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Journal articles on the topic 'Saxitoxinas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Viana-Veronezi, Mônica, Alessandra Giani, Cristiane da Silva Melo, Lenora Ludolf Gome, and Marcelo Libânio. "Avaliação da remoção de saxitoxinas por meio de técnicas de tratamento das águas de abastecimento." Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 14, no. 2 (2009): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522009000200007.

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O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a eficiência da adsorção com carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e da cloração de cálcio na remoção de saxitoxinas. As saxitoxinas dispersas em água destilada foram produzidas por meio da extração de células viáveis de cianobactérias da espécie Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Os ensaios foram realizados em equipamento de jar test adaptado e empregando-se três tipos de CAP e hipoclorito de cálcio. Os tempos de detenção aplicados foram de duas horas para adsorção e 30 e 60 minutos para oxidação. Os resultados evidenciaram que a eficiência de remoção, para a adsorção, está

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2

Manrique-Julio, Elin Yohana, Belkis Palacio-Villalba, Marco Aurelio Manotas-Castellar, Margaret Rudas-Arrieta, and Jhon Jairo Segura-Posada. "Intoxicación paralítica por moluscos, revisión del tema." Revista Ciencias Biomédicas 8, no. 2 (2020): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32997/rcb-2019-2875.

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Introducción: la intoxicación paralítica por moluscos es una enfermedad neurotóxica ocasionada por el consumo de moluscos contaminados por saxitoxina y sus derivados La neurotoxicidad se debe a la acción de la toxina sobre canales de calcio bloqueando la excitación neuromuscular. El tratamiento es sintomático, consiste en medidas de soporte hemodinámico y ventilatorio. En Colombia no se han reportado casos de intoxicación en humanos, pero en los últimos años el género Alexandriumha sido detectado en muestras de agua provenientes de mareas rojas. Es necesario el monitoreo de las zonas de pesca

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3

Díaz-Alejo Guerrero, Héctor M., Rocío Paloma Martínez Esteban, Paloma Martínez-Alesón García, Camino García Balboa, Eduardo Costas Costas, and Victoria López Rodas. "Detección de biotoxinas en moluscos de venta al consumidor en la Comunidad de Madrid." Revista Madrileña de Salud Pública 3, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36300/remasp.2020.38.

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La presencia de biotoxinas en los moluscos es largamente conocida y ampliamente vigilada. En España, las dos que más se han detectado en los últimos años han sido las saxitoxinas y el ácido okadaico (toxinas PSP y DSP, respectivamente). A efecto de evitar intoxicaciones agudas en la población, existen unos límites máximos de toxinas que pueden estar presentes en el alimento de venta al consumidor. Sin embargo, la presencia de toxina a concentraciones inferiores a la legalmente establecida puede producir intoxicaciones crónicas o efectos a largo plazo. El objetivo del estudio es detectar la pre

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4

Moustaka-Gouni, Maria, Anastasia Hiskia, Savvas Genitsaris, et al. "First report of Aphanizomenon favaloroi occurrence in Europe associated with saxitoxins and a massive fish kill in Lake Vistonis, Greece." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 4 (2017): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16029.

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The cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon favaloroi was identified for the first time in Europe in the Mediterranean brackish Lake Vistonis during July–August 2014. It formed a dense bloom (from 16×106 to 81×106 trichomes L–1), causing a brown colouration of the lake water. When A. favaloroi formed 100% of the total phytoplankton biomass (44mg L–1), saxitoxins (saxitoxin and neo-saxitoxin) were detected in the lake seston (42 and 17μg g–1 phytoplankton dry weight respectively), which was screened for saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, microcystins and nodularin. A massive fish kill coincided w

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5

Alves Colvara, Wilson. "Purificação de saxitoxinas partir de extratos da cepa de Cylindrospermopsis sp. isoladas no Brasil-RS." Revista Thema 13, no. 1 (2016): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15536/thema.13.2016.24-35.339.

