Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Return of migrants'

Following the social and political turmoil in many countries after the recent economic crisis, many Albanian migrants regarded a return to their ‘homeland’ as the best solution during a time of uncertainty. Adding to the literature on return migration, this research investigates a group of migrants, not previously studied extensively, whose return to their country of origin was triggered by the lingering economic crisis in Europe, particularly in Greece. The research explores the experiences of return migrants and their children in Albania by focusing on their (re)settlement issues, the ways they (re)construct a sense of belonging, and how their identity is impacted by these changes. Return migrants (aged 30-50 years) and their children (aged 7-18 years) participated in this research (n=51). Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with respondents aged 13 years and above, augmented by focus groups and family case studies. This research was conducted in two waves and several participants were followed up to document changes. Findings show that the economic and socio-structural constraints in the origin country and uncertainties about the future experienced by adults create barriers to their overall ability to adjust and construct a sense of belonging in Albania. The research documents further that children of return migrants experience exclusion and nonbelonging, instigating feelings of being foreigners for a second time. While children showed improvement in their socio-spatial worlds overtime; in Wave 2 adults continued to grapple with employment instability and future uncertainties. Entangled in between these experiences and a simultaneous quest to belong, the research contributes to a better understanding of return migration in times of economic crisis.

This research focuses on the special considerations and reasons for Burmese migrants and refugees from Burma living in Mae Sot, Tak province, Northern Thailand to stay in Thailand or return to Burma/Myanmar. The researcher has more than three-years of experience of living and working in Northern Thailand. During the thesis process, the researcher lived and worked in Mae Sot. A multi-method approach was applied to compile the experiences, knowledge, opinions and feelings of migrants and refugees from Burma. The research presented in this thesis shows that, even though the push factors from leading a life in Thailand are increasing in terms of obtaining legal documents, the pull factors towards return or repatriation to Burma remain few for refugees and migrants. In terms of the labour situation, migrants can earn more money and get more value for their money in Thailand. In addition, access to affordable education and health care is much greater in Thailand than in Burma, mostly due to initiatives by international non-governmental actors. In Burma, poverty continues to be an endemic challenge: there are difficulties for families to sustain their livelihoods and obtain access to quality healthcare and education. The findings from the research explain that migrants from Burma, many of which represent a marginalized minority in terms of ethnicity and religion, do not consider a future in Burma for themselves or their families if not forced to leave Thailand.   In particular, the Myanmar Muslim subpopulation and those with lower education possess experiences or have perceived discrimination of a potential future in Burma, largely related to issues with identification documents and registration. In addition, lack of land ownership remains a large obstacle for migrant workers and refugees in the consideration of where to live and work in the future.

The movement of labour from the less developed countries of southern Europe and North Africa to the industrial economiesof northern Europe in the 1960s and 1970s, has led to a migrant populationof some 15 million in these countries. Poduguese labour migration to France has been part of this wider movement, and the Portuguese are one of the largest migrant groups, representing over one fifth of the estimated four millionmigrants in France. Ambivalenceas to the migrants' status and future is considerable on the level of policy, in the literature concerning these labour migrations, and among the migrants themselves: the uncertainty is whether the phenomenonis one of settlement and permanent immigration or of temporary migration and ultimately the return of migrants to their countries of origin. Takingthe case of Portuguese migrants in Grenoble, this thesis explores the intentions of Portuguese migrant workers in France to return to Portugal. In part this may be seen as a prior intention, consistent with the migrants' initial plans to benefit from the employment opportunities and better pay abroad, and to earn as much money as possible in a short time, in order to be able to return to Portugal. I describe precedents for this kindof a return migration in Portugal's extensive emigration history. However, this return orientation in migration cannot be seen only as the continuity of a cultural form, or as occurring in France in an ideological vacuum. The intention to return to Portugal, which implies a limited commitment to France, and a reference to Portuguese conditions and values, is fundamental in the migrants' tolerance of generally disadvantageous conditions, particularly of employment, in France, and thereby an aspect of the migrants' continuing usefulness there. The migrants' differentiation from the French workforce is in some respects beneficial to French society, and the migrants' economic, political and social marginality is reinforced and perpetuated on an ideologicallevel, by ltgislation, and in a variety of ways in evtryday pratice. Cultural differences may be cultivated, and there is an involuntary aspect to the migrants' marginality and the return orientation. For these reasons I have stressed tht broader political and economic forces in labour migration as the context which acts on the migrants and within which they must act. Yet for many migrants, the intention to return to Portugal is more than a passive response to their vulnerable postition in French society or a product of the ideology of the dominant society. While we are dealing with a subjective intention to return rather than actual returns, this is a dynamic element of migrant identity and culture in France, full of tensions but with great symbolic importance as well as far-reaching practical implications for their lives and the nature of their participation in French life. This is particularly the case for many of the older generation of migrants aged between 30-50. Their return orientation is often accompaniedby an adherence to what they see as 'Portuguese' values and culture, the forms and expressions of which I consider; it is also associated with the maintenance of social and economio links with Portugal, distinctive savings and consumption patterns, a steady flow of remittances, and by a perception of migration as temporary even after 20 or more years' residence in France. The return orientation is central among many Portuguese migrants in France, not just as a latent desire, but as a system of meaning and a structuring principle in every day life; plans to return not only justify migration in tht long term, but are a priority which is used to organise and give coherence to the migrants' daily strategies and choices. TM maintenance of an alternative value system, an identity, and options aside from those that conditions in France impose on them, gives the migrants a certain autonomy despite the constraints of their situation

La France est le pays industrialisé le plus touché par le paludisme d’importation avec environ 4735 de cas importés et répertoriés en 2016. Les voyageurs migrants, originaires des pays où sévit le paludisme et résidant en France, représentent 82,2 % des cas d’infections palustres. Cette thèse cherche principalement à analyser la question du recours à la prévention du risque palustre auprès des voyageurs migrants originaires des pays d’Afrique Subsaharienne de Bordeaux. À partir d’observations directes et d’entretiens individuels avec différents acteurs, cette recherche montre une hétérogénéité des situations d’exposition au risque palustre lors du retour temporaire au pays d’origine. Ce risque dépend des situations expérientielles, et socio-économiques, ainsi que des charges qu’il est supposé y assumer. Lorsque ces charges sont importantes, le voyageur migrant a tendance à hiérarchiser les risques, avec une non-priorisation du palustre au profit du risque de « toubabisation », socialement moins accepté. La non-priorisation du risque de paludisme est accentuée par une perception banalisante, ordinaire et quotidienne du paludisme en contexte de migration et par le non-remboursement de la chimioprophylaxie par la Caisse Nationale Assurance Maladie. Ce travail montre que le non recours à la chimioprophylaxie est influencé par l’absence d’expérience du paludisme en France et de paludisme grave dans le pays d’origine. Souvent, il faut que l’expérience de cette maladie soit vécue et perçue dans le pays d’accueil pour qu’elle induise un changement de perception et donc, un recours futur à la prévention. Sur le plan thérapeutique, cette thèse met en évidence des retards de diagnostic du paludisme en médecine générale. Ces retards sont causés par l’absence d’association de la « fièvre du retour » et des symptômes associés à un accès palustre, et par son « exotisme » en France. À ce titre, cette recherche apporte une contribution aux réflexions dans les champs de l’anthropologie de la santé et de l’anthropologie du risque lié au voyage avec comme exemple les voyageurs migrants exposés au risque palustre<br>France is the industrialized country most assigned by import malaria with around 4735 imported and registered cases in 2016. Migrant travelers from malaria-affected countries residing in France account for 82.2% of all malaria cases. malaria infections. This thesis mainly seeks to analyze the issue of the use of malaria risk prevention among migrant travelers from sub-Saharan African countries in Bordeaux. Based on direct observations and individual interviews with different actors, this research shows the heterogeneity of situations of exposure to malaria risk during temporary return to the country of origin. This risk depends on the experiential and socio-economic situations, as well as the burdens it is supposed to assume. When these burdens are significant, the migrant traveler tends to prioritize the risks, with a non-prioritization of malaria control in favor of the risk of “toubabisation”, socially less accepted. The non-prioritization of the risk of malaria is accentuated by a banal, ordinary and daily perception of malaria in the context of migration and by the non-reimbursement of chemoprophylaxis by the National Health Insurance Fund. This work shows that the non-use of chemoprophylaxis is influenced by the lack of experience of malaria in France and severe malaria in the country of origin. Often, the experience of this disease must be experienced and perceived in the host country to induce a change of perception and therefore a future use of prevention. Therapeutically, this thesis highlights delayed diagnosis of malaria in general practice. These delays are caused by the lack of association of the “return fever” and symptoms associated with malaria, and by its “exoticism” in France. As such, this research contributes to reflections in the fields of anthropology of health and anthropology of travel risk, with the example of migrant travelers exposed to malaria risk

It has been widely documented that migrant labourers have made great contributions to the urban economy of China; as well, the explosive growth of rural-urban migrants has generated several "migration problems," such as growing social inequality in urban China. It is widely reported that a large number of migrants have returned to their places of origin, after several years of "urban life," and this trend has been accelerated after the global economic crisis after 2008. Consequently, the large number of return migrants have created many problems in the cities, such as labour shortage in the manufacturing industry, and also posed a huge challenge to the rural areas in the resettlement of these returnees. In sum, to understand both the migrants in destination cities and return migrants in their places of origin is of great importance for both urban and rural development in China. The research so far, on the understanding of migrants' behaviour and labour market outcomes in a multi-phased migration process, seems highly controversial and therefore, insufficient. This study, based on migrant survey data collected in Fujian Province, and return migrant interview data collected in Sichuan and Jiangxi Provinces, explores migrant labour market outcomes in the cities, as well as their geographical differentiation; migrant return intentions, and their gender differentiations; return behaviour and the resettlement situations of actual returnees. The results show that the multi-phased migration process of rural migrants in China is synthetically shaped by macro, meso, and micro factors, and by the interactions between these factors. To be more specific, findings of this study indicate that migrant labour markets in urban China are largely geographically differentiated according to several regional characteristics. The study also finds that a large proportion of rural-urban migrants intends to return to their places of origin. As well, their return intentions are significantly gender-differentiated. Finally, the resettlement situations of return migrants are closely connected to their migration experience.<br>ix, 160 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

