Academic literature on the topic 'Salmonid stock monitoring'
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Journal articles on the topic "Salmonid stock monitoring"
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Hedger, RD, OH Diserud, B. Finstad, et al. "Modeling salmon lice effects on sea trout population dynamics using an individual-based approach." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 13 (May 6, 2021): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00397.
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Salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis infestation of sea trout Salmo trutta results in both additional marine mortality and behavioral changes which may contribute to sea trout population decline. For effective management of activities that increase exposure to salmon lice, such as salmon aquaculture, it is necessary to have a full understanding of how salmon lice may affect sea trout populations. An individual-based model (IBTRUTTA) was therefore developed to investigate the potential effects of salmon lice infestation on sea trout population abundance and dynamics based on data from the River Halselva and Altafjord system in northern Norway. This model allowed investigation of the effect of lice-induced mortality and also the compensatory salmonid behavioral mechanisms of premature return to freshwater, either persistent for overwintering or transitory after which sea trout could go back to sea. It was found that, in the absence of compensatory mechanisms, even low rates of lice infestation could lead to marked declines in sea trout abundance. Compensatory behavioral mechanisms had the potential to reduce these declines, but persistent premature return resulted in reduced body mass of returning adults. The shape of the stock-recruitment relationship was also shown to strongly affect how lice-induced mortality impacted the population.
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Skilbrei, Ove T., and Vidar Wennevik. "The use of catch statistics to monitor the abundance of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in the sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 7 (2006): 1190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.05.005.
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Abstract Catch statistics and scale samples were collected from a gillnet fishery targeting escaped farmed salmonids between 1 October and 28 February each year from 2001 to 2004 in Hordaland County, western Norway. Fish were classified into different groups, or escape incidents, using catch per unit effort (cpue) and size distribution of the catch from different geographical subregions. Reported escape incidents of both rainbow trout and salmon appeared to be followed by peaks in the cpue lasting four to six weeks, but a large proportion of the catch of escaped salmon appeared to stem from unreported, small-scale escape events. The wide size-range of fish caught suggests that the escapees originated from different escape incidents, and the variability between regions suggests that most catches were of local origin. Genetic comparisons among three groups of escapees indicated that DNA profiling may facilitate identification in monitoring programmes of escapees originating in different genetic groups. A low incidence of wild fish was found in the catches. Provided the conservation status of local wild salmonid stocks is taken into account, a fishery targeting escaped farmed salmonids may reduce the numbers of escapees, thus lowering the risk of introgression with wild salmon populations and removing potential sources of sea lice. Information on the relative abundance of escapees in the sea would also be provided by a fishery targeting escapees.
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Sittenthaler, Marcia, Lucia Koskoff, Kurt Pinter, Ursula Nopp-Mayr, Rosemarie Parz-Gollner, and Klaus Hackländer. "Fish size selection and diet composition of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in salmonid streams: Picky gourmets rather than opportunists?" Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 420 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2019020.
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Knowledge on predator diet and drivers of prey selection is particularly of interest for an efficient management of predator and prey populations where predators potentially compete with humans for resources. Actual or perceived predation by Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) on fish stocks generates conflicts in many countries. Recently, conflicts are heating up in riverine habitats, where multiple stressors affect stream fish populations. We combined dietary analysis of otter faeces and prey fish availability in three Austrian streams to assess spatial and seasonal differences in diet composition, the extent of (salmonid) fish consumption and the selection for specific salmonid fish sizes relative to their availability. Otters in upper reaches of temperate salmonid streams occupied a narrow trophic niche. Overall, otters fed predominantly on fish with salmonids dominating diet, both in terms of frequency and ingested biomass measures. Within the category of salmonids, otters selected for specific size classes. Concurrently, otters also displayed an opportunistic feeding behaviour, and seasonally and locally non-fish prey and other fish species than salmonids became key resources. Diet composition and salmonid size selection varied significantly within and between streams, which we relate to spatio-temporal variations of prey community composition and stream-specific habitat characteristics affecting prey vulnerability.
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Waples, Robin S. "Genetic interactions Between Hatchery and Wild Salmonids: Lessons from the Pacific Northwest." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, S1 (1991): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-311.
