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1
Rudych, T. "SCYTHIANS AND THE POPULATION OF THE LATE BRONZE— EARLY IRON AGE OF UKRAINE (Based on Craniological Materials)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 53, no. 4 (2024): 140–50. https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2024.04.09.
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The issue of a possible anthropological link between the populations of the Scythian period and the Bronze Age on the territory of Ukraine in the light of new anthropological data is examined in the paper. The population of Ukraine during the Scythian period, both in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, was anthropologically heterogeneous. The populations had different directions of the links with chronologically close series, as well as with groups from the territory of Ukraine from earlier periods. Most of the steppe Scythian groups were morphologically and statistically distant from the population of Ukraine in the Bronze Age (with the Multi-band pottery culture, Zrubna and Bilozerska cultures), as well as from the population of pre-Scythian Ukraine, represented by the Chornogorivka culture which is associated with the historical Cimmerians. Most of the steppe population of Scythia, both male and female, should be considered as later migrants from the East. Some steppe Scythian groups show parallels with Zrubna culture of the eastern region (Volga and Ural regions) which could also be linked to later migrations from eastern lands. Among the female series of steppe Scythians there are those that show the similarities with the series of the Multi-band pottery culture of Ukraine and Moldova on one hand, and with Zrubna culture of Ukraine on the other. In the forest-steppe groups of the Scythian period the dominant anthropological links are directed to the western regions of Ukraine (Volhynia) from the Late Bronze Age. There are also anthropological analogies, although less pronounced, with the population of the Bilozerska culture, the Chornogoriv culture, and Zrubna cultures of both Ukraine and more easterly territories. Some forest-steppe groups have no analogies with earlier populations of Ukraine, and they can be linked to migrants from the Scythian period.
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Guliaev, V. I. "«BUDINIA OR SCYTHIA?» THE ETHNIC AND CULTURAL BELONGING OF THE MIDDLE DON POPULATION DURING 5th—4th centuries BC." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.03.
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For over half a century (since the end of the 1950s), the Scythology has been discussing the location of the Scythian and non-scythian tribes mentioned by Herodotus on a geographical map. After the Scythian-Sarmatian conference in 1952 and the report of B. N. Grakov and A. I. Melyukova, most of archaeologists supported the idea that only the Black Sea steppe belonged to the Scythians, and non-scythian peoples and tribes inhabited the forest-steppe regions of the Northern Black Sea region. In this regard monuments on the Middle Don dated V—IV centuries BC began to be considered Budinia, belonging to the Budinians and Gelonians. P. D. Lieberov interpreted the Budinians as Finno-Ugric tribes. Archaeological research of the last decades (including the widespread use of the methods of the natural sciences) made it possible to revise this idea and return to the M. I. Rostovtsev and A. I. Terenozhkin point of view about the existence of a single large Scythia covering in the VII—IV centuries BC all the Northern Pontic (steppe and forest-steppe) from the Danube to the Don.
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Daragan, Marina N. "Scythian Internecine Feuds." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 22, no. 1 (2016): 96–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341296.
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In the Scythian period burials have been identified, in which metal arrowheads have been found in or among the bones of the deceased which may have been the cause of death. In all such cases, without exception, the arrowheads, which had wounded or killed the deceased, were of specifically Scythian types, used precisely at that time for the weaponry of both Scythians and their contemporaries constituting the military contingents of various tribal alliances in the forest-steppe zone. Analysis of the sample has shown that in most cases those who perished were victims of armed conflicts within the ethno-political world of Scythia. In a number of further cases, arrow wounds had been caused as a result of a rite forming part of a funerary ritual. Some other archaeological data, such as the dismantling of and re-use of Scythian anthropomorphic stelai and also the virtually total plundering of their kurgans by the Scythians themselves, can also indicate the conflict situation within Scythian society in the late-5th and 4th centuries bc. Certain data from written sources also tie in with the existence of internecine feuds in Scythia, including the reliably recorded fact of clashes between Scythian élites. The inter-tribal violence recorded in the light of arrow wounds quite probably reflects, among other things, the new form of relationships within Scythian society resulting from rivalry for possession of territory and resources.
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Minaeva, N. I. "THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FACTORS ON THE EMERGENCE OF LARGE SCYTHIAN SETTLEMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE ROUTES." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 42, no. 1 (2022): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.14.
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This article considers the impact of changes in the natural environment on historical processes that took place in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine in the XI—V centuries BC. It is determined that one of the main reasons for the emergence of large Scythian settlements was a natural factor. Changes in climatic conditions in the steppe zone led to the almost complete outflow of population from its territory in the XI—V centuries BC. The establishment of a more favorable climate in the south of Ukraine, which began in the VII century BC, led to an increase in the population in the forest-steppe zone and the emergence of large Scythian settlements on its territory.
 The article also considers the question of the emergence and functioning of the main trade routes that existed in the Northern Black Sea region at that time. South Bug, Dnieper and Don rivers were used as trade routes beginning ХV century BC. The Scythian penetration to forest-steppe zone and the construction of big sites of settlements started before the start opening the north coastal Black Sea territory by Greek colonists. The Scythians appeared in the forest-steppe zone in the first half to mid- VII century, and the Greek opening of the coastal areas starts at the end of VII century BC. That time the South Bug, Dnieper and Don rivers became waterways connecting North Black sea area with central East Europe and Baltic countries. It were the estuaries of these rivers where appeared the biggest early Greek settlements: Berezan at the Bug and Dnieper estuary’s conjunction and Taganrog at the Don estuary. In the VII—V centuries South Bug was the main trade route. This point is supported by the fact that the Olvia state capital-Olvia city was established on the right bank of the Bug estuary.
 The Greek centers exported to these areas, possibly ceramics, vine, olive oil, jewelry etc. These are the ceramic residuals which make it possible to determine the big Scythian settlements lifetime. Greek traders as reported ancient authors imported from forest-steppe areas, where these settlements were established, cattle, slaves, copper, furs, wax, salted fish, amber etc. The climate improvement at the North Black Sea area started opening of these unsettled steppe areas. This process resulted in gradual decadence of big Scythian settlements. The Grate Scythian center moves to the lower reach of Dneaper river, which followed by main trade route transfer to that exact river. So the natural factor seriously influenced the South Black Sea areas historical processes in the VII—V centuries BC.
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Fialko, O. Ye, and V. V. Neroda. "SCYTHIAN AMAZON BURIAL IN CHERKASY REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.29.
