Academic literature on the topic 'Ryazanskaya oblast', Russia, in literature'

Manors of the 18th - early 20th centuries located near Moscow can boast their specificity within the socio-cultural context of the history of Russia. After a period of oblivion for most of the twentieth century, the manors of Moscow Oblast started to attract researchers of Russian culture, architecture and everyday life in pre-revolutionary Russia. Today most of the well-known manors of Moscow Oblast, once famous for their architecture, park culture, remarkable social history associated with the names of the famous Russians are in ruins. One of the main characteristic features of the manor culture is its synthetic nature that requires combined efforts of specialists belonging to different interdisciplinary approaches to study it. The article analyzes the complex of identified sources that have the potential for creating a 3D-reconstruction of the main house of the manor and elements of the manor complex and which, taken together with the literature, make it possible to study the history of Pushchino-on-Nara manor and its owners. Virtual reconstruction makes it possible to visualize the appearance of this cultural heritage site and demonstrate the opportunities to use three-dimensional computer modeling techniques in historical research by the example of the manor reconstruction. The article also tells us about the author’s use of modern software (Adobe Photoshop, SketchUp and Twinmotion) to solve the goals set. The research was carried out in collaboration with the Central State Archive of Moscow Oblast.

This review of the literature has been dedicated to experimental and clinical studies of mechanism of action and efficacy of 1—34 amino acid fragment of parathyroid hormone — teriparatide as well as others contries experience of its prescribtion. Teriparatide is an osteoanabolic agent which stimulates bone formation by affecting bone modeling and by stimulating bone remodeling. The effects on modeling lead to increased bone formation whereas the effects on bone remodeling lead to increased bone turnover. Thus, in its mode of action teriparatide differs from all others medicines currently available to treat osteoporosis. Daily subcutaneous injections of teriparatide are proved to be effective to prevent low-traumatic vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with the history of vertebral fractures. Teriparatide is effective to treat osteoporosis in male and even more effective than alendronate to treat glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Due to high cost and some restriction related to the duration of therapy (up to 18 months in Russia and 24 months in others countries) teriparatide should be recommended to treat severe osteoporosis in patients with a history >1 moderate clinical vertebral fracture or two or more vertebral fragility fractures or in case the previous treatment was not effective. Teriparatide should be prescribed after bisphosphonates or other antiosteoporotic treatment, but not in the combination with bisphosphonates. The prescribtion of bisphosphonates after teriparatide is effective to maintaine and further improve the effect. Thus, teriparatide is effective to treat severe osteoporosis and osteoporosis resistant to other therapy.