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The potential for genetic interactions between hatchery and wild populations of salmonids in northwestern North America has increased considerably in recent decades. Efforts to mitigate severe losses to many wild stocks caused by overfishing, destruction of habitat, and blockage of migratory routes have focussed on boosting artificial production in public hatcheries. Opportunities for genetic interactions between hatchery and wild fish will increase if efforts to supplement wild production with hatchery-reared fish continue. Concerns center on three issues: (1) direct genetic effects (caused by hybridization and introgression); (2) indirect genetic effects (principally due to altered selection regimes or reductions in population size caused by competition, predation, disease, or other factors); and (3) genetic changes to hatchery stocks (through selection, drift, or stock transfers), which magnify the consequences of hybridization with wild fish. Strategies for minimizing these genetic risks and monitoring the consequences of various management options are discussed, and some important areas for future research are identified.
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Dorner, Brigitte, Randall M. Peterman, and Steven L. Haeseker. "Historical trends in productivity of 120 Pacific pink, chum, and sockeye salmon stocks reconstructed by using a Kalman filter." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 9 (2008): 1842–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-094.
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Temporal trends in productivity of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) stocks are important to detect in a timely and reliable manner to permit appropriate management responses. However, detecting such trends is difficult because observation error and natural variability in survival rates tend to obscure underlying trends. A Kalman filter estimation procedure has previously been shown to be effective in such situations. We used it on a Ricker spawner–recruit model to reconstruct indices of annual productivity (recruits per spawner (R/S) at low spawner abundance) based on historical data for 120 stocks of pink ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ), chum ( Oncorhynchus keta ), and sockeye ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) salmon. These stocks were from Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. The resulting estimated temporal trends in productivity show large changes (on average 60%–70% differences in R/S and average ratios of highest to lowest R/S between 5.4 and 7.9 for the three species). Such changes suggest that salmon stock assessment methods should take into account possible nonstationarity. This step will help provide scientific advice to help managers to meet conservation and management objectives. The Kalman filter results also identified some stocks that did not share temporal trends with other stocks; these exceptions may require special monitoring and management efforts.
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Kolpakov, N. V., D. V. Kotsyuk, V. I. Ostrovsky, et al. "Modern state of aquatic biological resources of the Amur River basin and directions of their research." Izvestiya TINRO 200, no. 3 (2020): 499–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-499-529.
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Current status of aquatic biological resources in the middle and lower parts of the Amur River basin, including Lake Khanka and the Amursky Liman, is assessed. Generally high abundance of the water organisms is noted, but a downward trend is revealed. In 2015–2019, the total annual catch in the basin by Russian fishermen changed between 15.9–69.6 . 103 t (on average 39.1 . 103 t), with the main portions of pacific salmons (31.9 . 103 t, or 81.6 % of total catch) and smelts (5.5 . 103 t, 14.1 %). After the peak in 2016, the salmons abundance in the Amur has decreased, particularly for summer chum salmon and pink salmon, the number of arctic rainbow smelt Osmerus dentex has decreased gradually in the last 3 years. The stocks of freshwater fish are generally stable, with a slight increase for some species. The program of fisheries research «Amur River Fishes» implemented for 2020–2024 includes intensifying of traditional monitoring of the stocks and their biological state, as well as organization of detailed comprehensive studies for key species. Improvement of data quality on status of the main stocks of pacific salmons, smelts, and freshwater fishes is planned, as the basis for fisheries forecasting. Besides, the program conducts quantitative assessment of the main components of the ecosystem (phyto- and zooplankton, macrozoobenthos, and fish) and their dependence on environmental changes. State of food base for the Amur fish will be evaluated, including the feeding of artificially reproduced juveniles of salmons and sturgeons. Results of these studies will allow to improve approaches to regulation of fishery and to promote development of fishery industry toward organization of effective fishery complex in the Amur River basin.
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Shuntov, Vyacheslav P., Olga S. Temnykh, and Oleg A. Ivanov. "On steadyness of stereotypes in conceptions on marine ecology of pacific salmons (Oncorhynchus spp.)." Izvestiya TINRO 188, no. 1 (2017): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2017-188-3-36.