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The burial complex of an armed woman was investigated in 1988 on the outskirts of the town Gorodyshche in Cherkasy region. The design of the burial complex combines features characteristic of both nomadic Scythians and the local forest-steppe population. The funeral inventory of the deceased is made up of objects typical of the Scythians: meat food on a wooden plate, two spears, a set of 11 arrows with bronze arrowheads; a bone cheek-piece and jewelery — gold earrings, a pendant and neck hryvnia tips. By all indications (a specially erected kurhan, the powerful wooden construction, the size and interior of the grave, decorations made of precious metal), the buried woman belonged to a small group of commanders or leaders of a certain fighting unit of the Scythians.
 It is possible that this Amazon could lead one of the Scythian squads that controlled certain sections of land communications through which trade flows took place. She could also lead a militarized unit of mercenaries who served the local aristocracy. In any case, she was buried as a Scythian warrior.
 This complex replenishes a small series of 27 graves of the Amazons in the forest-steppe Dnieper region and dates from the first half of the 4th century BC.
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Fialko, O. Ye. "GRAVES OF THE SCYTHIAN AMAZONS: TYPOLOGY AND DESIGN FEATURES." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 39, no. 2 (2021): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.02.07.
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Types of burial structures are one of the most reliable ethno-differentiating criterion. They are commonly due to local natural and economic factors that were accepted by the newcomer population along with main characteristics of their own ritual.
 As for the shape, the graves of Scythian warriors are arbitrarily divided into 11 types with options, which in general make up three main groups: simple pits and more intricate variable chamber constructions such as undercut and catacombs.
 303 graves of women with weapons from 267 barrows are known in the territory of European Scythia. More than half of them (55 %) have not been looted. By territorial principle they can be divided into five main groups: 1) Lower Dnipro steppe (or Steppe); 2) Crimea Foothills; 3) Danube-Dnister steppes (or Transnistria); 4) Forest Steppe Dnipro area (or Forest Steppe); 5) Don region (Steppe and partly Forest Steppe).
 In total, among graves of the Amazons of European Scythia the undercut (alcove) graves are the most represented — 104, inferior to them are catacombs — 99 and pit graves — 80, undefined — 20. However, the indicators for some groups differ significantly.
 We can mention the following design features of the graves: ground steps and hollow in the bottom of entrance pit, separation of entrance to dromos or chamber etc.
 Some specific features are also present in the arrangement of internal space of the graves (nishes, wall and ceiling design, floor decoration, arrangement of a funeral bed etc.).
 So, burial complexes of the female warriors correspond to Scythian regulations, that is, the design of ground and underground elements does not stand out in the burial ground. Here, we are dealing only with regional features typical for community members who lived there.
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Razuvaev, Y. D. "Settlements of Gorodetz Culture in the Remote Districts of the Don forest-steppe." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 16, no. 2 (2012): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2016-16-2-206-211.
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The problem of the interpretation of the settlements dating back to the middle of the I millennium BC which are situated out of the main area of Gorodetz` archaeological culture, in the area of dwelling of the forest-steppe tribes of Scythia is considered. The materials of nine archeological sites located on the rivers Don, Voronezh, Bityug, Seversky Donets are analyzed. Early dating of these monuments, which as dwelling sites or seasonal settlements of farmers, probably, preceded the movement of the Scythian culture-bearers to the the Don forest-steppe, is being grounded.
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Grechko, D. S. "THE MAIN STAGES OF THE HISTORY OF POPULATION OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF DNIEPER LEFT-BANK AREA IN THE MID-7th — EARLY 3rd CENTURY BC." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 41, no. 4 (2021): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.04.02.
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The paper is devoted to the periodization of the ethnic and cultural history of population of the forest-steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area during the Scythian Age. The analysis of the whole set of data allows us to propose the following variant of reconstruction.
 At the beginning of the Early Iron Age the great population movements took place at the territory of modern Ukraine resulting in a number transitions in the settlement pattern of both the steppe and forest-steppe regions. In the end of 9th century BC the peoples inhabited the Dnieper Left-bank region (Late Zrubna and Bondarikha cultures) left the area.
 Before the invasion of «Zhabotyn» population from the Dnieper Right bank forest-steppe to the basin of the Middle Vorskla River in the last third of the 8th century BC here was extremely little population, probably represented by nomads of pre-Scythian period (the antiquities of Novocherkassk type). Except the Vorskla basin, only the barrows of nomadic people are known in the Dnieper-Donets forest-steppe.
 During the first period (the mid-7th — first third of the 6th centuries BC) the stable agricultural population inhabited only the Middle Vorskla River basin. At that time semi-nomads occupied the territory of Psel and Vorskla basins. Farmers and semi-nomads created military and political union under the auspices of semi-nomads on this area.
 During the transition period (military and political crisis in the mid-6th century BC) there was no desolation of North Pontic region. The change of the cultures has not been rapidly but it was gradually during the second — third quarters of the 6th century BC. The emergence of new group of nomads ca. mid-6th century BC in North Pontic region could provoke the wandering of the part of semi-nomads which dominated in this region in Early Scythian period. The appearance of new groups of nomads coincided with the settlement of the Forest-Steppe zone between Dnieper and Don rivers about the mid-6th century BC or it could be the reason for this process. It was accompanied by the building of new fortifications and the transformation of some settlements into hillforts. According to available data, the semi-nomadic aristocracy legalized the power of new rulers and joined them or was defeated in the Early Scythian period.
 During the second period (third quarter of the 6th — first third of the 5th centuries BC) the ethnic and cultural history of the tribes of Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left Bank region was close to the situation described by Herodotus (IV. 102, 118, 119). It was characterized by the independence of the local tribes from the steppe inhabitants. Bilsk settlement was founded exactly at that time. We have reason to believe that its construction was connected with the return from the West campaign of some part of the nomads (semi-nomads?) after their arriving from the Ciscaucasia (the Geloni, the Melanchaeni, etc.). Such reconstruction doesn`t exclude the assumption of some researchers (B. A. Shramko and others) that Bilsk settlement truly is the city of Gelonus mentioned by Herodotus. The tribal units of semi-nomads in the Eastern European Forest-Steppe (the Geloni, the Melanchaeni and others) which conquered the local agricultural population were still independent, significant force in the region after the settlement of North Pontic region by the Scythians at the last quarter of the 6th century BC. It’s fully correlated with information of «The Father of History». The peak of the development of the settlement systems in the Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left Bank and the exchange with the Hellenes is traced at the last quarter of 6th — the first third of 5th centuries BC. At this stage, the Steppes didn’t have a critical influence on the local tribes yet which were independent. The development of the ethnic and cultural situation in the Forest-Steppe zone was based on the changes that were the result of previous migrations. This period ended with the destabilization at the end of the first third of the 5th century BC.