On the basis of re-evaluation of morphological characters of the Lycoriella group of genera and subgenera, generic rank is given to the two species groups belonging to Lycoriella (Hemineurina) Frey, 1942 and to Lycoriella (Coelostylina) Tuomikoski, 1960. The Lycoriella (Hemineurina) inflata group, including the type species of the subgenus, Sciara conspicua Winnertz, 1867, is treated as the genus Hemineurina stat. n. and the Lycoriella (Hemineurina) vitticollis group as the genus Trichocoelina gen. n. (type species Sciara vitticollis Holmgren, 1883). Coelostylina Tuomikoski, 1960 (type species Lycoriella (Coelostylina) freyi Tuomikoski, 1960) is a junior homonym of Coelostylina Kittl, 1894, and is renamed Stenacanthella nom. et stat. n. The genera are diagnosed and their phylogeny is discussed. Eight species are excluded from the Lycoriella group. They are transferred to the genera Bradysiopsis Tuomikoski, 1960, Camptochaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994, Merizomma Sasakawa, 2003 stat. n. and Scatopsciara Edwards, 1927 (five species) or are for the time being regarded as incertae sedis (two species) and as nomen nudum (one name). Numerous nomenclatural corrections are made also in the genera Hemineurina Frey, Stenacanthella Vilkamaa & Menzel and Trichocoelina Vilkamaa & Menzel. Altogether 42 new combinations, three changes in status and one new synonym are presented. A lectotype is designated for Hemineurina algida (Frey, 1948) and two Hemineurina species names are removed from synonymy and given full species status. The following species of Trichocoelina are newly described: Trichocoelina absidata sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. aemula sp. n. (Finland, Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. biplex sp. n. (Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon), T. dicksoni sp. n. (Russia: Arkhangelsk oblast, Kemerovsk oblast, Krasnodarsk region), T. dispansa sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. dividua sp. n. (Canada: Northwest Territories), T. hians sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), T. imitator sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), T. incrassata sp. n. (USA: Alaska), T. ithyspina sp. n. (Norway), T. jukkai sp. n. (Finland), T. magnifica sp. n. (Canada: Yukon), T. nefrens sp. n. (Russia: Krasnodarsk region), T. obesula sp. n. (Norway), T. oricillifera sp. n. (Finland, Norway), T. planilobata sp. n. (Finland), T. quintula sp. n. (Finland), T. semisphaera sp. n. (Finland, Norway), T. semusta sp. n. (Italy, USA: Alaska), and T. tecta sp. n. (Canada: Nunavut, Yukon, Russia: Krasnodarsk region, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, USA: Alaska). The Trichocoelina species are keyed, the 20 new species are described and illustrated, and the 9 previously known ones, transferred to the new genus, are briefly diagnosed and the taxonomically relevant literature regarding them is listed. Trichocoelina janetscheki (Lengersdorf, 1953) comb. n. and Trichocoelina brevicubitalis (Lengersdorf, 1926) comb. n. are redescribed. The genus Trichocoelina currently includes 29 species: 17 in the Palaearctic, 6 in the Nearctic and 6 in the Holarctic. All known species are northern or montane.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze poor management of tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment and explore parameters and causes of this problem drawing on qualitative interviews with former prisoners and medical specialists in Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia. Design/methodology/approach – The authors undertook a qualitative study, to explore access to HIV and TB treatment for people who inject drugs in Kaliningrad. The authors interviewed (outside of prisons) 15 patients and eight health specialists using a semi-structured guide. The authors analyzed the accounts thematically and health consequences of imprisonment emerged as a major theme. Findings – Prisons are overcrowded and lack basic hygiene and infection control. Demand for medical services outstrip supply, HIV and TB prevention lacking, HIV and TB treatment is patchy, with no second-line drugs available for resistant forms. The prison conditions are generally degrading and unhealthy and many respondents perceived surviving prisons as a miracle. Cooperation with medical services in the community is poor. Research limitations/implications – The authors used qualitative research methods, which do not rely on a representative sample. However, many of the structural barriers preventing effective TB treatment and prevention highlighted in this paper have been noted elsewhere, suggesting that findings are likely to reflect conditions elsewhere in Russia. The authors tried to include all possible points of view, as of the medical staff and the patients. However, due to resistance of the officials the authors were unable to conduct interviews with employees of the FCS. Since all the interviews are recalling past experience, the situation may have changed. This does not undermine importance of the findings, as they shed light on particular treatment experiences, and development of prison health system. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the literature on prisons as a contributor to TB epidemic, including drug resistant forms. An urgent penitentiary reform in Russia should focus on HIV and TB prevention, case detection, availability of medications and effective treatments. Key to decreasing prison population and improving health is political reform aimed at introduction of effective drug treatment, de-penalization and de-criminalization of drug users and application of alternatives to incarceration.

