Academic literature on the topic 'RSSI Zigbee'

Context. Localization and positioning services are nowadays very extended and the growth is still continuing. Many places already provide wireless tracking systems to monitor the people or material movements, specially indoors. The new arising ZigBee wireless technology provides an efficient network management and a low battery consumption, making it appropriate for location purposes in portable devices like mobile phones. Objectives. The aim is to locate a ZigBee device located inside a golf ball that has been lost within an outdoors area. An Android phone connected to a ZigBee device via USB will serve as coordinator of the localization network and by giving on-screen instructions and guidance provided by the conceptual Decision Support System (DSS). Methods. The measurement used in the localization process is the Received Signal Strength (RSS). With this data, the distance between the sensors can be estimated. However to obtain an accurate position several readings from different sensors might be needed. This paper tests the precision levels of the ZigBee modules varying the number of sensors in the localization network and using the triangulation method. Results. The precision is the main variable measured in the results, which reaches distance variation of less than 1 meter in cases where the triangulation approach can be applied. For the localization process, the use of less than three sensors lead to very poor results, obtaining a wrong localization in around 30\% of the cases. Also, movement patterns were discovered to improve the localization process. All this data can be used as an input for the DSS for future improvements. Conclusions. This study proves that outdoor positioning with ZigBee devices is possible if the required level of precision is not very high. However, more studies concerning localization with less than three sensors have to be conducted to try to reach the goal of one-on-one localization. This study opens the door for further investigations in this matter.

With the development of powerful computational resources such as Digital Signal Processors and Field Programmable Gate Arrays, It has become possible to utilize many radio functions via software. This is the main concept of an up-and-coming technology of Software Defined Radio. In the Thesis, a number of platforms for implementation of Software Defined Radio has been evaluated. Platform that proved to be most suitable for the project was Ettus’ USRP N210. Using the platform, implementation of 802.15.4 Zigbee’s physical layer was done, where experiments whose outputs can later be used to compare performance with respect to "hardware radios" were performed.<br>Med utvecklingen av enheter med kraftfulla beräkningsegenskaper som “Digital Signal Processors” och “Field Programmable Gate Arrays” har det blivit möjligt att implementera flera radiofunktioner i mjukvara. Det är huvudkonceptet i den uppåtgående teknologin mjukvaru definierad radio.I det här examensarbetet har ett flertal plattformar för mjukvaru definierad radioutvärderats. Plattformen som visade sig vara mest lämplig för projektet var Ettus USRP N210. En implementation av IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbees fysiska lager har realiserats till plattformen. Experiment, vars utdata senare kan användas för att jämföra prestanda mellan mjukvaru definierad radio och hårdvaru baserad radio, har även utförts.<br>TESLA - Time-critical and Safe wireLess Automation communication<br>GAUSS - Guaranteed Automation communication Under Severe disturbanceS

Innomhuspositioneringssystem kan med fördel användas i många olika tillämpningar, allt från sjukhus till shoppingcenter. Denna rapport behandlar olika tekniker och lösningar för att designa ett positioneringssystem. Rapporten tar även upp i detalj hur ett system kan konstrueras av ZigBee kombinerat med dödräkning.