Migration literature tends to focus on individual level factors, such as human capital acquired abroad, to explain the success of the integration of returnees while neglecting the importance of the environment in their home country. The dissertation offers a theoretical framework, which involves the factors of the home country’s labour market in explaining the integration of return migrants, while at the same time taking into account changes in the human capital of returnees while they were abroad. The empirical findings of the dissertation are based on three representative surveys carried out in late 2013 among three different audiences in Lithuania: 1) adult population (N=1930); 2) employers (N=1000), and 3) returnees (N=804). The research revealed that almost all return migrants have acquired valuable knowledge and skills while abroad that they expect to use in advancing their careers in Lithuania. Yet most of them underutilise their foreign experience after return. Moreover, they feel that their new knowledge and skills are undervalued in Lithuania. Indeed, the research proved that rather unfavourable attitude towards return migrants and their migration experience prevails in Lithuanian society and among employers. Returnee unfriendly environment leads not only to the loss of potential benefits of human capital but also to the unsuccessful reintegration of returnees and, eventually, to their repeat migration. Therefore, migration policies that aim at encouraging return... [to full text]<br>Migracijos literatūroje grįžusių migrantų integracijos kilmės šalies darbo rinkoje sėkmė dažniausiai siejama su grįžusiųjų užsienyje įgytais žiniomis ir įgūdžiais, tačiau palyginti mažai dėmesio skiriama juos priimančios darbo rinkos įtakai. Disertacija siekiama užpildyti šią nišą, analizuojant grįžtamąją migraciją ne tik iš grįžusių migrantų, bet ir iš kilmės šalies darbdavių perspektyvos. Disertacija, kurios empirinis tyrimas remiasi 2013 m. atliktomis reprezentatyviomis Lietuvos visuomenės, Lietuvos darbdavių ir į Lietuvą gyventi grįžusių migrantų apklausomis, atskleidžia, kad Lietuvai būdingas žemas darbo rinkos imlumas užsienyje įgytam žmogiškajam kapitalui. Tai paaiškina, kodėl daugeliui grįžusių migrantų migracijos patirtis netampa privalumu Lietuvos darbo rinkoje, nepaisant to, kad 8 iš 10 grįžusių migrantų teigia užsienyje patobulėję. Atliktas tyrimas taip pat rodo, kad negalėjimas panaudoti užsienyje įgytų žinių ir įgūdžių bei jausmas, kad jie nėra tinkamai įvertinami, yra svarbus grįžusiųjų pakartotinės migracijos veiksnys. Tai leidžia naujai pažvelgti ir į Lietuvos ir kitų šalių įgyvendinamą migracijos politiką, kuri paprastai yra orientuota į grįžtančiųjų skaičiaus augimą, tačiau disertacijos tyrimas rodo, kad norint užtikrinti grįžtamosios migracijos tvarumą, dėmesį reikia sutelkti į grįžusiųjų ir jų įgytų žinių paklausos šalies darbo rinkoje didinimą. Be praktinių rekomendacijų politikai tobulinti disertacija papildo migracijos mokslinę literatūrą naujomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

In this thesis, I examine the ideas of home among Irish-born return migrants who left the Republic of Ireland in the late-1980s/early-1990s for the United States, and then came back at the beginning of the 2000s. Drawing on an analysis of intensive interviews, I elucidate the ways in which my research participants articulate and use the concept of home to negotiate their (re)settlement experiences. The overarching argument of the thesis is that participants’ interpretations represent an alternative to fixed, bounded and exclusionary understandings of home, without necessarily downplaying the longing for a discreet, foundational and originary home. This is important because their accounts of home begin to challenge narrow readings of locality and stable definitions of identity. Moreover, their narratives of home force researchers to address awkward questions about who belongs to particular places, and on what basis claims to membership are made. I develop this argument throughout the thesis by analyzing participants’ descriptions of (re)settlement in the old/new places they inhabit. I show that the majority of participants conventionally justify the return decision as the restoration of a settled sense of home. The actual experience of (re)settlement, however, requires many participants to redefine home upon return. The anxieties associated with the return experience means that home can be simultaneously a space of both homecoming and leavetaking, blurring distinctions between ‘here’ and ‘there’, home and away. In effect, what participants’ narratives draw attention to is the often-overlooked tension between home’s dual meaning: its lived and longed-for aspects. While the reality of return revises the expectations surrounding homecoming, opening out home to broader sets of connections does not necessarily mitigate the longing to belong ‘at home’, to anchor the elusive aspects of home. Participants’ accounts of (re)settlement point towards an accommodation of both grounded and uprooted homes simultaneously: translocally lived, yet longed-for as discreetly-defined. These findings are significant, as they foreground the moored and mobile moments of home as complementary and co-existing rather than conflicting and contending. Return migrants’ (re)settlement experiences offer a productive entry point into investigating this paradoxical nature of home in contemporary societies.

The study was conceptualised against the background that leading migration theories explain return migration based on failure and success alone. The neo-classical economics theory of migration perceives return migration as a by-product of a failed migration experience while the new economics of labour migration perceives return as occurring after successful achievement of migration objectives. This study questions these theoretical positions through an exploration of the factors that deter South Africa-based Zimbabwean skilled migrants from returning home permanently notwithstanding a successful or failed migration experience. Furtive economic factors in Zimbabwe and South Africa that dissuade skilled migrants from returning home permanently are explored. Social factors in Zimbabwe and in South Africa that influence return migration decision making are also examined. Furthermore, the study analysed whether and how Zimbabwean skilled migrants are forced into a permanent settlement in South Africa as a result of what this study calls the ‘diaspora trap’. This ‘diaspora trap’ framework argues that Zimbabwean skilled migrants in South Africa do not return following their experiences of failure and success in South Africa. Central to the absence of return is the social construction of migrants as successful in Zimbabwe. Skilled migrants are deterred from returning due to their failure to meet family and communal expectations of success. In addition, return migration is deferred as a means to hide poverty in South Africa. Moreover, new diaspora family ties weaken attachments with Zimbabwe and contribute to deferred return migration. Skilled migrants are thus entrapped in South Africa by their failure to live up to the success social construct and the inability to mitigate adversities in the host country.

As a complex phenomenon, migration leads necessarily to changes in the concerned societies, either the departure society or the destination one, the former being in most cases rural based with agriculture as a main activity. Setting as a research field that rural and agrarian society, this study tries to identify factors conditioning the migration flow. It also attempts to understand the mechanisms of a changing community due to the return of migrant people back to their original village. A case study conducted in Pinela, a village of Northeastern Portugal, permited a local approach to the outlined research topics. Information, gathered from inquire techniques and written sources of different nature, has been treated by means of data analysis methods. "Landownership expectation", as it was coded here, provides an explanatory basis for migration flow in Pinela. This factor corresponds to the area owned by a family divided by the number of their children, and assesses the possibilities for children to expect a continuity in agriculture and, hence, in the village. Moreover, former migrants back in the village are active changing agents, as they commit themselves in new and diversified activities at the community level, although remaining farmers as they originally were.

The primary objective of this study is to examine U.S. repeat migration for blacks, Hispanics, and whites. It investi gates the relationships and patterns of these different racial/ethnic groups utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). Repeat migration within and across categories of individual characteristics for blacks, Hispanics, and whites, is compared in order to determine if there are differences in the overall rates of repeat migration for these groups, once other factors are controlled. To do this several statistical procedures are utilized, and the results of selected descriptive and logistic analyses are presented. The descriptive statistics control for race/ethnicity and examine patterns within the groups; these findings display important relationships to onward and return migration. The inferential statistical method employed is logistic regression for the sample as a whole, which examines the effects across the groups, and the direction of migration. Where past research has not investigated the complexities of repeat migration in combination with race/ethnicity, there are several notable results from this study. Specifically, this research finds that in terms of onward migration, whites are significantly more likely to move onward than are blacks or Hispanics even after controlling for key socioeconomic factors. Changes in marital status are significantly related to migration, and to the direction of repeat migration; individuals who change from "single to married" are likely to be onward migrants, whereas those who change from "married to single" are likely to be return migrants. This study finds there are differences in rates of return migration by level of education for racial/ethnic groups. Moreover, the relationship between onward migration and employment status is different for Hispanics than blacks and whites.

Against the backdrop of the brain drain-brain gain debate, this thesis explores certain facets of the return migration phenomenon. Drawing on several theories, the decision to return among high skilled migrants is likely to be influenced by the prospect of using their overseas-acquired knowledge to secure a better livelihood back home. While ample consideration is given to motivations to return, the choice of employer and issues adjusting to the work and social surroundings, the main objective of the research is to understand migrants' transfer of overseas-acquired knowledge upon their return to India. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, the scope of the thesis is focused on returnees working in two organizations in New Delhi—Fortis Escorts Hospital and Research Centre (EHIRC) and Tata Consultancy Services' Government Industry Solutions Unit (GISU). Adopting a mixed methods approach, survey data and case interviews are analyzed to address the core research question: “How and in which ways do returnees transfer their newly acquired knowledge, skills and experiences in employing organizations?” A key hypothesis is that returnees' social ties affect the extent and nature of knowledge transfers and thus confer intended benefits and may lead to unintended consequences for their organizations. The analyses pit McPherson's (2001) principle of homophily in social networks against Granovetter's (1973) weak ties hypothesis to grasp the role of returnees in knowledge transfers within EHIRC and GISU. Results drawn from data collected on returnees, non-migrants and transnationals strongly confirm that social ties—strong, intermediate or weak—affect the transfer of knowledge to stakeholders in their organizations. The contribution of this thesis to the existing body of research is to shed light on both the potential and limitations of returnees as a conduit for transferring knowledge, upgrading skills and relaying insights to non-migrants, teams or units in the workplace.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the transnational family relationships of Czech pre-1989 political émigrés and post-1989 love/ economic migrants in Sweden and their homeland-based relatives, by looking at the practices via which these relationships are initiated and maintained and the role of materiality in these practices. The theoretical framework builds on the notion of “transnationalism from below” as a perspective which intersects migration and family studies, and posits the focus on material culture as an effective analytical tool. After setting the research in the context of Czech and Czechoslovak migration in the 20th century, qualitative analysis of life history narratives and ethnographic interviews is used to investigate the topic in question. Considering the influence of historical and individual factors, the study identifies the parallels and divergences in the two migrant groups’ practices of long-distance communication and mutual visits and in their attitudes to the role of materiality in transnational family relationships. The thesis concludes by stating that in contrast to the pre-1989 émigrés, the post-1989 migrants’ transnational connections with the homeland-based kin are more frequent and intensive. While material aspects play a more significant role in the post-1989 migrants’ transnational family relationships, material differences are more pronounced in the pre-1989 émigrés’ relationships. The historical circumstances of migration, the individuals’ perceptions of their own acts of migration as voluntary or forced and the question of whether or not they were given a license to leave by their homeland-based kin are said to have a significant impact on relationship initiation, the practices of relationship maintenance and the inherent role of materiality. The importance of individual-level enquiry of the migration experience is thus emphasized.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)<br>Brain drain has been labelled as one of the greatest development challenges facing African countries as it challenges capacity building, retention of skilled workers and sustained growth. Over the past two decades, a large number of Zimbabwean academics have left the country in search of economic opportunity and further academic training. This out-movement of academics has been exacerbated by political crisis and economic crisis in the country over the same period. Although some studies have sought to explain the causes, consequences and recommended policy responses to this human capital flight, they have not been able to critically assess, from the perspective of the emigrated academics, the conditions that would make them repatriate, their willingness to return to their home country and contribute to training, research and development; or their disposition towards engaging with Zimbabwean universities.