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Some conceptions on marine ecology of pacific salmons (Oncorhynchus spp.), established in the second half of the last century, are discussed from critical position, as overemphasizing of the sea surface temperature influence on distribution of salmons and formation of their year-classes strength, deficiency of food (particularly in winter time) and fierce competition for food, pink salmon «suppression» over other salmon species and own adjacent generations, limited carrying capacity of the Subarctic zone for salmons, distortion of the epipelagic communities structure in the North Pacific by mass artificial reproduction of chum salmon, etc. Most of these ideas have not been confirmed by the data of long-term monitoring in complex marine expeditions conducted by Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) in the Far-Eastern Seas and adjacent North Pacific waters since the 1980s till nowadays. The data show that pacific salmons are very ecologically plastic species with wide temperature range of habitat. Salmons are able to considerable vertical migrations crossing easily the temperature gradient zones and different water masses. They have wide feeding spectra. Migrating dispersed, they successfully get their ration, even in vast areas with relatively low concentration of prey (macroplankton and small nekton). Total biomass of all species of pacific salmons in the North Pacific does not exceed 4-5 million tons (1.5-2.0 million tons in the Russian waters), whereas the stocks of other mass species of nekton are hundreds of millions of tons. The salmons consume 1.0-5.0 % of the total consumption by nekton in the epipelagic layer in the western Bering Sea, 0.5-1.0 % in the Okhotsk Sea, 5.0-15.0 % at East Kamchatka, and less than 1 % in the Pacific waters at Kuril Islands, So, the role of pacific salmons in trophic nets of the Subarctic waters is rather moderate. Therefore, neither pink salmon, nor chum salmon can be seriously considered as the species responsible for reorganization of large ecosystems and fluctuating of other mass nekton species.
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Zolotukhin, S. F. "BASIS FOR SELECTION OF RIVERS FOR MONITORING ON THE STOCKS OF CHUM AND PINK SALMON IN THE AMUR RIVER." Izvestiya TINRO 199 (December 3, 2019): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2019-199-19-34.
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The monitoring of chum and pink salmon escapement to spawning grounds in the Amur River basin was stopped in 2009. To start it again, a proved choice of the rivers is necessary for adequate controlling of these species number, by the spawning habitats of their population groups within the basin. For this purpose, results of the monitoring in 1949–2000 and the data on human settlements in the medieval times are analyzed. The lower reaches of the Amur were anciently inhabited by the paleoasiatic Nivkh people and the upper reaches where the fall chum spawned in spring waters were inhabited by the people of Pokrovskaya archeological culture — their burial grounds coincided with the spawning area of fall chum salmon. To reach these spawning grounds, fall chum salmon migrated up to the distance of 3427 km from the Amur mouth, but since the 20th century they occur rarely in the upper reaches of the Amur, in particular within Chinese territory where they are not observed in more than 50 years; recently they spawn in spring waters at the distance 500–1200 km from the Amur mouth, mainly in its right tributaries. The reproduction centers of other two populations of chum salmon, as the summer chum and fall chum breeding in hyporheic waters, are located in the Amgun River basin (the lower left tributary of the Amur). The fourth population is the lake chum salmon breeding in spring waters of Lake Chlya located on the left bank in the lower reaches of the Amur River. Centers of reproduction for both pink salmon populations, differentiated by even and odd years of spawning, are located in the Amgun River. Several test rivers are selected within all mentioned centers of reproduction, they are: Kerbi, Duki, Im, Somnya, Aksha, Khilka, Beshenaya, Gur, Anui, Khor, Kur, and Bira. This list is similar to the list of the rivers where chum and pink salmons were monitored in the 20th century
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Helland, IP, I. Uglem, PA Jansen, OH Diserud, PA Bjørn, and B. Finstad. "Statistical and ecological challenges of monitoring parasitic salmon lice infestations in wild salmonid fish stocks." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 7, no. 3 (2015): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00155.
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Syrjänen, Jukka Tapani, Timo Juhani Ruokonen, Tarmo Ketola, and Pentti Valkeajärvi. "The relationship between stocking eggs in boreal spawning rivers and the abundance of brown trout parr." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 5 (2015): 1389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv017.
