integrated management of municipal solid waste (MSW) within a local government area (LGA). The framework is applicable to MSW as a whole or to a MSW component. To demonstrate its application, the framework was applied in this thesis to the residential organic waste component including sewage sludge.

The work was initially focused on local government (i.e. municipal councils) in the state of Queensland (Australia). However, it is broadly applicable to LGAs anywhere in the developed countries. The goal was to achieve waste management practices which address needs of sustainable society (or briefly: 'sustainable' waste management) by balancing global and regional environmental impacts; social impacts at the local community level; and economic impacts. The framework integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with other environmental, social and economic tools. For this research, social and economic impacts were assumed to be similar across developed countries of the world. LCA was 'streamlined' to address the researcher's concerns about LCA complexity impeding a practical and operational application of LCA to the evaluation of integrated waste management practices.

For this process, 'spatial resolution' was introduced into the LCA process to account for impacts occurring at the local and regional levels - considerations usually neglected by conventional LCA. This was done by considering social impacts on the local community and by use of a regional scaling procedure for LCA data for emissions to the environment which may have impacts at the regional level.

The integration followed the structured approach of the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model suggested by OECD (1993). This PSR model was modified/extended to encompass non-environmental issues and to guide the process of applying multiple tools. For this process, a clear relationship between 'pressure', 'state' and 'response' at the community, regional and global levels was required.

The framework primarily focussed on decision analysis and interpretation processes. Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) was used to assist with the integration of qualitative and quantitative information. MAUT provides a well-structured approach to information assessment and facilitates objective, transparent decisions. The commercially available decision analysis software package Criterion DecisionPlus 3.0 developed by InfoHarvest Inc (1999) - based on MAUT - was also utilised as the platform for the framework developed in this research.

Finally, this thesis describes a case study involving the evaluation of a number of options for integrated organic waste management for a rural LGA in Southeast Queensland. Although refining and testing of the framework was the primary objective of its application to the case study, the case study also provided valuable and interesting results. The results are of use in the development of alternative strategies for managing residential organic wastes. This is specifically important because the integrated management of all organic wastes (including food wastes) has been neglected over many years and most municipal councils are now having to make difficult decisions about alternatives to landfill disposal.

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Book chapters on the topic "Residential organic waste"

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"7. Residential Curbside Organic-Waste Collection Program: Innovation for Sustainability." In Smarter New York City, 181–204. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/dalm18374-011.

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Mahmood, Shakeel. "Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Dir City." In Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95557.

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The study is an attempt to analyze municipal solid waste generation Dir City, District Dir Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. This study has utilized primary data collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and direct waste sampling as primary research. Mathematical analysis and descriptive statistical analysis is applied and generation of municipal solid waste at different scales is estimated. Results indicated that the total waste generated was 16.65 million kg/annum (18356.5 tons) or 45624 kg/day (50.29 tons), or 0.37 kg/capita. Average waste produced by residential, commercial, educational and health sectors was 3.3 kg, 21 kg, 12 kg and 7 kg, correspondingly. Among all, residential sector was the leading producer with 40738 kg (89%) follow by commercial sector 4321 kg (9%) per day while remaining in fraction. High income households and large size families were producing average waste of 5.6 kg/day and 4.9 kg/day, respectively. The main components of waste generated in the study area included paper (8%), organic matter (53%), plastics (12%), clay, pebbles, gravels, ashes and broken ceramic objects (24.8%). The spatial distribution of waste generation varies across the city, high rate of generation was found Rehankot and Shaow whereas Fringe areas were characterized by low generation rate.
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"Air Pollution." In Environmental Toxicology, edited by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.003.0014.