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6

Ho, Lionel, Paul Tanis-Plant, Nawal Kayal, Najwa Slyman, and Gayle Newcombe. "Optimising water treatment practices for the removal of Anabaena circinalis and its associated metabolites, geosmin and saxitoxins." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 4 (2009): 544–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.075.

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The cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis has the ability to co-produce geosmin and saxitoxins, compounds which can compromise the quality of drinking water. This study provides pertinent information in optimising water treatment practices for the removal of geosmin and saxitoxins. In particular, it demonstrates that pre-oxidation using potassium permanganate could be applied at the head of water treatment plants without releasing intracellular geosmin and saxitoxins from A. circinalis. Furthermore, powdered activated carbon (PAC) was shown to be an effective treatment barrier for the removal of

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7

Casali, Simone Pereira, André Cordeiro Alves Dos Santos, Patrícia Bortoletto de Falco, and Maria do Carmo Calijuri. "Influence of environmental variables on saxitoxin yields by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in a mesotrophic subtropical reservoir." Journal of Water and Health 15, no. 4 (2017): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.266.

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Saxitoxins are a class of toxins produced by at least two groups of evolutionarily distant organisms (cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates). While the toxicity of these toxins is relatively well characterized, to date little is known about their drivers and ecological functions, especially in lower latitude tropical and subtropical freshwater ecosystems. In the present study, we aimed to obtain a better understanding of the main drivers of saxitoxin concentrations in aquatic environments. We investigated the relationships among saxitoxin concentrations in a mesotrophic subtropical reservoir domin

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8

Truman, Penelope, and Robin J. Lake. "Comparison of Mouse Bioassay and Sodium Channel Cytotoxicity Assay for Detecting Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish Extracts." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 5 (1996): 1130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.5.1130.

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Abstract A neuroblastoma cell culture assay was used to analyze shellfish extracts for presence of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (saxitoxins). Results were compared with mouse bioassays performed as part of a screening program for shellfish toxins in New Zealand. Twenty-nine samples gave negative results in both assays. Fifty-seven samples gave positive results in at least one assay. The correlation between the assays for saxitoxin equivalent levels in shellfish was 0.867. In spiking studies on shellfish extracts, the neuroblastoma assay showed a good response to added saxitoxin. Althou

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9

Montoya, Nora. "Toxinas paralizantes de moluscos en el Mar Argentino: impacto, transferencia trófica y perspectiva." Marine and Fishery Sciences (MAFIS) 32, no. 1 (2019): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47193/mafis.3212019061805.

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En el Mar Argentino, los dinoflagelados Gymodinium catenatum y el complejo Alexandrium tamarense/catenella producen potentes neurotoxinas (saxitoxinas) que pueden acumularse en moluscos y producir severas intoxicaciones en humanos conocidas como Intoxicación Paralizante por Moluscos. La transferencia de dichas toxinas a través de la cadena alimentaria puede tener consecuencias graves para la salud humana, la acuicultura, la pesca, la industria y la economía regional. Debido a las implicancias para la salud pública, se ha estudiado en profundidad el rol de los moluscos bivalvos en su transferen

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10

Grachev, Mikhail, Ilya Zubkov, Irina Tikhonova, et al. "Extensive Contamination of Water with Saxitoxin Near the Dam of the Irkutsk Hydropower Station Reservoir (East Siberia, Russia)." Toxins 10, no. 10 (2018): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10100402.

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An area of discolored water 50 m wide and 30 m long was found in September 2017 close to the dam of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station. Water from this spot was sampled for investigation in the present study. Microscopic analysis revealed that the suspended matter in the sample was composed of clumps of filaments, vegetative cells, akinetes and heterocysts that formed short filaments and solitary cells. This matter was found to consist of partially degraded cells of the cyanobacterium Dolichospermum lemmermannii. Nucleotide sequencing of DNA isolated from the biomass revealed the presence

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11

Newcombe, G., and B. Nicholson. "Treatment options for the saxitoxin class of cyanotoxins." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (2002): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0179.