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Abstract Stocking with eggs has been widely used as a management measure to support degraded salmonid stocks. In Finland, Atlantic salmon and both sea-migrating and lake-migrating brown trout are stocked as eggs, alevins, fry, parr, and smolt, whereas trout are also stocked as mature fish. The aim of this stocking is to improve catches and to support collapsed spawning stocks. We assessed the success of stocking with brown trout eggs in a study of 17 Finnish boreal forest rivers, of which 9 were subject to egg stocking. All rivers contained some naturally spawning trout. In 16 rivers, including non-stocking years and unstocked rivers, egg stocking did not increase the total (wild and stocked) density of 0-year-old parr. However, those rivers with higher existing trout densities in non-stocking years seemed to benefit most from stocking, suggesting some role of river-specific extrinsic factors affecting egg-to-parr survival. In one river monitored for 14 years, only a weak correlation was found between the total density of 0-year-old parr and the number of eggs stocked. However, in nine parr samples from five rivers, the mean proportion of parr derived from stocked eggs was 40%. The mean survival to first autumn parr of egg-stocked and wild individuals was 1.0 and 3.3%, respectively. Probable reasons for the detected low to moderate impact of egg-stocking are (i) large variation in total parr density between years and rivers, (ii) small number of stocked eggs, (iii) placing egg boxes and egg pockets in unsuitable microhabitats, and (iv) unsuitable emergence time of egg-stocked individuals, or other extrinsic factors creating extra mortality. We recommend field and laboratory experiments to improve and standardize stocking methods, and monitoring the connection of wild spawning stocks and parr recruitment. Finally, we encourage fishery authorities to create clear management goals for threatened wild salmonid stocks.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Salmonid stock monitoring"
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Fewings, Graham Adrian. "Resistive properties and detection of fish." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340366.
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Niemelä, E. (Eero). "Variation in the yearly and seasonal abundance of juvenile Atlantic salmon in a long-term monitoring programme:methodology, status of stocks and reference points." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514273702.
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Abstract
The long-term monitoring programme for the River Teno Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks has covered the juvenile densities (25 yr) and the abundance and characteristics of the returning adults (31 yr). The feasibility of the programme was examined by studying the interrelationships between the yearly catches and juvenile salmon densities, performance and reliability of the electrofishing method, and the effects of fishing regulations on the salmon stocks. Finally, juvenile salmon abundances were related to the available fluvial habitat and reference levels were defined by using habitat models.
Extensive seasonal variation in juvenile salmon density was apparent. The densities of fry and parr showed an increase from early summer towards late August and a subsequent decline towards the autumn. Long-term electrofishing monitoring is recommended to be carried out in as standardized a form as possible in order to reduce variations in catchability.
Over the 25-year monitoring period, the abundance of parr (1+) increased in one sampling site cluster out of nine clusters and declined in one cluster. Fry densities increased in seven clusters. Juvenile densities exhibited considerable temporal and spatial variation. Similarly, the salmon catches varied extensively, and the numbers of 1-2SW salmon and previous spawners increased.
The numbers of 1–2SW female salmon in the catches and the subsequent juvenile densities were significantly related, as regression models explained 19–44% of the variation in juvenile abundance. The juvenile monitoring allows evaluation of the relative spawner abundance in preceding years, confirming the information provided by catch statistics.
Juvenile salmon densities explained 23–41% of the variation in subsequent 1–2SW salmon catches. Significant correlations were detected with a lag of one year between the subsequent sea-age groups of salmon in the catches. Thus, these relationships can be used for forecasting future salmon abundances.
Large areas of high habitat quality in the River Teno system fail to meet their expected juvenile densities, and factors others than physical habitat characteristics, such as a lack of spawners, restrict the juvenile abundance. More than 50% of the permanent sampling sites where habitat would predict high densities (≥ 50 parr per 100 m2) had observed densities in the mid (10–49) or low density category (< 10).
It was expected that the densities should increase after regulatory measures implemented in 1989–1990, but results indicate that the reference levels of parr densities have not been attained and the densities have not increased, whereas a general increase in salmon fry densities was detected. Nonetheless, the management measures have succeeded in maintaining the River Teno salmon stocks, which still today enable and support diversified fisheries.
Books on the topic "Salmonid stock monitoring"
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Cain, Danny. Monitoring pacific salmonid populations and habitat in the Skagit and Samish River watersheds. Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 2005.
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Heindl, Alex L. Columbia River chinook salmon stock monitoring project for stocks originating above Bonneville Dam: Field operations guide. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 1989.
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Heindl, Alex L. Escapement monitoring of some naturally spawning Columbia River Basin chinook salmon stocks, 1987. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, 1989.
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Summers, John H. Salmon recovery index watershed monitoring program: Water quality index report, October 2000-September 2001. Washington State, Dept. of Ecology, 2001.
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Shields, Karen S. The fractal watershed: Putting the pieces of Steele Creek watershed together. Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 2007.
