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Journal articles on the topic 'Sandell's sensitivity'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bode, H. "On Sandell's sensitivity." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 339, no. 12 (1991): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00321675.

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2

Jamil, Dalia, and Nisreen Kais Abood. "New spectrophotometric determination sulfamethaxazole drug via various analytical techniques in pharmaceutical formulation." Journal of Kufa for Chemical Sciences 3, no. 1 (2023): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36329/jkcm/2023/v3.i1.11844.

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The first method on the oxidative coupling Amoxixilin reaction with 2,4- dinitrophenyl hydrazine and Sodium Iodate diluted to produce a soluble red-Orange dye product was devised to estimate the Amoxicillin in bulk and pharmaceutical preparation. The concentration range is between 1 and 50 g/mL. Beer's law is met by the product in terms. With a molar absorptivity of 6.2×103L.mol-1.cm-1 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9995, Sandell's sensitivity is 0.059g.cm-2 at 475 nm. A second technique for determining a trace amount in an aqueous solution product is called cloud point extraction (CPE), a

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3

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Bismuth(III) with 4-(2-pyridylazo) Resorcinol-Application to Waters and Veterinary Preparation." Baghdad Science Journal 10, no. 3 (2013): 898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.3.898-906.

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This paper describes the development of a simple spectrophotometric determination of bismuth III with 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) in aqueous solution in the presence of cetypyridinium chloride surfactant at pH 5 which exhibits maximum absorption at 532 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over the range 5-200 µg/25 mL. i.e. 0.2-8 ppm with a molar absorptivity of 3×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 and Sandell's sensitivity index of 0.0069 µg.cm-2. The method has been applied successfully in the determination of Bi (III) in waters and veterinary preparation.

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4

Saha, Utpal. "Colorimetric Determination of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 4 (1987): 686–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.4.686.

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Abstract A simple, sensitive, and rapid colorimetric method is presented for the estimation of tetracycline hydrochloride as the pure drug and in formulations. The proposed method is based on the reaction of tetracycline HC1 with cupric chloride in an alkaline medium to give a yellowish green solution whose absorbance is measured at 400 nm against a reagent blank. The color obeys Beer's law in the concentration range of 0-20 μg/mL. Molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of the yellowish-green copper complexes of tetracycline HC1 are 1.99 x 104 Lmol-1 cm-1 and 0.0241 ppm, respectively.

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5

Prakash, K., P. Narayana Raju, K. Shanta Kumari, and M. Lakshmi Narasu. "Spectrophotometric Estimation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, s2 (2008): 1114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/350646.

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New simple, sensitive, rapid, reproducible and economical spectrophotometric method have been developed for the determination of amoxicillin trihydrate in pharmaceutical bulk and tablet dosage form using citro phosphate buffer pH 7.2. The system obeys Lambert-Beer's law at 231 nm in the concentration range 2.5-50 μg/m. Molar absorptivity, correlation coefficient and Sandell's sensitivity values were found to be 1.0020 x 104mol-1cm,-10.9996 and 0.03906 μg cm-2respectively. The proposed methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of the bulk drug and its tablet dosage form. The method

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6

Kalaichelvi, R., B. Thangabalan, D. Srinivasa Rao, and E. Jayachandran. "UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Aripiprazole in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, s1 (2009): S87—S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/542919.

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A simple, sensitive and reproducible spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of aripiprazole in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulation. It has an absorption maximum at 219 nm and obeys beer's law in the concentration range 2- 10 µg mL-1. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. The apparent molar absorptivity and sandell's sensitivity were 5.2 x 105L mol-1cm-1and 8.4 x 10-3µg cm-2, respectively. The slope and intercept of the equation of the regression line are 0.0035 and 0.1155 respectively. Correlation coefficient was found to be 0.

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7

Nasser, Alla Hani, and Hayder Abdul-Khaleq. "Determination of Ephedrine Hydrochloride in its Pharmaceutical Preparations by using molecular absorption (UV-Visible) technique." Journal of Wasit for Science and Medicine 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/jwsm.121.

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The presented paper aims at using an innovative analytical method to determine the drug ephedrine hydrochloride (EPH), (Usually used for treating different diseases like asthma) in some pharmaceutical preparations using molecular absorption techniques (UV-Visible). Chelate complex is prepared through the reaction between EPH and Co (II). Determination of ephedrine is done as a EPH – Co (II) after extraction by chloroform at λ max 389 nm, and the analytical results are obtained as follows, metal to legend (2:1). Linear dynamic range (1-80g/ml) for EPH, (RSD%=0,303), D.L= (0, 94 g/ml), Sandell

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8

Swarna, C., K. Purushotham Naidu, G. Nagendrudu, N. V. S. Naidu, and K. Saraswathi. "Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Carboxin in its Formulations and Environmental Samples." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 4 (2011): 1680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/560131.