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The saxitoxin class of algal toxins (cyanotoxins) are neurotoxins produced in Australia by the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Anabaena circinalis. A range of water treatment processes was investigated for the removal of these compounds. Ozonation of the toxins at moderate doses was found to be ineffective. Chlorination was found to be effective at high pH; therefore where pH adjustment is possible in the treatment process, chlorination could be considered as an important treatment option. Activated carbon, both in the granular and powdered form, was effective for reducing the toxicity of a m

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12

Aragão, Marianna Correia, Ana Zélia Abreu, and José Capelo. "Estabilidade de saxitoxinas GTX 2/3, dc-GTX 2/3 e C1/2 em água de abastecimento e impactos na validação de método analítico." Revista DAE 64, no. 203 (2016): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/dae.2016.007.

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13

Vingiani, Giorgio Maria, Dārta Štālberga, Pasquale De Luca, Adrianna Ianora, Daniele De Luca, and Chiara Lauritano. "De novo Transcriptome of the Non-saxitoxin Producing Alexandrium tamutum Reveals New Insights on Harmful Dinoflagellates." Marine Drugs 18, no. 8 (2020): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18080386.

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Many dinoflagellates species, especially of the Alexandrium genus, produce a series of toxins with tremendous impacts on human and environmental health, and tourism economies. Alexandrium tamutum was discovered for the first time in the Gulf of Naples, and it is not known to produce saxitoxins. However, a clone of A. tamutum from the same Gulf showed copepod reproduction impairment and antiproliferative activity. In this study, the full transcriptome of the dinoflagellate A. tamutum is presented in both control and phosphate starvation conditions. RNA-seq approach was used for in silico identi

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14

Anderson, Peter D. "Bioterrorism: Toxins as Weapons." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 2 (2012): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190012442351.

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The potential for biological weapons to be used in terrorism is a real possibility. Biological weapons include infectious agents and toxins. Toxins are poisons produced by living organisms. Toxins relevant to bioterrorism include ricin, botulinum, Clostridium perfrigens epsilson toxin, conotoxins, shigatoxins, saxitoxins, tetrodotoxins, mycotoxins, and nicotine. Toxins have properties of biological and chemical weapons. Unlike pathogens, toxins do not produce an infection. Ricin causes multiorgan toxicity by blocking protein synthesis. Botulinum blocks acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous s

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15

Costa, I. A. S., S. M. F. O. Azevedo, P. A. C. Senna, R. R. Bernardo, S. M. Costa, and N. T. Chellappa. "Occurrence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria blooms in a Brazilian semiarid reservoir." Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, no. 1b (2006): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000200005.

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We report the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and the presence of cyanotoxins in water samples from the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves reservoir (06° 08’ S and 37° 07’ W), located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. The cyanobacterial species were identified and quantified during the rainy and dry seasons in the year 2000. Cyanotoxins such as microcystins, saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsins were analyzed and quantified using HPLC and ELISA methods. The mixed toxic blooms of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis spp (M. panniformis, M. protoc

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16

Oshima, Yasukatsu. "Postcolumn Derivatization Liquid Chromatographic Method for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 2 (1995): 528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.2.528.

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Abstract More than 20 analogues of saxitoxin occur naturally. An accurate analytical method applicable to all saxitoxins is required because of the recent findings that decarbamoyl toxins and C (N-sulfocarbamoyl- 11-hydroxysulfate) toxins are metabolites of marine animals or major products of some dinoflagellate species. Almost all the toxins could be determined by ion-interaction chromatography on a silica-based reversed-phase (C8) column with postcolumn periodate oxidation and fluorescence detection. Toxin groups of different net charges were separately determined by isocratic elution using

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17

Naseem, Syed, and Donald Creasia. "Comparative binding and toxicity of saxitoxin and saxitoxinol in mice and in cultured cells." IUBMB Life 41, no. 2 (1997): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15216549700201391.