Au sein de l'Internet des Objets, le secteur de la maison connectée est en plein essor. Pour quelques dizaines d'euros, chacun peut s'équiper de solutions domotiques intelligentes commandables à distance. Ces écosystèmes sont cela dit vulnérables à des attaques variées en raison A) d'une conception essentiellement guidée par le coût, générant des objets contraints sans implémentation de sécurité viable possible, B) de l'utilisation par ces objets de protocoles de communication sans-fil hétérogènes, dispersant les efforts de sécurisation, et C) de la gestion de ces objets par des consommateurs non-experts, adeptes du « setup and forget ».Contrairement à l'informatique traditionnelle où les solutions de protection sont répandues, nous faisons le constat de l'absence de proposition commerciale équivalente dans la maison connectée. Dans cette thèse, nous nous interrogeons sur les conditions de l'adoption à grande échelle de solutions de sécurité de type Systèmes de Détection d'Intrusion (IDS), visant à protéger les objets contraints déjà déployés. Ainsi, une première contribution recense les caractéristiques des maisons connectées pour les croiser avec des taxonomies d'IDS, afin de proposer les critères qualitatifs d'une solution de sécurité domestique réaliste.Par la suite, afin de faciliter la conception d'IDS, une deuxième contribution met à disposition de la communauté scientifique un jeu de données Zigbee, participant à la fourniture d'outils couvrant les principaux protocoles de la maison connectée. Toutes les trames échangées par 10 objets pendant 10 jours ont été capturées par 4 sondes distribuées dans un domicile-test. Des attaques ont été introduites afin d'établir et comparer différentes stratégies de détection. Outre une redondance des données de couche MAC, le jeu de données tire son originalité de l'extraction par chaque sonde du RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) de chaque trame. Cette grandeur de couche physique, accessible à peu de frais dans les technologies sans-fil, permet de participer à l'identification de nœuds fixes. Par la suite, on peut imaginer d'identifier robustement chaque objet par une empreinte de couche physique faite d'un tuple de RSSI, complexe à imiter par un attaquant.Enfin, dans une troisième contribution, nous exploitons le jeu de données pour proposer un IDS détectant les attaques d'usurpation d'identité, favorisées par le fait que des piles de protocoles n'intègrent que peu ou pas d'authentification sur leur couche MAC. Pour les détecter, la cohérence de l'identifiant de couche MAC et de l'empreinte précédente à base de RSSI peut être considérée mais ce n'est plus possible quand les environnements sont sans cesse redessinés par les habitants qui y évoluent, les RSSI devenant volatiles. En fournissant des séries temporelles de RSSI en entrée d'un algorithme d'apprentissage non supervisé, nous établissons pour chaque couple (objet, sonde) un modèle des séquences RSSI normales. Les déviations par rapport au modèle permettent de détecter une attaque. Les métriques de détection obtenues, très intéressantes en regard de la faible complexité de l'architecture initiale envisagée, ainsi que les évaluations de l'autonomie et du coût de la solution laissent entrevoir une diffusion de tels systèmes dans les maisons connectées<br>Within the Internet of Things, the smart home sector is booming. For a few tens of euros, everyone can be equipped with smart-home automation solutions that can be controlled remotely. However, these ecosystems are vulnerable to various attacks due to A) an essentially cost-driven design, generating constrained devices with too few resources for viable security implementations, B) the use by these devices of multiple wireless communication protocols, dispersing security efforts, and C) the management of these devices by non-expert consumers, following a “setup and forget” policy.Unlike traditional IT where protection solutions are widespread, we note the absence of an equivalent commercial proposal in smart-home environments. In this thesis, we question the conditions for a large-scale adoption of security solutions such as Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), aiming at protecting constrained devices already deployed. Thus, a first contribution identifies the characteristics of smart homes to cross them with IDS taxonomies, in order to propose the qualitative criteria of a realistic domestic security solution.Subsequently, in order to facilitate the design of IDS, a second contribution provides the scientific community with a Zigbee dataset, participating to the availability of tools covering the main protocols found in smart homes. All the frames exchanged by 10 devices during 10 days were captured by 4 probes distributed in a test house. Attacks have been introduced in order to establish and compare different detection strategies. In addition to MAC layer data redundancy, the dataset derives its originality from the extraction by each probe of the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) of each frame. This physical layer feature, accessible easily in most wireless technologies, allows to participate to the identification of fixed nodes. Later, one can imagine identifying each device more robustly by a physical layer fingerprint made of a tuple of several RSSIs, a complex combination to imitate by an attacker.Finally, in a third contribution, we exploit the dataset to propose several IDSs detecting spoofing attacks, favored by the fact that several protocol stacks integrate little or no authentication on their MAC layer. To detect them, the consistency of the MAC layer identifier and the previous RSSI-based fingerprint can be considered, but this is no longer possible when the environments are constantly redrawn by the evolving inhabitants, as the RSSI becomes volatile. By providing RSSI time series as input to an unsupervised learning algorithm, we establish for each (device, probe) pair a model of normal RSSI sequences. Deviations from this model help detect an attack. The obtained detection metrics, which are very interesting given the low complexity of the initial considered architecture, as well as the evaluations of the autonomy and cost of the solution, suggest the spread of such systems in smart homes

