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1

Parrado, Emilio A., and Edith Y. Gutierrez. "The Changing Nature of Return Migration to Mexico, 1990–2010." Sociology of Development 2, no. 2 (2016): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.93.

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In this paper we investigate changes in the labor market incorporation (i.e., labor force status, class of worker, and earnings) of return migrants from the United States to Mexico between 1990 and 2010. We argue that changing period conditions, particularly the 2007 economic recession and enhanced immigration enforcement policies dating back to the mid-1990s, have altered both the volume and nature of return flows affecting the migration-development connection. Using data from the 1990, 2000, and 2010 Mexican Censuses, we compare the labor market position of return migrants to nonmigrants and internal migrants in Mexico. We show that the less voluntary nature of return migration in the early twenty-first century has resulted in higher employment propensities, lower entrepreneurial activities, and deteriorated wages among return migrants. However, it is important to consider the growing heterogeneity of the return migrant flow; the negative labor market outcomes are largely confined to wage earners, while the smaller flow of entrepreneurial returnees continues to experience positive employment and earnings profiles. We derive implications for employment conditions in Mexico and for the literature connecting migration to development in sending areas.
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Янковська, Л.А., та Л. П. Роман. "Політичні аспекти репатріації трудових мігрантів". Академічні візії, № 2 (24 грудня 2021): 41–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5817125.

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At the heart of the development of the policy of reintegration of labor migrants we consider it expedient to lay down the provisions of the theory of sustainable development, labor migration and labor mobility, migration policy. In our opinion, the issue of labor migration is now one of the central ways of developing sustainable development in Ukraine. It is obvious that inefficient migration policy does not make it possible to achieve sustainable development, because if labor migrants do not return, future generations will be lost to Ukraine, that is, satisfying the current needs in other countries, migrants will contribute to the sustainable development of the respective territories. Unless there is a reintegration of migrant workers back home - their standard of living and the standard of living of future generations will deteriorate, which also does not fit the description of sustainable development. The article explores the theoretical principles of repatriation of migrant workers. The principle and goals of sustainable development as a basis for repatriation of labor migrants are considered. The shortcomings of the existing approaches to the interpretation of concepts related to labor migration have been identified. Based on the generalization of existing approaches to the characterization of elements of the concept of repatriation, his new definition is proposed. The proposed definition of the term "repatriation of labor migrants" allows to distinguish the levels of migration policy, depending on the complexity of the return of labor migrants and ensure their fastest, hassle-free and consistent inclusion in socio-political, economic and cultural relations, while respecting the principle of maximum preservation. The theoretical characterization and formulation of these levels of migration policy also depends on the content of the terms "readaptation" and "reintegration" of migrant workers.
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Pohorielova, O. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF MIGRANT WORKERS LABOR." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 108 (2019): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2019/1.108-4.

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Currently, in Ukraine there is increase of process of labour migration of Ukrainian citizens abroad. In connection with what there is necessity of proper regulation of labour activity of migrant workers, implementation of measures to comply with international legal standards in the field of labour, implementation of measures regarding increase of the level of social protection of Ukrainian citizens traveling abroad and in case of their return from abroad. The methodology is based on the general scientific dialectical method of cognition. Also, number of scientific methods were used. Legal regulation of labor migrants from Ukraine abroad was considered due to methods of analysis and synthesis. The directions of improving legal regulation of labor and social protection of migrant workers were identified by using structural and logical methods. Forms and methods of formal logic were widely used in the work: concepts, definitions, proofs, judgments, analogy, comparisons, generalizations, et The aim of the article is to explore the mechanism of legal regulation of labour of migrants workers and identify ways of increase the level of social protection of Ukrainian citizens who are migrants workers. To achieve the goal the author analyzed the most important international legal acts that regulate legal migration. In the article the concept of migrant worker was analyzed and identified what kind of migrants is included to migrant worker. Particular attention is paid to analyses of bilateral agreements concluded by Ukraine with other countries on the employment and social protection of migrants. Content was determined of the employment contract and its role in regulating the legal relations of migrant workers with foreign employers. The basic guarantees of social protection of migrant. In the article the author determined the necessity Ukraine joins to the main international conventions that regulate labor migration issues, the provisions of which should be the basis for the legal regulation of labor migrants' activity and ensuring their rights are respected. The necessity to conclude bilateral interstate agreements on regulating the employment processes of Ukrainian citizens abroad, guarantees that arise in the course of labor activity of migrant workers and social security issues, was determined. First of all, such agreements should be concluded with the countries with the highest number of migrant workers.
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RYAZANTSEV, Sergey, Farrukh KHONKHODZHAYEV, Sharif AKRAMOV, and Nikita RYAZANTSEV. "RETURN MIGRATION TO TAJIKISTAN: FORMS, TRENDS, CONSEQUENCES." CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS 22, no. 2 (2021): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.2.14.

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This paper aims to study the trends of labor migration (voluntary and forced) from Russia to Tajikistan and the peculiarities of the reintegration of returning migrants into Tajik society. Labor migration is the main driver of economic growth for Tajikistan and the most effective tool in the national fight against poverty. However, many migrants from Tajikistan do not have a formally documented status in Russia, which makes their predicament extremely difficult and vulnerable. One of the most sensitive measures for Tajik labor migrants was the introduction of administrative penalties through expulsion and the imposition of a massive ban on labor migrants from entering the Russian Federation. This has led to an increase in the return migration of Tajik migrants to their homeland. The article clarifies the concept of return migration, reveals the reasons for the return of labor migrants from Russia to Tajikistan and identifies the specific features of reintegration and the socio-economic situation of returning migrants in Tajikistan. The authors establish that a significant share of returning migrants have already reached retirement age after working in Russia for decades, but they do not receive a pension either in Tajikistan or in Russia. Unfortunately, as of today the Government of Tajikistan has not developed any special programs for the reintegration of returning migrants due to lack of funds and lack of experience in this area. Most returning migrants are forced to solve their problems on their own or resort to the help of their families and relatives. In fact, the government does not hold an interest in the massive return of labor migrants, since the increase in their number worsens the socio-economic situation and the general state of the labor market.
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Koikkalainen, Saara, Ritva Linnakangas, and Asko Suikkanen. "Does International Migration Pay Off? The Labor Market Situation of Finnish Return Migrants Based on Longitudinal Register Data." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 6, no. 4 (2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v6i4.5612.

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International mobility is a form of flexible labor market adaptation available for young Nordic nationals who have the privilege of relatively easy return if life abroad does not work out. The article considers mobility as a labor market transition and examines the pre- and post-migration situation of two Finnish return migrant groups—those who lived abroad in 1999 and in 2004—based on longitudinal register data. It considers the consequences of return for an individual migrant: is it a form of failure in labor market integration in the country of destination or rather a sign of success whereby the skills, resources, and experiences gained abroad are brought back to the country of origin. Migrants who leave Finland nowadays often opt to move to other Nordic countries and are younger, more educated, and have a better socio-economic status than previous migrant generations. The article demonstrates that international migration does not deteriorate the returnees’ labor market status. While re-entry into the Finnish labor market may take some time and flexibility, mobility seems to pay off and have beneficial consequences: return migrants earn higher taxable incomes and have lower unemployment rates than their peers who only stayed in the national labor markets..
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6

Osadchaya, Galina I., Tatyana N. Yudina, Olga A. Volkova, and Egor Yu Kireev. "Return Migration From Russia to Kyrgyzstan: Dynamics, Causes, and Structure." Changing Societies & Personalities 7, no. 3 (2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/csp.2023.7.3.244.