L’objectif de cette recherche consiste à identifier et comparer les potentialités de l'entrepreneur migrant de retour à celles de son homologue Local. Rappelons que bien qu'un nombre important de recherches a traité l'entrepreneuriat et les caractéristiques entrepreneuriales, aucune, à notre connaissance, n'a étudié les potentialités de l'entrepreneur migrant de retour. Le souci de combler le manque de recherches gestionnaires et de contribuer au débat scientifique sur cette thématique nous a conduit à nous appuyer sur deux principaux paradigmes des traits et des faits de l'entrepreneur pour asseoir le concept de potentialités entrepreneuriales. Le corpus théorique obtenu s'appuie sur le modèle d'Yvon GASSE. Il établit un lien entre les différentes approches des traits et faits (caractéristiques et comportements), intègre les facteurs extrinsèques (milieu) et conduit à faire émerger le modèle conceptuel de notre thèse. Ce corpus théorique est relayé par le questionnaire adapté de Gasse qui a été administré à un échantillon de 393 entrepreneurs Marocains MRE (40%) et Locaux (60%). Les MRE sont les Marocains Résidents à l’Etranger revenus au Maroc pour créer leur entreprise. Les Locaux sont ceux qui résident depuis toujours au Maroc et qui sont entrepreneurs. Ce sont donc deux types d'entrepreneurs d'origine Marocaine mais avec des parcours de vie différents (migrants et non-migrants). Les 393 questionnaires sont soumis aux techniques multidimensionnelles d’analyse de données approfondies. Les résultats obtenus permettent de répondre à notre question de recherche : le niveau des potentialités de l’entrepreneur migrant de retour est diffèrent de celui de l’entrepreneur Local. L'expérience migratoire a permis à l'entrepreneur MRE de développer un niveau de potentialités entrepreneuriales plus élevé que celui de son homologue Local. De tels résultats font émerger des leviers originaux pouvant alimenter les dispositifs d’accompagnement endogènes. Leur combinaison au test de Cronbach fournit une grille réduite et adaptée du modèle de Gasse augurant un accompagnement différencié des futurs entrepreneurs MRE et Locaux<br>The objective of this research is to identify and compare the potentiality of the return migrant entrepreneur back to those of his Local counterpart. It should be recalled that while a significant number of research has addressed entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial characteristics, none, to our knowledge, has studied the potential of the returning migrant entrepreneur in relation to his Local counterpart. The concern to fill the lack of managerial research and to contribute to the scientific debate on this topic has led us to rely on two main paradigms of the traits and the facts of the entrepreneur to establish the concept of entrepreneurial potentials. The theoretical corpus obtained is based on the model of Yvon GASSE. It establishes a link between the different approaches of traits and facts (characteristics and behaviors), incorporates extrinsic factors (middle) and leads to the emergence of the conceptual model of our thesis. This theoretical corpus is relayed by the adapted questionnaire of Gasse which was administered to a sample of 393 Moroccan entrepreneurs MRE (40%) and Local (60%). The MRE are Moroccan residents abroad who have returned to Morocco to create their business. The premises are those who have always been resident in Morocco and who are entrepreneurs. They are therefore two types of entrepreneurs of Moroccan origin but with different life paths (migrant and non-migrant). The 393 questionnaires are subject to multi-dimensional data analysis techniques. The results obtained allow us to answer our research question: the level of the potential of the returning entrepreneur is different from that of the Local contractor. The migratory experience has enabled the MRE entrepreneur to develop a higher level of entrepreneurial potential than that of his Local counterpart. Such results are emerging from the original levers that can feed the endogenous accompaniment devices. Their combination with the Cronbach test provides a reduced and adapted grid of the Gasse model, auguring a differentiated accompaniment of future MRE and Local entrepreneurs

La Guinée a une tradition migratoire affirmée. Pendant la période coloniale et au lendemain de son indépendance, elle a fourni des travailleurs saisonniers au Sénégal et à la Côte d'Ivoire. Des décennis après, ces dynamiques de mobilité se poursuivent. En 2015, les Nations Unies ont dénombré 426 941 migrants guinéens à travers le monde. Si ces flux sont principalement orientés vers les pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest (74%), ils tendent à épouser d'autres destinations. Les routes de l'Europe via le Sahel et l'Afrique du Nord recrutent de plus en plus de candidats. Selon les données de Frontex citées par Petit et Baldé (2017), le nombre de Guinéens entrés « irrégulièrement » en Europe est passé de 47 en 2009 à 14 708 en 2016. En 2021, les ressortissants guinéens comptaient parmi les premiers demandeurs d’asile en Europe (cinquièmes en France et 15èmes dans toute l’Europe). Ces mouvements de départ sont doublés d’importants flux de retour. Entre janvier 2017 et septembre 2022, l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) a facilité le retour de 29 410 Guinéens, faisant de la Guinée le premier pays de retour en Afrique subsaharienne. L’importance prise par les migrations guinéennes contraste avec le faible intérêt des chercheurs pour le sujet. Dit autrement, les mobilités des ressortissants guinéens restent à jour peu documentées. Cette thèse vise à contribuer à combler ce manque. Elle tente de comprendre les fondements des décisions de ces migrants. Pour ce faire, elle questionne différents moments de leurs expériences : l’émigration, le parcours dans les pays de transit, l’immigration en Europe, le retour et la réintégration en Guinée. Pour appréhender ces problèmes de recherche, une méthodologie de type qualitatif a été convoquée. L’entretien semi-directif a été le principal outil de collecte de données. Des entrevues individuelles ont ainsi été réalisées avec des migrants en situation « irrégulière » en Europe (France et Belgique), des migrants de retour en Guinée et des informateurs issus des communautés de retour. Outre l’entretien, la comparaison a été mobilisée pour suivre l’évolution des dynamiques migratoires en Afrique à travers la mise en perspective des migrations guinéennes au Sénégal et celles burkinabè en Côte d’Ivoire. La démarche comparative a aussi permis de comprendre les approches de réintégration proposées aux migrants retournés. Sur le plan théorique, un cadre d’analyse construit autour de la théorie néoclassique (Approche micro) et de la théorie des choix rationnels de Boudon, a permis d’interpréter les décisions des Guinéens dans différents contextes migratoires<br>Guinea has a long tradition of migration. During the colonial period and in the aftermath of independence, it supplied seasonal workers to Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire. Decades later, these mobility dynamics continue. In 2015, the United Nations counted 426,941 Guinean migrants worldwide. While these flows are mainly directed towards West African countries (74%), they tend to espouse other destinations. The routes to Europe via the Sahel and North Africa are recruiting more and more candidates. According to Frontex data cited by Petit and Baldé (2017), the number of Guineans entering Europe "irregularly" rose from 47 in 2009 to 14,708 in 2016. By 2021, Guinean nationals would be among the top asylum seekers in Europe (fifth in France and 15th in the whole of Europe). These departures are coupled with significant return flows. Between January 2017 and September 2022, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) facilitated the return of 29,410 Guineans, making Guinea the leading country of return in sub-Saharan Africa. The importance of Guinean migration contrasts with the low level of interest in the subject among researchers. In other words, the mobility of Guinean nationals remains poorly documented to date. This thesis aims to help fill this gap. It seeks to understand the basis of these migrants' decisions. At this regard, it examines different moments in their experiences: emigration, the journey in transit countries, immigration to Europe, return and reintegration in Guinea. A qualitative methodology was used to address these research issues. Semi-structured interviews were used as the main data collection tool. Individual interviews were conducted with "irregular" migrants in Europe (France and Belgium), returnees in Guinea and informants from the returnee communities. In addition to the interviews, the comparative approach was used to track the evolution of migration dynamics in Africa, by putting Guinean migration to Senegal and Burkina Faso migration to Côte d'Ivoire into perspective. The comparative approach also enabled us to understand the reintegration approaches proposed to returning migrants. Theoretically, an analytical framework built around neoclassical theory (micro approach) and Boudon's theory of rational choice was used to interpret Guineans' decisions in different migration contexts

The centrality of the thesis is the impact upon the individual Greek migrant who chose to leave his place of birth by emigrating, repatriating, and subsequently re-emigrating, and how the surreptitious nature of acculturation alters perceptions and thoughts. The causes of such migratory translocations will be analyzed within the sociocultural and historicoeconomic conditions that appertained at the time the decisions were taken to deracinate oneself. The study will provide an analysis of diachronic Hellenic migration and Australian immigration policies (since its inception as a federated state). There will also be an analysis of Australia's diachronic and dedicated immigration control mechanisms since federation, its various post-immigration integration policies of immigrants, the mass immigration program activated in the post-WWII period, and the adoption and incorporation of multiculturalism as the guiding force in migrant selection and integration. Australia's history, its cultural inheritance, its socioeconomic development, and its attraction as a receiving country of immigrants are analyzed, as are Australia's xenophobia and racism at its inception, and how these twin social factors influenced its immigration program. The study examines limitations placed upon social intercourse, employment opportunities, and other hindrances to Greek (and other non-British migrants) immigrants because of Australia's adoption of restrictive, racially-based immigration policies. The study focuses upon the under-development of Hellas in the first half of the twentieth century, its high unemployment and under-employment rates, and the multiple other reasons, aside form unemployment, which forced thousands of Hellenes to seek an alternative (for a better life) through internal or external migration. Particular emphasis will be placed upon historic occasions in Greece's history and the influence of foreign powers upon internal Greek politics. The motivations for each distinct stage of translocation, in the lives of the respondents, will be examined within the ambit of social, cultural, economic, and historical context, which will place emphasis on the socioeconomic development of Hellas, the development of Hellenic Diaspora, Australia's development as a receiving immigrant country, and the effects of acculturation and nostalgia upon first-generation Greek-Australians. Given that the thesis is based upon personal recollections and detailed information that span decades of the respondents' lives, the thesis is divided into four parts for greater clarity and comprehension: the first examines respondents' lives in region of birth, their families' economic, educational, and social environment, scholastic achievements by respondents, employment status, future prospects, religiosity, hopes and aspirations, and reasons for seeking to migrate. The second part examines respondents' lives in Australia, within the contextuality of accommodation, employment, family creation, social adaptation, language acquisition, attitude towards unionism and religion, expectations about Australia, and reasons for repatriating. The third part analyzes repatriation and life in Greece through resettlement, accommodation, children's schooling and adaptation, relatives' and friends' attitude, disappointments, and longing for things Australian, while it also examines re-emigratory causes and the disillusionment suffered through repatriation. The final part assesses resettlement in Australia, and all associated social, economic, and environmental aspects, as well as respondents' children's readaptation to different lifestyle and educational system. The thesis concludes with recommendations for possible further studies associated with the thesis' nature.