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It is somewhat artificial to consider air, water, and soil pollution separately because their effects are interchangeable. Chemicals emitted into the air eventually combine with rain or snow and settle down to become water and land pollutants. On the other hand, volatile chemicals from soil or those that enter lakes and rivers evaporate to become air pollutants. Pesticides sprayed on land are carried by the wind to become transient air pollutants that eventually settle somewhere on land or water. For discussion purposes, however, some systematic division appears to be advisable. Although the problems of air pollution have been recognized for many decades, they were once considered to be only of local significance, restricted to industrial urban areas. With the current recognition of the destruction of stratospheric ozone, the greenhouse effect, worldwide forest destruction, and the acidification of lakes and coastal waters, air pollution assumes global significance. The sources of urban air pollution are . power generation . transportation . industry, manufacturing, and processing . residential heating . waste incineration Except for waste incineration, all of these pollution sources depend on fossil fuel and, to a lesser degree, on fuel from renewable resources such as plant material. Therefore, all of them produce essentially the same pollutants, although the quantity of each substance may vary from source to source. The principal incineration-generated pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), a mixture of nitrogen oxides (NOx), a mixture of hydrocarbons, referred to as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), suspended particulate matter (SPM) of varying sizes, and metals, mostly bound to particles. Waste incineration, in addition, produces some chlorinated dioxins and furans that are formed on combustion of chlorine-containing organic substances Most of these air pollutants originate from geophysical, biological, and atmospheric sources. Their contribution to total air pollution is globally significant. This fact should not lead us into complacency about anthropogenic air pollution. In nature, a steady state has been established between emission and disposition of biogenic pollutants. Life on earth developed in harmony with these external influences.
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Mushiri, Tawanda, and Emmison Gocheki. "Design of a Garbage Collection Robot." In Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics, 90–169. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9924-1.ch004.

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The Arduino is programmed to control the robot navigation. The Garbage Collection Robot is designed to collect solid waste at public places (schools, workplaces, and parks) and residential areas. The design of the robot is such that when it starts, it maneuvers as per programmed route. The Garbage Collector can sense by means of capacitive proximity sensors if the obstacle is living (for example, a human being) or non-living (for example, vehicle) and then gives appropriate warning signals like flashing light, hoot, or voice commands. The robot is equipped with vision capabilities in order for it to detect colors, namely green, red, yellow, blue, and black for organics, plastic, metal, paper, and glass, respectively. When the GCR sees a particular color code on garbage container, it picks up the bin, carries it in its carriage, then offloads it at a desired station to wait for recycling or final dumping.
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Conference papers on the topic "Residential organic waste"

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Hegde, Swati, Jacqueline H. Ebner, Anahita A. Williamson, and Thomas A. Trabold. "Feasibility Assessment of Medium-Scale Anaerobic Digesters for Conversion of Brewery and Dairy Farm Waste Streams." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49560.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) involves the conversion of organic matter in the absence of oxygen to produce methane (CH4)-rich bio-gas that can be used for heating, vehicle fuel, or for generating electricity. The evolution of AD systems has historically followed two distinct paths: small residential-scale systems in the developing world to provide modest bio-gas resources for heating and cooking, and multi-million dollar facilities in the developed world for grid electricity production. However, there is a strong need to explore the possibility of applying AD technology in the medium-scale range (on the order of 100s of kW to 1 MW), which would be relevant to many farm installations and food processing plants that have significant organic waste resources. In this paper, technical and economic feasibility assessments have been conducted of two specific applications important to New York State: treatment of dairy farm resources in the Upstate region, and treatment of brewery and distillery waste in the New York City region where significant waste disposal barriers exist. In each case, a comprehensive analysis was first conducted of the available waste resources. Then, using data available in the open literature, an estimate of the total amount of renewable bio-gas that can be produced (bio-methane potential, BMP) was developed and used to compute the achievable size of a centralized AD system. For both the farm and brewery applications, it was determined that energy systems based on anaerobic digestion can be economically and environmentally viable, provided that ample organic resources are available, as well as incentives to offset the initial capital investment.
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Yaïci, Wahiba, and Evgueniy Entchev. "Thermodynamic and Performance Study of Solar Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle System for Use in Residential Micro-Combined Heat and Power Generation." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3832.