 The third period can be characterized as the existence of local tribes on the periphery of North Pontic Scythia (the end of the first third of the 5th — the beginning of the last quarter of the 4th centuries BC). The period since the acceptance of the power of the Royal Scythians till the final of the history of local tribes consists of two main stages in the context of Classical Scythia: 1) incorporation (the end of the first — second quarters of the 5th century BC) and mutually benefit relations (the second half of the 5th century BC — the turn of the 5th—4th centuries BC); 2) the beginning of the negativity and the crisis during the penetration of Steppe people into the Forest-Steppe (the turn of the 5th—4th centuries BC — the beginning of the last quarter of the 4th century BC). It was completed by the final of Scythia and termination of the funerals on all necropolises of the Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area.
 During the fourth period the settled population still lived on some sites after the disappearance of the barrow of local aristocracy and after the final of Scythia (the late 4th — first third of the 3rd centuries BC). Basivka and Hlynsk settlements on Sula River still used by the local population which remained after the crisis of the end of the first third of the 3rd century BC.
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Панченко, Кирило. "СКІФСЬКИЙ КУРГАН БІЛЯ КРАСНОГІРКИ IV СТ. ДО Н. Е." Уманська старовина, № 8 (30 грудня 2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2519-2035.8.2021.249932.
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Ключові слова: скіфи, курган, Красногірка, катакомба, поховальний обряд, кінська вузда. Анотація Стаття присвячена аналізу матеріалів з розкопок кургану біля с. Красногірка на Кіровоградщині. Пам’ятка була розкопана у 1983 р. археологічною експедицією Кіровоградського державного педагогічного інституту (тепер Центральноукраїнський державний педагогічний університет імені Володимира Винниченка) під керівництвом Н.М. Бокій. У статті здійснена спроба розглянути матеріали пам’ятки у контексті інших старожитностей скіфського часу. Під насипом знаходилось поховання, здійснене у катакомбі степового типу. Вона належить до катакомб, у яких довгі стінки камери та вхідної ями були розташовані на одній осі. Подібні споруди використовувались у Північному Причорномор’ї протягом IV ст. до н. е. Встановлено, що поховання було майже вщент пограбоване у давнину. Кістяк похованого також був повністю поруйнований грабіжниками. В могилі знайдені лише рештки кісток та фрагмент бронзового наконечника від стріли. На сходах, що вели до катакомби розчищені рештки дерев’яного підносу із жертовною їжею та залізний підток від списа. У насипу виявлені елементи кінської вузди та стінки античних амфор. Віднайдені автором публікації аналогії дозволили датувати пам’ятку IV ст. до н. е. Курган біля Красногірки належить до групи пам’яток басейну Синюхи. Тривалий час дослідники пов’язують цей регіон з північним кордоном розселення скіфів на Правобережжі. Аналіз предметів матеріальної культури та поховального обряду вказує, що курган біля Красногірки був споруджений над похованням кочовика. Тип поховальної споруди, залишки озброєння та жертвоприношень дозволяють припустити, що власник гробниці належав до представників військової аристократії. Посилання Alekseev i dr., 1991. – Alekseev A.Yu., Murzin V.Yu., Rolle R. Chertomlyk (Skifskij czarskij kurgan IV v. do n. e.). [Russian: Chertomlyk (Scythian royal barrow of the 4th century BC)] K., 1991. 416 s. [in Russian]. Bobrinskoj, 1901. – Bobrinskoj A.A. Kurgany i sluchajnye naxodki bliz mestechka Smely. [Russian: Barrows and accidental finds near the town of Smela] SPb, 1901. T ІІІ. 171 s. [in Russian]. Bokij, 1974. – Bokij N.M. Skifskij kurgan u sela Mederovo // Sovetskaya arxeologiya. [Russian: Scythian barrow near Mederovo // Soviet archeology]. 1974. № 4. S. 264–271. [in Russian]. Bokii, 2001. – Bokii N.M. Davni problemy istorii skifiv Dniprovskoho Pravoberezhzhia // Naukovi zapysky z istorii Ukrainy. Vypusk 8. [Ukraine: Ancient problems of the history of the Scythians of the Dnieper Right Bank // Scientific notes on the history of Ukraine]. K., 2001. S. 3–9. [in Ukrainian]. Bokii, 1994. – Bokii N.M. Skifski pam’iatky baseinu r. Syniukhy // Naukovi zapysky z istorii Ukrainy. [Ukraine: Scythian sites of the Sinyukha river basin // Scientific notes on the history of Ukraine]. Kirovohrad, 1994. S. 107-114. [in Ukrainian]. Bokii, 1983. – Bokii N. Strila zi skifskoho kurhana // Kirovohradska pravda. [Ukraine: Arrow from Scythian barrow // Kirovograd truth]. № 250 (zo zhovtnia 1983 r.). S. 3. [in Ukrainian]. Bokii ta in., 2013. – Вokii N.M., Mohylov O.D., Panchenko K.I. Kolektyvne pokhovannia skifskoho chasu v Lisostepovomu Pravoberezhnomu Podniprov’I // Arkheolohiia ta fortyfikatsiia Serednoho Podnistrov’ia. Zbirnyk materialiv III Vseukrainskoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii [Ukraine: Collective burial of Scythian time in the Forest-Steppe Right-Bank Dnieper // Archeology and fortification of Middle Transnistria. Proceedings of the III All-Ukrainian scientific-practical conference]. Kamianets-Podilskyi, 2013. S. 17–24 [in Ukrainian]. Galanina, 1977. – Galanina L.K. Skifskie drevnosti Podneprovya (Ermitazhnaya kollekcziya N.E. Brandenburga). Svod arheologicheskix istochnikov. Vyp. D 1-33. [Russian: Scythian antiquities of the Dnieper region (Hermitage collection of N.E. Brandenburg) // A set of archaeological sources.] M, 1977. 68 s. [in Russian]. Ilinskaya, 1968. – Ilinskaya V.A. Skify Dneprovskogo Lesostepnogo Levoberezhya. [Russian: Scythians of the Dnieper Forest-Steppe Left Bank] K., 1968. 267 s. [in Russian]. Ilinskaya, 1973. – Ilinskaya V.A. Skifskaya uzda IV v. do n. e. // Skifskie drevnosti. [Russian: Scythian bridle IV centures BC // Scythian antiquities] K., 1973. S. 42–63. [in Russian]. Ilinskaya, Terenozhkin, 1983. – Ilinskaya V.A., Terenozhkin A.I. Skifiya VII–IV vv. do n. e. [Russian: Scythia VII–IV centuries BC] K., 1983. 