The Russian Far East (RFE) is an important hotspot of biodiversity whose insect fauna remains understudied, particularly its Microlepidoptera. Here we explore the diversity of leaf-mining micromoths of the family Gracillariidae, their distribution and host plant associations in RFE using a combination of field observations and sampling, DNA barcoding, morphological analysis and literature review. We collected 91 gracillariid specimens (45 larvae, 9 pupae and 37 adults) in 12 localities across RFE and identified 34 species using a combination of DNA barcoding and morphology. We provide a genetic library of 57 DNA barcodes belonging to 37 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), including four BINs that could potentially represent species new to science. Leaf mines and leaf shelters are described and illustrated for 32 studied species, male or female genitalia as well as forewing patterns of adults are shown, especially for those species identified based on morphology. Three species, Micrurapteryx caraganella (Hering), Callisto insperatella (Nickerl), and Phyllonorycter junoniella (Zeller) are newly recorded from RFE. Five species previously known from some regions of RFE, were found for the first time in Amurskaya Oblast: Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke), Primorskii Krai: Ph. sorbicola Kumata and Sahkalin Island: Caloptilia heringi Kumata, Ph. ermani (Kumata) and Ph. ulmifoliella (Hübner). Eight gracillariid–plant associations are novel to science: Caloptilia gloriosa Kumata on Acer pseudosieboldianum, Cameraria niphonica Kumata on A. caudatum subsp. ukurundense, Parornix ermolaevi Kuznetzov on Corylus sieboldiana, Phyllonorycter ermani (Kumata) on Betula platyphylla, Ph. nipponicella (Issiki) on Quercus mongolica, Ph. orientalis (Kumata) and Ph. pseudojezoniella Noreika on Acer saccharum, Ph. sorbicola on Prunus maakii. For the first time we documented the “green island” phenotype on Phyllonorycter cavella (Zeller) mines on Betula platyphylla. Two pestiferous species have been recorded during our surveys: Micrurapteryx caraganella on ornamental Caragana arborescens in urban plantations in Amurskaya Oblast, and the lime leafminer Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata), a species known to be native to RFE and invasive elsewhere in Russia and in European countries. A revised checklist of RFE gracillariids has been compiled. It accounts for 135 species among which 17 species (13%) are only known to occur in RFE. The gracillariid fauna of RFE is more similar to the Japanese fauna (49%), than to the fauna of the rest of Russia (i.e European part and Siberia) (32%).

SummaryBased on surveys during 2000–2012 and best available knowledge, we estimate the global population size of the Endangered Scaly-sided Merganser Mergus squamatus to be c.1,940 pairs (or c.4,660 birds prior to reproduction). In Russia, surveys identified the breeding range in the Sikhote-Alin mountain range and the area adjoining the lower Amur River. Particular effort was made to define the edge of the range. Breeding densities in the Sikhote-Alin were applied to un-surveyed rivers within the range to estimate overall numbers. The breeding range comprises c.7,800 km of 120 rivers: 6,800 km in Russia, 600 in China and 400 in DPR Korea. In Russia it comprises 88 rivers of both the western and eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin Range, and two small isolated areas, one in central Khabarovsk and the other in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. All known and potential breeding areas were surveyed in China, where the breeding range comprises the western slope of the Changbai Mountains, and one isolated river system in the Lesser Xingan Mountains. Scaly-sided Mergansers are also assumed to breed on the eastern slope of the Changbai Mountains in DPR Korea. No recent surveys have been made there but numbers were estimated by applying densities from China to rivers with apparently suitable habitat. Detailed examination of past records suggests that an earlier claim of breeding Scaly-sided Mergansers on the Dep River was erroneous and we conclude that the breeding range never extended as far west as has been portrayed in most literature. The lack of comparable surveys previously precludes an assessment of change in population range or size, though it seems inevitable that habitat loss in China is likely to have resulted in some loss of range and numbers, particularly in Heilongjiang Province, in recent decades.