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Abstract A continued increase in both energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) call for utilising energy sources effectively. In comparison with traditional energy set-ups, micro-combined heat and power (micro-CHP) generation is viewed as an effective alternative; the aforementioned system’s definite electrical and thermal generation may be attributed to an augmented energy efficiency, decreased capacity as well as GHGs percentage. In this regard, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has gained increasing recognition as a system, which is capable for generating electrical power from solar-based, waste heat, or thermal energy sources of a lower quality, for instance, below 120 °C. This study focuses on investigating a solar-based micro-CHP system’s performance for use in residential buildings through utilising a regenerative ORC. The analysis will focus on modelling and simulation as well as optimisation of operating condition of several working fluids (WFs) in ORC in order to use a heat source with low-temperature derived from solar thermal collectors for both heat and power generation. A parametric study has been carried out in detail for analysing the effects of different WFs at varying temperatures and flowrates from hot and cold sources on system performance. Significant changes were revealed in the study’s outcomes regarding performance including efficiency as well as power obtained from the expander and generator, taking into account the different temperatures of hot and cold sources for each WF. Work extraction carried out by the expander and electrical power had a range suitable for residential building applications; this range was 0.5–5 kWe with up to 60% electrical isentropic efficiency and up to 8% cycle efficiency for 50–120 °C temperature from a hot source. The operation of WFs will occur in the hot source temperature range, allowing the usage of either solar flat plate or evacuated tube collectors.
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Carapellucci, Roberto, and Davide Di Battista. "Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Cycle Combined With ORC for Waste Heat Recovery." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95106.

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Abstract Waste heat recovery is a broadly considered opportunity for efficiency improvement in several energy consumption sectors, intending to reduce energy consumption and related carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. The attention of research activities is focused on transportation and residential sectors, where the possible recovery is characterized by low enthalpy, but with a wider potential market. Therefore, the maximization of recovery is one of the principal aims of this option, and different kinds of technologies have been proposed in this regard. Thermodynamic cycles, which exploit the waste heat considering it as the upper thermal source, seem to be a promising option, and the possibility to combine two different cycles can increase the thermal power harvested. In this paper, a combination of a supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle with an ORC-based unit has been proposed to recover waste heat from the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine for the transportation sector. Using CO2 as working fluid is under investigation in literature, for its low Global Warming Potential and its suitable thermodynamic characteristics in dense phase (just above the critical point). An Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), then, has been bottomed to the CO2 section, to further recover thermal energy and convert it into mechanical useful work. Indeed, the CO2 cycle must have a lower temperature cold sink, where thermal power can be furtherly recovered. The introduction of this second stage of recovery interacts with the upper one, modifying the overall optimization parameters. Hence, this work aims to find the maximization of the recovery from a global point-of-view, identifying possible trade-offs happenings between the two recovery sections. Minimum sCO2 pressure, stack exhaust temperature, and the possibility to have a regeneration stage have been considered as optimizing parameters. Finally, the optimized system has been applied to a specific mission profile of a commercial vehicle, in order to evaluate the recovery potential during a realistic engine working points sequence. A recovery higher than 4% in every mission considered has been achieved, with values up to 7% in motorway and long-hauling conditions.
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Herndon, Marcus. "Effect of Thermal Depolymerization of Wasted Food Extracts on Alternate Fuel Production." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59535.

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Human activities like fossil fuel retrieval, biomass burning, waste disposal, and residential and commercial use of energy are continuing to effect the Earth’s energy budget by changing the emissions and resulting atmospheric concentrations of radioactively important gases, aerosols, and by changing land surface properties. These activities negatively contribute to Earth’s greenhouse gases including water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). Approximately 82% of greenhouse gases are developed from the United States, Asia, and Europe alone. Food and their extraction processes, including transportation of those extracts, account for about 35% of those greenhouse gases. This includes wasted, rotten, and uneaten food. About 40% of food in the United States today goes uneaten, resulting in more than 20 pounds of food per person every month. Not only does this mean that Americans are throwing out upwards of $165 billion each year, amounting to $1,350 to more than $2,275 annually in waste per family of four, but also 25 percent of all freshwater and huge amounts of unnecessary chemicals, energy, and land. Moreover, almost all of that uneaten food ends up rotting in landfills. This number has increased, in regards to organic matter, from approximately 16 percent of U.S. methane emissions in 2010 upwards to 25 percent in 2012. With the increase in supply and demand of food, in addition to the lower consumer cost, the statistics of wasted feedstocks are rapidly increasing. The purpose of this research is to utilize wasted food to extract natural hydrocarbon oils through thermal depolymerization in order to develop an alternative fuel. Thermal depolymerization is a hydrous pyrolysis process that breaks down long chained polymers into simpler compounds and light hydrocarbons, much of which can be separated and used for fuel. Polymers include essentially all organic matter i.e. matter made of living or once-living things, which include petroleum products like plastic, styro-foam, and nylon, as well as plant and animal material, and manure. Potatoes and corn starch were used as feedstocks for this research and thermal depolymerization was conducted on the feedstocks for analysis and fuel collection. With optimum use and a mature thermal depolymerization technology, the Earth might comfortably support 10 times its current population at a high standard of living. There is enough biomass existing now accessible on the surface of the earth to provide 100 years of human energy use.
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Ludwig, Paul, and Gerhard Gross. "Results of Long-Term Trials First Large Scale Fluidized Bed Furnaces for Sewage Sludge Worldwide Boosted by Oxygen." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-104.