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The study’s significance lies in the need for comprehensive information on return labor migration from Russia to Kyrgyzstan and the profiles of return migrants, which would allow us to anticipate spatial mobility in the future. This is particularly relevant due to Russia’s interest in new migrants as essential labor force to address the demographic crisis. The Kyrgyzstani government also requires these data to prevent unemployment among return migrants. This paper aims to assess return migration dynamics and its structure, uncover the causes, goals, and reasons for recurrent migration to Russia, and examine the expectations of Russia’s social and migration policy during the special military operation. The empirical analytical base comprises the results of a questionnaire survey of 515 return migrants and focused in-depth interviews with 37 return migrants in Kyrgyzstan in October–November 2022, as well as a questionnaire survey of 425 labor migrants and focused interviews with 52 labor migrants in November–December 2022 in Moscow. The findings indicate that return migration is voluntary and spontaneous. The official estimate of the scope of return migration, as well as the prospects of labor migration to Russia after February 24th, 2022 and the imposition of anti-Russian sanctions, remains unclear. The structure of return migration aligns with the structure of labor migration in Russia in terms of gender, age, and employment sectors. The motivation behind the decision to return has a cumulative effect. However, most respondents cited personal and family issues as the main reasons for return migration. Approximately 30% of respondents, regardless of gender, attributed the special military operation and the worsening economic situation in Russia as reasons for returning to their home country. About 22% of respondents envision recurrent migration to Russia in the near future, while around 30% have not yet decided. Labor migrants seek institutional support from Russia, including assistance in preparing registration documents, social insurance provision, removal of administrative obstacles for employment, and the creation of favorable conditions for adaptation.
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Rogozen-Soltar, Mikaela. "“We suffered in our bones just like them”: Comparing Migrations at the Margins of Europe." Comparative Studies in Society and History 58, no. 4 (2016): 880–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417516000463.

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AbstractIn this article, I trace how return migrants (former labor emigrants) from Andalusia, Spain draw on their regional history of emigration as a resource for claiming the moral authority to assess immigrants from the global south. By comparing their own migratory experiences and those of new migrants, Andalusians renegotiate competing ideas about their region's membership in Europe, a question with renewed political saliency during the ongoing economic crisis. Specifically, they use comparisons to claim a more central place in Europe for Andalusia, while at the same time eschewing moral culpability for Europe's mistreatment of labor emigration. To do so, Andalusian return migrants mobilize discourses of migrant suffering at various geopolitical scales of belonging, often mapping Andalusians’ experiences of emigration and return onto the region's historical trajectory of Europeanization. The scaling up and down of discourses of migrant suffering in the context of historical narratives of migration enables Andalusians to claim moral superiority based on their non-European, migrant past while also claiming European belonging in the present. Memorializing and assessing migrant suffering thus become forms of discursive work that help construct the political and moral limits of Europeanness. Through analysis of this process, I call for a more central focus on return migration and the intersection of multiple kinds of population mobility in migration research and in the study of European unification.
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8

Xhaho, Armela, and Erka Çaro. "Returning and Re-Emigrating Gendered Trajectories of (Re)Integration from Greece." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v3i1.p171-180.

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The aim of this research paper is three fold: (1) to shed some light on the struggles Albanian return migrants are facing in their psycho-social, cultural and labor market reintegration in the origin country, looking as well to the gendered trajectories of return and re-emigration(2) to highlight their gendered strategies in transferring back in their home country their financial, social and human capital;(3) to better understand the dynamic paths of their migration trajectories and finally (4) to push policy makers to put with high priority the returnees reintegration plan into the policy agenda. We base our analyze on 42 life stories of Albanian migrants, from which, 12 interviews with return migrants from Greece, 30 migrants that are actually in Greece (from which 50% have at least made an 1 attempt to return in Albania and 5 are circular migrants).The study found that: many Albanian migrants return to Albania to stay either temporary or permanently with the idea of investing in home country, though not all of them who return stay in Albania. Returnees and at a greater degree women, face lot struggles and difficulties in their psycho-social, cultural and economic reintegration upon their return, which make them mentally and psychologically vulnerable. Women experienced a sense of disempowerment, reconfiguration and re-traditionalisation of gender relationships upon their return. Labor market integration seem more problematic especially for returned women who faced a gendered gap in labor force participation . Moreover, despite migrant willingness to invest their financial and social remittances in Albania by bringing new ideas in the labor market trend, they experience a sense of disillusion. Therefore, having no support system back home, remaining jobless and in many cases failing in their investment endeavors, make returnees consider further re-emigration as a surviving strategy. This study suggest that it is time for policy makers to compile with high priority and with a gender lens analysis a new National Migration Strategy and Return Reintegration strategy, while developing concrete and coherent measures upon returnees successful reintegration in the home country. This policy research brings at the policy agenda an holistic and multidisciplinary approach to returnee reintegration through better multi- level/stakeholder collaboration and dialogue.
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Mamytbek uulu, Talgar, and Muratbek Aibashev. "Labor migration and development of human resources of the Kyrgyz Republic." Population 24, no. 2 (2021): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.14.

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The purpose of the presented research was to study the impact of labor migration on the development of human resources in Kyrgyzstan. Before collecting the data, several theoretical assumptions were identified, ranging from personal experiences of migrant workers to their remittances and new skills acquired during the migration process. A common finding of the literature on migration is that migrants are more likely to choose self-employment upon return to their origin countries. This has led to the belief that return migration stimulates entrepreneurship in source countries and hence support economic development. In this paper we test these assertions, drawing on the study of life in Kyrgyzstan, a rich longitudinal data set from transition economies with high levels of international temporary migration. We find that for return migrants, self-employment is often a temporary occupational choice, suggesting that self-employment serves as a 'parking lot'. This research used case studies with quantitative and qualitative data, as well as the authors' sociological studies. Analysis of interviews with 25 current labor migrants in Russia and 25 repatriates in Kyrgyzstan concerned the following aspects: problems and benefits of migration; development of new skills; use of money transfers; reasons to return; employment or self-employment; remittances as investments and governments assistance in entrepreneurial activities of returnees. According to the research results, it was concluded that labor migration has an impact on development, which falls within the framework of the development of human resources. This is especially noticeable with regard to remittances and new skills brought by labor migrants to the Kyrgyz Republic.
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10

Wang, Jianhua, and Jia Wu. "Education of Left-Behind Children and Return Decisions of Migrant Workers in China." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 6 (2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n6p36.

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This paper uses a dynamic survey data of China labor force to explore the impacts of child education on their parents’ return decisions by means of constructing an empirical model. The migration situation of children is the basis for us to distinguish the sample migrant workers. And those migrants who migrate with their children and those who leave their children behind in their hometowns are the two types of migrants among this model which we will analyze in urban areas. The results show that the probability for migrant workers in urban areas to return to hometowns will significantly increase when their children are left behind at home. While these parents tend to stay in the cities which they work and live in when their left-behind children enter the school age. The data we use is from the China Labor Force Dynamics Survey and we establish a model to analyze the effects of left-behind children. The empirical results show that the probability for migrants to return to their hometowns will decrease by 20.8 % when their left-behind children enter the school age. To a large extent, the emergence of such a huge contrast may be the result of the optimal decision-making of migrant workers. And the phenomenon of large-scale “migrant worker shortage” caused by such mechanism has intensified in the labor market of coastal cities. And most of these cities have implemented relevant stringent admission policies for migrant children to receive education in urban public schools and this break the intentions of the immigrant parents who plan to take the left-behind children to the cities to receive education in local schools. And these immigrants choose to return in the case of decline of the family net income.
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11

Islam, Md Mohaiminul. "Negotiated and Involuntary Return: COVID-19 Pandemic and Return Migration of Bangladeshi Temporary Labour Migrant Men." Migration Letters 20, no. 1 (2023): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v20i1.2742.