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18

Thomas-Tran, Rhiannon, and J. Du Bois. "Mutant cycle analysis with modified saxitoxins reveals specific interactions critical to attaining high-affinity inhibition of hNaV1.7." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 21 (2016): 5856–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603486113.

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Improper function of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs), obligatory membrane proteins for bioelectrical signaling, has been linked to a number of human pathologies. Small-molecule agents that target NaVs hold considerable promise for treatment of chronic disease. Absent a comprehensive understanding of channel structure, the challenge of designing selective agents to modulate the activity of NaV subtypes is formidable. We have endeavored to gain insight into the 3D architecture of the outer vestibule of NaV through a systematic structure–activity relationship (SAR) study involving the bis-gu

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19

Sawayama, Yusuke, та Toshio Nishikawa. "A Synthetic Route to the Saxitoxin Skeleton: Synthesis of Decarbamoyl α-Saxitoxinol, an Analogue of Saxitoxin Produced by the Cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei". Angewandte Chemie 123, № 31 (2011): 7314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201102494.

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Sawayama, Yusuke, та Toshio Nishikawa. "A Synthetic Route to the Saxitoxin Skeleton: Synthesis of Decarbamoyl α-Saxitoxinol, an Analogue of Saxitoxin Produced by the Cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, № 31 (2011): 7176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201102494.

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21

Ueno, Sohei, Atsuo Nakazaki та Toshio Nishikawa. "A Synthetic Strategy for Saxitoxin Skeleton by a Cascade Bromocyclization: Total Synthesis of (+)-Decarbamoyl-α-saxitoxinol". Organic Letters 18, № 24 (2016): 6368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03262.

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22

Al-Tebrineh, Jamal, Troco Kaan Mihali, Francesco Pomati, and Brett A. Neilan. "Detection of Saxitoxin-Producing Cyanobacteria and Anabaena circinalis in Environmental Water Blooms by Quantitative PCR." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 23 (2010): 7836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00174-10.

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ABSTRACT Saxitoxins (STXs) are carbamate alkaloid neurotoxins produced by marine “red tide” dinoflagellates and several species of freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria, including Anabaena circinalis, Aphanizomenon spp., Lyngbya wollei, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. A specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) method based on SYBR green chemistry was developed to quantify saxitoxin-producing Anabaena circinalis cyanobacteria, which are major bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacteria. The aim of this study was to infer the potential toxigenicity of samples by determining the copy number of a unique and

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23

Iwamoto, Osamu, Takafumi Akimoto, and Kazuo Nagasawa. "Synthesis of saxitoxins." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 6 (2012): 1445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-09-10.

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Saxitoxin (STX), a neurotoxin isolated from Alaskan butter clam, Saxidomus giganteus, inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels by binding to the pore-forming p-loop region. Here we describe stereospecific syntheses of STX and its natural derivatives, (+)-decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and (+)-gonyautoxin3 (GTX3).

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Ho, Lionel, Daniel Hoefel, Charlotte Grasset, et al. "Removal of cyanobacterial metabolites through wastewater treatment plant filters." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 7 (2012): 1244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.002.

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Wastewaters have the potential to proliferate excessive numbers of cyanobacteria due to high nutrient levels. This could translate to the production of metabolites, such as the saxitoxins, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), which can impair the quality of wastewater destined for re-use. Biological sand filtration was assessed for its ability to remove these metabolites from a wastewater. Results indicated that the sand filter was incapable of effectively removing the saxitoxins and in some instances, the effluent of the sand filter displayed greater toxicity than the influent. Conversely, t

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Al-Tebrineh, Jamal, Chester Merrick, David Ryan, Andrew Humpage, Lee Bowling, and Brett A. Neilan. "Community Composition, Toxigenicity, and Environmental Conditions during a Cyanobacterial Bloom Occurring along 1,100 Kilometers of the Murray River." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 1 (2011): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05587-11.