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Washington (State). Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation. and Washington (State). Monitoring Oversight Committee., eds. The Washington comprehensive monitoring strategy and action plan for watershed health and salmon recovery. [Washington State Interagency for Outdoor Recreation, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Salmonid stock monitoring"
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"Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future." In Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future, edited by Randall M. Petermrman, Brian J. Pyper, Franz J. Mueter, Steven L. Haeseker, Zhenming Su, and Brigitte Dorner. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874097.ch8.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Past attempts to improve population models of Pacific salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp. by adding indices of freshwater or marine conditions have shown mixed success. To increase chances that such models will remain reliable over the long term, we suggest adding only environmental covariates that have a spatial scale of positive correlation among monitoring locations similar to, or greater than, that of the salmon variables that scientists are trying to explain. To illustrate this approach, we analyzed spawner and recruit data for 120 populations (stocks) of pink <em>O. gorbuscha</em>, chum <em>O. keta</em>, and sockeye <em>O. nerka </em>salmon from Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. Salmon productivity of a given species was positively correlated across stocks at a spatial scale of about 500–800 km. Compared to upwelling and sea-surface salinity, summer sea-surface temperature (SST) showed a more appropriate spatial scale of positive covariation for explaining variation in salmon productivity, and was a significant explanatory variable when added to both single-stock and multi-stock spawner-recruit models. This result suggests that future models of these salmon populations should possibly include stock-specific, summer SST. To further explore our understanding of salmon population dynamics, we developed 24 alternative stock–recruitment models. We compared these models in three ways: (1) their fit to all past data, (2) their ability to forecast recruitment, and (3) their performance inside an “operating model,” which included components for dynamics of the natural ecological system, stock assessments based on simulated sampling of data, regulation-setting based on those assessments, and variation in implementing those regulations (reflecting noncompliance or other sources of outcome uncertainty). We also compared single-stock models with multi-stock models (meta-analyses). The latter led to more precise estimates of the effects of SST on log<sub>e</sub>(recruits/spawner) and greater accuracy of preseason forecasts for some stocks. Analyses with the operating model show that reducing outcome uncertainty should be a top management priority.
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"Propagated Fish in Resource Management." In Propagated Fish in Resource Management, edited by HERBERT A. POLLARD and THOMAS A. FLAGG. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569698.ch28.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—A number of stocks of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest are currently listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). The ESA recognizes that conservation of listed species may be facilitated by artificial propagation, including captive broodstocks, while factors impeding population recovery are identified and corrected. Captive broodstock programs differ from conventional salmon culture in that fish of wild origin are maintained in captivity throughout their life to produce offspring for the purpose of supplementing wild populations. The relatively short generation time (2–7 years) and potential to produce large numbers of offspring (1,500–5,000 eggs per female average, depending on the species) make Pacific salmon ideal for captive broodstock rearing. However, the technology is not without potential complications and risks. The paper presents guidelines to ensure a sound basis for implementation of captive broodstocks. Considerations must be based on overall knowledge of survival, reproductive success, and offspring fitness to accurately determine levels of risk in implementing a salmonid captive broodstock program. In general, use of captive broodstocks should be restricted to situations where the natural population is dangerously close to extinction. Proper precautions should be taken to minimize genetic impacts during the collection, mating, and rearing of captive broodstocks, as any alteration to the original genetic composition of the population in captivity may reduce the efficacy of supplementation in rebuilding the natural population. Furthermore, liberation of fish from captive broodstocks should be consistent with the known behavior of existing wild fish and on whatever knowledge is available of the life history characteristics of the wild fish. Because the benefits and risks have not been established through long-term monitoring and evaluation, captive broodstock development should be considered an experimental approach and used with caution.