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Simple, precise, rapid, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of carboxin in pure form and in its formulations. The first method is based on oxidative coupling of carboxin with 1,10-phenonthrolin in presence of ferric chloride to form orange colored product with λmaxof 510 nm. The product obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range 1-10 mL (10 to 100 µg/mL) with molar absorptivity of 1.1425×103Sandell's sensitivity 0.2061. The second method is based on the reaction of carboxin with 2,2'-bipyridine to form orange red colored product exhibiting

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9

Shar, G. A., and G. A. Soomro. "DETERMINATION OF COBALT(II) WITH 1-NITROSO-2-NAPHTHOL IN MICELLAR MEDIUM BY FIRST DERIVATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY." Nucleus 44, no. 1-2 (2020): 33–37. https://doi.org/10.71330/nucleus.44.01-2.1029.

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A first derivative spectrophotometeric determination of cobalt(II) is carried out with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol as complexing reagent in aqueous phase using non-ionic surfactant Tween 40. The cobalt is determined in the range 1.7-120 ng mL-1 with detection limit (2Ïƒ) ï€ of 1.7 ng mL-1. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity are 1.86 ï‚´ 104 mol-1cm-1 and 3.6 ng cm-2 at 444.5 nm. The optimum pH of the complexation is 5. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of Tween 40 is 5 %. Absorption studies in the first derivative mode is carried out to determine the absorption maximum of the com

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10

Krishna Purohit, Miss, and K. K. Desai. "2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone Oxime as an Analytical Reagent for Copper(II)." E-Journal of Chemistry 2, no. 2 (2005): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/825847.

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2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenoneoxime (HMBO) was developed as a new analytical reagent for the gravimetric determination of Cu(II). In pH 2.5-9.0 the reagent gives brown coloured precipitate with Cu(II). Spectrophotometric methods revealed that the stoichiometry of the complex is 1:2 (metal: ligand). Beer's law is obeyed up to 31.75 ppm of Cu(II). Molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity at 400 nm were found to be 7.0×102L mol-1cm-1and 0.090 μg/cm2respectively. The stability constant of Cu(II)-HMBO complex is found to be 6.13×109. Gibb’s free energy change for complex formation reaction was

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11

Al Rashidy, Asmaa Ahmed Mohammed, Khalid Abdlaaziz Al Badrany, and Gassim Mohammed Al Garagoly. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulphamethoxazole Drug by New Pyrazoline Derived from 2,4-Dinitro Phenyl Hydrazine." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.350.

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Simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of Sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) drug . This method based on the reaction of Sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) with new organic reagent (BYN) it was prepare by reaction between ethyl acetoacetate with 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine. The azo dye product shows absorption maximum at 435 nm. The linearity ranges of Sulphamethoxazole are (2-14 μg.mL-1) with molar absorptivity (14412.77 L.mol-1.cm-1), Sandell's sensitivity index (0.0175 μg.cm-2) , detection limit and Quantification limit ( 0.057, 0.175 μg / ml) respectiv

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12

Nagaraja, Padmarajaiah, Naef Ghllab Saeed Al-Tayar, and Anantharaman Shiva Kumar. "Development of a Selective and Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for the Trace Determination of Thallium(III) Using 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone Hydrazone Hydrochloride and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 5 (2008): 1116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.5.1116.

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Abstract A simple, selective, sensitive, and rapid spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of thallium(III) using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. The obtained product had an absorption maximum of 590 nm. Beer's law was valid over the concentration range of 0.158 g/mL. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of the colored system were 2.93 104 L/molcm and 0.00723 g/mL, respectively. The effect of different acids on the sensitivity of the method, interference by foreign substances, the op

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13

Nasr, Maha Salah, and Mohauman Mohammad Majeed Al-Rufaie. "UV–VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CHLORPROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE FROM PHARMACEUTICALS USING PLATINUM (IV) CHLORIDE." ACTA CHEMICA IASI 31, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/achi-2023-1-0001.

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The goal of this study is to develop a simple and precise spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ.HCL) by its reaction with platinum tetrachloride (PtC) in aqueous solutions (acidic medium) using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Accordingly, a blue complex was formed having a characteristic band at 533 nm. To obtain high sensitivity and good stability, optimal reaction conditions were investigated, like the influence of pH, temperature, time, and the optimal concentration of platinum tetrachloride, as well as calibration curves were generated.

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14

Ahmad, Esraa A., and Mohamed Y. Dhamra. "COOMASSIE BRILLIANT BLUE STAINING USED IN SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ASSAY FOR DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND METHYLDOPA DETERMINATION." Chemical Problems 22, no. 1 (2024): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2024-1-52-67.