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This paper investigates return migration of Bangladeshi temporary labour migrant men in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on a case study of Bangladeshi migrants, who are mostly occupied in low and semi-skilled labour-intensive markets in the Middle East and the Southeast Asian countries, this paper assesses the relational aspect between pandemic and return. It discusses the underlying reasons of pandemic induced return which is based on a fieldwork, conducted in 2021, with the Bangladeshi returnee migrants. It argues that migrant receiving states' exploitative policies–burgeoning labour market nationalisation and lack of social and legal protection mechanisms–are the overriding reasons of return, rather than the pandemic. Whilst the pandemic intensified these existing exclusionary policies, this paper depicts how the migrants conform to the policies of migrant receiving states through rigid visa regime, heightened labour market immobility, retrenchment, and wage theft, which resulted in return migration.
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Khymynets, Volodymyr, and Ganna Tsimbolynes. "MODEL FOR TRANSFORMATION OF THE LABOUR MIGRANS COSTS INTO A MECHANISM FOR ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITIES." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 6(25) (2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2019/6(25)/5.

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This scientific paper is devoted to developing ways and models of converting the laboк migrants cost into the internal investment resources of United Territorial Communities, taking into account their new functions and powers. The article analyzes current data on the main aspects of Ukraine's international labor migration, namely: the number of migrants, their main employment areas, the largest recipient countries of labor migrants and donor regions, the amount of remittances and savings of migrants. In Ukraine, 882 United Territorial Communities have already been formed, which have received considerable authority from developing a development strategy to landscaping, approving a budget, setting local taxes and fees, defining social and cultural development. Considering the results of the research on the amount of cash flows, the availability of savings and the desire of many migrant workers to return to Ukraine, it can be argued that they have a huge potential to become one of the largest domestic investors of the United Territorial Communities. Therefore, migrants have resources, and UTCs have considerable authority to attract these resources. The authors present a scheme for forming an investment cluster of united territorial communities, the basis of which is the process of interaction between community leadership, academics and experts of higher education institutions, administrative services centers and migrant workers as potential domestic investors. The implementation and effective functioning of this model will create incentives for migrants to return and benefit from productive usage of their resources, as they will be able to earn enough income to keep families and create jobs for other residents. The community, in turn, will benefit from new tax revenues and other payments, the development of human potential and the formation of a positive image of the territory as a successful business environment.
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Betanzos, Iris E. "Study of the Migratory Return: Analysis to the Condition of the Returned Migrant in the Educational and Labor Reintegration and the Entrepreneurship as an Area of Opportunity." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 10 (2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n10p83.

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Studies on the educational and labor reintegration of migrants returned to Latin American countries have gained importance due to the economic and social implications of rehabilitation. In this article, the return of the migrant was considered part of the migration process. An exploratory research of publications in different international journals was carried out; when consulting the referenced articles, it was identified that at the time of return the migrant presents and perceives a moral, social, educational and work imbalance. From the deficiencies found in the theoretical lines studied - Educational reinsertion, Labor reintegration - the third theoretical line was included the importance of relating the concept of entrepreneurship as an area of opportunity for returned migrants. The results of the analysis of the studies and theoretical frameworks of international migration, showed great similarities of the phenomenon in different geographical spaces, being an indispensable tool to understand their different forms, evolution and development both in the countries of origin and destination.
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Zwysen, Wouter. "Different Patterns of Labor Market Integration by Migration Motivation in Europe: The Role of Host Country Human Capital." International Migration Review 53, no. 1 (2018): 59–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318767929.

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We study whether the acquisition of host country human capital, such as obtaining equivalent qualifications, good language skills, or naturalization, explains differences in labor market integration between migrants depending on their initial motivation. We use cross-national European data from the 2008 ad hoc module of the Labour Force Survey to analyze migrant gaps in labor market participation, employment, occupational status, and precarious employment. We find that different rates of and returns to host country human capital explain a substantial part of the improvements in labor market outcomes with years of residence, particularly for noneconomic migrants who experience faster growth on average.
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Bai, Yunli, Weidong Wang, and Linxiu Zhang. "How Long Do Return Migrants Stay in Their Home Counties? Trends and Causes." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (2018): 4153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114153.

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Return migration is an important form of rural labor mobility in China, and it has been given growing concern recently by governments in the background of rural revitalization. However, research covering the duration of stay in migrants’ home counties, a basic question of labor mobility and a precondition for policy making, is far from enough. The aim of this paper is to analyze the period of return for these migrants based on employment history data by tracking their mobility among rural laborers from 1998 to 2015. The data was collected from a randomized, nationally representative sample of 100 rural villages in five provinces of China. We find that only 22.3 percent of migrants returned from 1998 to 2015, and most return migrants still remained in their home counties as of 2015. Using the OLS, Tobit, and Heckman sample selection models, the results show that return migrants who are old, more educated, unmarried, and with children are more likely to stay longer in their home counties. From a development perspective, return migrants are expected to play an important role in the process of rural revitalization.
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Gutiérrez Vázquez, Edith Y. "The 2000-2010 Changes in Labor Market Incorporation of Return Mexican Migrants." Revista Latinoamericana de Población 13, no. 24 (2019): 135–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31406/relap2019.v13.i1.n24.6.

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Mexico-U.S. migration has dramatically changed in the past three decades: the pronounced increasing flow of the 1990s stalled in the 2000s and a zero net migration rate was officially reported in 2010. Deportations and economic crisis have been discussed as the underlying reasons of this change. In the context of involuntary movements, I evaluate the labor market incorporation of return migrants with respect to non-movers and internal migrants in Mexico between 2000 and 2010. Using the Mexican Census samples, I found that the reduction on return migrants’ earnings is associated to changes in both, the characteristics of returnees and in the pay rates. Specifically, changes in their occupations and higher participation in informal economy are the most important differences associated to the earnings loss of return migrants. These findings suggest that return migration in involuntary contexts restrict resources that individuals use to incorporate in the job market upon returning.
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Griffith, David. "Social Organizational Obstacles to Capital Accumulation Among Returning Migrants: The British West Indies Temporary Alien Labor Program." Human Organization 45, no. 1 (1986): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.45.1.12215l5310615778.

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Recent research on return migration has undermined the idea that international labor migration serves as a vehicle for economic development in labor-sending countries. This has led to the ascendance of a view of international labor migration as yet another form of exploitation of poor nations by wealthy nations, as migrants fail to accumulate capital enough to free themselves and their replacement generations from the migrant stream. This paper examines Jamaicans who migrate to the U.S. seasonally and annually to harvest sugar cane in south Florida and apples in the Northeast. It compares their capital holdings and primary economic activities in Jamaica with other Jamaicans who have not had the opportunity to migrate to the U.S. to work. These comparisons reveal few significant differences between the migrant and non-migrant groups and suggest that seasonal migration to the U.S. generally does not result in capital accumulation among the returning migrants. The lack of capital accumulation among the majority of the migrants is then explained by reference to their temporal and structural positions within and between peasant households in Jamaica, and their obligations to those households. Also discussed are those cases of migrants who, as the households to which they are obligated change over time, have been able to accumulate small-scale capital with their U.S. earnings. This paper contributes to the refinement of the use of the household as a unit of analysis in international labor migration studies.
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Suyanto. "Job Shift of The Indonesian International Return Migrant in Central Java Province." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207036.