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"Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future." In Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future, edited by Cathy P. Kellon, Peter S. Rand, Xanthippppe Augerot, and Jon Bonkoskski. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874097.ch7.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—There is a great opportunity to advance our understanding of salmon life history modeling by expanding the use of quantitative data thereby improving model efficacy and precision. However, a lack of basic and consistent data documentation frustrates secondary researchers’ attempts to identify extant data and evaluate its suitability for use. We apply preliminary results of State of the Salmon’s <em>North Pacific Salmon Monitoring Activity Inventory</em>, to demonstrate the potential of simple metadata (data about data) to rapidly appraise data deficiencies. We focus on sockeye salmon <em>Oncorhynchus nerka </em>in Bristol Bay, Alaska using elementary but standardized information about long term, freshwater adult and juvenile abundance and age composition monitoring efforts in the region. We classify monitoring into either that of a metapopulation (Tier 2) or individual populations (Tier 3). To accommodate data on catch or harvest from coastal fisheries (e.g., test fisheries) that are often used as a measure of abundance or run timing, we established a Tier 1 (regional grouping); however, in this chapter we do not consider Tier 1 activities. At the Tier 2 level, spawner-to-spawner ratios can be developed for every one of the nine Bristol Bay sockeye stocks and stage-specific life tables, including juvenile stages, can be populated for two out of the nine—the Wood and Kvichak river systems. Each of these drainages has historic or contemporary, long term abundance and biological surveys for fry/parr, smolts, and adults. Moreover, routine adult estimates and biological sampling occurs at the Tier 3 level in these areas, largely due to the long standing research activities of the University of Washington’s Alaska Salmon Program. Given our current understanding of data needs in a variety of research areas, we also present a recommended set of ‘core’ metadata elements to facilitate evaluation of primary data for use by secondary researchers. Ultimately, it is hoped that this exercise will help generate more and improved documentation among those who conduct salmon monitoring. With concerted attention to documentation throughout the data life cycle, time and costs associated with salmon modeling science and other secondary research activities can be reduced and, accordingly, advance the scientific community’s contribution to salmon conservation.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Jamal H. Moss, Nicola Hillgruber, Charles Lean, et al. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch53.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The interconnectedness of freshwater, estuarine, and marine domains, and the influence these dynamic habitats have on the health and proliferation of Arctic, Yukon, and Kuskokwim (AYK) region Pacific salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp. stocks are reviewed in this paper. Specific salmon life history and developmental stages reviewed are early freshwater residence, timing of ocean entry, early ocean residence (immature and maturing ocean stages), and mature stages. A comprehensive life-history approach that addresses hypotheses about the effects of climate forcing on matches and mismatches between salmon production, biological conditions, and the physical environment can be used to link freshwater and marine domains. We recommend that a long-term monitoring and ecosystem research program with a strong emphasis on teaching ecology, environmental biology, and salmon conservation be developed for the AYK region. Information provided by such a program would allow for an expanded understanding of the effect of climate as well as anthropogenic effects on western Alaskan salmon stocks.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Allen Gottesfeld, Chris Barnes, and Cristina Soto. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch42.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Pacific salmon are important to the First Nations of the Skeena River watershed in British Columbia. The Skeena Fisheries Commission (SFC) was formed in 1985 through a memorandum of understanding between the watershed’s five First Nations: Tsimshian, Gitxsan, Gitanyow, Wet’suwet’en, and Lake Babine. SFC focuses on salmon management, research, and conservation through governance and technical committees. This paper describes the development of fishery management capacity of SFC within the context of the cultural importance of salmon, the history of salmon management measures, and land claims. Capacity is analyzed in terms of the ability to perform eight management functions: policy making, negotiation and resource planning; stock assessment; fishery monitoring; enforcement and compliance; research, habitat and enhancement activities; data gathering and analysis for resource planning; creating benefits for fishermen and communities; and training and education. Policy making, negotiating, and planning occur between SFC and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) through formal and informal consultations and monthly technical meetings. SFC also participates in committees at the federal and international levels. Stock assessment activities include spawner enumerations, counting weirs, mark-recapture studies, hydroacoustic surveys, and sampling fish for genetic stock identification. Catch monitoring of the food fishery has been regularly conducted since 1991. First Nation Rangers and federal Fisheries Officers enforce traditional and federal law, respectively. Member First Nations conduct research projects with assistance from SFC staff and infrastructure. Habitat and conservation enhancement projects include road culvert assessments and hatchery rearing of Kitwanga Lake sockeye salmon <em>Oncorhynchus nerka</em>. The creation of benefits for communities occurs through two in-river fisheries. Finally, training and education include SFC-run workshops and specialized training by external sources. SFC will conduct most management functions in the future; however, funding remains a constraint to program expansion. Key elements of the success of the SFC include: the cultural imperative to protect fish, the community origin and leadership of the SFC, a favorable political environment, the early recognition of the need for a watershed-wide organization, and the availability of government funding.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by John C. Linderman and Daniel J. Bergstrom. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch26.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The Kuskokwim Management Area supports subsistence, commercial, and sport fisheries for salmon. The area includes the Kuskokwim River, which is the second largest river system in Alaska, and the drainages that flow into Kuskokwim Bay, notably the Kanektok and Goodnews rivers. The salmon fisheries in the region are managed to achieve spawning escapement goals. When salmon abundance is projected to exceed these goals, managers allow harvest by the subsistence, commercial, and sport fisheries. If the harvestable surplus is limited, the subsistence fishery has a priority to access these salmon over the commercial and sport fisheries. This paper describes the status of salmon stocks, fisheries, and management practices used in the Kuskokwim River and Bay. Abundance of Kuskokwim area salmon stocks have been increasing during the 2000s since the poor runs that occurred from 1998 through 2000. Chinook <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>, chum salmon <em>O. keta</em>, and sockeye <em>O. nerka </em>salmon stocks have achieved above average to record escapements since 2004. Although abundance of coho salmon <em>O. kisutch </em>has decreased in recent years, they achieved a record run in 2003. In most years, escapement goals have been met or exceeded. “Amounts necessary for subsistence” have been achieved for most species each year since 2001, with the exception of sockeye salmon in 2002. Although overall salmon abundance has increased in recent years, commercial fishery harvest has remained below historical averages, primarily because of poor salmon markets, low commercial fishing effort, and limited availability of commercial processing. Expanded escapement monitoring, the development of new escapement goals, estimation of total run sizes, effects of selective fishing, and improvement of commercial markets are all areas for future management and research focus.