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The catalytic oxidation reaction between Coomassie Brilliant Blue and N-bromosuccinimide was used in an acidic medium to develop a spectrophotometric method for the estimation of dopamine and methyldopa in their pure forms and in pharmaceutical preparations. The developed method exhibited high sensitivity, with molar absorptivity values of 1.77 × 104 and 2.97 × 104 L mol-1 cm -1 , and Sandell's sensitivity values of 0.0080 and 0.0107 mg cm-2 , respectively. The estimated quantities of dopamine hydrochloride and methyldopa were within the range of 0.5-18 μg/mL and 0.5-13 μg/mL, respectively. Th

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15

Nejres, Aws, and Moath Najem. "Use of Mesalazine for the Determination of Dopamine and Its Pharmaceutical Preparations by Spectrophotometric Method." Israa University Journal for Applied Science 6, no. 1 (2022): 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52865/avwr7365.

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A sensitive spectrophotometric method was used for the determination of Dopamine (DM) in a basic medium via its oxidative coupling by Mesalazine (MES), which was exploited as a reagent and Na2S2O8 as an oxidizing agent, the measurement was at a wavelength of 522 nm. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of dopamine (DM) in the pharmaceutical preparation (ampules). It was valid within a concentration range of 2.7 31.25 -1 and the linear regression was R2 = 0.9977. The important analytical parameter include: molar absorptivity (0.45x104 l.mol1.cm-1), the Sandell's se

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16

Suvardhan, K., S. Ramanaiah, K. Suresh Kumar, et al. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Chromium in Water, and Pharmaceutical Samples Using 1-Naphthol." E-Journal of Chemistry 2, no. 1 (2005): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/140534.

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Facile and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of trace and ultra trace amounts of chromium (VI) are described. 4-aminoantipyrine (APP) reacts with 1-naphthol (NPL) in presence of oxidising agent potassium dichromate in acidic medium to produce red coloured product having λmaxof 485 nm. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were 2.07x104l mol-1cm-1and 0.00240 μg/cm2respectively. The colour is stable for more than 6 h. The system obeys Beer's law in the range, 2-18 μg for determination of chromium (VI). The detection limits of chromium (VI) is 0.048 μg mL-1. Th

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17

Et al., Tamathir. "Spectrophotometric Assay of Salbutamol Sulphate in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Coupling with Diazotized ρ-bromoaniline". Baghdad Science Journal 16, № 3 (2019): 0610. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.3.0610.

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In this research, salbutamol sulphate (SAS) has been determined by a simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method. Salbutamol sulphate in this method is based on the coupling of SAS with diazotized ρ- bromoaniline reagent in alkaline medium of Triton X-100 (Tx) to form an orange azo dye which is stable and water-soluble. The azo dye is exhibiting maximum absorption at 441 nm. A 10 - 800 µg of SAS is obeyed of Beer's law in a final volume of 20 ml, i.e., 0.5- 40 ppm with ε, the molar absorptivity of 48558 L.mol-1.cm-1 and Sandell's sensitivity index of 0.01188 µg.cm-2. This new method

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18

Sukumar, Chatterjee, K. Pillai Ajai, and K. Gupta V. "A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric determination of vanadium(v) in various environmental samples." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 78, Sep 2001 (2001): 479–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5902592.

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School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492 010, India <em>Manuscript received 19 September 2000, revised</em><em> 26 March 2001, accepted 31 March 2001</em> A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of vanadium in traces, which is based on the oxidation of 4-nitrophenylhydrazine to 4-nitrophenyldiazoniumchloride with vanadium(v) in strong hydrochloric acid medium. The diazonium salt is subsequently coupled with phloroglucinol to give a reddish orange coloured dye having maximum absorption at 440 nm. Beer

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19

Abdul Majeed Khorsheed Ahmed and Zahraa Turhan Wehbe Ahmed2. "Estimation of Furosemide Spectrophotometrically in Pharmaceutical preparations by Oxidative Coupling Reaction." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 27, no. 4 (2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v27i4.31.

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A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method was described for the determination of Furosemide (FUR). The method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction between Furosemide and 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid in the presence of potassium permanganate to form a yellow colored product with maximum absorptions at 465nm, which is soluble in water. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 3 to 23㎍.ml-1 with a molar absorptivity of 1.065×104 L.mol-1.cm-1, and Sandell's sensitivity of 0.0310㎍.cm-2, respectively. The correlation coefficient of 0.9994, with recovery average % of

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20

Rodrigues, Priyanka, and Sunetra Chaudhary. "RAPID EXTRACTIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PALLADIUM(II) USING 5- CHLOROSALICYLALDEHYDE THIOSEMICARBAZONE." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 03 (2024): 1283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1738817.

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Quantitative extraction of the Pd(II) complex with 5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (CSTSC) was achieved at pH levels ranging from 3.6 to 4.4 after a 30-second equilibration period in n-butyl acetate. When the concentration of Pd(II) does not exceed 9.0 μg mL-1, the complex formed between Pd(II) and 5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone complies with Beer's law, and it displays the highest absorbance at 400 nm. By means of the mole ratio method and the Jobs continuous variation method, it was determined that the stoichiometry of the Pd(II)-CSTSC complex is 1:2. The stability of th

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21

Dass, Rameshwar, Jitander K. Kapoor, and Sunita Gambhir. "Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Molybdenum in Steels and Environmental Samples." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/420768.