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This study aims to explain: (i) shift jobs in Indonesian International Return Migrant (IIRM) between before and after becoming a international migrant; (ii) migrant jobs in the destination country and after returning to Indonesia; and (iii) duration of time as IIRM and number of countries of work. This study uses a theoretical framework of needs and stress theory. This study uses survey design and case studies and selected the location of studies in the Central Java. The determination of the sample size of this study uses the Krejcie and Morgan techniques. Based on the calculation results, the number of respondents in this study was 313 respondents. The number of informants for this study was 60 people. Data collection uses structured interview methods, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Data analysis uses descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. The analysis showed that a significant shift in migrant worker occurred in the employment of labor who switched to trade, before working abroad as much as 22.7% to 9.3% and the trade sector from 4.8% to 20.4%, in addition to the agricultural sector (8.6% to 11.8%) and services (2.9% to 6.1%). The duration of time for migrants working abroad for more than 4 years is 50.8%. The main objective of international migration for Indonesian migrants is Southeast Asia, 38% and second, East Asia, which is almost 29%. The employment sector that absorbs the most labor in various destination countries is domestic work (69%), which includes 60% of domestic work (household work) and 8% in nursing homes. In addition, migrants work in the plantation sector, which is 6.5%. These three jobs are known as smelly, heavy and dangerous (S.H.D) or in Indonesia as bau, berat, bahaya (3B), which are usually a relatively for work force segment of low education.
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MOSNEAGA, Valeriu, and Gheorghe MOSNEAGA. "Moldovan labor migration into the European Union." Moldoscopie 1 (LXXXIV) (March 15, 2019): 154–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3366059.

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The article gives a characteristic of Moldovan labor migration into the European Union. The authors show that Moldovan labor migration into the EU begins in the second half of the 1990’s. Since the late 1990’s – the early 2000’s, it acquires a mass character. The main reasons of Moldovan migration into the European Union are economic reasons. The factors that determine the choice of country for labor migration are varied. These are the desire to earn more money and to provide the growth of welfare for themselves and their family; lingual proximity; the presence of social capital, and others. The different forms of infiltration and stay in the EU that are used by the Moldovan labor migrants are uncovered. Among these, tourist visas, illegal border crossings, illegal employment and legal individual and collective labor contracts, labor quotas, the visa-free regime and labor visas are noted. The process of formation of Moldovan communities in the EU is becoming massive since the 2000’s. The most attractive countries for Moldovan labor migration are Italy, Germany, France, the UK, Spain, Czechia, and Portugal. Italy is the absolute leader in attracting Moldovan labor migrants. The formation of Moldovan communities in the EU corresponds to world practice: starting with the familiarization with the capital cities, the migrants gradually familiarize themselves with the accepting country’s other regions. The Moldovan communities form primarily through the presence of labor migrants of young ages. Typical, especially on the early stage, is the clearly defined gender direction, conditioned by the requirements of the labor market in the destination countries. The consolidation of migrant communities leads to the expansion of the range of age structure and to the leveling of the sex/ gender structure of the Moldovan communities. Male Moldovan labor migrants are mainly engaged in constructions, women – in the field of housekeeping and nursing services. Gradually, the field of their labor activity expands; they work in different fields, including prestigious and highly paid ones. Among the Moldovan labor migrants, there is also a growth in the number of businessmen. However, even today, most migrants are engaged in work that is of lower status than their actual education and qualification. An analysis of the main trends of Moldovan labor migration into the European Union shows that Moldovan migrants are demonstrating their desire to integrate into the accepting society, to transform their status from illegal into legal, from unqualified into professional status, that corresponds to their level of education, qualification, and experience of labor activity. Among the Moldovan labor migrants there is an increasing number of people in possession of double and triple citizenship. There is a clear tendency to obtain the citizenship of the country of residence. From labor migrants they turn into labor emigrants, their future plans and strategies change. They are striving to become fullfledged citizens of their new homeland, and have no desire to return to Moldova. The EU visa-free regime with the Republic of Moldova is creating new possibilities for Moldovan labor migration into EU countries. The amount of Moldovan short-term labor migrants into EU countries in the conditions of the visa-free regime has increased more than twice. Temporary stay in the accepting country and labor activity, as a rule, does not alter the decision to return home with the majority of the short-term Moldovan migrants
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Zhang, Cheng, Yanan Liang, and Fancheng Meng. "A Review of Researches on Return Migration." World Journal of Education and Humanities 5, no. 4 (2023): p27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjeh.v5n4p27.

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Driven by factors related to economic development, return migration has become a topic of increasing academic interest. There are several mainstream theoretical interpretations of the phenomenon of return migration, and the existing literature focuses on the causes of return, employment choice and return effects. Through literature review, it is found that both economic factors and non-economic factors will have an impact on the decision to return. Compared with non-migrant group, returned migrants are more likely to engage in self-employed. Returned migrants may bring back advanced ideas and technologies, which will have a positive impact on local economic and social development, but the driving effect on employment is limited. In developing countries, “entrepreneurship” means vulnerability. Entrepreneurship is a choice made when all other labor market opportunities are not satisfactory or individuals have no employment opportunities, which belongs to necessity-based entrepreneurship. This paper discusses the findings based on a summary of the review and provides the prospects for future research.
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Arif, G. M. "Reintegration of Pakistani Return Migrants from the Middle East in the Domestic Labour Market." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 2 (1998): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i2pp.99-124.

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This study aims, first, to assess unemployment levels among both return migrants and non-migrants and, second, to examine the reintegration pattern of returnees in the domestic labour market. The study has used three data sets: the 1980 PIDE/World Bank Survey of Return Migrant Households, the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households, and the 1991 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey. The results show that unemployment rates are much higher among return migrants than among non-migrants. Although this difference has narrowed with the passage of time, even among those who returned to Pakistan at least 18 months prior to the surveys, more than 10 percent of workers are unemployed. The multivariate analysis further shows that returnees, irrespective of the period elapsed since their return, are more likely to be unemployed than non-migrants. With respect to the reintegration pattern of return migrants, the study reveals that the variables indicating their human capital such as occupation and premigration and during-migration work experience appear to have greater influence on their re-absorption than the variables related to economic positions such as savings. The possibility is that unemployed returnees can not save enough from their overseas earnings to become self-employed. Provision of credit for self-employment seems to be the right way to accommodate these workers. The study also shows that the majority of workers who are able to find employment on return are satisfied with their post-return jobs and income levels, suggesting their successful reintegration in the domestic labour market.
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Kwan, Brian, Hamid R. Torabzadeh, Adebimpe O. Akinwalere, et al. "Inclusion of Labor Migrants as a Potential Key Population for HIV: A Nationwide Study from Tajikistan." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 12 (2024): 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120304.

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Key populations are particularly vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Nearly half of Tajikistan’s gross domestic product (GDP) originates from labor migrant transfers. While not officially designated as a key population, over 300,000 migrants return to Tajikistan every year at increased risk for HIV due to absence or interruption of treatment, change in risky behaviors, and other factors. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the national registry system operated by the Tajikistan Ministry of Health and Social Protection of individuals (n = 10,700) who had been diagnosed with HIV from 1 January 2010 to 30 May 2023. Individual HIV cases resided in five regions: Districts of Republican Subordination (DRS), Dushanbe (Tajikistan’s capital city), Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO), Khatlon, and Sughd. We developed logistic regression models to investigate the relationships between key population status and demographic characteristics. GBAO has the largest proportion of labor migrants (49.59%), which is much larger than that of the other regions (<32%). In contrast to other key populations, there was a larger proportion of HIV cases in rural areas that were labor migrants (23.25%) in comparison to urban areas (16.05%). In multivariable analysis, the odds of being a labor migrant were 6.248 (95% CI: 4.811, 8.113), 2.691 (95% CI: 2.275, 3.184), and 1.388 (95% CI: 1.155, 1.668) times larger if a case was residing in GBAO, Sughd, or DRS, compared to Dushanbe, respectively. Our research contributes to the field by proposing to expand the definition of key population to include labor migrants in Central Asia who should be emphasized as a vulnerable population at high risk of HIV. We encourage policy action to provide designated HIV funding for labor migrants, increase international attention, and promote potential modifications of national regulations and/or laws regarding prevention and treatment of HIV among non-citizen populations.
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Захарова, Оксана Володимирівна. "CONDITIONS FOR THE RETURN OF LABOR MIGRANTS TO UKRAINE." Proceedings of Scientific Works of Cherkasy State Technological University Series Economic Sciences, no. 55 (December 13, 2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24025/2306-4420.0.55.2019.185954.