380 s. [in Russian]. Kovpanenko i dr., 1989. – Kovpanenko G.T., Bessonova S.S., Skoryj S.A. Pamyatniki skifskoj epoxi Dneprovskogo Lesostepnogo Pravoberezhya (Kievo-Cherkasskij region). [Russian: The sites of the Scythian period of the Dnipro Right Bank Forest-Steppe (Kyiv-Cherkasy region)] K., 1989. 333 s. [in Russian]. Kozyr ta in., 2019. – Kozyr I.A., Chornyy O.V., Panchenko K.I. Vasyns’kyy kurhan seredn’oskifs’koho chasu // Arkheolohiya i davnya istoriya Ukrayiny [Ukraine: Vasynskiy barrow of the Middle Scythian time // Archeology and ancient history of Ukraine]. Vyp. 2. K., 2019. S. 300–314 [in Ukrainian]. Kubishev i dr., 2009. – Kubishev A.I., Bessonova S.S., Kovalov S.S. Bratolyubovskij kurgan. [Russian: Bratolyubovsky barrow] K., 2009. 192 s. [in Russian]. Liberov, 1965. – Liberov P.D. Pamyatniki skifskogo vremeni na Srednem Donu. Svod arxeologicheskix istochnikov. D 1-31. [Russian: antiquities of the Scythian time in the Middle Don // A set of archaeological sources] M, 1965. 112 s. [in Russian]. Melyukova, 1964. – Melyukova A.I. Vooruzhenie skifov. Svod arheologicheskih istochnikov. D 1-4. [Russian: Armament of the Scythians // A set of archaeological sources]. M, 1964. 91 s. [in Russian]. Mohylov, Didenko, 2009. – Mohylov O.D., Didenko S.V. Skifskyi kurhan 448 bilia s. Zhuravka – pam’iatka perekhidnoho chasu v Potiasmynni // Arkheolohiia. [Ukraine: Scythian barrow 448 near Zhuravka – a site of transition time in Potyasminna // Archeology] 2009. № 3. S. 45-55. [in Ukrainian]. Mohylov, 2008. – Mohylov O.D. Sporiadzhennia konia skifskoi doby u Lisostepu Skhidnoi Yevropy. [Ukraine: Equipment of a Scythian horse in the Forest-Steppe of Eastern Europe]. Kyiv, Kam’ianets-Podilskyi, 2008. 439 s. [in Ukrainian]. Mozolevskyi, 1979. – Mozolevskyi B.M. Tovsta mohyla. [Ukraine: Tovsta barrow]. K., 1979. 252 s. [in Ukrainian]. Olhovskij, 1991. – Olhovskij V.S. Pogrebal’no-pominal’naya obryadnost’ naseleniya stepnoj Skifii (VII–III vv. do n. e.). [Russian: Funeral and memorial rites of the population of steppe Scythia (VII–III centuries BC)] M., 1991. 253 s. [in Russian]. Panchenko, 2015. – Panchenko K.I. Skifskyi kurhan bilia s. Krasnohirka na Kirovohradshchyni // Naukovi zapysky. Seriia: Istorychni nauky. Vyp. 22. [Ukraine: Scythian barrow Krasnohirka in the Kirovograd region // Scientific notes. Series: Historical Sciences. Issue 22]. Kirovohrad, 2015. S. 8–12. [in Ukrainian]. Petrenko, 1961. – Petrenko V.G. Kul’tura plemen pravoberezhnego srednego Pridneprov’ya v IV–III vv. do n. e. Materialy po arxeologii SSSR. [Russian: The culture of the tribes of the right-bank middle Dnieper region in the IV–III centuries. BC // Materials on archeology of the USSR] M., 1961. № 96. S. 51–102. [in Russian]. Petrenko, 1967. – Petrenko V.G. Pravoberezh’e Srednego Pridneprov’ya v V-III vv. do n. e. Svod arheologicheskih istochnikov. Vyp. D 1-4. [Russian: The Right bank of the Middle Dnieper region in the V–III centuries BC // A set of archaeological sources] M, 1967. 180 s. [in Russian]. Skoryj, 2003. – Skoryj S.A. Skify v Dneprovskoj Pravoberezhnoj Lesostepi. [Russian: Scythians in the Dnieper Right-Bank Forest-Steppe] K., 2003. 161 s. [in Russian]. Terenozhkin, Mozolevskij, 1988. – Terenozhkin A.I., Mozolevskij B.N. Melitopol’skij kurgan. [Russian: Melitopol barrow] K., 1988. 264 s. [in Russian]. Fialko, 1994. – Fialko E.E. Pamyatniki skifskoj epohi Pridneprovskoj terassovoj Lesostepi. [Russian: Monuments of the Scythian era of the Dnieper terrace forest-steppe.] K., 1994. 53 s. [in Russian].
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Dolzhenko, Yuriy. "Craniology of Women of Scythian Culture in the Territory of Ukraine." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 40 (June 2022): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2022-40-9-33.
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The article describes the level of heterogeneity of female representatives of the Scythian culture from the territory of the forest-steppe and steppe Ukraine, clarifies their place among the synchronous female Scythian, Sarmatian groups and series of the Late Eneolithic, Bronze, Timber-grave culture of Eurasia, for that purpose, in particular, new craniological data have been entered into scientific circulation. Three standard techniques were used: craniometry (according to R. Martin), ethnic cranioscopy (which was proposed by A. G. Kozintsev), and craniophenetics (according to the method of A. C. Berry, R. J. Berry, which was tested by A. A. Movsesyan). When interpreting the data, the computer programs by B. Kozintsev and A. Kozintsev were used. In general, after study of the entire array of female burials, both from steppe and forest-steppe Scythia (52 skulls) from the territory of modern Ukraine (except for Crimea), on the skulls of which 12 craniometric features and one index according to R. Martin (1, 8, 20, 9, 45, 48, 55, 54, 51, 52, 77, zm, SS:SC) were preserved, the heterogeneity of women of the Scythian culture was revealed for the forest-steppe of Ukraine. According to its morphology, the studied skull of a 30–40-year-old woman from burial 12 in the village. Medvin, Boguslavsky district, Kyiv region, dated to the 7th – 6th cent. BC belongs to the third, mesocranial, broad-faced craniological variant with a very low calvaria, which after canonical and cluster analyses reveals its similarity to the female mesocranial series of catacomb culture of Ukraine and mesocranial, broad-faced, dated by archaeologists to the 5th – 4th cent. BC. The eastern direction of relations is insignificant and is manifested by the similarity of the fourth, mesocranial (or subbrachicranic), with a high vault of craniological variant to the Sarmatian burials, dating from the 3rd – 1st cent. BC. Principal component analysis and canonical multivariate analysis did not reveal morphological differences between steppe and forest-steppe female skulls.