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An extractive spectrophotometric method has been developed for microdetermination of molybdenum. At room temperature Mo(VI) was reduced to Mo(V) in 2 M H2SO4using ascorbic acid as a reductant. The Mo(V) formed a yellow-coloured (1 : 2) complex with 6-chloro-3-hydroxy-2-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran (CHHB). The complex was quantitatively extracted into toluene and absorbed maximum atλmax404 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration range of 2.31 μg Mo ml−1with a molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of5.62×104 L mol−1 cm−1and 0.0016 μg Mo cm−2, respectively. The relativ

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22

Rekha, D., K. Suvardhan, Suresh Kumar, P. Reddyprasad, B. Jayaraj, and P. Chiranjeevi. "Extractive spectrophotometric determination of copper(II) in water and alloy samples with 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzaldehyde-4-bromophenyl hydrazone (3,4-MHBBPH)." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 72, no. 3 (2007): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0703299r.

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A facile, sensitive and selective extractive spectrophotometricmethod was developed for the determination of copper(II) in various water and alloy samples using a newly synthesized reagent, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzaldehyde 4-bromophenyl hydrazone (3,4-MHBBPH). Copper(II) forms a orange colored complex with (3,4-MHBBPH) in acetate buffer medium (pH 4) which increases the sensitivity and the complex was extracted into chloroform. Under optimum conditions, the maximum absorption of the chloroform extract was measured at 462 nm. The Beer law was obeyed in the range of 0.20 to 4.0 ?g ml-1 of copper

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23

H. El-Feky, Hesham, Talaat Y. Mohammed, Alaa S. Amin, and Mohammed A. Kassem. "Rapid extraction and separation of mercury in water and food samples based on micelles and azo-thiazoles complexation before determination by UV-Vis spectrophotometer." Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal 6, no. 04 (2023): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v6.i04.258.

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A simple and sensitive procedure has been established for analyzing mercury (II) ions spectrophotometrically in the presence of micellar medium using three azo-thiazoles complexing reagents: 2-amino-6-(thiazole-2-yldiazenyl)-3-pyridinol (C8H7N5OS), 8-hydroxy-7-(thiazole-2-yldiazenyl) quinoline-5-sulfonic acid (C12H8N4O4S2), and 1-hydroxy-4-(thiazole-2-yldiazenyl)-2-naphthoic acid (C14H9N3O3S). H1 NMR spectra validated the three azo thiazoles synthesized material. Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C19H42BrN as molecular biology) are micellar mediums to enhance sensit

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24

Varghese, Anitha, and A. M. A. Khadar. "Highly Selective Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium(V) in Steels, Minerals and Soil Samples." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 7, no. 1 (2008): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.12.2.

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A simple, selective and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of Vanadium(V) in acetic acid medium using a newly synthesized reagent acetoacetanilide salicyloylhydrazone (AASH). The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of the coloured species were found to be 1.20 x 104 L mol-1cm-1 and 4.2 ng cm-2 respectively. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 0.3 -3.0μ.g mL-1 of vanadium (V) at 405 nm. The stochiometry of the complex was found to be 1:1 (V (V): AASH). A highly selective first order derivative spectrophotometric method for the de

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25

Al-Mashadani, Asmaa H., and Dawood H. Mohammed. "New spectrophotometric method for estimation of losartan potassium using Alizarin Red reagent." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 2 (May 2023): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2023-147-2-25-30.

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A simple, rapid, precise, and sensitive analytical method has been developed to identify losartan potassium in its pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This method involves a proton transfer between the losartan reagent and the Alizarin Red reagent in an acidic medium while standing to complete the reaction to obtain a colored product bound to the amount of losartan potassium, this product having a maximum absorption at 493 nm. A linear calibration curve was obtained over a concentration range of 1.5–12.5 gml–1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The molar absorptivity was 4.522104 l

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26

Mouyed Khalaf, Nameer, and Nabeel Sabeeh Othman. "Neutral red dye as a novel reagent in spectrophotometric determination of Doxycycline via oxidation and bleaching color of the dye." Bionatura 8, no. 2 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.02.55.

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A simple and accrued spectrophotometric method was developed to estimate Doxycycline as pure and in its formulation. The method included using a novel reagent neutral red dye the present method. The method was based on the oxidation of Doxycycline with an excess amount of N-bromosucinimide in an acid medium, then the residual amount of N-bromosucinimide oxidized the neutral red dye and caused bleaching of the color of the dye. The absorbance of the dye's color did not bleach measured at wavelength 525 nm. The absorbance is proportional to the concentration of Doxycycline in the solution. The l

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27

Rodrigues, Priyanka Melwin, and Sunetra Rajendra Chaudhary. "Extraction with 5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone of Cu(II) in Butyl Acetate and Its Spectrophotometric Study." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 40, no. 2 (2024): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/400210.