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Oxygen is required in every combustion process, including the incineration of sewage sludge. When air is used to provide oxygen the nitrogen it contains is only ballast which has to be heated up in the furnace and which further increases the volume of flue gas to be purified. The process for partial oxygen combustion (POC) jointly developed and patented by Messer Griesheim and Infraserv Ho¨chst avoids this problem. In this process, oxygen is blown directly and transversally into the fluidized bed at supersonic speed. The first promising test results were already presented at the 16th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion 2001 in Reno. In the meantime we have three years of experience with detailed operating results. Up to 2000 m3/h of pure oxygen is blasted into the two furnaces transversally via the supersonic nozzles built into the walling. This results in a highly turbulent flow which considerably improves the mixing and the combustion in the fluidized bed. Using the POC method it has been possible to increase the combustion capacity of the systems from 130,000 to currently 160,000 t/a. The hourly throughput of waste material suitable for fluidized bed combustion has been increased by up to 40%. At the same time the combustion air volume has been reduced by 15% and the specific natural gas consumption by 35%. This considerably reduces the specific incineration costs (€ / t waste material). Alongside industrial and residential sewage sludges with calorific values of 500 to 11,000 KJ/kg (depending on the original substance) and dry-substance contents between 22 and 60%, other solid and liquid waste material suitable for fluidized bed combustion can also be processed, including bone meal, screenings, plastics granulate, spent active carbon, building timber, contaminated packaging material, organic solvents and urea waste. Calorific values can here fluctuate between 1,500 and 42,000 KJ/kg (depending on the original substance) and the dry-substance content between 5 and 100%. The specific emissions, e.g. carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides per ton of incinerated waste material are reduced. Thus the POC process gives Infraserv a third virtual furnace at low investment cost, enabling it to respond to the demands of the market. With this technology, the status of “Best Available Technology” (BAT) was conferred upon the sewage sludge incineration plant operated by Infraserv Ho¨chst by the German Ministry for the Environment.
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Lakeh, Reza Baghaei, Daniel Andrade, Kyle Miller, Mohammad Masoud Modabernia, Thuan John Nguyen, Justine Nguyen, Elbon Flanagan, et al. "Design and Testing of a Solar-Driven Wastewater Treatment Unit for Off-Grid Applications." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87090.

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The decline of surface water sources along with periodic droughts has introduced new challenges for the state of California. In order to keep up with the increasing demand for water, the state is heavily relying on imported water from the north to Southern California as well as importing water from the Colorado River. The imported water has a large carbon footprint due to using grid power for water transport. Water reuse (reclaimed) is considered as one of the solutions to reduce the dependency of state on imported water. The research team at Cal Poly Pomona, is developing an off-grid solar-powered greywater treatment system for non-potable use in single households. Greywater is the drained water from bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and washing machines; not including wastewater from toilets or kitchen sinks. Treating greywater on-site can provide significant water savings, and can reduce the carbon footprint of desalination using solar panels. The developed system is comprised of a three-stage treatment train: micro-filtration, solar-driven reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection. The end product of the project is capable of reclaiming 90–100 gallons of water per day which is about 60% of residential greywater waste. The system removes large suspended particles (particles of dirt, food, etc.) as well as organic and inorganic dissolved contaminants. It is demonstrated that the system can provide a permeate quality that agrees with recommended guidelines for reclaimed water. The system has a recovery rate of up to 62%.
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7

Choudhury, Shiny, Vincent G. McDonell, and Scott Samuelsen. "Performance of Low-NOx and Conventional Storage Water Heaters Operated on Biogas and Natural Gas." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69702.