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Polin, S. V., and М. N. Daragan. "BRONZE CROSS-SHAPED PLAQUES AS A CHRONOLOGY INDICATOR OF SKYTHIAN KURGANS OF THE NORTH PONTIC REGION OF THE SECOND — THIRD QUARTER OF THE 4th CENTURY BC." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.13.
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In the Scythian kurgans of the IVth century BC in the Northern Black Sea region, 31 bronze cruciform plaques were found. Such plaques are found mainly in male graves and much less often in female ones. These plaques were used as quiver buckles and for attaching the quiver to the belt. The main zone of concentration of cross-shaped plaques finds covers is the territory of the Lower Dnieper region, directly to the Dnieper. Apparently, this indicates that they were made in this region, where their place of manufacture could be only Kamenskoe hillfort, which was the center of metallurgy and metalworking in Steppe Scythia. From here they diverged south-east to Sivash within the present-day Kherson region, and much further north to the forest-steppe within the present-day right-bank Cherkasy and left-bank Kiev regions. Cross-shaped plaques are indicators of the advance of the steppe Scythians from the Lower Dnieper region to the north in the Ukrainian forest-steppe, to the west as far as the Lower Danube and very close to the south-east to Sivash. The latter direction, apparently, corresponds to migrations to winter pastures. More than half of all finds of cross-shaped plaques reliably date from within the second to third quarters of the IVth century BC, which gives every reason to assume the same dating for the complexes, where there are no own dating materials. In general, such bronze cross-shaped plaques are a reliable chronological indicator Scythian burials of the Northern Black Sea region of the second — third quarter of the IVth century BC, and also partly ethnic.
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Ventresca Miller, Alicia R., James Johnson, Sergey Makhortykh, et al. "Re-evaluating Scythian lifeways: Isotopic analysis of diet and mobility in Iron Age Ukraine." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0245996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245996.
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The Scythians are frequently presented, in popular and academic thought alike, as highly mobile warrior nomads who posed a great economic risk to growing Mediterranean empires from the Iron Age into the Classical period. Archaeological studies provide evidence of first millennium BCE urbanism in the steppe while historical texts reference steppe agriculture, challenging traditional characterizations of Scythians as nomads. However, there have been few direct studies of the diet and mobility of populations living in the Pontic steppe and forest-steppe during the Scythian era. Here, we analyse strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope data from human tooth enamel samples, as well as nitrogen and carbon isotope data of bone collagen, at several Iron Age sites across Ukraine commonly associated with ‘Scythian’ era communities. Our multi-isotopic approach demonstrates generally low levels of human mobility in the vicinity of urban locales, where populations engaged in agro-pastoralism focused primarily on millet agriculture. Some individuals show evidence for long-distance mobility, likely associated with significant inter-regional connections. We argue that this pattern supports economic diversity of urban locales and complex trading networks, rather than a homogeneous nomadic population.
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Scorii, Serghei, and Aleksandr Suprunenko. "An extraordinary find of the Early Scythian time in the south of the Forest-Seppe Left-bank of Dniper." Revista Arheologică 21, no. 1 (2025): 202–7. https://doi.org/10.52603/ra.xxi.1.2025_12.
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This paper deals with a very rare find - a silver nail-shaped pin of the Early Scythian time. It was accidentally found in a ploughed field near the village of Novosiolovka, Kremenchug district, Poltava region (the southern part of the Forest-Steppe Left-bank of Dniper). The artefact is studied against a broad background of similar in function ornaments peculiar to the autochthonous population of the Forest-Steppe area in the Scythian epoch.
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Kuznetsova, T. M. "On the Time and Context of the Earliest Bronze Mirrors in the Northern Pontic Region." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 4 (2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2018.46.4.059-066.
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Attempts to push the Archaic Scythian culture back in time have led to a disagreement between archaeological and written sources relevant to the appearance of Scythians in the region north of the Black Sea. In the recent two decades, this event was moved from the late 7th century BC, as the documents suggest, to the mid-7th century BC. In this study, one of the chronological markers motivating this date is subjected to a critical revision. Based on new facts, the dates of “Scythian” and Greek mirrors found at Northern Pontic sites are analyzed. Importantly, both “Scythian” and Greek specimens were cultural innovations marking the migration of Scythians from eastern Eurasia and the Greek colonization of the area. Because the nomads lacked the skills required for manufacturing the “Scythian” mirrors, the tradition declined in the 5th century BC. The contacts between Scythians and people of the Northern Pontic forest-steppe zone and of the Greek colonies caused the change in the construction of the “Scythian” mirrors: instead of the central (“Scythian”) lug, a “Greek” side lug appeared, rendering the mirrors “Greek” in shape. It is concluded that replicas of Greek prototypes in the Northern Pontic region can serve as chronological indicators since we know the centers where these prototypes were manufactured––Corinth and Argos. Because Archaic Greek mirrors appeared in the 6th century BC, Scythian assemblages with such artifacts cannot be earlier.
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Fialko, O. Ye. "BURIALS OF THE AMAZONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE DNIEPER REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, no. 4 (2019): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.05.
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The burials of armed women of the territory of forest-steppe Dnieper region of the Scythian Age are analysed in the paper.
 The presented series consists of 27 complexes which are located on the territory of the Forest-steppe region of the Right Bank of the Dnieper (21), Left Bank territories (3) and Terrace Forest-Steppe (3). 14 graves (half of the total number) had been robbed which makes the reliability and informational content of this sample quite suitable for research. The burials of the Amazons of this region were made in a kurgan except for one (ground or flat grave). The height of the mounds varies from 0.2 to 7.6 m, diameter — from 8.7 to 63 m. Only three graves in the group were inserted to the mound.