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ABSTRACTA cyanobacterial bloom impacted over 1,100 km of the Murray River, Australia, and its tributaries in 2009. Physicochemical conditions in the river were optimal to support a bloom at the time. The data suggest that at least three blooms occurred concurrently in different sections of the river, with each having a different community composition and associated cyanotoxin profile. Microscopic and genetic analyses suggested the presence of potentially toxicAnabaena circinalis,Microcystis flos-aquae, andCylindrospermopsis raciborskiiat many locations. Low concentrations of saxitoxins and cyl

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Egmond, Hans P. van, Antonio Mouriño, Pedro A. Burdaspal, et al. "Development of Reference Materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 5 (2001): 1668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.5.1668.

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Abstract A project was undertaken to develop mussel reference materials that were certified for their mass fractions of saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Fifteen laboratories from various European countries participated. Three of these had major responsibility for substantial parts of the work and overall coordination of the project. The project involved 4 main activities: (1) procurement and characterization of calibrants; (2) improvement of analytical methodology; (3) preparation of reference materials, including homogeneity and stability studies; (4) 2 interlaboratory studies and a certi

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27

Duncan, Keith G., Jacque L. Duncan, and Daniel M. Schwartz. "Saxitoxin." Cornea 20, no. 6 (2001): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-200108000-00016.

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Thottumkara, Arun P., William H. Parsons, and J. Du Bois. "Saxitoxin." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53, no. 23 (2014): 5760–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201308235.

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Thottumkara, Arun P., William H. Parsons, and J. Du Bois. "Saxitoxin." Angewandte Chemie 126, no. 23 (2014): 5868–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201308235.

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30

Nagasawa, Kazuo. "Total Synthesis of Saxitoxins." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 79, no. 1 (2021): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.43.

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31

Nagasawa, Kazuo. "Total Synthesis of Saxitoxins." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 79, no. 1 (2021): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.43.

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Iwamoto, Osamu, Takafumi Akimoto, and Kazuo Nagasawa. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Saxitoxins." ChemInform 43, no. 44 (2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201244236.

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Davio, Stephen R. "Neutralization of saxitoxin by anti-saxitoxin rabbit serum." Toxicon 23, no. 4 (1985): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(85)90371-x.

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Restani, GC, and AL Fonseca. "Effects of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains (Woloszynska, 1912) Senayya & Subba Raju on the mobility of Daphnia laevis (Cladocera, Daphniidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 1 (2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.09712.

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Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a cyanobacterium distributed worldwide that is known to produce cyanotoxins. Some of the Brazilian strains can produce saxitoxins (STXs), which are classified as neurotoxins and can paralyze cladocerans .Daphnia laevis is a cladoceran with a wide distribution in the Americas and has been studied as a possible test-organism in toxicity bioassays. The present work tested the acute effect on D laevis mobility when fed a saxitoxin-producing (STX and neoSTX) C. raciborskii strain, CYRF-01, and compared the results with the effects of a non-toxic strain (NPCS-1). Ne

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LUMOR, STEPHEN E., BRONWYN D. DEEN, IAN RONNINGEN, et al. "Detection and Inactivation of Saxitoxin in Skim Milk." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 6 (2012): 1113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-381.

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In this study, saxitoxin dihydrochloride in skim milk was reacted with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide to yield nontoxic 8-amino-6-hydroxymethyl-iminopurine-3(2H)-propionic acid (AHIPA), which was quantified by fluorescence spectroscopy using excitation and emission wavelengths of 330 and 425 nm, respectively. Samples of saxitoxin dihydrochloride (in 20% ethanol, vol/vol) were used as controls. The limits of detection of AHIPA, based on the concentration of saxitoxin prior to inactivation, were 5 and 10 μg/ml for the control and skim milk, respectively. These values are considerably bel

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36

Akbar, Muhamad Afiq, Nurul Yuziana Mohd Yusof, Noor Idayu Tahir, et al. "Biosynthesis of Saxitoxin in Marine Dinoflagellates: An Omics Perspective." Marine Drugs 18, no. 2 (2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18020103.