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The highly reactive 5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (CSTSC) has been employed as an extractive reagent to create a simple and precise spectrophotometric technique for detecting Cu(II) spontaneously. The complex of 5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and Cu(II) has been quantitatively extracted in butyl acetate in the pH range of 5.4–6.4 after equilibrating for 60 sec. Up to 5.0 μg mL-1 concentration of Cu(II), the complex of 5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone with Cu(II) in butyl acetate follows Beer’s law, with its maximum absorbance occurring at 380 nm. By employing th

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28

Ansari, Anjum, Smita Joshi, and Sulbha Amlathe. "Quantification of Aniline with Bleaching Powder via Indophenol Reaction and Its Residual Determination in Lubricating Oils." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 9, no. 4 (2012): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw-2012-9_4_13.

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A rapid and one step condensation method for trace level determination of aniline is developed in environmental and real sample i.e., lubricating oil. The method involves the use of oxidative coupling reaction for aniline and phenol using bleaching powder as an oxidizing agent in alkaline medium. The dye has a maximum absorption at 640 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 0.125 to 0.75 μg/ml and its detection limit is 0.025 μg. Molar Absorptivity and Sandell's Sensitivity were found to be 4.4 × 10 $^3$ litres/mol/cm (± 100) and 0.021 μg cm $^{-2}$ , respectively. Standard Deviation and Rel

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29

Mahmoudi, Abdelghani, and Silvia Francia. "Comparative analysis and application of novel spectrophotometric approaches and bioassay for fast macrolide quantification in table." Chemistry Journal of Moldova 20, no. 1 (2025): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2025.1312.

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Novel spectrophotometric methods and bioassays have been developed and validated for clarithromycin quantitation in tablets. Spectrophotometric techniques were based on charge transfer complexation through naphthoquinone derivatives. Reactions were carried out in alkaline medium using 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate and phylloquinone, which showed an absorption maximum at 452 and 455 nm, respectively. While bioassay was conducted dependent on the inhibitory effect upon the strain of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9372, by applying cylinder-plate. Linear calibration curves with correlation coefficients

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30

A. Abed Al-Hadi, Bassima. "Spectrophotometric determination of sulphite and thiamin hydrochloride using proton transfer reaction-application to water sample and pharmaceutical formation." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 24, no. 1 (2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/j.v24i1.781.

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In this research, an easy, acurate and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of sulphite and thiamine hydrochloride is described. This method used proton transfer reaction between sulphite ion with alizarine at (pH 6.73) to develop red colour adduct that bears maximum absorption at 524 nm. This method was developed to determination of thiamine hydrochloride by bleaching the red colour (alizarine-sulphite product) at the optimum conditions established for the determination of sulphite. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range (10-1000) μg/25ml (0.4-40) of sulphite and 10-1500

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31

Al-Saffar, Rana Sami, Hind Ahmed Mahmoud, and Nabeel Sabeeh Othman. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulphamerazine Via Diazotization and Coupling with m-Hydroxyaniline." Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 23, no. 1 (2022): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2022.01.04.

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A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed based on diazotization and coupling reactions. The method relied on the diazotization of sulphamerazine (SMEZ) via reaction with HNO2 obtained from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium nitrite. The un-reacted nitrous acid destroyed via a reaction with sulphamic acid. The formed diazotized sulphamerazine (D-SMEZ) was coupled with m-hydroxylaniline to produce yellow azo dye, which gives the highest absorption at 450 nm. The formed azo dye is freely soluble in water and has good stability. The linearity is observed by dra

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Abdulhadi, Rasha Z., and Dawood Habboo Mohammed. "Indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Mebendazole Using Methyl Orange Dyein the Presence of the Oxidizing Agent NBS." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 4 (2022): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22164916.

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Aim: To develop a swift , simple, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of mebendazole (MBZL) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations. Methods: The suggested method depend on oxidation of MBZL with known excess amount of N-bromosuccinimide ( NBS ) in acidic medium and after reaction is insured to be complete , the surplus NBS is estimated by de colorization of methyl orange (MO) dye and measuring the absorbance of surplus dye at 508 nm. A linear calibration curve was obtained over the concentration range 2.5– 25 μg.ml-1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The m

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33

Kumar, D. Prem, A. Praveen Kumar, T. Veera Reddy, and P. Raveendra Reddy. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Gold(III) Using 2-Hydroxy-3-Methoxy Benzaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone as a Chromophoric Reagent." ISRN Analytical Chemistry 2012 (May 27, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/705142.