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"Propagated Fish in Resource Management." In Propagated Fish in Resource Management, edited by THOMAS A. FLAGG, CONRAD V. W. MAHNKEN, and ROBERT N. IWAMOTO. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569698.ch50.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Artificial propagation is a potential mechanism to aid recovery of U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed stocks of Pacific salmon on the West Coast of the United States. Theoretically, one of the fastest ways to amplify population numbers for depleted stocks of Pacific salmon is through culture and release of hatchery-propagated fish. However, past attempts to use supplementation (i.e., the use of artificial propagation in an attempt to maintain or increase natural production) to rebuild naturally spawning populations of Pacific salmon have often yielded poor results. One solution is to develop protocols that increase fitness of hatchery-reared salmonids, thereby improving survival. A framework of conservation hatchery strategies to reduce potential impacts of artificial propagation on the biology and behavior of fish is presented. Operational guidelines for conservation hatcheries to help mitigate the unnatural conditioning provided by hatchery rearing are discussed and contrasted to those for production hatchery operation. These include (1) mating and rearing designs that reduce risk of domestication selection and produce minimal genetic divergence of hatchery fish from their wild counterparts to maintain long-term adaptive traits; (2) simulation of natural rearing conditions through incubation and rearing techniques that approximate natural profiles and through increasing habitat complexity (e.g., cover, structure, and substrate in rearing vessels) to produce fish more wildlike in appearance and with natural behaviors and higher survival; (3) conditioning techniques such as antipredator conditioning to increase postrelease behavioral fitness; (4) programming aspects of release size, stage, and condition to match the wild population in order to reduce potential for negative ecological interactions and to promote homing; and (5) aggressive monitoring and evaluation to determine success of conservation hatchery approaches. High priority must be given to basic scientific research to meet three principal goals: (1) maintain genetic integrity of the population, (2) increase juvenile quality and behavioral fitness, and (3) increase adult quality.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Paul A. Heikkila. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch20.