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Gorodetska, Galyna. "Ukrainian migrants in Spain: settlement or return?" Ukrainian society 2013, no. 2 (2013): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2013.02.025.

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The article examines the driving force and the effects of staying of Ukrainian immigrants in Spain. Do they intend to return to Ukraine? And whether planning to build their lives in Spain? Through the prism of such factors as employment in the labor market in Spain, the presence/absence of a family in a new country, the situation in Ukraine, and access to various social services offered by the country of immigration, is shown Ukrainian migrant future choice.
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Herwanti, Hj Titiek. "PENGARUH PENDAPATAN, LAMA KERJA DAN STATUS FAMILI TERHADAP REMITAN TENAGA KERJA WANITA PROPINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 15, no. 1 (2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2011.v15.i1.2281.

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This research took place in West Praya subdistrict (Mangkung Village), Jonggat subdistrict (Puyung Village). All places was in Central Lombok Region, West Nusa Tenggara Province. The objective of this research is to know the factors that influence the number of remittance including it’s contribution toward household income, the changes of attitude according to environmetal perception and working ethos and also to know the influence of workers mobility toward the sustainable development in their region. This research have 90 respondents. 30 respondents represent return migrants, 30 respondents represent potensial migrants and 30 respondents respresent household migrant. The data of income, working period, and family’s status is taken from labor department. The result of this research shows that the income factors of destination country, working period and family’s status, influence the numbers of remittance. The income of household migrant and return migrants (which are 75,73% and 76,74%) increased because of the workers mobility. This situation also can bring positvef influence toward the environmental perception and working ethos, as well as giving contribute to sustainable development in their region
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Turchyn, Yaryna, and Olha Ivasechko. "The Pandemic of COVID-19 as the Challenge to Ukrainian Migrant Workers in Poland." Humanitarian vision 6, no. 2 (2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/shv2020.02.028.

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In the article, the authors analyze the impact of the COVID-19 world pandemic on the employment of Ukrainian migrant workers in Poland. It is noted that the economic situation and the war in the east of Ukraine led to continuous process of labor migration from Ukraine to Poland. The author analyzes basic documents of the migration policy of Ukraine as well as Polish legislation in the field of employment of foreign citizens. It was found that the introduction of quarantine restrictions resulted in mass return of Ukrainian workers from Poland. Special attention is placed on the adoption of the so-called Anti-Crisis Shield and Anti-Crisis Shield 2.0, aimed at mitigating the negative economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, taking into account interests of foreign workers, including Ukrainian labor migrants, who stayed abroad after quarantine restrictions come into force. Based on sociological research and official statistics, it has been determined that one third of Ukrainian migrant workers in Poland have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and some of them complain about income restrictions and reductions. It has been outlined an attitude of Ukrainian migrant workers who left Poland towards their return to work, perception of quarantine restrictions and the main reasons that force them to stay in Ukraine or return to the neighboring country. It is pointed out the volume of private money transfers to Ukraine for the same period in 2019 and 2020 respectively. The author draws conclusions that the COVID-19 world pandemic greatly affected the Ukrainian labor migrants in Poland, forcing them to leave their jobs and return home or stay abroad without actual source of income. It is mentioned that Poland still needs Ukrainian workers, who are especially in demand in the food industry, logistics, woodworking and household appliances.
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García Hernández, Blanca Josefina, and Gerardo Suárez Barrera. "Human Capital of Mexican Return Migrants." Journal of Administrative Science 2, no. 4 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/jas.v2i4.6742.

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This proposal is the result of an investigation carried out among a group of undocumented Mexican migrants, located in the state of Texas, United States, and who, due to their immigration status, constitute a vulnerable group with the latent risk of being deported to their country of origin (COO).
 The purpose of the study is to offer a characterization of the Human Capital of migrants, based on information that includes age, gender, schooling, origin, family dependents, length of stay in the country of residence (COR), immigration status, occupation, health conditions, English proficiency, labor experience and skills. This profile makes it possible to identify the entrepreneurial potential that migrants can offer in the event that they return to their COO and to have the possibility of designing strategies and public policies that allow this group of people to be reintegrated into sustainable economic activities.
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Shumway, J. Matthew, and Greg Hall. "Self-Selection, Earnings and Chicano Migration: Differences between Return and Onward Migrants." International Migration Review 30, no. 4 (1996): 979–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000405.

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The purpose of this article is to extend the empirical literature on Chicano return migration by examining earnings differentials between return and onward Chicano migrants. Our approach reflects the complexity of estimating such effects in terms of selectivity biases and the interaction between individual and locational attributes. We use data derived from the public use microdata sample (PUMS) of the 1990 U.S. census. After controlling for migration and labor force self-selection, results indicate that Chicano return migrants are not negatively self-selected. Chicano return migrants have smaller earnings profiles largely due to the negative effects of living in areas with higher concentrations of co-ethnics. Apparently, return migrants, at least in the short run, are willing to accept lower earnings for the nonpecuniary benefits of living in the Southwest.
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Frank Qu, Zhaopeng, and Zhong Zhao. "Evolution of the Chinese rural-urban migrant labor market from 2002 to 2007." China Agricultural Economic Review 6, no. 2 (2014): 316–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2012-0113.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the dynamic change of the migrant labor market in China from 2002 to 2007 using two comparable data sets. Design/methodology/approach – To understand the factors behind the wage change, the authors use the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition (Oaxaca, 1973; Blinder, 1973) method to study the hourly wage change over this five-year period. Findings – The focus is on the rural-urban migration decision, the wage structure of migrants, the labor market segmentation between migrants and urban natives, and the changes of these aspects from 2002 to 2007. The paper finds that prior migration experience is a key factor for the migration decision of rural household members, and its importance keeps increasing from 2002 to 2007. The results show that there is a significant increase in wages among both migrants and urban natives over this five-year period, but migrants have enjoyed faster wage growth, and most of the increase of wages among migrants can be attributed to the increase of returns to their characteristics. The authors also find evidence suggesting convergence of urban labor markets for migrants and for urban natives during this five-year period. Research limitations/implications – In order to make the 2002 and 2007 data sets comparable, the authors had to restrict the observations with fixed residence only, and can only include seven cities. These limit the representativeness of the sample. When interpret the findings in this paper, it is important to keep this in mind. Originality/value – Due to the scarcity of data, there are few studies on the dynamics of the migrating population and the migrant labor market. Since the urban natives and migrants are still segmented in the labor market, the migrant labor market may have its own characteristics, and also, because of the increasing importance of the migrants in Chinese society, knowledge of the evolution of the migrant labor market is crucial for grasping the whole story behind the Chinese economic miracle.
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Anh, Dao Tuan, and Nguyen Duc Huu. "An Overview of the Job Market for Repatriated International Migrant Workers in Vietnam." Journal of Management World 2025, no. 1 (2025): 363–71. https://doi.org/10.53935/jomw.v2024i4.688.