 The graves are represented by five types. Three types of the pits prevail (81.5 %), two variants of the catacombs are also presented (two and three respectively). The wide use of wood is one of the features of the structure of funerary complexes of the Forest-Steppe Amazons. Thus, the burial structures correspond to the Scythian traditions but have certain local specifics.
 All burials are inhumations. Individual burials are predominant. Age affiliation was detected in 11 cases (more than 40 %). Only two age groups of the deceased are represented — ranging from 15—20 to 35 years.
 The grave goods include various types of weapons (mainly arrows and spears), horse bridles, various decorations, including precious metals and semiprecious stones, mirrors, tools, sets of various tableware etc. These sets, on the one hand, seem to be common for the Amazons of European Scythia, and on the other hand, they have specific regional features.
 Kurgans with burials of armed women have a fairly broad date: from the second part — end of the 7th till the 4th—3rd centuries BC.
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Gavrilov, Alexander P., and Vladimir V. Stavickij. "Scythian and Sarmatian Weapons in Shilovsky District Museum of Local History." Ufa Archaeological Herald 24, no. 2 (2024): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31833/uav/2024.24.2.023.
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During the early Iron Age, the Middle Oka Region was inhabited by Gorodets tribes. The collection of Scythian and Sarmatian weapons in Shilovsky District Museum of Local History is mainly comprised with accidental finds made by locals and materials discovered by exploration researches. Shilovsky District of Ryazan Region is situated at the border between mixed and broad-leaved forests. Back in the early Iron Age they were occupied by Gorodets tribes. The indigenous people were engaged in hunting, fishing and cattle breeding. The area is fringed with forest-steppe vegetation in the south. It provided access to steppe nomadic invaders. It is proven by finds of Scythian and Sarmatian weapon. Scythian iron arrowheads have three blades, narrow triangular proportions and a bushing longer than the fletching. Similar arrowheads are typical for Scythian antiquities found in the Middle Don River and dated 4th–3rd century BC. Iron tanged triple-bladed arrowheads have Sarmatian origins and date back to 3rd–1st century BC. Iron acinaci are severely damaged with corrosion, which prevents establishment of their typology and chronology. The original find is a combat knife with a ring pommel and a single-edged blade Single-edged bladed weapon was created under oriental influence. The early Scythian is the period an iron spearhead with a C-shaped bushing is dated. It is transition from bronze heads to iron ones. One of the rare finds is a bell-shaped copper helmet. It has signs of damage that obstruct its typological identification. Its closest equivalents are the Montefortino helmets and pilei. Having analysed the collection of artefacts it can be concluded that the Gorodets people and steppe nomads were actively interacting at war during the entire Scythian-Sarmatian epoch. The research fails to confirm that the steppe nomads were trade intermediaries between the Antique Black Sea area and the forest zone people
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Topal, Denis. "Swords and daggers of early nomads from Transylvania and Southern Carpathians: Local varieties and continental trends." Seria Archaeologica III 10, no. 1 (2022): 34–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v10i1_3.
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Transylvania and Wallachia, like the Caucasus and the Middle Dnieper, can be considered the centres of the genesis of Scythian bladed weapons, especially in the Early Scythian period. Furthermore, the early Scythian time was the period of the creative reinvention of the Gudermes and Kelermes traditions, which led to the appearance in Transylvania of the Posmuș and Deleni types of akinakai, and in Wallachia – of the Ferigile type of the second half of the 7th – the turn of the 7th-6th centuries BC. The distribution of the early Scythian swords and daggers allows us to conclude that their penetration into the Carpathian-Danube region took place on two main routes: along the northern border of the forest-steppe to Transylvania at the initial stage, and later – along the southern border between steppe and forest-steppe, through the Bărăgan plain to the South Carpathians. Moreover, one of the earliest finds of an akinakes with an antenna pommel (Frata type of the second half of the 7th century BC) was also found in Transylvania. The Carpathian-Danube region is also characterized by an isolated series of single-edged swords of the Nograd type, which area does not extend beyond the Middle Danube, Transylvania and South Carpathians. The ground of this type, apparently, was the Shumeyko type of the Early and Middle Scythian period and some Illyrian traditions. At the end of the Middle Scythian time, Scythian swords and daggers were characteristic only of the periphery of the region, which may indicate the gradual withdrawal of Transylvania and the Southern Carpathian region from under the Scythian influence. And the absence of akinakai in the region of interest for the Classical period allows us to attribute the final phase of this process to the framework no later than the last quarter of the 5th century BC.
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Grechko, D. S. "SETTLING OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF DNIEPER LEFT BANK AREA IN THE 6TH CENTURY BC: THE POPULATION EXPLOSION OR NEW MIGRATION?" Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 42, no. 1 (2022): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.03.
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The paper is devoted to one of the important pages of the ethnic and cultural history of the population of the forest-steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area in the Scythian Age — settling of the forest-steppe parts of the basins of Sula, Psel, Seim, Seversky Donets and Middle Don rivers.
 The analysis of material culture of new sites in the region allowed us to make several conclusions. Most of the handmade pottery forms and the main decorative elements of the ceramic complex of the sites of Eastern Bil’s’k type dating to the middle — second half of the 6th century BC are genetically related to the forest-steppe of Dnieper Right Bank area and to more western regions of forest-steppe. Materials from the Vorskla sites of the second half of 6th century BC are significantly differ and continue the local traditions of the previous time. The differences are clearly visible when comparing the material culture of that time of Western and Eastern fortifications of the Bil’s’k settlement. This indicates that the settlements of the Dnieper-Donets forest-steppe at this time did not reason due to the demographic explosion in the Vorskla and Psel interfluves. The set of the jewelry and a costume of the migrants of the mid-6th century BC at the forest-steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area has straight analogies among the materials of the Right Bank of the Early Scythian Age.
 It can be assumed that the initial migration areas could have been the Kyiv Dnieper region, the eastern and western Podolyan groups of the sites where the settlement systems and burials disappeared simultaneously. The participation of the population from Ros’ river and other regions in this process can’t be ruled out.
 Thus, in the development of the settlement system of the forest-steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area two main events that radically influenced the settling of the region by the sedentary population during the Scythian Age can be distinguished. First, during the Zhabotin period, on the territory of the Lower Vorskla and the Vorskla and Psel interfluve the settlements of the migrants from the forest-steppe of Dnieper Right Bank area appeared. In the Middle Scythian Age, as a result of the new movement of the tribes from the west, a ramified settlement system emerged. New migrants have created the settlements that are geographically united into several local groups: two in Sula, Vorskla and Seim basins, three in Psel and one each in Uday, Merle and Kolomak basins. It is interesting that new groups of the population bypassed in their resettlement the territories occupied at that time by migrants of the Zhabotin period.