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Saxitoxin is an alkaloid neurotoxin originally isolated from the clam Saxidomus giganteus in 1957. This group of neurotoxins is produced by several species of freshwater cyanobacteria and marine dinoflagellates. The saxitoxin biosynthesis pathway was described for the first time in the 1980s and, since then, it was studied in more than seven cyanobacterial genera, comprising 26 genes that form a cluster ranging from 25.7 kb to 35 kb in sequence length. Due to the complexity of the genomic landscape, saxitoxin biosynthesis in dinoflagellates remains unknown. In order to reveal and understand th

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Mesquita, Marcella, Miquel Lürling, Fabiane Dorr, Ernani Pinto, and Marcelo Marinho. "Combined Effect of Light and Temperature on the Production of Saxitoxins in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Strains." Toxins 11, no. 1 (2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11010038.

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Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a potentially toxic freshwater cyanobacterium that can tolerate a wide range of light and temperature. Due to climatic changes, the interaction between light and temperature is studied in aquatic systems, but no study has addressed the effect of both variables on the saxitoxins production. This study evaluated the combined effect of light and temperature on saxitoxins production and cellular quota in C. raciborskii. Experiments were performed with three C. raciborskii strains in batch cultures under six light intensities (10, 40, 60, 100, 150, and 500 μmol of

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Moreira, Cristiana, Cidália Gomes, Vitor Vasconcelos, and Agostinho Antunes. "Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication." Toxins 12, no. 3 (2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030154.

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Historical reports show that in Portugal, cyanotoxins reports were mainly in the Center (cylindrospermopsins) and South (cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) regions of the country apart from the well distributed microcystins. Therefore, in our study, seven freshwater ecosystems located in the North and Center Regions of Portugal were screened between April and September of 2017 for the main cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxins) by a two methods approach that combined the application of molecular (PCR) and immunological (ELISA) assays. Results from our survey

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Kaas, H. "Saxitoxins (PSP toxins) in Danish lakes." Water Research 34, no. 7 (2000): 2089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00372-3.

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Zubkov, I. N., A. V. Kuzmin, I. V. Tikhonova, et al. "A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SAXITOXINS USING HPLC-MS WITH 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE PRECOLUMN DERIVATIZATION." PROCEEDINGS OF UNIVERSITIES APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 8, no. 3 (2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2018-8-3-25-32.

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Bois, J., and J. Fleming. "Synthesis of (+)-Saxitoxin." Synfacts 2006, no. 9 (2006): 0870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-942053.

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Thottumkara, Arun P., William H. Parsons, and J. Du Bois. "ChemInform Abstract: Saxitoxin." ChemInform 45, no. 35 (2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201435243.

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Orr, Russell J. S., Anke Stüken, Shauna A. Murray, and Kjetill S. Jakobsen. "Evolutionary Acquisition and Loss of Saxitoxin Biosynthesis in Dinoflagellates: the Second “Core” Gene,sxtG." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 7 (2013): 2128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03279-12.

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ABSTRACTSaxitoxin and its derivatives are potent neurotoxins produced by several cyanobacteria and dinoflagellate species. SxtA is the initial enzyme in the biosynthesis of saxitoxin. The dinoflagellate full mRNA and partial genomic sequences have previously been characterized, and it appears thatsxtAoriginated in dinoflagellates through a horizontal gene transfer from a bacterium. So far, little is known about the remaining genes involved in this pathway in dinoflagellates. Here we characterizesxtG, an amidinotransferase enzyme gene that putatively encodes the second step in saxitoxin biosynt

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Mao, Hua, John B. Thorne, Jennifer S. Pharr, and Robert E. Gawley. "Effect of crown ether ring size on binding and fluorescence response to saxitoxin in anthracylmethyl monoazacrown ether chemosensors." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 84, no. 10 (2006): 1273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v06-093.