The centrality of the thesis is the impact upon the individual Greek migrant who chose to leave his place of birth by emigrating, repatriating, and subsequently re-emigrating, and how the surreptitious nature of acculturation alters perceptions and thoughts. The causes of such migratory translocations will be analyzed within the sociocultural and historicoeconomic conditions that appertained at the time the decisions were taken to deracinate oneself. The study will provide an analysis of diachronic Hellenic migration and Australian immigration policies (since its inception as a federated state). There will also be an analysis of Australia�s diachronic and dedicated immigration control mechanisms since federation, its various post-immigration integration policies of immigrants, the mass immigration program activated in the post-WWII period, and the adoption and incorporation of multiculturalism as the guiding force in migrant selection and integration. Australia�s history, its cultural inheritance, its socioeconomic development, and its attraction as a receiving country of immigrants are analyzed, as are Australia�s xenophobia and racism at its inception, and how these twin social factors influenced its immigration program. The study examines limitations placed upon social intercourse, employment opportunities, and other hindrances to Greek (and other non-British migrants) immigrants because of Australia�s adoption of restrictive, racially-based immigration policies. The study focuses upon the under-development of Hellas in the first half of the twentieth century, its high unemployment and under-employment rates, and the multiple other reasons, aside form unemployment, which forced thousands of Hellenes to seek an alternative (for a better life) through internal or external migration. Particular emphasis will be placed upon historic occasions in Greece�s history and the influence of foreign powers upon internal Greek politics. The motivations for each distinct stage of translocation, in the lives of the respondents, will be examined within the ambit of social, cultural, economic, and historical context, which will place emphasis on the socioeconomic development of Hellas, the development of Hellenic Diaspora, Australia�s development as a receiving immigrant country, and the effects of acculturation and nostalgia upon first-generation Greek-Australians. Given that the thesis is based upon personal recollections and detailed information that span decades of the respondents� lives, the thesis is divided into four parts for greater clarity and comprehension: the first examines respondents� lives in region of birth, their families� economic, educational, and social environment, scholastic achievements by respondents, employment status, future prospects, religiosity, hopes and aspirations, and reasons for seeking to migrate. The second part examines respondents� lives in Australia, within the contextuality of accommodation, employment, family creation, social adaptation, language acquisition, attitude towards unionism and religion, expectations about Australia, and reasons for repatriating. The third part analyzes repatriation and life in Greece through resettlement, accommodation, children�s schooling and adaptation, relatives� and friends� attitude, disappointments, and longing for things Australian, while it also examines re-emigratory causes and the disillusionment suffered through repatriation. The final part assesses resettlement in Australia, and all associated social, economic, and environmental aspects, as well as respondents� children�s readaptation to different lifestyle and educational system. The thesis concludes with recommendations for possible further studies associated with the thesis� nature.

Si les centres d'appel constituent une porte d'entrée sur le marché du travail pour de plus en plus de jeunes issus du système universitaire mexicain, ils jouent le même rôle pour un autre type de population : les jeunes migrants de retour en provenance des États-Unis et du Canada. Parmi eux, on retrouve un nombre important de jeunes Mexicains qui appartiennent à cette catégorie intermédiaire que les spécialistes de la migration ont défini comme génération 1.5. Véritables symboles du tournant sécuritaire de la politique migratoire américaine après 1986, ils font partie de ces 2.1 millions de mineurs Mexicains qui n'ont jamais eu accès à un statut légal depuis qu'ils sont arrivés dans leur «pays d'accueil». À partir d'entretiens biographiques et d'une étude ethnographique prolongée auprès de ce groupe, nous avons cherché à comprendre les raisons qui expliquaient leur retour vers le Mexique. Si certains d'entre eux n'ont pas eu le choix dans cette décision, d'autres intègrent cette catégorie de retours dits «volontaires». Plus qu'un véritable choix, cette bifurcation dans leur trajectoire biographique est une réponse à la situation d'enfermement social, économique et physique à laquelle se retrouvent confrontés les immigrants illégaux aux États-Unis. De retour au Mexique, ils intègrent en nombre les centres d'appel bilingues offshore où leur expérience migratoire leur permet de palier le manque de diplômes qui les caractérisent presque tous. Si le fait que ce secteur soit à la recherche constante de main d’œuvre leur offre une sécurité sur le marché de l'emploi, on constate qu'il est aussi souvent l'unique secteur rentable auquel ces jeunes migrants de retour ont accès<br>Not only are call centres a gateway into the labour market for young Mexican university students, but they are also becoming more and more significant for young Mexican return migrants from the USA and Canada. The latter are largely represented by young Mexican migrants referred to by migration scholars as belonging to the 1.5 generation. A symbol of the securitarian turn of American immigrant policies after 1986, they are a portion of the total of 2.1 million Mexicans who, arrived as minors, have not yet been able to acquire legal status in their "host country".Drawing from life histories interviews and from ethnographic fieldwork in Mexico City the thesis investigates the reasons that explain why they have returned to Mexico. For some the choice has not been of their making, yet others have willingly decided to return. More than a choice, this turning point in their lives is a response to the awareness of the social, economic and physical limitations they encounter as illegal immigrants in the USA. Once having returned to Mexico, most of them are employed in offshore bilingual call centres where their migration experience gives them a linguistic and cultural advantage compensating their lack of institutionally recognized educational degrees. While having a preferential position in this expanding sector, constantly recruiting new workers, nonetheless it is the only sector which offers good job opportunities for them

Over the past two decades, an increasing number of IT professionals from India have been migrating to the United States on temporary H-1B or F-1 visas. This thesis offers a case study to address how migrants on such temporary visas decide whether to seek further residency in the United States or return to India. Based on interviews conducted in 2013 and 2014 in the Raleigh-Durham area of North Carolina, I examine the factors migrants consider, as well as how the struggles presented through the visa programs may effect these considerations. I also analyze how mass migration from India has changed the demographics of the suburbs between Raleigh and Durham. Considering the rise of Indian-related commercial and cultural centers, I offer the concept of Li’s (1998) ‘ethnoburbs’ as a way of thinking about how changes in suburban cultural landscape may make Indian migrants feel more comfortable in the area. I also assert some access problems inherent in the ‘ethnoburb’ model.

Les transferts des migrants sont devenus une source importante de financement pour les pays en développement. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est d’expliquer les motivations individuelles à l'origine des transferts. Le second étant de mesurer leur impact sur le bien-être des ménages, évalué par le niveau de la pauvreté monétaire et humaine. Nous trouvons que ces flux réduisent le nombre de ménages pauvres et vulnérables. Ils peuvent également accentuer les inégalités de revenus par rapport à la situation contrefactuelle de non migration. D’après nos résultats, ces transferts influencent positivement la décision des parents de scolariser leurs enfants en particulier s’ils sont de sexe masculin. Le troisième objectif de cette thèse est celui de l’examen de la migration de retour. Nous montrerons le rôle des certains facteurs sociodémographiques et économiques dans la prise de la décision de retour<br>The remittances have become an important source of finance in developing countries. The main objective of this thesis is to explain the reasons for making remittances. The second issue is to measure their impact on the household's well-being, as evaluated by the monetary and human poverty. We conclude that these flows reduce the number of poor and vulnerable households. They also can have fuelled a rise in income inequality compared to the counterfactual situation of no migration. Our results also indicate that remittances have a positive influence on parents' willingness to continue the schooling of their children especially if they are male. The third objective of this thesis is related to the return migration. We show the role of socio-demographics and economics factors in taking the decision to return

This dissertation is comprised of three chapters on the interaction between migrants and their source regions applied to China and Vietnam. The first chapter examines whether remittances are related to receivers' trust and trustworthiness in Vietnam. Using a combination of a field experiment conducted in 2010 and the "2002 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey", the chapter finds that while internal remittances have no significant relationship to trusting behavior, international remittances demonstrate a significantly positive connection. On the other hand, international remittances are negatively related to trustworthiness, while internal remittances are positively associated. Besides, this study finds that the level of trustworthiness is higher in the south than in the north. The second chapter explores the role of children by age and by gender as a motive for return migration in China by using a rural household survey conducted in Wuwei County (Anhui province) in 2008. Resorting to a discrete time proportional hazard model and a binary Probit model to estimate respectively the determinants of migration duration for both on-going migrants and return migrants, and the return intentions of on-going migrants, the chapter finds consistent results regarding the role of left-behind children as a significant motive for return. The last chapter examines the impact of the migration experience on individuals' choice of being self-employed upon their return to their home villages. By using the same data of Wuwei survey, the chapter finds that return migrants are more likely to be self-employed than non-migrants, and that both return savings and the frequency of job changes during migration increase the likelihood for return migrants to become self-employed.