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Abstract The U.S. has high renewable methane potential. Biogas can be obtained from many organic sources like landfills, wastewater, animal manure, industrial, institutional, and commercial organic waste. Biogas can also be produced from lignocellulosic biomass; also, there is attention in biofuel and biogas production from various kinds of algae. In the U.S., 5% of the natural gas utilized in the electric power sector and 56% of the natural gas in transportation can be directly replaced with biogas. In a typical Californian household, around 50% of the 354 therms Natural Gas energy supplied goes to water heating. Hence, a large amount of emission from residential spaces is due to water heating units. Introducing renewable natural gas (RNG) or biomethane to natural gas pipelines has shown great potential for greenhouse gas mitigation. However, the upgrade process is energy and cost intensive. Assuming primary biogas composition as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), an understanding of the tolerance for residential appliances (significant pipeline delivery point use) to biogas addition could save cleaning/upgrading costs. Focusing on the combustion performance of two representative models of storage water heaters (low-NOx and conventional) in California, this research addresses how much CO2 in natural gas can be tolerated without losing critical performance parameters for reliable operation. Characteristics like blow-off, ignition time, flame structure, efficiency, and emissions (NOx, NO, N2O, CO, CO2, UHC, CH4, and NH3) at different concentrations of CO2 in natural gas are investigated. The pilot operation becomes unstable for the low-NOx water heater beyond 10% CO2, and the probability of blow-off increases. At both 5% and 10% CO2 addition, a stable though the increasingly flat flame is observed, and pilot operation is stable both during idling and while the main burner relights. For the conventional gas storage water heater, a stable flame is established up to 25% CO2 addition, with the flame becoming increasingly shorter beyond 30% CO2 addition. On the other hand, the stable pilot operation could not be established even at 5% CO2 addition, which proved to be the limiting factor for the operation of this device. A similar trend of NOx/NO decrease and CO/UHC increase with increasing CO2 percentage was observed for both water heaters. Further, methane emissions from water heaters during active and idle operations and pilot light’s role were quantified. The present study show 10% CO2 can be added to natural gas without any significant loss of efficiency for the low-NOx storage water heater. We found that both the water heaters emit CH4 during active and idle operation, of which more CH4 is emitted during the idle process. This study can inform policymakers on allowing higher composition variability for the pipeline gas and research into modifying water heater burners for increased tolerance to biogas with reliable performance and a simultaneous decrease in pollutant emissions.
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8

Dubey, Swapnil, C. S. Soon, Sin Lih Chin, and Leon Lee. "Performance Analysis of Innovative Top Cooling Thermal Photovoltaic (TPV) Modules Under Tropics." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59075.