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A chromophoric reagent, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (HMBATSC), was employed for the sensitive spectrophotometric determination of gold(III). The gold(III) ion forms a blue-coloured complex with HMBATSC in an aqueous dimethyl formamide at pH 6.0. The gold complex shows the absorption maximum at 385 nm, and Beer's law was obeyed in the range 0.49–8.37 μg mL−1. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be L mol−1 cm−1 and 0.015 μg cm−2, respectively. The complex shows 1 : 1 [Au(III) : HMBATSC] stoichiometry with a stability constant of . The interferenc

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34

Channa, Muhammad Kashif, Gul Afshan Soomro, and Ghulam Abbas Shar. "AN INNOVATIVE ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNIQUE TO MEASURE CHROMIUM WITH BENZOHYDRAZIDE." Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 1, no. 10 (2024): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.71146/kjmr101.

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Numerous methodologies exist for trace level analysis of Chromium (Cr) metal ions. Many of these approaches are characterized by their time-consuming nature, complexity, toxicity, and sophistication. Recently, some spectrophotometric methods have been developed that, while less sensitive and selective, offer quicker analyses for determining Cr(III) ions. We innovated suitable, swift, sensitive and selective technique for detecting Cr(III) at trace levels, utilizing Benzohydrazide (BH) as the derivatizing reagent within a 3.0% Triton X-100 surfactant system. This procedure demonstrated improved

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35

BARTOCCI, VITO, RITA GIOVANNETTI, and ENRICO CARSETTI. "Kinetics of the Metallation of Coproporphyrin-I in Water with Cadmium(II) and Manganese(II)." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 02, no. 02 (1998): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199803/04)2:2<139::aid-jpp58>3.0.co;2-f.

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The reaction of 3,8,13,18-tetramethyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,7,12,17-tetrapropionic acid or coproporphyrin-I ( CPI ) with cadmium(II) was studied spectrophotometrically and its kinetic and equilibrium constants were determined. The influence of temperature on the reaction rate was also studied. At different ratios of [ CPI ]/[ Cd(II) ] two types of complex were formed: CdII ( CPI ) and ( CdII )2( CPI ); an investigation of the solution properties and the mechanism of aggregation of ( CdII )2( CPI ) at different pH were performed. It is verified that cadmium(II) accelerates the reaction of the inco

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36

Kameran Shukur Hussein, Abdul Majeed Khorsheed Ahmed, and Fatimah Yunadi Mohammed. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Chloramphenicol by Oxidative Coupling Reaction with Naphthalene-1, 5-Diamine in the Presence of Potassium Iodate." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 26, no. 6 (2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v26i6.191.

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A simple, accurate, and sensitive method for the spectrophotometric determination of Chloramphenicol (CAP) in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction of Chloramphenicol after reducing the nitro group in the drug into an amino group with Naphthalene-1,5-diamine as a reagent in the presence of potassium Iodate as an oxidizing agent formed violet dye that is soluble in water and have a maximum absorption at 568nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 6-27㎍.mL-1 with a molar absorptivity of 0.4805×104 L.mol-1.cm-1, and Sandell's sensitivity

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Bassima A. Abed Al-Hadi. "Spectrophotometric determination of sulphite and thiamin hydrochloride using proton transfer reaction-application to water sample and pharmaceutical formation." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 24, no. 1 (2019): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v24i1.333.

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In this research, an easy, acurate and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of sulphite and thiamine hydrochloride is described. This method used proton transfer reaction between sulphite ion with alizarine at (pH 6.73) to develop red colour adduct that bears maximum absorption at 524 nm. This method was developed to determination of thiamine hydrochloride by bleaching the red colour (alizarine-sulphite product) at the optimum conditions established for the determination of sulphite. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range (10-1000) μg/25ml (0.4-40) of sulphite and 10-1500

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Abdulzahra, Mohammed Alaa, Ammar M. Ali, Ammar Abdul-Hussein Awad, and Tholfekar Fo’ad Hassib. "Estimation of Ganciclovir Drug by Oxidative Coupling Reactions with NBS as an Oxidant." Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacotherapy J 22, no. 2 (2023): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.61336/appj/22-2-02.

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A versatile and simple spectrophotometric technique has been presented for the detection of Ganciclovir (GANCICLOVIR) in pharmaceutical formulations. The oxidation method included mixing an excessive amount of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) with Ganciclovir in an acidic solution, then calculating the amount of unreacted NBS using methyl blue at \(\lambda\) 610 nm. With a superior molar absorption of \(3.39 \times 10^{-3}\) L mol\(^{-1}\) cm\(^{-1}\), the amount of NBS interacting with the colorant is equal to the amount of the drug. The Sandell's sensitivity index was 0.169 g cm\(^{-2}\), the Beer-L

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39

Eman B. Bashir, Eman B. Bashir, Salim A. Mohammed Salim A. Mohammed, and Aws Maseer Nejres Aws Maseer Nejres. "Development of Indirect Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride as Pure Formand in its Pharmaceutical Preparations." Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 25, no. 2 (2024): 263–72. https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2024.12.08.