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2018-2019<br>Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à la migration interne et internationale. Dans un premier temps, je m’intéresse à l’intégration professionnelle des immigrants de la catégorie des travailleurs qualifiés au Québec. Le Québec comme la plupart des autres provinces du Canada, sélectionnent leurs immigrants sur la base de caractéristiques particulières telles que le niveau d’éducation, l’expérience professionnelle, les compétences en français et ou en anglais. Ces compétences devraient faciliter l’insertion professionnelle de ces immigrants et il est donc surprenant de voir que près de la moitié d’entre eux retournent aux études une fois arrivés au Québec afin d’obtenir un diplôme universitaire ou collégial. De ce fait, les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse s’attèlent à comprendre pourquoi ces immigrants, malgré une telle dotation en capital humain à l’entrée du marché du travail Québécois, décident de retourner aux études et quels sont les effets de cet investissement en éducation tout d’abord sur les fréquences d’emplois et les durées en emploi et ensuite, sur le profil de revenus. Dans un deuxième temps, cette thèse s’intéresse à la participation à la migration interne en Ouganda et l’effet de cette participation sur la productivité agricole des ménages vivant en milieu rural. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à l’effet dynamique de la formation post-migratoire sur l’offre de travail des immigrants. A cet effet, je fais la distinction entre un emploi qualifié et un emploi non qualifié. Ici, un emploi qualifié est celui-là qui correspond au plus haut diplôme obtenu par l’immigrant à l’entrée. J’utilise un modèle de durée à plusieurs états et à plusieurs épisodes qui permet de tenir compte de l’hétérogénéité observable et inobservable entre les individus. Le principal résultat révèle que les immigrants originaires de pays riches n’ont pas besoin d’investir davantage dans l’éducation Québécoise. En revanche, les immigrants originaires de pays pauvres quant à eux, bien que hautement qualifiés, bénéficient largement d’une telle formation à long terme car cela facilite leur transition vers des emplois qualifiés et non qualifiés et hors du chômage. Mes résultats indiquent également que la sélection dans l’éducation doit être prise en compte afin d’éviter des problèmes de sélection significatifs. À la différence du premier où on suppose que l’effet causal de la formation est le même pour chaque individu, le deuxième chapitre quant à lui s’intéresse à l’hétérogénéité de l’effet causal de la formation sur les revenus. Autrement dit, pour chaque individu il est possible d’estimer un effet moyen en comparant son revenu dans le cas où il a obtenu un diplôme au Québec avec la situation où il n’aurait pas eu un diplôme au Québec, et vice-versa. Ceci est possible grâce à l’introduction de l’approche bayésienne dans l’analyse d’évaluation d’impact mettant en exergue l’estimation du contre-factuel de la variable d’intérêt. Les principaux résultats révèlent que les gains de l’éducation acquise au Québec par rapport à ceux de l’éducation acquise à l’étranger diffèrent d’un immigrant à l’autre. En outre, il y a un gain négatif à entreprendre des études au Québec pour tous les immigrants. Particulièrement, plus la probabilité d’entreprendre des études au Québec est élevée plus le retour sur investissement est faible. Il semblerait que les employeurs rémunèrent les immigrants non pas seulement par rapport à leur diplôme or sa provenance mais aussi par rapport à la qualité de leur précédent emploi. Ainsi, on s’attendrait à ce que les immigrants, toute suite après leur formation, acceptent un emploi relativement moins rémunéré que celui qu’il aurait eu étant donné son éducation. Par ailleurs, bien que l’approche bayésienne suggère que, comparativement aux immigrants qui ont obtenu un diplôme collégial au Québec, ceux qui obtiennent un diplôme universitaire sont les plus négativement affectés par un tel investissement en éducation, l’approche Fréquentiste suggère que ces derniers obtiennent le meilleur rendement des études acquises au Québec. Cela soulève à nouveau la question du biais de sélection qui peut subvenir lorsque l’hétérogénéité de l’effet n’est pas prise en compte. Le troisième chapitre a pour objectif d’estimer la distribution de l’effet dynamique de la participation des ménages à la migration interne de la main d’œuvre sur la productivité agricole. Les résultats révèlent que même si en moyenne la migration interne affecte positivement la productivité agricole, il y a des ménages pour lesquels l’effet est négatif. De plus, les ménages pour qui l’effet est négatif sont pour la plupart de petits agriculteurs et sont par conséquent plus susceptibles d’être pauvres et donc plus susceptibles d’être sujet à la volatilité des prix au niveau local. Par ailleurs, l’effet moyen de la migration tend à augmenter avec la probabilité de participer à la migration interne signifiant que les individus décident de participer à la migration parce qu’ils anticipent des gains futurs plus élevés. Parallèlement, j’examine dans quelle mesure les taux de migration antérieurs, largement utilisés dans la littérature en tant qu’instrument de la décision de participer à la migration, sont exogènes à la productivité agricole. Les résultats suggèrent que ces variables ne sont pas exogènes car elles sont intimement corrélées avec la productivité agricole.<br>This doctoral thesis is interested in international and internal migration. First, it focuses on the professional integration of immigrants in the category of skilled workers in Quebec. Quebec is one of the ten provinces of Canada that, like most other provinces, implemented a program back in 1996 that explicitly selected highly qualified workers based on particular characteristics such as the level of education (Bachelors’, Masters’ or PhD’s), work experience, French and/or English proficiency. Despite these skills that should facilitate their professional integration, 48% of immigrants return to school once they arrive in Quebec in order to obtain a university or college diploma. The first two chapters of this thesis investigates why these immigrants decide to go back to school with such an endowment of human capital and what the effects of this investment in education are on the job frequencies and job durations and, on the earnings profile. This thesis then focuses on the households participation in internal labor migration and the dynamic effect of this participation on the agricultural productivity of households living in rural area of Uganda. The first chapter investigates the extent to which the return to foreign-acquired human capital is different from the education acquired in Quebec. Specifically, it seeks to estimate the benefits of post-migration education over foreign-education on the transitions between qualified and unqualified jobs and unemployment by means of a multiple-spells and multiplestates model. Here, a qualified job is one that corresponds to the highest degree obtained by the immigrant before they come in Quebec. The main results suggest that immigrants originating from well-off countries have no need to further invest in domestic education. Meanwhile, immigrants from poor countries, despite being highly qualified, benefit greatly from such training in the long run as it eases their transitions into qualified and unqualified jobs and out of unemployment. Our results also indicate that selection in education must be taken into account in order to avoid significant selection problems. Unlike the first chapter in which only the average effect of schooling is estimated, the goal of the second chapter is to estimate the distribution of the causal effect of Quebec-acquired education on migrants’ earnings. In other words, it is possible to estimate an average effect for each individual by comparing his income in the case he has obtained a Quebec diploma to the situation where he has not obtained a diploma from Quebec, and vice versa. This is possible thanks to the introduction of the Bayesian approach in the treatment analysis allowing to account for the heterogeneity of the effect. The main results reveal that on average and for each immigrant, there is a negative gain to study in Quebec. However, the magnitude of the effect differs from one immigrant to another. Particularly, the gains tend to decrease with the likelihood of enrolling in school and with the level of ability. Thus, our results suggest that employers pay migrants not only based on their level of education or its origin but more importantly based on the quality of prior jobs held. Furthermore, one would expect immigrants to accept, right after their training, a relatively less paid job than the one he would have had given his education. While the Bayesian approach suggests that immigrants who have enrolled to obtain a university degree are the most negatively affected, the Frequentist approach suggests that those immigrants obtain the highest positive return from Quebec-acquired education. This raises again the issue of mis-evaluation when the essential heterogeneity is not taking into account. The goal of the third chapter is to estimate the distribution of the dynamic effect of household participation in internal labor migration on agricultural productivity in Uganda. Since household can have both observed and unobserved factors that can affect both the decision to participate or not in migration and the return from it, this study account for the heterogeneity of the effect. Results reveal that although, on average, internal labor migration positively affects agricultural productivity, there are households for which the effect is negative. In addition, households for which the effect is negative are mostly small farmers, therefore more likely to be poor and more likely to be subject to local price volatility. It seems that return to migration helps poor household to meet other needs. Moreover, the average effect of migration tends to increase with the probability of participating in internal migration, meaning that households decide to participate in migration because they anticipate higher future returns. At the same time, we also examine the extent to which past migration rates, widely used in the literature as an instrument for the decision to participate in migration, are exogenous to agricultural productivity. Results show that these variables are not exogenous because they are highly correlated with agricultural productivity.

This study is about the consequences of feminised migration on migrant women workers, on their families and on the Philippine society as a whole. The continued dependence on migration and increasingly, women‘s migration, by the Philippine government to address unemployment on one hand, and by the Filipino families on the other hand, to secure employment and a better life, has led to social change: change in migrant women‘s sense of identity and personhood; restructuring of households and redefinition of families and gender relations and the rise of a culture of migration. To understand these social changes, the study focuses on the return phase of migration situated within the overall migration process and adopts a gendered and feminist approach. Existing theories of return migration cannot adequately capture the meanings of the return of migrant women workers. Studying return through a gendered approach allows us to reflect on the extent migration goals have been achieved or not, the conditions under which return takes place for a migrant woman worker and various factors affecting life after migration for the migrant women and their families. Return of the women migrant workers cannot be neatly categorised as voluntary or involuntary. It is gendered. It is involuntary, voluntary, and mainly ambivalent. Involuntary return was influenced by structural limitations arising from the temporary and contractual type of migration in jobs categorised as unskilled. Voluntary return was mainly determined by the achievement of migration goals, the psychological need to return after prolonged absence and by the need to respond to concerns of families left behind. Ambivalent return was caused by the desire to maintain the status, economic power, freedom and autonomy stemming from the migrants' breadwinning role; the need to sustain the families‘ standard of living; as well as the apprehensions of a materially insecure life back home. The socio-psychological consequences on families and children of migrant women are deep and wide-ranging. Similarly, women migrants, though empowered at a certain level, had to face psychological and emotional consequences upon return influenced by persistent gender roles and gender regimes. By analysing the impact of gendered migration and return on the societal level, the study has broadened and deepened the conceptualisation of the phenomenon of culture of migration by bringing other elements and factors such as the role of the state, human resources, sustainable livelihood, national identity and governance.

Afin de mieux saisir le probleme du retour tel qu'il est pose actuellement aux migrants maghrebins en europe occidentale, il nous a semble utile d'etudier la genese de l'immigration nord-africaine dans les pays d'accueil. Cette analyse nous a revele une certaine faiblesse des retours. Des lors la question qui s'impose est de savoir ce que peuvent etre les raisons d'une telle faiblesse des retours de la part des migrants nord-africains. Pour repondre a cette question, nous avons retenu deux sortes d'obstacles : - d'une part, les obstacles inherents a la situation des migrants eux-memes. - d'autre part, les obstacles inherents aux conditions socio-economiques des pays d'origine. Pour apprehender les effets des retours sur le developpement economique du pays d'origine, nous avons effectue une enquete regionale dans le sud du maroc. Il s'est revele, au regard des donnees de l'enquete, que non seulement les retours des mi- grants ne semblent pas avoir eu pour effet d'amorcer la croissance economique du pays mais encore et surtout qu'ils risquent de renforcer les inegalites de developpement socio- economique de la region, et donc du pays.