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The main focus area of this research paper to efficiently remove the heat generated during conversion of solar energy into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) module. The photovoltaic conversion efficiency of commercial available PV module varies in the range of 8%–20% depending on the type of solar cell materials used for the module construction, e.g. crystalline silicon, thin film, CIGS, organic, etc. During the conversion process, only a small fraction of the incident solar radiation is utilize by PV cells to produce electricity and the remaining is converted into waste heat in the module which causes the PV cell temperature to increase and its efficiency to drop. This thermal energy could be extract using air or water as a heat removal fluid to utilize in heating applications. The purpose of a solar photovoltaic module is to convert solar energy into electricity. The hybrid combination of photovoltaic module and thermal collector called Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) module. Such PVT module combines a PV, which converts electromagnetic radiation (photons) into electricity, with a solar thermal module, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. Cooling of cells either by natural or forced circulation can reduce the PV cell temperature. The simultaneous cooling of the PV cells maintains their PV efficiency at a satisfactory level and offers a better way of utilizing solar energy by generating thermal energy as well. PVT system has higher overall efficiency as compared to separate PV and thermal collector. The heat output of a PVT module can be used for space heating or production of domestic hot water. This paper presents an innovative design of top cooling Thermal Photovoltaic (T-PV) module and its performance under outdoor weather condition of Singapore. T-PV collector is designed to flow fluid over the top of PV panel through a very narrow gap between the solar lens. This process improves heat removal process from PV panel, and hence, improves the electrical output of PV panel as compared to other PVT collector available in the market. By flowing the water from top of the PV panel will also provide better thermal efficiency. A T-PV collector system with storage tank, sensors, pump, flow meters, data logger and controls, have been installed at test-site located in Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore. Performance analysis of T-PV collector system has been evaluated under the tropical climatic conditions of Singapore. It was found that T-PV module could produce additional electrical power as compared to standard PV panel of same capacity by operating at lower temperature. In addition to electricity, T-PV panel also generate the hot water up to 60 deg C at an average thermal efficiency of 41% for usage in residential and commercial buildings. The average thermal energy output was 3.1 kWh/day on typical day’s basis.
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9

Davis, John C., Mike Jones, and John Roderique. "Planning for Greater Levels of Diversion That Including Energy Recovery for the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority, California Region." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2342.

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The Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority is a California Joint Powers Authority (the JPA), consisting of nine communities in California’s San Bernardino County high desert and mountain region. In August 2008 the JPA contracted with Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to prepare the Victor Valley Resource Management Strategy (Resource Management Strategy). Working with RRT Design and Construction, Inc. (RRT), GBB prepared a coordinated forward-looking strategy to guide the JPA’s future program and facilities decisions. The Resource Management Strategy focused on the Town of Apple Valley, population 70,092, and the City of Victorville, population 107,408, the two largest JPA member communities, which have a combined total of more than 130,000 tons per year of material entering the JPA’s recycling system and the Victorville Landfill. The Resource Management Strategy is underpinned by a characterization of waste loads delivered to the Victorville Landfill. A visual characterization was carried out by RRT in September/October 2008. RRT engineers identified proportions of materials recoverable for recycling and composting among all loads collected from residential and non-residential generators for a full week, nearly 300 loads total. The JPA financed and manages the operations contract for the highly automated Victor Valley Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF today receives and processes an average of 130 tons per day (tpd), five days per week, of single stream paper and containers and recyclable-rich commercial waste loads. The waste characterization indicated that as much as 80 percent of loads of residential and commercial waste currently landfilled could be processed for recycling and composting in a combination manual and automated sorting facility. Residue from the MRF, which is predominated by paper, would provide potential feedstock for an energy recovery project; however, the JPA has two strategies regarding process residue. The first strategy is to reduce residue rates from existing deliveries, to optimize MRF operations. An assessment of the MRF conducted by RRT indicated that residue rates could be reduced, although this material would continue to be rich in combustible materials. The second strategy is to increase recovery for recycling by expanding the recyclable-rich and organics-dense waste load deliveries to the MRF and/or a composting facility. The Resource Management Strategy provided a conceptual design and cost that identified projected capital and operations costs that would be incurred to expand the MRF processing system for the program expansion. Based on the waste composition analysis, residue from a proposed system was estimated. This residue also would be rich in combustible materials. The December 2008 California Scoping Plan is the roadmap for statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. The Scoping Plan specifically calls out mandatory commercial recycling, expanded organics composting (particularly food residue), and inclusion of anaerobic digestion as renewable energy. The Resource Management Strategy sets the stage for JPA programs to address Scoping Plan mandates and priorities. California Public Resources Code Section 40051(b) requires that communities: Maximize the use of all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting options in order to reduce the amount of solid waste that must be disposed of by transformation and land disposal. For wastes that cannot feasibly be reduced at their source, recycled, or composted, the local agency may use environmentally safe transformation or environmentally safe land disposal, or both of those practices. Moreover, Section 41783(b) only allows transformation diversion credit (10 percent of the 50 percent required) if: The transformation project uses front-end methods or programs to remove all recyclable materials from the waste stream prior to transformation to the maximum extent feasible. Finally, prior to permitting a new transformation facility the California Integrated Waste Management Board is governed by Section 41783(d), which requires that CIWMB: “Hold a public hearing in the city, county, or regional agency jurisdiction within which the transformation project is proposed, and, after the public hearing, the board makes both of the following findings, based upon substantial evidence on the record: (1) The city, county, or regional agency is, and will continue to be, effectively implementing all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting measures. (2) The transformation project will not adversely affect public health and safety or the environment.” The Resource Management Strategy assessed two cement manufacturers located in the high desert region for their potential to replace coal fuel with residue from the MRF and potentially from other waste quantities generated in the region. Cement kilns are large consumers of fossil fuels, operate on a continuous basis, and collectively are California’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Resource Management Strategy also identified further processing requirements for size reduction and screening to remove non-combustible materials and produce a feasible refuse derived fuel (RDF). A conceptual design system to process residue and supply RDF to a cement kiln was developed, as were estimated capital and operating costs to implement the RDF production system. The Resource Management Strategy addressed the PRC requirement that “all feasible source reduction, recycling and composting measures” are implemented prior to approving any new “transformation” facility. This planning effort also provided a basis for greenhouse gas reduction analysis, consistent with statewide initiatives to reduce landfill disposal. This paper will report on the results of this planning and the decisions made by the JPA, brought current to the time of the conference.
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10