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An employee is someone who directly participates in the labor process, whether by performing manual labor or mental labor. They are paid according to their own capacity through actual labor and employment conduct. Workers returning to their hometowns after working in nations other than Vietnam's territory. For Vietnamese workers who return home after the process of international migration, they face a lot of difficulties in finding jobs in their homeland, although the state and government have supported workers with many policies and welfare support packages, but it is really difficult for workers to integrate into the community due to many different factors. Returning migrants may experience a variety of needs, requiring programs that address those seeking assistance with unemployment, lack of savings, business development, job search, or psychosocial trauma issues or difficulty reintegrating into their communities. Integrated and targeted programs can support migrant workers to return to their local communities and optimize their contribution to the community and the labor market..
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31

David, Anda M. "Back to Square One: Socioeconomic Integration of Deported Migrants." International Migration Review 51, no. 1 (2017): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12208.

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This paper addresses the issue of socioeconomic integration of forced return migrants, focusing on the Maghreb countries. Starting from the hypothesis that the return has to be prepared, I tested whether a disruption in the migration cycle (such as deportation) increases the individual's vulnerability and affects his integration from both a structural and sociocultural point of view, using the 2006 Migration de Retour au Maghreb (MIREM, or Return Migration to the Maghreb) survey. I found that forced returnees are more vulnerable to negative labor market outcomes compared to voluntary returnees. The absence of forced returnees from the labor market, or their underperformances, creates a net loss for the origin country and also incentives to re-migrate. The negative effect is statistically significant not only immediately after return, but also in the long run, at survey time. Forced return is also significantly and negatively correlated with sociocultural integration, reflecting a marginalization of deported migrants in their home environment, which may act as a re-emigration incentive.
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Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar, Rachel Silvey, Maria Cecilia Hwang, and Carolyn Areum Choi. "Serial Labor Migration: Precarity and Itinerancy among Filipino and Indonesian Domestic Workers." International Migration Review 53, no. 4 (2018): 1230–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318804769.

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This article examines the mobility patterns of migrant domestic workers in the United Arab Emirates. It identifies and explains the emergence of serial labor migration, which we define as the multi-country, itinerant labor migration patterns of temporary low-skilled migrant workers. It argues that policy contexts shaping temporary labor migration, as they impose precarious and prohibitive conditions of settlement in both countries of origin and destination, produce the itinerancy of low-skilled migrant workers. We offer a holistic analysis of the migration process of temporary labor migrants, shifting away from a singular focus on the process of emigration, integration, or return and toward an examination of each stage as a co-constitutive step in the migration cycle. Our analytic approach enables us to illustrate the state of precarity and itinerancy that follows low-wage migrant workers across the various stages of the migration cycle and produces serial migration patterns among migrant domestic workers from the Philippines and Indonesia.
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Issayeva, Zh, and Су Ын Ки. "Return Migration and Economic Development of the Home Country: A Comparative Study between Kazakhstan and South Korea." International relations and international law Journal 109, no. 1 (2025): 101–9. https://doi.org/10.26577/irilj202510919.

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This paper explores the impact of return migration on economic development in Kazakhstan and South Korea. The primary focus is on examining the involvement of return migrants in the labor market, entrepreneurship, and socio-economic adaptation. The research is theoretical in nature, founded on a comparative study alongside an analysis of national statistics, international reports, and previously completed qualitative studies. The study finds that successful migrant reintegration depends on labor market opportunities, recognition of foreign qualifications, and government support mechanisms. The results of the study also suggest that in Kazakhstan, returnees are mainly employed in self-employment and agriculture, while in South Korea, they are absorbed in high-tech and industrial sectors. Major hurdles for the return migrants are financial limitations, administrative challenges, and socio-cultural issues. The study findings also reveal how different policy approaches create different return experiences in Kazakhstan and South Korea. Kazakhstan's policies aim at stabilizing demography and national identity, while South Korea’s approach is more pragmatic, prioritizing the inclusion of qualified labor. The results also underscore the need for specific reintegration strategies, financial assistance programs, and simplified bureaucratic measures. This study contributes to the scientific public discourse revolving around migration, development and reintegration. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the obtained data to optimize the return migration strategy and develop effective integration measures that benefit both the returnees and their home countries. By understanding which aspects of migration can successfully accelerate reintegration into society, this study offers recommendations on how countries might improve their public policy regarding this matter. Key words: return migration, economic development, diaspora engagement, Kazakhstan, South Korea
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Trần, Angie Ngọc, and Vicki Crinis. "Migrant Labor and State Power." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 13, no. 2 (2018): 27–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2018.13.2.27.

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Drawing on Foucault’s concepts of biopolitical subject formation and governmentality, this article seeks to understand transnational state power and how Vietnamese migrant workers negotiate within a transnational framework both while working in Malaysia and upon their return to Vietnam. By conducting multi-sited interviews in Vietnam and Malaysia between 2008 and 2015, we contribute to the transnational labor migration literature by focusing on Vietnamese factory and construction workers in Malaysia and their resistance to transnational state power. We argue that these two emerging economies, as part of the neoliberal world, use their systems, media, and technologies to produce and manage citizens (in Vietnam) and non-citizen subjects (migrants in Malaysia) who comply with labor export policy and foreign worker policy, respectively. These two states ensure both government and individual accumulation to sustain their power. Meanwhile, Vietnamese migrant subjects negotiate their roles, resist when necessary, and at times, even benefit from overseas labor migration.
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Bjarnesen, Jesper. "Between Labor Migration and Forced Displacement." Conflict and Society 2, no. 1 (2016): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2016.020107.

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The significant number of involuntary returns of labor migrants to Burkina Faso is a relatively neglected aspect of the armed conflict in Côte d’Ivoire. Between 500,000 and 1 million Burkinabe migrants were forced to leave Côte d’Ivoire between 2000 and 2007, placing tremendous pressure on local communities in Burkina Faso to receive and integrate these mass arrivals, and causing those returning labor migrants an acute sense of displacement. Th is article analyzes the experiences of displacement and resettlement in the context of the Ivorian crisis and explores the dialectics of displacement and emplacement in the lives of involuntary labor migrant returnees; their young adult children; and Burkinabe recruits returning aft er their service in the Forces Nouvelles rebel forces in Côte d’Ivoire.
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BAYKARA-KRUMME, HELEN, and LUCINDA PLATT. "Life satisfaction of migrants, stayers and returnees: reaping the fruits of migration in old age?" Ageing and Society 38, no. 4 (2016): 721–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16001227.

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ABSTRACTThis paper evaluates the effects of migration on life satisfaction in later life. We compare the life satisfaction of older migrants with that of non-migrants and return migrants of a similar age and originating from the same regions in Turkey. Turks constitute one of the largest migrant groups in Europe, and the growing population of older Turkish migrants display greater risks of loneliness and material disadvantage compared to native-born populations in Europe. However, compared to their non-migrant peers from the country of origin, older migrants may experience gains from migration that are reflected in their life satisfaction. Using the 2000 Families Study, a large survey of Turkish migrants from the peak labour migration period and their non-migrant comparators, we investigate whether life satisfaction of migrants and stayers differs and the possible causes of any differences. We find that both migrants and return migrants experience higher life satisfaction in old age than stayers. However, the gap cannot be explained by the classical determinants of life satisfaction such as income, health, partner and friends, or religiosity, nor by the better outcomes of the migrants’ children. We discuss possible reasons for this migration satisfaction advantage.
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Vaculovschi, Dorin, and Raisa Dogaru. "Analysis of the situation regarding returned migrants. Challenges and solutions." Eastern European Journal of Regional Studies 9, no. 1 (2023): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/2537-6179.9-1.08.