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<em>Abstract.</em> —The Coquille watershed contains the largest coastal river originating within the Coast Range of Oregon. The Coquille River presently supports over 57 species of fish including coho salmon <em>Oncorhynchus kisutch</em> , spring and fall chinook salmon <em>O. tshawytscha</em> , resident and sea-run cutthroat trout <em>O. clarki</em> , winter steelhead trout <em>O. mykiss</em> , and a remnant population of chum salmon <em>O. keta</em> . Coho salmon have been listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Many factors including habitat alterations, harvests, hatchery introductions, and ocean conditions have led to the decline of many Coquille River fish stocks. Habitat changes since European settlement began in the mid- 1800s include logging and log transport, road building, draining and diking for agriculture, and urbanization, which have all contributed to the decline of fish stocks and water quality within the watershed. The recognition of habitat problems as a key limiting factor for fish production and water quality led to the formation of the Coquille Watershed Association (CWA) in early 1994. The formation of the CWA was another step in a 20-year local effort to address habitat problems through restoration of natural processes. The CWA is organized as a nonprofit corporation and is governed by a 26-member executive council representing landowners and stakeholders within the watershed. The goals of the CWA, which arrives at decisions through consensus, include creating water quality conditions that will meet Clean Water Act standards and enhancing native fish survival and production through public and private partnerships. To reach those goals, the CWA has organized a technical advisory group and developed an Action Plan that address limiting factors and sets priorities for identifying, prioritizing, coordinating, accomplishing, and monitoring restoration projects and educational efforts. To date the CWA has generated over US$2.5 million in public and private funding to implement projects including riparian restoration through fencing and planting, wetland development, the addition of large-channel wood and rock, off-channel livestock watering, and over 40 educational tours.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Paul A. Heikkila. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch20.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract.</em> —The Coquille watershed contains the largest coastal river originating within the Coast Range of Oregon. The Coquille River presently supports over 57 species of fish including coho salmon <em>Oncorhynchus kisutch</em> , spring and fall chinook salmon <em>O. tshawytscha</em> , resident and sea-run cutthroat trout <em>O. clarki</em> , winter steelhead trout <em>O. mykiss</em> , and a remnant population of chum salmon <em>O. keta</em> . Coho salmon have been listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Many factors including habitat alterations, harvests, hatchery introductions, and ocean conditions have led to the decline of many Coquille River fish stocks. Habitat changes since European settlement began in the mid- 1800s include logging and log transport, road building, draining and diking for agriculture, and urbanization, which have all contributed to the decline of fish stocks and water quality within the watershed. The recognition of habitat problems as a key limiting factor for fish production and water quality led to the formation of the Coquille Watershed Association (CWA) in early 1994. The formation of the CWA was another step in a 20-year local effort to address habitat problems through restoration of natural processes. The CWA is organized as a nonprofit corporation and is governed by a 26-member executive council representing landowners and stakeholders within the watershed. The goals of the CWA, which arrives at decisions through consensus, include creating water quality conditions that will meet Clean Water Act standards and enhancing native fish survival and production through public and private partnerships. To reach those goals, the CWA has organized a technical advisory group and developed an Action Plan that address limiting factors and sets priorities for identifying, prioritizing, coordinating, accomplishing, and monitoring restoration projects and educational efforts. To date the CWA has generated over US$2.5 million in public and private funding to implement projects including riparian restoration through fencing and planting, wetland development, the addition of large-channel wood and rock, off-channel livestock watering, and over 40 educational tours.
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"From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success." In From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success, edited by Paul A. Kline, Thomas A. Flagg, Christine C. Kozfkay, Danny J. Baker, Desmond J. Maynard, and William C. McAuley. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874554.ch5.
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<i>Abstract</i>.â€â€In November 1991, the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service listed Snake River Sockeye Salmon <i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i> as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The last remnants of the Snake River stock return to Redfish Lake in the Sawtooth Valley in central Idaho, a 1,448-km freshwater migration through the Columbia, Snake, and Salmon rivers. In May 1991, about 6 months prior to formal listing, a decision was made by the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, National Marine Fisheries Service, and Shoshone-Bannock Tribes to collect Redfish Lake out-migrating Sockeye Salmon smolts and to retain any anadromous adults that returned to begin the Snake River Sockeye Salmon Recovery Program (hereafter, “Programâ€Â). In the ensuing 25 years, many actions have been taken to conserve the Redfish Lake population and to rebuild the wild, natural spawning fish. These include captive broodstock gene-rescue technologies for Sockeye Salmon, carrying-capacity evaluations, and the development of reintroduction strategies. Overall, the Program has resulted in more than 40 published papers that helped advance the science for recovery of this species and provided general guidance applicable to recovery attempts for other species. The Program reduced extinction risk for Redfish Lake Sockeye Salmon by amplifying adult returns from 16 fish during the decade of the 1990s to more than 7,000 fish in 2017 and by retaining the majority of genetic diversity (>95%) of the founder population. In this chapter, we describe the actions taken for success and the myriad of legal and political processes we encountered and navigated during the 25-year history of the project. Nonscientific issues created challenges equally as formidable as biological challenges faced. Lessons learned include the importance of clearly stated goals and objectives being frequently communicated to decision makers, the necessity of science panels for review and advice, the establishment of effective fish culture and biosecurity protocols, the establishment of a partnership of scientists and stakeholders, and conducting monitoring and evaluation to interpret the success of Program actions and to adaptively manage Program efforts. Last, we learned the importance of becoming engaged and vigilant over the legal, policy, and funding frameworks required for the Program to remain successful.