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Grechko, Denis, Oleh Bilynskyi, and Anatolii Kushnir. "Human and Landscape of Scythian Time on the Forest-Steppe Dnieper Left-bank." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp213321342.
Full textAbstract:
Three main stages can be distinguished in the development of settlement structures on the territory of Dnieper left bank forest-steppe at the Scythian time. The territory of Dnieper left bank forest-steppe at the Scythian time. The territory of high terraces of small rivers in the interfluve of the lower reaches of the Psel and Vorskla rivers, to the south of the Grun river, was settled in the early Scythian period, which was characterized by a more humid climate compared to modern conditions. The resource zones of the first settlements were represented by soils with maximum convenient for cultivation (ordinary chernozem, leached and podzolized). In the Middle Scythian period, which was drier than the previous one, the number of settlements in the floodplains increased, where meadow, sod and bog soils dominated. In the third stage (the last quarter of the 5th—4th centuries BC), the number of sites decreased, and new sites located at the rivers (the percentage of dark-gray podzolized soils decreased), which could indicate the climate aridity at that time. As a result, the spatial analysis of the archaeological and paleopedological data showed its validity and can be used in the study of Scythian time sites and sites of other periods.
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Fialko, O. Ye. "BATTLE AXES OF AMAZONS OF EUROPEAN SCYTHIA." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 47, no. 2 (2023): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.02.07.
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Weapons are one of the most important elements of the material culture of the North Pontic nomads. Archaeological finds from the steppe kurhans testify that the Scythians were armed with bows and arrows, spears and javelins, slings, swords and daggers, battle axes, horseman’s picks (pick axe), hammers and maces. However, not all types of weapons were equally common, and battle axes were less popular.
 Relatively few battle axes came from burial assemblages on the territory of European Scythia — from 50 to 100 items, according to the data of various researchers. By morphological features, two groups are distinguished: battle axes (three divisions) and axes with hammers (two divisions). The length of the wooden handles in most cases is about 50―70 cm. Battle axes are known in Scythian burial sites from the 7th to the 2nd century BC. Finds of early specimens are correlated mainly with antiquities of the Forest Steppe, while later specimens are concentrated in the central part of the territories of European Scythia. Until recently, it was believed that this type of weapon marked only male Scythian burials, however, the presence of axes in several female burials proves otherwise.
 The use of axes by the Amazons is mentioned in the works of several ancient authors, the works of ancient art demonstrate this phenomenon as well. According to archaeological materials, battle axes were found in only six (2 %) women’s graves: two in the Lower Dnipro Steppe Group and four in the Lower Dniester Steppe Group. An examination of the burial complexes of Scythian female warriors with axes made it possible to note several characteristic features.
 
 All axes are iron. Five of them have a single blade, from 16.5 to 22 cm long. And only one axe has a double blade. It is also stand out by its small size — 14.6 cm. Typologically and in terms of size, all these axes fully correspond to samples from other Scythian graves of European Scythia.
 An examination of the placement of axes in the graves showed a variety of its options. This means that there were no clear canons for the location of axes regarding the dead.
 The nature and size of the burials, as well as the assortment and number of grave goods testify that Scythian female warriors armed with axes were mainly representatives of the middle class of nomadic society.
 The age of women who were buried with axes is determined to be between 20 and 35 years old. This means that we are talking about the most active members of military units.
 Only ordinary iron axes were found in women’s graves, usually in sets with other weapons, mainly arrows. Gala and artistically decorated pick axes or sceptre axes, which served as symbols of high social status and power, are not known in women’s graves.
 Axes from women’s graves typologically and chronologically do not differ from those found in men’s graves.
 
 Therefore, iron axes from women’s graves, along with other types of weapons, were obviously used for their intended purpose. They were not part of the insignia of power but marked the belonging of women to the military state.
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Frolov, Y. V. "A Scythian Age Sword from the Forest-Steppe Altai." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language). 44, no. 3 (2016): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2016.44.3.056-062.
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Frolov, Y. V. "A Scythian Age Sword from the Forest-Steppe Altai." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 44, no. 3 (2016): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2016.44.3.056-062.
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Pelyashenko, K. Yu. "ANTIQUITIES OF THE III—I CENTURIES BC IN THE FOREST-STEPPE DONETS REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (2018): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.14.
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For the territory of the forest-steppe part of the river basin. Seversky Donets, as well as for the entire Dnepro-Donets Forest-Steppe as a whole, the period of the last three centuries BC is the least studied. First of all, this is due to a very limited range of archaeological sources. The article gives an analysis of materials relating to the III—I centuries. BC, obtained mostly as a result of the excavations of the author, involving a few previously known random finds. In addition to the single random finds found on the surface, the main array of artifacts associated with the period under consideration is presented in the materials of the excavation of the Tsirkuni settlement. It is still the only monument in the forest-steppe Donets region on which objects are found, which, according to the general context, can be dated to the last centuries BC. Among them are fragments of imported pottery ceramics, iron brooches, a hook, a petioled three-bladed arrowhead, several types of buckles, a bronze ring with rounded protrusions.
 These findings allow us to talk about the continuation of life on some forest-steppe monuments of Scythian time in this period and only to suggest the ethnicity of new migrants in the territory, among which could be both late Scythians and Eastern nomads (late Sauromats, Sirmatians, Siraks).
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Grechko, D. S. "BETWEEN SEDENTISM AND NOMADISM: LIFEWAYS ON THE FOREST-STEPPE FRONTIER OF THE LEFT BANK OF DNIEPER IN SCYTHIAN TIME." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 47, no. 2 (2023): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.02.02.
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The paper is devoted to the issue of reconstruction of the lifeways and economics of the part of tribes in the forest-steppe region of the Left Bank of Dnieper during the Scythian period. The question of the role of nomads and semi nomads in the ethnic and cultural history of the population is one of the most important, since the correct assessment of the interaction between the forest-steppe agricultural population and the different groups of nomads depends on the reconstruction of ethnic processes in the Left-bank forest-steppe during Scythian time. It can be assumed that the Dnieper Left-bank forest-steppe by its environment and convenient ways attracted both farmers and nomads. This led to the use of several ecological niches, which was reflected in the spread of the settlement structure of farmers in the areas that are most suitable for agriculture (chernozem soils of various types) and rich in resources for life, construction, etc. (access to water, forest areas). The nomadic population that has subjugated farmers has repeatedly penetrated the region several times. Nomads mostly used the steppe areas and floodplains of the region, leaving behind the main type of sites — the mounds, burial rites of which are fundamentally different from the settled agricultural population.