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The given article describes the trends of return migration, but also the situation of labour migrants returned to the Republic of Moldova, the factors that initially led to labour migration, and then to their return. The very process of migrants' return presents them with the same difficulties and challenges as in the case of their going to work abroad. Citizens returning home face a lack of jobs, impediments in the recognition of diplomas and qualifications obtained abroad, difficulties in the process of opening a business, etc. However, the state makes great efforts to stimulate the return of labour migrants, but also their (re)integration into society. However, according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948), the right of citizens to return to their countries of origin is a right recognized and reaffirmed in other international normative acts, such as the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families (United Nations Convention, 1990).
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Xhaho, Armela, and Elvira Fetahu. "Reintegration Patterns of Return migrants in the Albanian Labor Market." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 19 (November 28, 2022): 1901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.171.

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Over the last few years, the global economic crisis triggered an unexpected increase in the number of migrants returning to Albania. Regardless of the returnees’ typology, the upward trend in return migration highlights the need for measures that could tackle reintegration challenges upon return to their country of origin. In practice, reintegration support consists mainly of project-based programs which are limited and not sustainable over time. The primary goal of this study is to analyze returnees’ patterns and mechanisms of reintegration in the Albanian labor market. The study provides some evidence-based recommendations for policy stakeholders to design targeted reintegration programs and policies for returnees aiming to promote the investment of financial capital, know-how, and know who earned abroad. The findings show that returnees perceived the business environment in Albania as being unfavorable for the successful development of their business. The country’s infrastructure gaps, feeble public investment, non-transparent business procedures regarding investments and soft loans, bureaucracy, and widespread informality seem to hamper foreign entrepreneurial investment from returnees.
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Ma, Zhongdong. "Social-Capital Mobilization and Income Returns to Entrepreneurship: The Case of Return Migration in Rural China." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 10 (2002): 1763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a34193.

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Temporary labor migration in developing countries is an important urban–rural linkage that has a potential impact on rural development. According to the new economies of labor migration, it is often a strategy used by families with small farms to acquire investment capital for future business formation. In this paper, I argue further that human-capital accretion during migration reinforces the mobilization of local social capital, which in turn enhances a returnee's entrepreneurship. By using the results of an in-depth survey of returned labor migrants in rural China, I seek to explain the mobilization of social capital and income return to entrepreneurship in a multivariate framework. I find that skilled returnees are indeed more prone to mobilize social capital. The income return to local social capital is as considerable as that to investment capital and skills acquired at the urban destination. The findings suggest that the consequences of labor migration can be better understood through the integration of the new economics of labor migration and social capital
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, and Mauro Alexandre Luís Miguel. "Economic Aspects of Migration in the Republic of Angola." DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, no. 1 (2022): 80–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.7.

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The article discusses the features of migration in the Republic of Angola. The country has a strong demographic and economic potential. Migration processes occur in two directions: there is an immigration to the country of qualified and highly qualified specialists, return forced migrants; and labor and educational migrants emigrate from the country. Between Angola and Portugal there are fairly stable migration ties. The largest Angolan diaspora outside of Africa has formed in the former metropolis. Portugal attracts Angolans with a common language, historical ties, labor market opportunities, and prospects for integration into society. Also, Angolan diasporas began to form in the so-called “new emigration” countries - France, the USA, South Africa, Brazil. The most recent trend has been the emigration of Angolans to China, which is actively developing and establishing strong ties with African countries. Remittances from labor migrants and representatives of the Angolan diasporas characterize new directions of emigration from the country. Remittances to Angola come mainly from those countries where labor migrants go to work. Angola gradually transformed from a country of outflow of forced migrants into a country of reception of forced migrants. Large-scale return migration of Angolan refugees who had previously left the country is taking place in the country. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon of forced migration, there is little research on the integration of refugees and the reintegration of returned refugees into Angolan society. As a result, the potential of former refugees is not fully utilized in terms of developing the human capital of Angola and its regions.
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Silver, Alexis M. "Displaced at “home”: 1.5-Generation immigrants navigating membership after returning to Mexico." Ethnicities 18, no. 2 (2018): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796817752560.

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In the context of heightened enforcement, hundreds of thousands of immigrants have returned to their countries of birth by force, and others have left by (constrained) choice. Drawing on interviews with 1.5-generation return migrants in Mexico, this article examines how young adults navigate incorporation in various states and localities on both sides of the border. After facing barriers in the US because of unauthorized immigration status, return migrants continue to face challenges in Mexico due to social stigmas associated with immigrant populations and bureaucratic obstacles that block access to educational institutions and labor market opportunities. The data suggest that exclusionary immigration laws have enduring and transnational impacts over the experiences of both “voluntary” return migrants and deportees.
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Luhova, V., A. Hutorov, J. Yarmolenko, T. Ivashchenko, O. Gutorov, and Y. Bakun. "EXTERNAL LABOR MIGRATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 5, no. 40 (2021): 514–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v5i40.245209.

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Abstract. This paper reports a study into the trends and patterns of the impact of external labor migration on the effectiveness of the functioning of Ukraine’s labor market, as well as defining those areas where migration processes could be coordinated in order to preserve the labor potential of this country. The scale and characteristics of the external labor migration in Ukraine have been considered. A tendency has been identified towards increasing the number of potential labor migrants among the population of Ukraine. The main destinations for migrant workers are the EU, primarily Poland, Italy, and the Czech Republic. It was found that the main labor migrants are men aged 30 to 49 with secondary and secondary specialized education, which indicates a significant outflow of «labor» from Ukraine. The main motives that encourage Ukrainians to work abroad have been determined. The main one has been investigated, related to the low level of wages in Ukraine, which is several times lower than the level of remuneration in the recipient countries. The positive and negative consequences of labor migration for Ukraine as a labor donor country have been given. Among the direct positive consequences, the main ones are the reduction of pressure on the labor market and the decrease in unemployment. Among the negative ones is the migration of the most active part of the labor force, the migration of young people and the most qualified specialists, which causes a shortage of labor in Ukraine’s labor market. The ways to improve the coordination of migration processes have been proposed, in order to preserve the labor potential of this country. The first is to improve the information support of the labor migration management process; the second is to promote economic growth and social development in Ukraine. The implementation of these measures could reduce the motivation for labor migration and provide conditions for the return of migrant workers. Keywords: labor migration, migrant, labor outflow, labor market, migration policy. JEL Classіfіcatіon J45, J61, J69 Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 23.
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Holovatenko, M., and V. Sereda. "The impact of COVID-19 on the status of migrant workers: international legal experience." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 75 (2023): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.75.1.12.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has severely curtailed international migration through border closures and forced millions of people to return home to their homelands. The harsh measures taken by the countries of the world to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic provoked a severe crisis in the world economy and affected all areas of people's daily lives, regardless of their social status and status. The main restrictions affected migration mobility and politics due to the fact that the main goal of states has become the minimization of personal contacts of the population to control the further spread of the virus by closing borders and stopping or reducing transportation by all modes of transport. These actions led to significant changes in global migration processes, as many countries closed their borders without the possibility for migrants and their populations to leave them or return to their homeland. The ineffectiveness of many areas of the economy, where migrants worked, led to mass dismissals and, as a result, to a lack of funds both for returning home and for living in the country of residence.
 The crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial role that social protection plays in overcoming severe social and economic crises, as well as the importance of introducing a minimum level of social protection for all, including migrant workers.
 The pandemic and its economic effects carry risks of stigmatization and discrimination against migrant workers in both destination and origin countries. Countries should systematically monitor cases of discrimination and hate speech against migrant workers. The governments of the countries should also take care of systematically informing citizens about the positive aspects of labor migration. For countries, it can be an emphasis on the role of labor migrants in critically important areas, such as agricultural industry, logistics, transport, medicine, and critical services.
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44

Silver, Alexis M. "Reconstructing Roots: Emotional Drivers of Migration and Identity." Social Sciences 12, no. 2 (2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020060.