Unlike many of their North African and West African compatriots who reunified with family and settled in France in the 1970s and 80s, the decision of migrant worker hostel residents not to return definitively to places of origin at retirement is puzzling. Firstly, it calls into question the assumptions of the ‘myth of return’ literature, which explains non-return on the basis of family localisation. In the case of ‘geographically-single’ hostel residents, however, the grounds for non-return cannot be family localisation, since the men’s families remain in places of origin. Secondly, older hostel residents also remain unmoved by the financial incentives of a return homewards, where their French state pensions would have far greater purchasing power. Instead of definitive return, the overwhelming preference of hostel residents is for back-and-forth migration, between the hostel in France and communities of origin. The aim of this dissertation is to resolve this puzzle, by asking: What explains the hostel residents’ preference for back-and-forth mobility over definitive return at retirement? In order to make sense of these mobility decisions, several theories of migration are presented and evaluated against qualitative data from a multi-sited research design incorporating ethnography, life story and semi-structured interviews, and archive material. This fieldwork was carried out across France, Morocco and Senegal. Although no one theory adequately accounts for all the phenomena observed, the added value of each theory becomes most apparent when levels of analysis are kept distinct: at the household level as regards remittances; at the kinship/village level as regards re-integration in the home context; at the meso-level of ethnic communities in terms of migrants’ transnational ties; and at the macro-level of social systems concerning inclusion in healthcare and administrative organisations. Widening the focus beyond the puzzle/dilemma of late-in-life mobility, the thesis concludes by questioning what ‘home’ can mean for the retired hostel residents. An innovative way of theorising home – building on conventional conceptions of home based on territory and community – is outlined, arguing that to be ‘at home’ can also mean to be ‘included’ in different ‘social systems’. With this argument the thesis aims to contribute to broader debates on what it means for immigrants to belong and achieve inclusion in society.

This study explores the different effects of gendered migration focusing on migration, return migration and reintegration challenges and opportunities facing female Ethiopian migrant returnees from Middle East countries. It looks into the different stages of migration to understand some of the cultural, economic and social transformations women domestic workers experience as immigrants and laborers in the Gulf region and upon their return to Ethiopia. In doing so, the study examines the different ways women try to renegotiate and reintegrate with their families and communities. In-depth interviews with eighteen women returnees reveal the uneven distribution of experiences and outcomes of gendered migration. However, there exists some consistency in the disruptive and disempowering effect of these experiences in the destination countries that usually extend after return. Post return experiences reveal that the renegotiations of women returnees on issues of reception, economic betterment, relationship rebuilding and exercising agency with families and communities are often stressful, isolating and disempowering.

A two-way bond between translation and migration has appeared in the most recent texts in the social sciences and humanities: this connection between the two is exemplified by the mobility metaphor, which considers both practices as journeys across cultural, linguistic and geographical borders. Among the different ways this mobility metaphor can be studied, two particular areas of investigation are of interest for this research: firstly, migrant writing, a literary genre shaped from the increasing migratory movements worldwide; the second area of interest is literary translation, the activity that shapes the way these narratives are disseminated beyond the linguistic borders they were produced in. My investigation into the role of literary translation in the construction and circulation of a migrant discourse starts with the claim that writing and translation in itinerant contexts are driven by, and participate in, the idea of the journey: an interlingual and intercultural flow regulated by social/economic/artistic constraints, a movement in which the migrant experience is ‘translated’ in writing and then ‘migrated’ across languages and spaces. The present analysis focuses on the representative case study of migrant narratives by Canadian writers of Italian descent: their shared reflections on the themes of nostalgia and the mythical search for roots, together with a set of specific linguistic devices – hybridity, juxtaposition of languages, idiolects and registers – create a distinctive literary migrant discourse, that of the return to the land of origin. Guided primarily by the theoretical framework of Cultural Studies, the first part of this work seeks to illustrate how thematic and linguistic elements contribute to the construction of a homecoming discourse in original migrant narratives, and how this relates to the translation practice. Subsequently, the analysis moves to the examination of how these motives are reproduced in the translated texts, and what is/are the key rationale/s behind the translation of this type of works. Ultimately, my research takes a sociologically informed interest in the influence of translation and its agents in endorsing and/or manipulating this rationale in the receiving culture. In fact, this research aims to represent equally the human and cultural-linguistic aspects that affect these translational journeys, concentrating, firstly, on the actors (authors and literary translators) and the social and artistic environments that surround the production of both the source and target texts and, subsequently, on the texts themselves.

Social science research has been slow to incorporate the international migration of skilled and educated women, and the impacts of their return migration. At the same time, Turkish female migrants have been negatively stereotyped in the literature. This exploratory and descriptive study aims to address these gaps by examining the impacts of emigration and return migration on the social and work lives of educated Turkish women who have returned to Turkey from Canada. Oral history interviews were conducted with six working-age, educated female returnees in Istanbul and Ankara between February and April 2007. Aside from some common features, the six women in this study differ greatly in terms of age, marital status, field of study and work, length of time in Canada and Turkey, and the opportunities and resources available to them throughout their migrations. From the interpretive examination of the women&amp<br>#8217<br>s narratives, patterns in their subjective social and work life experiences emerged. The issue of gender was found to pervade all aspects of the women&amp<br>#8217<br>s lives at all stages of their migrations as they negotiated their often contradictory social roles as mothers, wives, daughters, and professionals. This study also reveals that none of the women migrated as an individual actor. Rather, contextual and stratification factors such as marital status, family configuration, language skills, prior exposure to different cultures, socio-economic background, education and labour force participation were found to shape and influence their initial potential for migration, as well as the processes and outcomes of their migrations.

La crise économique, l'accroissement du chômage ont conduit les pays industrialisés à développer des politiques dont l'objectif est de réduire le nombre des immigres. La philosophie de ces "politiques de retour" tend à encourager un retour promotionnel des migrants désireux de se réinsérer dans leur société d'origine. De toutes les incitations, la plus valorisante demeure la formation professionnelle: elle doit fournir aux industries naissantes des pays en développement des travailleurs qualifies, travailleurs dont ces pays ont un besoin absolu. Or les migrants peuvent répondre à ces besoins après valorisation de leur expérience et l'acquisition de qualifications professionnelles au cours de leur exil migratoire. Il s'agit de faire du travailleur migrant un "agent du développement". La politique française en ce domaine est cependant marquée par les échecs spectaculaires des accords conclus avec l'Algérie et le Sénégal, échecs engendrés par l'ambiguïté des objectifs poursuivis et les moyens de pression utilisés. Dès lors, la formation-réinsertion est-elle condamnée à rester un simple discours idéologique? Certaines expériences internationales tendent à démontrer le contraire. Le modèle turc de réintégration des émigrés tente de lier les épargnes (investis dans des sociétés de travailleurs) et les compétences acquises par les migrants. L’expérience néerlandaise repose sur le réalisme des petits projets entrepris qui utilisent et les capacités locales et celles des migrants pour parvenir au développement d'unités artisanales dans les zones d'émigration. L’accord Rda-Algérie démontre enfin que seule une formation de longue durée permet l'acquisition réelle d'une qualification et d'une expérience professionnelles. Au-delà de ces enseignements, nous estimons que des actions de formation-réinsertion ne peuvent être efficacement entreprises que si au préalable le migrant a suivi des actions de formation générale et professionnelle dès le début de son exil migratoire lui permettant ainsi de s'insérer dans la société d'accueil et d'envisager éventuellement sa réinsertion productive<br>The economic crisis, the increasing unemployment have led the western European countries to develop policies about the going back of the migrant workers. To their minds, these “home coming policies” try to encourage a promotional return for migrants who want to reinsert themselves in their native land. Professional training remains the most significant incitement. The aim I to supply the new born industries of the underdeveloped countries with qualified workers. However, migrants can answer to these needs after valorization of their experience and an acquisition of professional qualification during their immigration and finally they can become “soldiers of development”. The French policy, in this field, is still marked by the spectacular failures about the agreements reached with Algeria and Senegal; failures bred by the ambiguity of the followed aims and the pressures imposed upon. But the “reinsertion-training” musn’t take the consequences of these failures. It should not become a simple ideological and idle talk. Thus, some international experiences confirm all the interest of this modality. In that manner, the west germane-turkish model tries to link the saving (invested on migrant workers’ societies) and the acquired competences by the migrants. The dutch experience is based upon the realism of small projects which use capacities, local as well as migrant, to arrive at the development of artisanal units in the emigration zones. The agreement reached between Algeria an East Germany finally demonstrates that only a long period of training allow a real acquisition of a professional experience and qualification. Beyond these lessons, the only means for the actions of “reinsertion-training” to be undertaken is that the migrant worker previously follows actions of professional and general training in the beginning of their migratory exile: then he could really adapt himself in the country of residence and or consider his productive reinsertion