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This method involves the development of a highly sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for estimating oxymetazoline hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The method involved the oxidation of oxymetazoline hydrochloride with an excess amount of cerium sulfate (CeSO4) in an acidic medium. The liberated cerium ion Ce(III) was then treated with arsenazo III reagent to form a colored complex with maximum absorption at 652 nm. The linearity of the standard calibration curve follows Beer's law in the concentration range of 1.25 to 12.5 μg/mL of oxymetazoline hydrochloride with

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Prashanth, Kudige N., Kanakapura Basavaiah, and Madihalli S. Raghu. "Simple and Selective Spectrophotometric Determination of Ofloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Two Sulphonphthalein Acid Dyes." ISRN Spectroscopy 2013 (April 23, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/357598.

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Two new simple and sensitive extraction-free spectrophotometric methods have been established for the determination of ofloxacin (OFX). The methods are based on ion-pair complex formation reaction between OFX and acidic sulphonphthalein dyes, bromocresol purple (method A), and bromocresol green (method B) in dichloromethane. The experimental variables such as reaction medium, reaction time, and reagent concentration have been carefully optimized to achieve the highest sensitivity. Both dyes react spontaneously with OFX to give yellow-colored complexes. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentrati

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Dr., (Mrs) Rubina Alvi*1 &. dr. Hemlata Mohabey2. "SELECTIVE EXTRACTION AND SPECTROPHOTOMERTRIC DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM (V) AS MIXED LIGAND COMPLEX WITH N-HYROXY- N (2-METHYL) PHENYL N' (4-FLUORO) PHENYLEXNZAMIDINE HYROCHLORIDE AND THIOCYANNATE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 6 (2017): 627–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.817980.

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A novel extraction spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of vanadium (v) using N-Hydroxyl–N-(2-Methyl) N’-(4-flouro) phenyl benza-amidinehydrochloride and thiocyarate HMPFBH reacts with vanadium in acidic medium to form 1:2 (metal ligand) blue-violet complex in chloroform. The absorption spectra consist of a flat peak in the range of 550-590 nm with molar absorbance 700± 20 mole-1 cm-1 when thiocynarate is added to this solution a marked increase in wave length of maximum absorbance is observed. On this basis a simple rapid and sensitive method has been developed fo

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42

Saleem, Basima A. A. "Spectrophotometric Determination of some Drugs using Oxidation Reduction Reactions." Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 32, no. 3 (2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30526/32.3.2281.

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A spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of some drugs containing amino group such as mesalazine, metoclopramide and dopamine in pharmaceutical formulations. It was simple, precise, accurate, rapid, and based on the oxidation of each drug with chromate as an oxidizing agent in the presence of 1N hydrochloric acid. Then indigo carmine is reacted with residual chromate in the presence of a catalysis factor (sodium oxalate). Increasing in absorbance's value of the color system is proportional to the amount of the three drugs which is measured at the selected wavelength of 610

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Ahmed, M. Jamaluddin, and Md Shah Alam. "A rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of mercury in environmental, biological, soil and plant samples using diphenylthiocarbazone." Spectroscopy 17, no. 1 (2003): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/250927.

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A simple, sensitive and highly selective direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace levels of mercury(II) in various samples is described. Diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) reacts in slightly acidic 50% aqueous 1,4-dioxane media (0.18–1.80 M sulphuric acid) with mercury(II) to give an orange chelate which has an absorption maximum at 488 nm. The average molar absorption co-efficient and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 2.5×104l mol−1 cm−1and 0.015 μg of Hg(II) cm−2, respectively. The reaction is immediate and absorbance remains stable for over 24 h. Beer's law is obe

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Abdulrahman, Sameer A. M., and Kanakapura Basavaiah. "Sensitive and Selective Spectrophotometric Determination of Gabapentin in Capsules Using Two Nitrophenols as Chromogenic Agents." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/619310.

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Two simple and selective spectrophotometric methods have been proposed for the determination of gabapentin (GBP) in pure form and in capsules. Both methods are based on the proton transfer from the Lewis acid such as 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid; PA) or 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) to the primary amino group of GBP which works as Lewis base and formation of yellow ion-pair complexes. The ion-pair complexes formed show absorption maximum at 415 and 420 nm for PA and 2,4-DNP, respectively. Under the optimized experimental conditions, Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration ranges of 1.25

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45

Shar, G. A., and G. A. Soomro. "SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF COBALT(II), NICKEL(II) AND COPPER (II) WITH 1-(2 PYRIDYLAZO)-2-NAPHTHOL IN MICELLAR MEDIUM." Nucleus 41, no. 1-4 (2020): 77–82. https://doi.org/10.71330/nucleus.41.01-4.1068.