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This study examines how emotions propel migration from the United States to Mexico and subsequent migration within Mexico for young deported migrants and migrants compelled to return. Though often relegated to a second tier of importance after political or economic factors, emotions are central to the decisions that young migrants make about where to live and how to identify. I argue that emotions influence young immigrants in the U.S. to make life changing decisions to return to Mexico at moments of acute stress or uncertainty. Additionally, I argue that both compelled and deported return migrants carve out spaces of belonging and construct identities through emotional labor. Specifically, I find that young returnees draw on memories from the U.S., connections with other returnees, and imagined attachments to their ancestral cultures in Mexico as they adopt proud Mexican identities in surroundings that often mark them as outsiders on both sides of the border.
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45

Mosneaga, Gheorghe. "The study of the topic of Moldovan diaspora in the European Union: historiographical aspects." Studia Universitatis Moldaviae. Seria Stiinte Sociale, no. 3 (June 2023): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.59295/sum3(163)2023_33.

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The following article offers a historiographic analysis of Moldovan labor migration and diaspora abroad. The article lists the primary stages of labor migration from the Republic of Moldova; its main destinations and volumes; the factors that influence the formation of communities and diaspora; the policies of exit and destination countries of Moldovan migrants; the measures taken for the return and reintegration of migrants home. The article draws attention to the aspects of migrants’ adaptation and integration into the host society. Attention is likewise given to specific problems in this regard, such as the migrants’ cohesion or division, their suspicion of governmental bodies, etc. Another touched upon aspect – the transformation of the migrants’ goals, status, and possibilities, the role and influence migrants have on the life of their exit country. The article also provides a chronological analysis of scientific interest and sources dedicated to the topic, both at home and abroad.
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46

Grebeniyk, A. A., A. Yu Ageenko, and A. A. Averianov. "Migration attitudes of labor migrants from Ukraine located in the Russian Federation: features, formation factors, orientation." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 31, no. 1 (2025): 115–34. https://doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2025-31-1-115-134.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of migration attitudes of Ukrainian citizens working in the Russian Federation. The empirical basis of the study was founded using the data from an all-Russian sociological study of foreign workers, conducted by the authors in 2023. Analysis of the survey results showed that labor migrants from Ukraine have formed migration plans to settle in the Russian Federation and obtain Russian citizenship. The main reason for labor migration from Ukraine is an extreme push factor — armed confl ict, which determines economic instability and social uncertainty in Ukraine in the long term. In this regard, migrants from Ukraine almost don’t have any return migration attitudes. The article concludes that currently the fl ow of labor migrants from Ukraine is a type of forced migration that uses the legal framework and mechanism for implementing temporary labor migration and has signifi cant potential for transformation into migration for permanent residence. The study also identifi ed the social portrait of Ukrainian workers, the characteristics of migrants’ attitudes, their orientation and formation factors
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47

P A, Dr Ansari, and Prof Anisur Rahman. "Covid 19 and its Implications for Gulf Migrants: Some Reflections from Kerala." Journal of Psychology and Political Science, no. 11 (August 27, 2021): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jpps.11.21.36.

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Covid 19 Has Primarily Affected Gulf Migrants Specifically To Developing Countries Like India. Kerala Is One Of India's Most Popular Immigration Destinations, And Migrant Workers Account For A Sizable Portion Of The State's Workforce. Because Of High Pay Levels And Growing Demand For Manual Labour Jobs, Migrant Workers Appear To Be In All Occupations And Sectors Of The Regional Economy. The Article Also Aims To Explore And Evaluate The State's Response To The Covid 19 Crisis. Kerala's Efforts To Address The Pandemic Demonstrate That They Have Been Innovative And Exceptional. Even So, Many Immigrants Are Ignorant And Work Primarily In The Informal Or Unorganised Sector In Gulf. The Return Migrants Once Were The Backbone Of Kerala Economy Has Changed To A Side-Lined Community All Of A Sudden. They Are Not Organised And Are Neither In A Position To Negotiate For Their Rights Nor Labour Standards. Even After The Migration Period, The Life Of Gulf Migrants Is Filled With Troubles And Diseases; Thus, They Lead Their Lives Without The Care Of Extended Family Members Or The State. These Migrants Face Similar Social And Economic Challenges Once They Lose The Tag Of Breadwinners For The Family. The Study Exclusively Focuses On The Socio-Economic Life- Social Networks Of These Migrants Who Are Dumped By The State And Society And Excluded From Society's Socio-Cultural Frame. The Present Research Will Help Frame New Policies For The Betterment Of Return Migrants Who Worked In GCC Countries (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar And The UAE). The Study Gives A Better Outlook For The Life Of Return Migrants' In Kerala, Especially In Covid 19 Scenario.
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Комаринець С. О. та Байко Л. Т. "АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ МІГРАЦІЇ НА РОЗВИТОК ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ". International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy 1, № 6(18) (2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/01072018/5933.

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 The main problems that cause labor migration are reviewed. The factors that cause labor migration are examined. Information about the ways of money transfers affect the state of Ukrainian economy is provided. The experience of Ireland regarding the return of migrants is shown. Some organizational steps that can stabilize the situation with labor migration in Ukraine have been worked out. The Umigrant mobile application model for Ukrainians abroad has been developed. The Umigrant mobile application will provide migrants with easy access to reliable information about organizations and services available to them in a particular country: embassies, consulates, migration departments, hospitals and civil society organizations. It will also provide information on migration options and requirements, and will allow migrants to receive alerts on emergencies in a country or region, as well as contacts for emergency assistance.
 
 
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49

Chalcraft, John. "Migration and Popular Protest in the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf in the 1950s and 1960s." International Labor and Working-Class History 79, no. 1 (2011): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754791000030x.

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AbstractThe conventional historiography on popular and labor protest in the Arabian peninsula and the Gulf since the Second World War tends to ascribe a negative role to migration. Migrants—dragooned into the service of expanding oil economies—are often depicted as undermining the cohesion and efficacy of indigenous labor activism and popular protest. This article adopts a different perspective. It revisits the most important twentieth-century wave of pan-Arab, secular, republican, and socialist protest in the region—that of the 1950s and 1960s—and highlights the positive contribution migrants made. They were not just quotients of labor power, but interpretive and political subjects. Palestinians, Yemenis, and others, along with return- and circular-migrants, exiles, and visitors, transmitted pan-Arab and Leftist ideas, helped build activist organizations, and participated in a variety of protests. I suggest that standard forms of endogenous socioeconomic determinism in the labor history of the region need rethinking.
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50

Asmelash, Misgina. "Heterogeneous Effects of Migration and Remittances on Migrant- Sending Agricultural Communities: The Case of Southern Ethiopia." Journal of African Development Studies 9, no. 1 (2022): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56302/jads.v9i1.8285.

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Using household survey data, the paper empirically evaluates the heterogeneous effects of migration and remittances on migrant-sending communities in southern Ethiopia. A multi-stage stratified sampling procedure was used to select sample villages from each survey area and households from each sample unit. To account for several econometric issues and consistently estimate the impacts of migration and remittances, the study adopted a three-stage least-squares method complemented with endogeneity and multicollinearity test. The findings of the paper reveal that the migration of labor out of agriculture has a significant negative effect on a household’s adoption of different agricultural technologies, as well as crop yield. By contrast, the remittances sent by migrants partially compensate for the lost-labor deficit, leading to increased use of modern agricultural inputs and crop yield. Besides, it’s observed that the adoption of different agricultural technology is invariant to the migrants’ gender. Overall, the return of migration suggests that the adoption of modern agricultural technologies and crop yield in migrant-sending communities are found to be higher after migration participation, though the impacts vary for households with different production conditions.
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