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T13:17:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 devanitomazdomingues.pdf: 3626289 bytes, checksum: 501454d556aa8030b7f2fc6f806febbd (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-27T13:18:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 devanitomazdomingues.pdf: 3626289 bytes, checksum: 501454d556aa8030b7f2fc6f806febbd (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T13:18:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 devanitomazdomingues.pdf: 3626289 bytes, checksum: 501454d556aa8030b7f2fc6f806febbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-14<br>PROQUALI (UFJF)<br>O objeto central desta tese é compreender o efeito do processo migratório sobre a inserção do migrante internacional de retorno no mercado de trabalho do país de origem. Tem como foco os brasileiros de retorno ao Estado de Minas Gerais e, particularmente, à Microrregião de Governador Valadares. As questões norteadoras do estudo são: a experiência migratória internacional tem impacto para o indivíduo quanto a sua inserção no mercado de trabalho no país de origem? Se sim, esse impacto é positivo ou negativo? Quais fatores ligados à experiência migratória afeta a situação socioeconômica do indivíduo no mercado de trabalho de origem? A proposta é identificar se o migrante de retorno está em vantagem ou em desvantagem no mercado de trabalho brasileiro em comparação aos nacionais não migrantes e migrantes interestaduais. Ou se ele se encontra em iguais condições aos demais. Para isso, além do fato de ser retornado ou não, investiga-se também quanto os efeitos do destino da emigração, do tempo de residência após o retorno e do fato de professar crença religiosa predominante ou não na comunidade sobre a situação no mercado de trabalho. Por fim, verifica-se o efeito das redes sociais sobre a situação socioeconômica do retornado. A situação socioeconômica no mercado de trabalho é mensurada por meio da renda, da probabilidade de estar empregado e da posição ocupacional. O estudo fundamenta-se nas metodologias quantitativa e qualitativa, explorando uma amostra dos microdados do Censo Demográfico de 2010 (IBGE) e dados secundários provenientes de duas pesquisas realizadas na Microrregião de Governador Valadares, no Estado de Minas Gerais, entre os anos de 2012 e 2015. Além disso, retoma dados primários da pesquisa qualitativa realizada por mim, entre os anos de 2006 e 2007. Na análise da amostra do Censo 2010, utilizam-se técnicas estatísticas de modelagem hierárquica – linear, logit binomial e logit multinomial com interceptos aleatórios, via GLLAMM (generalized linear latent and mixed models). Os resultados mostram que, comparados aos não migrantes e migrantes interestaduais, os retornados de uma migração internacional têm rendimentos médios maiores. Entretanto, quanto estar ou não empregado verifica-se que eles estão em desvantagem, uma vez que os mesmos apresentam menores chances de estarem ocupados se comparados aos não migrantes. Quanto à posição ocupacional, evidencia-se uma razão relativa de risco superior para o retornado, destacando propensão a estar na condição de empregador ou trabalhador por conta própria, em relação a estar empregado. Pode-se afirmar que o destino da emigração afeta o rendimento no mercado de trabalho, evidenciando que os retornados dos Estados Unidos possuem renda média superior aos demais retornados de Portugal e Itália. Ademais, a participação em instituição religiosa e tempo de residência no Estado de Minas Gerais se mostraram com forte poder explicativo no aspecto da empregabilidade, permitindo-nos argumentar sobre a importância das interações e fortalecimento dos laços sociais para a reinserção produtiva. Os relatos evidenciam várias dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de readaptação e empregabilidade na origem, perda de referenciais socioculturais e queda na qualidade de vida econômica. Apesar de apontarem para as dificuldades, os entrevistados manifestam satisfação de estarem de volta e enfatizam a importância dos laços sociais, reafirmando ter sido primordial o apoio da família e dos amigos para a readaptação e inserção no mercado de trabalho.<br>The central objective of this thesis is to understand the effect of the international migration process on the insertion of the return migrant into the labor market of the country of origin. Its focus is the Brazilians returning to the State of Minas Gerais and, particularly, the Microregion of Governador Valadares. The guiding questions of the study are: does the international migratory experience have an impact on the individual about their insertion in the labor market in the country of origin? If so, is this impact positive or negative? Which factors related to the migratory experience affect the socioeconomic situation of the individual in the labor market of origin? The proposal is to identify whether the returnees is at an advantage or at a disadvantage in the Brazilian labor market in comparison to non-migrants and interstate migrants. Or whether the returnees are in the same conditions as the others. For this, besides the fact of being returnee or not, it is also investigated the effects of the destiny of the emigration, the time of residence after return and the fact of professing religious belief predominating or not in the community about the situation in the labor market. Finally, the effect of social networks on the socioeconomic situation of the returnee is verified. The socioeconomic situation is measured by means of income, the probability of being employed and the occupational position. The study is based on quantitative and qualitative methodologies, exploring a sample of Minas Gerais microdata from the Brazil Demographic Census of 2010 (IBGE) and secondary data from two surveys carried out in the Microregion of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, between the years of 2012 and 2015. In the analysis of the 2010 Census sample, we use statistical techniques of hierarchical modeling – linear, binomial logit and multinomial logit with random intercepts, using GLLAMM (generalized linear latent and mixed models). The results show that, compared to non-migrants and interstate migrants, returnees have higher average incomes. However, in terms of whether employees, they are disadvantaged. Because they are less likely to be employee compared to non-migrants. Regarding the occupational condition, there is a relative higher risk ratio for the returnee is evident, highlighting the propensity to be in the condition of a self-employed - entrepreneurship or worker on own account, in relation to being employee. It can be stated that the destination of emigration affects labor income in the labor market, evidencing that the returnees of the United States have an average income higher than the other returnees of Portugal and Italy. In addition, to participate in a religious institution and the time of residence in the state of Minas Gerais showed strong explanatory power in the employability aspect, allowing us to argue about the importance of interactions and strengthening of social ties for productive reintegration. The reports show several difficulties faced in the process of readjustment and employability at the origin, loss of sociocultural references and decline in the quality of economic life. Despite pointing to the difficulties, the interviewees report satisfaction of being back homeland and emphasize the importance of social ties, reaffirming that it was essential the support of family and friends for the readjustment and insertion in the job market.

The refusal of the native's entelechy assumes two distinct forms. In the first, the native is a prop in a colonial mise-en-scene colonial travelogues attest, though present, the native seldom rises above the threshold of recognition. His proximity to nature is so total as to defy recognition. In the second, the native is recognized only insofar as his proximity to nature renders him an anchor in an evolutionary meta-discourse. The native's presence is interpreted as validating a taxonomic scheme that produces Europeans as a genus apart. In both representational forms, the negation of the native's potentiality is imbricated in the construction of the nation as the site of identity and difference through an organic discourse that transforms territory into an epiphenomenon of landscape. Post-World War II movements of capital and populations across national borders have profoundly altered conceptions of the political. These dislocations have introduced ever-widening social and political imaginaries that challenge the nation-state's function as the locus proper of sovereignty. Consequently, the native's symbolic import, as a concept-metaphor that moors identity to the nation, is disrupted. Using postcolonial migrancy not only as a concept that denotes spatial movement, but as a philosophical disposition, the dissertation interrogates the consequences for the nation and the narratives of difference it enables when they encounter the postcolonial native as a nomad whose presence denatures the link between nation and identity. The dissertation argues that encounters between nation-states and postcolonial migrants result neither in the total enclosure of the natives nor in the evisceration of the nation. Rather, the encounter gives rise to a fractal politics that resists the sedimentation of identities into established political and cultural communities. The recursive structure of migrancy results in complex political formations. These are always already in the process of being deterritorialized, engendering associations and movements that exceed the narrow bounds of the nation-state.<br>Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 324-338).<br>Mode of access: World Wide Web.<br>Also available by subscription via World Wide Web<br>x, 338 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Cette thèse présente l'étude des stratégies entrepreneuriales adoptées par les migrants sénégalais en France dans le cadre de projets collectifs ou individuels. Cette double approche vise à déterminer l'impact économique et social des projets sur les sociétés d'origine. L'étude a été réalisée en suivant un groupe d'acteurs migrants sédentaires ou mobiles. Différents angles d'analyse sont abordés : analyse des concepts et théories, histoire migratoire, examen des parcours d'insertion et d'intégration des acteurs. Une première approche contextuelle de la migration aborde le passage de l'insertion en France à l'intervention au Sénégal pour esquisser le cadre d'émergence des projets collectifs. Ensuite, l'examen des fondements idéologiques de ceux-ci, ainsi que leur transposition en situation migratoire, mettent en évidence une transition en douceur et l'articulation entre les initiatives collectives et celles plus individuelles des migrants<br>This thesis pursues the study of entrepreneurial strategies adopted by the Senegalese migrants in France within the framework of collective or individual projects. This two-fold approach aims at analysing the projects economic and social on the society of origin. The study was carried out by the following group of migrants, whether they are sendentary or mobile. Various angles of analysis are adopted : analysis of concepts and theories, migratory history, examination of the courses of insertion and integration of the actors. A first contextual approach of migration enabled the study of the transition from insertion in France to intervention in Senegal and to outline the framework of emergence of collective projects of migrants. Then, the examination of the ideological bases of the collective projects and their transposition in migratory situation, highlight a smooth transition, mostly the articulation between collective initiatives and those more individual of migrants

The Dominican American writer, Julia Alvarez, often portrays in her works immigrant subjects that experience biculturalism. In Return to Sender, Alvarez problematizes the issue that involves Mexican immigration in the United States. This dissertation investigates the emergence of a new Mexican immigrant subjectivityfrom this cultural encounter. With the advance of technologies, the contemporary world seems a space without boundaries and limits. Individuals connect with a multiplicity of places and cultures, establishing bonds, fostering business, and raising families. In other words, they promote what Gloria Anzaldúa calls cross-pollination (Borderlands 99), creating roots everywhere. This immigrant that establishes connections and has roots everywhere is recognized and represented in literary realm as a rhizomatic immigrant. This term is originated from biology and refers to species of underground stems commonly mistaken to roots due to the fact that both have similar function. Biology also presents another particular species of rhizomes that occurs above the ground known as stolons from which I borrow the term to name this contemporary immigrant subject that comes out from the darkness of anonymity and confinement, seeking for oxygenation, ventilated spaces, fluidity, and visibility. Under the light of this analogy, this work dialogues with biology in order to analyze the emergence and behavior of the Stolon immigrant in Julia Alvarezs narrative, as well as to investigate whether the representation of the characters writing in form of letters and diary, is an extension of her own Stolon subjectivity.<br>A escritora dominicana-americana, Julia Alvarez, frequentemente retrata em suas obras sujeitos imigrantes que vivenciam biculturalismo. Em Returnto to Sender, Alvarez problematiza o tópico que envolve a imigração mexicana nos Estados Unidos. Essa dissertação investiga o surgimento de uma nova subjetividade imigrante mexicana a partir desse encontro cultural. Com o avanço das tecnologias, o mundo contemporâneo parece um espaço sem fronteiras e limites. Indivíduos se conectam com uma multiplicidade de lugares e culturas, estabelecem vínculos, fomentam negócios, e criam famílias. Em outras palavras, eles promovem o que Gloria Anzaldúa chama de polinização cruzada (Borderlands 99) criando, assim, raízes em todo lugar. Esse imigrante que estabelece conexões e tem raízes em todo lugar é reconhecido e representado do campo literário como imigrante rizomático. Este termo é originário da biologia e se refere a espécies de caules subterrâneos comumente confundidos com raízes devido ao fato de ambos terem funções semelhantes. A biologia também apresenta outra espécie particular de rizomas que ocorrem sobre o solo conhecidos como Estolhos de quem tomo o termo por empréstimo para nomear esse sujeito imigrante contemporâneo que sai da escuridão do anonimato e confinamento buscandooxigenação, espaço ventilado, fluidez e visibilidade. Sob a luz dessa analogia, este trabalho dialoga com a biologia de forma a analisar o surgimento e o comportamento do imigrante Estolho na narrativa de Julia Alvarez, assim como a investigar se a representação da escrita da personagem em forma de cartas e diário é uma extensão da sua própria subjetividade Estolho.