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Spectrophotometeric determination of cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) is carried out with 1-(2 pyridylazo)-2-naphthol as a complexing reagent in aqueous phase using non-ionic surfactant Tween 80. Beerâ€™s law is obeyed for Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) over the range 0.5 - 4.0, 0.5 - 4.0 and 0.5 - 3.0 ngmL-1 with detection limit (2Ïƒ) ï€ of 6.7, 3.2 and 3.9 ngmL-1. The ï¬max molar absorption, molar absorptivity, Sandell's sensitivity of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) are 580 nm, 570 nm and 555 nm; ï¥ max ï‚´ (104 mol-1 cm -1) is 0.87, 1.8 and 1.6 and 6.8, 3.3 and 3.9 ng cm-2 respectively. The pH

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46

Mohammed M. Mohammed, Nabeel S. Othman, and Faiz M. Al-Abady. "Using of Hantzsch Condensation Reaction in Spectrophotometric Determination of Benzocaine." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 26, no. 4 (2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v26i4.161.

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An accurate spectrophotometric method had been suggested for the determination of benzocaine (BEN) as pure form and in its pharmaceutical preparation (ear drop). The method depends on using Hantzsch reaction, the reaction included condensation of Benz with acetyl acetone-formaldehyde (Ac-Ac-FD) reagent. The suggested reagent was prepared by the reaction of Ac-Ac with FD, the reaction requires heating in a water bath at boiling point for 5 minutes. The condensation of BEN with Ac-Ac-FD needs heating in a water bath at a temperature of 400C for 25 minute, an intense yellow colored product was fo

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47

Asma'a H. Shakir. "Spectrophotometric Determination of para aminosalicylic acid in Serum Blood and Urin By Oxidative Coupling With 4-Amino Antipyrine and Study The Inhibition of Aldose Reductase Enzyme." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 21, no. 4 (2023): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v21i4.1054.

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This work includes a new spectrophotometric method for the determination para aminosalicylic acid in aqueous medium based on the oxidation by NaIO4 and coupling with 4-Amino Antipyrine producing a red dye soluble in water and of גmax of 516 nm. The proposed method could be applied successfully for the determination of para aminosalicylic acid, with a molar absorptivity of 17568 L.ml -1. Cm -1 and the Value of Sandell's sensitivity 0.0120 μg.cm -2. The results showed good accuracy and compatibility with Value of the relative error (1.00- 3.65 +) % relative standard deviation of (0.008 to 0.1305

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48

Khdeeja Jabbar Ali and Jameelah Lateef Mutasher. "A Rapid and Sensitive Colorimetric Sequential Injection System for Cu(II) ion Determination Using New Azo Reagent." Journal of Kufa for Chemical Sciences 3, no. 1 (2023): 355–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36329/jkcm/2023/v3.i1.13618.

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A sensitive and accurate Sequential Injection Analysis technique for determining Cupper (II) ion in different samples, using a new azo derivative reagent of 8-hydroxy quinoline (HQDABA). The reagent and Cu(II) complex diagnosis included Infrared spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visual radiation, Elemental Analysis (CHN), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 1HNMR and mass spectroscopy techniques. The method depends on the reaction of Cupper (II) with the (Azo derivative of 8-hydroxy Quinoline) reagent in a neutral medium to form a Brown complex which gav

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49

Hanan H., Ahmed, and Salim A. Mohammed. "Development of Spectrophotometric Method to Assay Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in Pure and in its Pharmaceutical Forms Using Diazotized Sulphanilic Acid." Revista Politécnica 53, no. 1 (2024): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33333/rp.vol53n1.04.

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This work described a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for estimating phenylephrine hydrochloride in pure and in its pharmaceutical using diazotized sulphanilic acid as a coupling agent in alkaline medium of sodium carbonate solution. The resulting yellow azo-dye displayed an absorption maximum at 441 nm. The calibration graph was linear and compatible to Beer's law over the concentration range 0.2-20 µg/mL with coefficient estimated (r2=0.9996). The values of molar absorptivity and the sensitivity of Sandell's index were calculated and equal to 8.51×103 l/mol.cm and0.0239 µg/

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50

Ismail, Aram. "Development and Validation of Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Riluzole in its Dosage Form Using Phloroglucinol as coupling Agent." Iraqi Journal for Applied Sciences 2, no. 2 (2025): 32–40. https://doi.org/10.69923/gg1r9v74.

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The goal of the present study was to create and validate a newly developed, quick, precise, and easy-to-use spectrophotometric technique for identifying substances with amino group in pure and in pharmaceutical formulations, particularly riluzole. Two steps are involved in the suggested procedure: first, diazotization of riluzole's primary amine with sodium nitrite in an acidic medium to form riluzole diazonium salt; second, reacting the diazonium salt with reagent in a basic medium to produce a stable purple-red water-insoluble dye with maximum absorption at 530 nm. As a result, the resulting

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