Teets, Jon W., and J. Michael Teets. "SUNTRACKER." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50311.

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A SUNTRACKER (illustrated in figure1), is a Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) unit, in the category of solar dish engines. The novel solar dish engine module (shown in figure 2) is designed to provide 10.1kW electric power (measured at the engine output electric power lugs), from a conversion of 21kW solar energy from the solar dish reflective sun light to the high temperature receiver focal point. Total electric power output from the solar dish engine module is attributed to combined cycles, closed brayton cycle (CBC) and a organic rankine cycle (ORC), both of which are hermetically sealed to atmosphere. The CBC engine receives 21kW solar energy from a solar dish, estimated to have 27 square meters (291 square feet) reflective surface area. However, unlike the photovoltaic (PV) units, the SUNTRACKER will provide increased use of available solar energy from sunlight. Concentrated sunlight from the dish will focus on the CBC engine receiver, which in turn heats the working fluid media to as much as 1600F, pending the ratio of solar dish to receiver areas. A specific gas mixture of xenon/helium, with excellent thermodynamic properties is used for the high temperature application. Turbomachinery in the CBC engine has one moving part / assembly (compressor impeller, alternator rotor and turbine rotor), mounted on compliant foil bearings. Reference figure 4 as an example. The engine operates with a compressor impeller stage pressure ratio 1.6, and is recuperated. Electric power, measured at the CBC engine electric power lugs, is 6.4kW. The CBC engine is not new, (a closed Brayton cycle, sealed to atmosphere) [1], [4], [8], [18], [19]. However, the application to extract thermal energy from the sunlight and provide electric power in commercial and residential use is (patented). In addition, to increase the efficiency of solar energy conversion to electric power, waste heat from the CBC engine provides thermal energy to an ORC engine, to generate an additional electrical output of 3.7kW (measured at the output electric power lugs). With use of an ORC system, the size of the radiator (CBC unit) for heat rejection is reduced significantly. Working fluid HFC-RC245fa [10] was selected for the ORC unit, based on the low temperature application. Also, as with the CBC turbomachinery, the ORC rotor assembly has one moving part, comprised of a pump impeller, alternator rotor and turbine rotor. With the two engines combined, total system thermal efficiency is 48% (10.1kW electric power out / 21kW solar energy in). However, power electronics are needed for conversion of high frequency voltage at the engine output electric power leads to 60/50 Hz power, for customer use. Power electronics losses for this machine, debits the power 0.5 kW. Thus total electric power to the customer, as measured at power electronics output terminals, is 9.6kW. With solar energy, from the reflective sunlight solar dish 21kW and measured output power from the power electronics 9.6kW, the conversion of solar energy to useful electric power an efficiency 46% (i.e. 9.6kW / 21kW). In addition, the design does not require external water / liquid for cooling.
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