Background. Statistical analysis of spinal tumors in children is difficult because of its rarity and different morphology. Benign tumor and tumor-like processes are not included in modern oncology literature even though intracanal tumors have the most severe prognosis and influence on a patient’s quality of life. Aim. To evaluate the incidence, epidemiological structure (anatomical, sex, morphological structure), clinical characteristics, and survival of pediatric patients with tumors and tumor-like diseases of the spine and spinal cord in a single region of Russia. Materials and methods. The data of 110 children with tumors and tumor-like diseases of the spine and spinal cord from the Leningrad region who received surgical treatment in Leningrad regional children's hospitals between 1998 and 2016 were included in the study. The authors evaluated the incidence, mortality, and survival rates adjusted for age, sex, morphology, and primary site of growth. Results. The average annual morbidities of pediatric spinal tumors (including the spine and spinal canal) in the Leningradsaya oblast region from 1998 to 2016 were 1.93 per 100 000 pediatric patients and 0.3 per 100 000 for neuro-epithelial tumors of the spinal cord. The mortality rate was 0.2 per 100 000 pediatric patients. Spinal cord tumors of the cranio-vertebral and cervical zones as intramedullary low-malignant and extramedullary malignant metastatic spinal tumors had a negative effect on survival. Conclusions. The Leningrad regional data were generally comparable with the cancer registry data of other countries. The data suggest that pediatric spinal cord patients should be treated in regional neurosurgical pediatric clinics.

The Polish-Russian border is unique, and for many reasons. One of these relates to the role of Kaliningrad Oblast vis-à-vis Russia on the one hand, and the EU and NATO on the other, making it clear how strategically important he District is from the geopolitical point of view. A second wider issue of course concerns Russia’s position on the international stage. Unsurprisingly, the Polish-Russian border has been characterised by a significant dynamic where changes of function and permeability are concerned. Given that the border plays a role even at global level, transformations that have occurred relate to changes in EU/Poland-Russian relations, even if such top-down considerations neglect a further significance from the point of view of border residents who must struggle with issues of lack of access to a stable border. The aim of the work detailed in this paper was thus to identify the functions played by the Polish-Russian border across the whole 1990–2018 period, as well as the associated degree of permeability. And despite a relatively rich literature devoted to the border in question, it is possible to note relative neglect of the matter of how that border was created and shaped, as well as a real lack of analyses when it comes to variability in status post-2012. This gap in the Polish literature, in particular, is bridged in the present paper, whose author sought the answers to three key research questions. These related to whether, and to what extent, the Polish-Russian border actually represented a barrier; to the factors determining variability of function and permeability; and to the impact of any instability of functioning on the everyday lives of inhabitants in the Poland-Kaliningrad border region. Analysis of the material compiled makes it clear that the greatest impact on the role of the border in question is that exerted by individual decisions of central governments and the European Parliament. For the years 1990–2018 saw the border’s status change under the influence of, for example: the introduction of visa-free travel (1990–1997), the Act on Foreigners (1998–2003), Poland’s accession to the EU (2004–2007), Poland’s accession to the Schengen Area (2008–2011), the introduction of local border traffic (2012–2016), the Crimean crisis (from 2014) and suspension of local border traffic (from 2016). Additionally, the role of the border has been changed by the state of border infrastructure, procedures, the image of Russia, global trends relating to borders and relations nurtured by ruling political parties.

The significance of World War II within the Russian historiography is unequivocal– but the impact of that great cataclysm on the Soviet state and Soviet society is frequently understated or overstated. The early 1940s brought massive losses to the upper echelons of the Communist Party, resulting in a rapid mobilization of the state, but these upheavals took place in a society that was already hamstrung by both the traditional scarcity of qualified professionals and the strain that Marxist-Leninist purism placed on an already strained education system. Long before the October Revolution, Russia was plagued with the enduring problem of scarcity of the qualified managerial cadres; after the Revolution, this problem was exacerbated by factional disputes between ideologues, who were primarily concerned with the ideological purity of the Soviet state, and pragmatists, who favoring a greater focus on vocational education. Caught between these two factions was the proto-middle class from which the professional stratum of Russian society was to be recruited. During the opening years of World War II, the demand for educated professionals rose, forcing compromises in their ideological purity. In the long term, the result was a gradual, piecemeal shift toward pragmatic compromise. In the short term, however, faced with a dilemma between under-staffed and under-indoctrinated, caught in a decision-making paradigm locked in by Marxism-Leninism, the Soviet matrix opted for personalized networks and regional cliques over the professional apparatus in its quest for short-term efficiency. Drawing on archival materials such as memoir literature, epistolary documentation and state reports from Moscow and provincial (particularly those of the Tver’ Oblast’) collections, this article examines the tensions that underpinned the conditions of the proto-middle class from throughout the 1940s, tracing the ideological constraints that structured the political landscape, the repeating cycles of essentially identical attempts at reform, and the ways in which the strain of the ideological/pragmatic conflict on Russian professionals was, and was not, resolved in the wake of World War II.