This thesis investigates return migration among Jamaicans who migrated to the United Kingdom after WWII and retired in Jamaica throughout the 1990s. Focusing upon the processes of rebuilding a life at "home", it examines the ways in which returning migrants utilize material culture to transgress the sense of alienation from land and people in Jamaica and explores the relationship between particular objects of material culture and the politics of identity. Based upon twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork in a central Jamaican town, the study analyzes transformations in returnee's sense of being English and/or Jamaican, from perceiving England as "the mother country" to the frustration and disillusionment felt after migration resulting in a more concrete sense of being black Jamaican immigrants living in England. Upon returning to postcolonial Jamaica, notions of being English and Jamaican are further questioned as returnees come to terms with local Jamaicans categorization of returnees as "English". Returnees seek to construct lifestyles which counteract the years of hard work endured to return and retire in Jamaica, the large houses and consumer goods both assert and assist in the creation of a lifestyle of leisure and enjoyment. Yet, local Jamaican's constant requests for money and goods accompanied by media portrayals of crime produce feelings of vulnerability, resulting in a heightened use of security as well as an increased desire to reintegrate into Jamaican society particularly through patterns of exchange. In this context, funerals assume a prominent role, enabling returnees to literally and symbolically locate a sense of community and return. Funeral participation also aids in counteracting a sense of alienation from land and people by redefining "home" as a spiritual return to heaven, highlighting the dynamic nature of home as a concept and space for negotiating identity.

Cette thèse analyse les effets de la migration sur le comportement des membres des ménages d'origine à un moment où les drames de l'immigration clandestine continuent de faire la une de l'actualité mondiale. Alors que la plupart des travaux s'intéresse uniquement aux effets des migrations internationales, notre étude, appliquée au Mali, élargit l'analyse aux migrations internes qui sont de forte intensité dans ce pays. Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons les données de deux enquêtes originales d'envergure nationale. Le travail est organisé en quatre chapitres. Plus descriptif, le premier chapitre dresse un panorama des deux types de migration, présente les caractéristiques des migrants et évalue les montants des transferts et leur contribution aux conditions de vie des ménages récipiendaires. Les chapitres suivants mobilisent des techniques micro-économiques qui notamment permettent d'estimer les effets de la migration tout en contrôlant des problèmes d'endogénéité. Le chapitre II examine les effets des deux types de migration sur la scolarisation des enfants des ménages d'origine, notamment leur réussite scolaire. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous évaluons l'impact des migrations sur la productivité agricole. Nous testons l'hypothèse d'apparition d'un comportement opportuniste du fait de l'existence d'un contrat implicite entre les migrants et leurs exploitations d'origine. L'insertion sur le marché du travail des migrants de retour est abordée dans le chapitre IV. De façon générale, cette thèse met en évidence l'impact négatif des migrations, notamment sur le comportement des membres des ménages d'origine. Non seulement, elles font apparaître un comportement opportuniste marqué par un moindre effort de leur part tant à l'école (pour les enfants) que dans les activités agricoles. Enfin, l'expérience migratoire n'influence pas significativement les chances d'insertion sur le marché du travail<br>This thesis analyses the effects of migration on the behaviors of household of origins members, when newspapers' headlines focus on tragedies related to illegal immigration. Our thesis, applied to Mali, is an in-depth analysis of external and internal migrations both very important in this country, whereas most of the studies only focus on the impact of international migration. We use data from two national large-scale surveys which were fully conducted under our control. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a descriptive analysis of the two types of migration and highlights the characteristics of migrants. It also evaluates the transfer amounts and their contribution to the living conditions of recipient households. The next chapters resort to micro-econometric techniques which allow us to estimate the effects of migration by controlling for endogeneity problems. The second chapter examines the effects of the two types of migration on schooling of children from households of origins, namely their schooling success. In the third chapter, we evaluate the impact of migrations on agricultural production. We test the hypothesis of an opportunistic behavior because of the existence of an implicit contract between migrants and members of the household of origin. Insertion of return migrants in the labour market is investigated in the fourth chapter. The thesis shows negative impacts of internal and foreign migrations, especially, on the behavior of original household members. Migrations reveal an opportunistic behavior marked by least effort at school (from children's side) and from agricultural workers. In addition, migration experience does not have significant influence on the insertion in the labour market

O presente estudo teve como objetivo apresentar e avaliar a configuração de uma intervenção psicossocial breve realizada com um grupo de nipo-brasileiros que viveram no Japão, no retorno destes ao Brasil, procurando compreender a vivência dos sujeitos no que se refere às representações culturais do Brasil e do Japão e ao processo de retorno. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados foram retirados da Psicologia Intercultural e articulados a conceitos e técnicas da abordagem psicanalítica. De modo geral, o processo de aculturação no retorno foi sentido como difícil. Os participantes expressaram indignação com a conjuntura política, econômica e social do país e alguns relataram sensação de sentirem-se estrangeiros, de inassertividade e de desorientação. Surgiram representações simbólicas coletivas do Brasil como país do calor humano e do Japão como país da alta tecnologia e educação, havendo, ao mesmo tempo, um tom pessoal nas representações em função das experiências singulares de cada um. Técnicas reflexivas, informativas e lúdicas, como elaboração de cartazes, exposição de conceitos teóricos, exibição e discussão de documentário acerca da temática da e/imigração entre Brasil-Japão, foram instrumentos úteis para que as angústias do grupo pudessem ser nomeadas. O espaço de continência e interlocução favoreceu processos de identificação para que questões conflituosas relativas às vivências no retorno e à identidade cultural pudessem se tornar objeto de reflexão e transformação. Constatamos a utilidade desse tipo de intervenção psicossocial na elaboração psicológica da experiência migratória, revelando-se fundamental, em investigações nessa área, a consideração dos estilos culturais diversos e do contexto social.<br>The purpose of the present study is to present and assess a brief psychosocial intervention with a group of Japanese-Brazilians who lived in Japan and returned to Brazil. Their return process and cultural representations of Brazil and Japan are explored. Theoretically the work is based on contributions from cross-cultural psychology and psychoanalytic concepts and techniques. Group participants generally felt return migration as difficult and expressed outrage towards Brazil´s present political, economic and social system, in addition to feeling like foreigners, unassertiveness and disorientation. Collective symbolic representations of Brazil as a country of warm human relations and Japan as a country of high technology and education also emerged, loaded with personal aspects, according to the unique experiences each one had. Reflective, informative and dynamic techniques such as preparation of posters, exhibition of theoretical concepts, display and discussion of a documentary migration between Brazil and Japan were useful tools, enabling the group to name their own distress. The area of continence and interlocution in this group helped identify processes where issues concerning conflicting experiences in the return and cultural identity could become objects of reflection and transformation. The findings indicate the contribution of such psycho-social intervention in the psychological process of the migratory experience, and the need to approach cultural styles and the social context in investigations in this area.

La recherche présentée ici envisage d'analyser plus particulièrement les trajectoires et les dynamiques des stratégies sociales - elles-mêmes éclairant les interférences culturelles ou de reconstruction identitaire - mais aussi d'articuler le projet individuel et familial à l'histoire de la communauté d'origine et de la communauté immigrée, tant par la réalisation de la maison de retour que par d'autres types de relation entre l'émigré et son réseau parentélaire. Il s'agit d'une problématique "ouverte" pour concevoir mobilité (itinéraire et trajet migratoire) et projet de maison (territorialité et sédentarité) comme phénomènes articulés et explorer à leur entrecroisement les stratégies, les pratiques et transferts financiers et les systèmes des liens qui s'y fabriquent et s'y entremêlent. Il est donc bien clair dans cette étude, voir impératif, que la question de la prise en compte des pratiques doit se poser en cohérence avec le contexte de l'émigré.

Thèse (Ph.D.) -- Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2006.<br>Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 29 mai 2007). Thèse présentée à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de doctorat en développement régional. Comprend un résumé. CaQRU CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. [259]-268. Parait aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU

Migracijos literatūroje grįžusių migrantų integracijos kilmės šalies darbo rinkoje sėkmė dažniausiai siejama su grįžusiųjų užsienyje įgytais žiniomis ir įgūdžiais, tačiau palyginti mažai dėmesio skiriama juos priimančios darbo rinkos įtakai. Disertacija siekiama užpildyti šią nišą, analizuojant grįžtamąją migraciją ne tik iš grįžusių migrantų, bet ir iš kilmės šalies darbdavių perspektyvos. Disertacija, kurios empirinis tyrimas remiasi 2013 m. atliktomis reprezentatyviomis Lietuvos visuomenės, Lietuvos darbdavių ir į Lietuvą gyventi grįžusių migrantų apklausomis, atskleidžia, kad Lietuvai būdingas žemas darbo rinkos imlumas užsienyje įgytam žmogiškajam kapitalui. Tai paaiškina, kodėl daugeliui grįžusių migrantų migracijos patirtis netampa privalumu Lietuvos darbo rinkoje, nepaisant to, kad 8 iš 10 grįžusių migrantų teigia užsienyje patobulėję. Atliktas tyrimas taip pat rodo, kad negalėjimas panaudoti užsienyje įgytų žinių ir įgūdžių bei jausmas, kad jie nėra tinkamai įvertinami, yra svarbus grįžusiųjų pakartotinės migracijos veiksnys. Tai leidžia naujai pažvelgti ir į Lietuvos ir kitų šalių įgyvendinamą migracijos politiką, kuri paprastai yra orientuota į grįžtančiųjų skaičiaus augimą, tačiau disertacijos tyrimas rodo, kad norint užtikrinti grįžtamosios migracijos tvarumą, dėmesį reikia sutelkti į grįžusiųjų ir jų įgytų žinių paklausos šalies darbo rinkoje didinimą. Be praktinių rekomendacijų politikai tobulinti disertacija papildo migracijos mokslinę literatūrą naujomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Migration literature tends to focus on individual level factors, such as human capital acquired abroad, to explain the success of the integration of returnees while neglecting the importance of the environment in their home country. The dissertation offers a theoretical framework, which involves the factors of the home country’s labour market in explaining the integration of return migrants, while at the same time taking into account changes in the human capital of returnees while they were abroad. The empirical findings of the dissertation are based on three representative surveys carried out in late 2013 among three different audiences in Lithuania: 1) adult population (N=1930); 2) employers (N=1000), and 3) returnees (N=804). The research revealed that almost all return migrants have acquired valuable knowledge and skills while abroad that they expect to use in advancing their careers in Lithuania. Yet most of them underutilise their foreign experience after return. Moreover, they feel that their new knowledge and skills are undervalued in Lithuania. Indeed, the research proved that rather unfavourable attitude towards return migrants and their migration experience prevails in Lithuanian society and among employers. Returnee unfriendly environment leads not only to the loss of potential benefits of human capital but also to the unsuccessful reintegration of returnees and, eventually, to their repeat migration. Therefore, migration policies that aim at encouraging return... [to full text]