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Convenient macrocyclization synthetic routes for the preparation of different-sized monoaza anthracylmethyl crown ether chemosensors (15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, 21-crown-7, 24-crown-8, and 27-crown-9) are described. Evaluation of these crowns as chemosensors for saxitoxin revealed that the larger crowns have moderately higher binding constants, with the 27-crown-9 chemosensor having the largest binding constant (2.29 × 105 (mol/L)–1). Fluorescence enhancements of 100% were observed at saxitoxin concentrations of 5 µmol/L, which is close to the detection limit in mouse bioassay.Key words: anthrace

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McCall, Jennifer R., W. Christopher Holland, Devon M. Keeler, D. Ransom Hardison, and R. Wayne Litaker. "Improved Accuracy of Saxitoxin Measurement Using an Optimized Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Toxins 11, no. 11 (2019): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110632.

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Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is precipitated by a family of toxins produced by harmful algae, which are consumed by filter-feeding and commercially popular shellfish. The toxins, including saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and gonyautoxins, accumulate in shellfish and cause intoxication when consumed by humans and animals. Symptoms can range from minor neurological dysfunction to respiratory distress and death. There are over 40 different chemical congeners of saxitoxin and its analogs, many of which are toxic and many of which have low toxicity or are non-toxic. This makes accurate toxicity ass

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Thacker, Robert W., Angela M. McLeod, and Shawn W. McLeod. "Herbivore-induced saxitoxin production in the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 117 (October 1, 2005): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2005/0117-0415.

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Silva, Maria Natália Costa e., Rui de Oliveira, Beatriz Susana Ovruski Ceballos, Alaine Brito Guerra, Sérgio Francisco de Aquino, and Marcelo Libânio. "Hierarquização da eficiência de remoção de cianotoxinas por meio de adsorção em carvão ativado granular." Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 22, no. 4 (2017): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522017158092.

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RESUMO O trabalho objetivou avaliar a remoção concomitante de duas cianotoxinas - microcistina-LR e saxitoxina-STX - por meio da adsorção em carvão ativado granular. Em primeira etapa, três carvões de granulometrias distintas, dois de coco de dendê e um mineral, foram avaliados na adsorção de microcistina-LR em água destilada e tratada com concentrações de 3,9 a 9,4 ug.L-1. O carvão de coco de dendê de menor granulometria apresentou desempenho mais uniforme, tanto no que tange à remoção (%) de microcistina-LR, quanto ao volume de efluente produzido consoante com as recomendações do padrão de p

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Manger, Ronald, Doug Woodle, Andrew Berger, et al. "Flow Cytometric-Membrane Potential Detection of Sodium Channel Active Marine Toxins: Application to Ciguatoxins in Fish Muscle and Feasibility of Automating Saxitoxin Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 2 (2014): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sgemanger.

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Abstract Ciguatoxins are potent neurotoxins with a significant public health impact. Cytotoxicity assays have allowed the most sensitive means of detection of ciguatoxin-like activity without reliance on mouse bioassays and have been invaluable in studying outbreaks. An improvement of these cell-based assays is presented here in which rapid flow cytometric detection of ciguatoxins and saxitoxins is demonstrated using fluorescent voltage sensitive dyes. A depolarization response can be detected directly due to ciguatoxin alone; however, an approximate 1000-fold increase insensitivity is observe

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Zare, Mehrzad, Nima Bahador, and Majid Baseri Salehi. "Isolation of Cyanobacteria Producing Saxitoxin from Kor River Located in Marvdasht, Fars Province, Iran." International Journal of Life Sciences 9, no. 5 (2015): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12693.

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Cyanobacteria are present in diverse habitats. Some of them produce dangerous toxin substances such as saxitoxin which is classified in the neurotoxin groups and show the impact on the aquatics and humans in the form of the paralysis of the limbs and hypersecretion saliva and so on. The aim of this research was screening of cyanobacteria isolates through combining the traditional and molecular methods, from the Kor river and assessment of the isolated cyanobacteria in terms of saxitoxin producing. The samples were collected from six stations in the Kor river. After dilution each sample were cu

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KODAMA, Masaaki, Takehiko OGATA, and Shigeru SATO. "Bacterial production of saxitoxin." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52, no. 4 (1988): 1075–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.52.1075.

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