Entre os avanços tecnológicos que visam recuperar o trato da variabilidade espacial e temporal nas culturas agrícolas está a Agricultura de Precisão que busca, além de outros benefícios, melhorar o aproveitamento dos insumos aplicados e a rodutividade, e reduzir o custo de produção e o impacto ambiental causado pelo excesso desses insumos. Para alcançar estes benefícios, recursos de tecnologia da informação e comunicação estão disponíveis em equipamentos agrícolas, tais como sistemas computacionais, sistemas de comunicação de dados sem fio, orientação por satélite por meio dos sistemas de posicionamento global e redes ISO 11783. Também as Redes de Sensores Sem Fio têm sido introduzidas para monitoração do ambiente agrícola. Acredita-se que o desempenho dessas tecnologias possa ser melhorado com a interconexão de ambas as redes, de modo que os dados dos sensores possam ser coletados diretamente pelo computador embarcado no veículo, a partir do instante que este entre no alcance do sinal dos sensores. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem por objetivo propor e demonstrar a viabilidade da interconexão dessas duas redes dentro do contexto da Agricultura de Precisão. Apoiando-se em pesquisa bibliográfica, realizou-se uma comparação entre os modelos ISO/OSI de ambas as redes e identificou-se quais dispositvos de interconexão seriam mais adequados, propondo-se, então, a interconexão. Para demonstrar a sua viabilidade à Agricultura de Precisão, desenvolveu-se um simulador que permitiu realizar um grande número de simulações que consideraram mais de sessenta cenários distintos. Os resultados foram apresentados sob a forma de gráficos, os quais foram analisados considerando-se as limitações impostas por uma aplicação agrícola. Da análise pôde-se concluir que há viabilidade na interconcxão de forma que unidades computacionais ISO 11783 recebam, em tempo real, dados do ambiente obtidos de Redes de Sensores Sem Fio.<br>Precision Agriculture is one of the technological advances used to recoup the treatment of spatial and temporal variability in agricultural crops. Besides other benefits, it tries to improve the exploitation of applied inputs, improve the productivity and reduce production cost as well as lessen the impact on environment caused by excess of input. To achieve these benefits, information and communication technology are available in agricultural equipment such as computational systems, wireless communication, satellite orientation by the global positioning systems and ISO 11783 networks. Recently, Wireless Sensor Network has been introduced for agricultural environment monitoration. It is believed that the performance of these technologies can be improved with the interconnection of both networks. In this way, sensor data can be collected by the computer embedded in the vehicle, at the moment that the vehicle goes into the sensor signal area. The objective of this work is to propose and demonstrate the viability of this interconnection between the networks ISO 11783 and WSN in the Precision Agriculture context. Based on bibliographical research, both network ISO/OSI models were compared, the most adequate interconnection devices were identified and the interconnection was proposed. To demonstrate the interconnection viality in Precision Agriculture systems a simulator was denveloped which permited hundreds of simulations to be done in dozens of distint scenes. The results were shown in graphs which were analysed considering the agriculture application limitations. From this analisis, it was possible to conclude that the interconnection is viable, so that ISO 11783 computation units receive environmental data obtained by the Wireless Sensor Network in real time.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>電子工程系研究所<br>105<br>Positioning technology has concerned and rapidly developed in recent years. Different from the Global Positioning System(GPS), Assisted Global Positioning System(AGPS) and other outdoor positioning system, etc. Although outdoor positioning technology has fully developed and widely used, as the end of positioning technology, however, the development of indoor positioning technology has relatively slow. And people spend more time indoor on work and life, thus the prospect of indoor positioning technology is also very broad. The indoor positioning technologys future will be more important with the rapid development of the Internet of Things, as technology improves every day, indoor positioning system will increasingly popularize, become indispensable in our life. ZigBee is applied for indoor positioning, because its transmission distance is 10~75 m, suitable for using more than three ZigBee network detection node to cover entire indoor space, ZigBee network can through 3 to 16 network detection node to enhance receiving signal to reach purpose of positioning, and meet environments the signal attenuation as moving object positioning. Presently, this technology is widely used in indoor factory workers positioning, can clearly show the location, and provide relevance information for use. Even can be used in factory workers security, e.g., when into the dangerous area, will send warning early. This paper presented using ZigBee network to locate positioning, ZigBee network through the technology of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). In the laboratory, use this technology Architecture to locate positioning, using four ZigBee network detection nodes to locate positioning, and present a way to improve the positioning.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>資訊科學與工程學系所<br>99<br>Wireless network technology has been developed several decades. It plays a very important role in improving the living convenience for the human. In general, wireless sensor network (WSN) has been applied in many applications such as smart environments, habitat monitoring, surveillance and tracking systems. Thus, the improving of sensor node has been becoming very important. The IEEE has organized 802.15 work teams to propose the low speed short distance wireless transmission standard. In 1998, the Honeywell Company has presented a WSN ZigBee technology, which has been denoted as an IEEE 802.15.4 by IEEE organization. This technology has the advantages of low power and low overhead in considering the implementation of either software or hardware. There are many researches have focused on the issue of how to save energy consumption. However, most of these researches adopt a fixed radio power regardless the distance or location of each sensor node. It induces that the total energy consumption for the WSN cannot be ensured to be minimum. To resolve this issue, this paper proposes a new topology setup mechanism based on the radio signal strength to reduce the hop number in WSN such that the total energy consumption can be reduced. A simulation platform has been setup to demonstrated the correctness and efficiency of our proposed works. Several signals with different signal strength have been selected to evaluate the performance of this proposed work. The experimental results show that choosing proper radio strength induces the reduction of hop while considering the transmission in the WSN.

碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>電機工程研究所碩士班<br>102<br>In recent years, Zigbee positioning system is a well-known application. Most applications employ Received Signal Strength Indication （RSSI） to estimate the distance between each node for positioning. Zigbee technology can be applied for positioning system with lower power consumption. Therefore, Zigbee is popularly used to locate a mobile object in an indoor environment. This research proposes a robust algorithm which is able to provide stable RSSI without complex algorithm and heavy hardware requirements. By employing the improved RSSI to estimate the distance, the positioning accuracy can be improved. The conventional approach needs to adjust lots of parameters that cause complex calculation and more hardware requirements. In this thesis, a robust algorithm with four influence parameters αis proposed to provide stable and reliable RSSI. The benefits of the proposed approach are not only higher positioning accuracy, but also simple calculation and less hardware requirements. Furthermore, by adjusting the influence parameters, this algorithm can be applied in different environments. The proposed robust algorithm makes the relationship between RSSI and distance become smoother. The experimental results prove that the proposed robust algorithm can provide stable and reliable RSSI for positioning systems. The positioning accuracy of positioning system is improved about 36.03 % which compared it with the conventional approach.