Regions of the Russian Federation significantly differ in many indicators of the social economic development. As a result, the Russian regions are characterized by a high level of differentiation. Geographic location is one of the factors which is recognized by many scholars to be a pivotal prerequisite in supporting the uneven distribution of regional development. In this context, special attention is paid to the near-border regions being the areas with a competitive advantage, that is, they have an opportunity to interact economically from their near-border location which, first of all, provides transport accessibility. What is more, the near-border regions possess specific features which affect their indicators in social economic development and can be explained by a greater accessibility of the regional market for the trans-border economic cooperation. Along with that, the review of the literature reveals that the accessibility of the regional market on the near-border territories is not examined enough. Thus, the purpose of the research is to develop the methodology aimed to evaluate the accessibility level of the regional market on the near-border territories and to develop a classification of regions by their periphery level. The object of the study was the regions in the Russian Federation and Finland, which are the territories with near-border location, the subject of research is the regions’ differentiation by the accessibility level of the regional markets on the near-border territories. The study is scientifically novel in its methodological tools for evaluating the accessibility level of the regional market, which identifies the role of geographical location in the region’s economic development. To achieve the given purpose, the authors applied the evaluation methods for the accessibility of the regional market, the methods being based on the Euclidian distance calculating tools and cluster analysis. The distance between the regions was found by the geographic coordinates – latitude and longitude – converted into kilometers and was the basis to construct a distance matrix and to calculate the periphery index of the regions in the Russian Federation and Finland, which accounts for the volume of regional market measures by the region’s population size. Thus, periphery index was offered to be calculated on the basis of synthesis of two indicators: geographic location of the regions from one another and the volume of the regional market. The obtained matrix of the distances helped to provide a comparative analysis of the geographic accessibility of the regional markets in the Russian and Finnish regions, their cartographic model was prepared, the model focuses on the regions which are periphery and may find it difficult to enter the market of other regions with their products. The regions in Finland are classified into central, semi-periphery, and periphery ones depending on the periphery index. It has been found that the territorial location of the Finnish regions matches the classical scheme of regions location by groups under W. Christaller’s approach “center-periphery”: remote regions are periphery, the regions closer to the central part are central ones. The Russian Federation regions are reasonably divided into central, semi-central, semi-periphery, and periphery, which is due to a greater geographic area. It has been revealed that the Russian regions show a significant gap in the periphery index. For example, the remote regions of the Far Eastern Federal District with their periphery index from 4000 to 8500 refer to the periphery regions. At the same time, some near-border regions go to the group of semi-central regions because geographically they are accessible for other regional markets, and the index periphery ranges from 1610 to 3000 (the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast). The development of the evaluation method to analyze the accessibility of the regional market of near-border territories and the results of its testing is theoretically and practically valuable since they expand methodological tools aimed to study the role of geographic location in the regions, economic development and could be applied to develop the strategies of inter-regional, trans-border, and international cooperation of the Russian Federation. Further research is connected with the justification and development of strategy for the international relationship between the near-border regions with regard to the accessibility of these regional markets, as well as identification of a set of measures of management impacts aimed to smooth out the differentiation level of the Russian economic space.