 The study proposes the conditional use of the term «nomads» for groups of mobile pastoralists only at the time of their penetration into the region. In the new conditions, their lifeways significantly changed. The term reflects a transition to mobile stockbreeding within a limited territory of movement, permanent winter houses near the settlements and hillforts of the settled population of the region, prevailing transhumance, etc. At the moment, the term «semi nomads» is the most adequate for those groups of mobile pastoralists who remained in the forest-steppe region of the Left Bank of Dnieper during the Scythian time. Judging by the flat necropolis in Barvinkova Gora tract near Bilsk hillfort, a part of the migrants from the south turned to a sedentary way of life in the 4th century BC. In general, it can be assumed that the migration of nomads into the region significantly impacted lifeways of the local sedentary population.
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Маkhortykh, S. V. "CONCERNING THE PROBLEM OF IDENTIFYING THE SСYTHIAN CENTERS OF POWER IN EASTERN EUROPE IN THE VII—VI centuries BC". Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, № 4 (2019): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.04.
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The analysis of the Scythian burials of the 7th—6th centuries BC in the south of Eastern Europe, allowed the author to identify several groups of monuments located in the North Caucasus and Ukrainian forest-steppe: Central Ciscaucasian, Kuban, Posulsko-Vorsklinskaya and Kyiv-Cherkasskaya. The clusters of kurgans associated with these groups include burials of the Scythian military elite together with large «royal» tumuli.
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Medvedev, A. P., and R. S. Berestnev. "ON THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY IRON AGE IN THE TERRITORY OF MIDDLE DON BASIN." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.07.
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The article is devoted to the characterization of pre-Scythian time monuments in the forest-steppe course of the Don. The authors come to the conclusion about the regional specificity of the process of cultural genesis in this territory at the beginning of the early Iron Age.
 The authors analyze the new treasure of Novocherkassk type. It was opened in 2016 in the Podgorensky district of the Voronezh region. This treasure includes psalms, hatchet, metal plates, bracelet-like rings, spearheads. In inventory, it is close to the pre-Scythian burials in the forest-steppe Ukraine (Butenki, Kvitki). Obviously, the population that left the treasure penetrated into the territory of the Middle Don region from the steppes between the Dnieper and Ciscaucasia — the place where the Cimmerian culture was formed in the 9th century. Objects close to the Proto-Meotian, Novocherkassk complexes, their diversity show this process.
 It remains an open question about the relationship in the studied region of the funerary monuments of Novocherkassk type and Middle-Don mounds of the Scythian time.
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Bilynskyi, O. O., Yu M. Khodukina, and O. S. Pototskyi. "Scythian Period Ashmound Near Mohrytsia: Research Methods and Results." Arheologia, no. 4 (December 5, 2023): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2023.04.005.
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In the article, the results of research at the Scythian period ashmound near Mohrytsia village are presented. The topography of the site and the methods of its investigation are described in detail. The materials from the Scythian period and other epochs discovered during excavations are discussed. Based on the obtained material, the article addresses questions regarding the interpretation of the site’s functions and the specifics of its formation. The hypothesis is put forward about the possible use of mounds for marking specific societies within the Scythian Forest-Steppe region.
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Makhortykh, S. V. "GOLD APPLIQUES AFFIXED TO THE WOODEN BOWLS FROM THE PERESCHEPINE BURIAL GROUND NEAR BELSK." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.38.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of gold plaques on wooden vessels from the Pereshchepino cemetery near Belsk, which are among the brightest indicators of Scythian culture and mark the distribution of this category of funeral equipment in the Dnieper forest-steppe Left Bank in the middle — second half of the 5th century BC. Items considered are represented by several subject-stylistic groups, among which there are plaques decorated with geometric patterns (a double row of convex points), and plaques with various zoomorphic motifs (recumbent stag, head of a bird of prey). The images differ in local specificity and have an original interpretation of individual details. First of all, it concerns the motif of recumbent stag, which demonstrate iconographic dynamics and with the involvement of materials from neighboring territories indicate the formation in the «late» V — first decades of the 4th centuries BC a «forest-steppe» type of images of this animal. Objects of animal style from forest-steppe areas of Ukraine are an important component of the Scythian art of Eastern Europe and must be taken into account when analyzing the genesis of this phenomenon.
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Mogylov, O. D. "THE ARMAMENT FROM THE SVITLOVODSK CEMETERY." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 102–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.08.
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The weapon is one of the most representative categories of material culture of the Scythians, entering the «Scythian triad». Armaments are massive material in the graves of not only Scythian nobles, but also ordinary people. It is widely represented in the Svitlovodsk burial ground in the south of the Dnieper Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, where it was recorded in 75 tombs (46.6 % of their total number). As a rule, a larger set of weapons is characteristic of richer graves. More often it was revealed in male graves. But sometimes in women. Sometimes there is a weapon in the graves of children and adolescents. The monument was investigated in 1975—1990. N. M. Boky and I. A. Kozyr. Most often, arrows are found in the graves of the necropolis: 707 objects, originate from 73 burials (more than 45 %). The earliest products belong to the Middle Scythian time, and most of them date from the IV century BC. Spears and darts were found in 13 graves (8 %). This burial of wealthy fellow warriors. Swords are rare, they were only in 3 graves. The armament complex of the Svitlovodsk repository in Central Ukraine shows us the military equipment of an ordinary Scythian community. Despite the poor status of the departed, the level of militarization was high.
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Dobrovolskyi, Liubomyr S., Yerlan B. Sydykov, Ulan U. Umitkaliev, and Gulnar Т. Kazhenova. "Semantics of the images of the “griffin-hippocampus” and “horned fish” in the Scythian animal style of the Eastern European zone." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 43 (2023): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2023.1.43.113.126.
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The work deals with study of the Scythian animal style as an artistic phenomenon, which is one of the cardinal problems of Scythology, in particular the issue of the content of its artistic images. The semantics of the syncretic images of “griffin-hippocampus” and “horned fish” in the Scythian animal style of the Eastern European zone, covering the territories of the steppe, forest-steppe and North Caucasian local sub-variants of the Scythian animal style, is studied. The authors use the traditional iconographic method, formal-stylistic and structural-semiotic methods, as well as the methods of the general scientific hypothetical-deductive method with the general systemic-functional and synchronous-diachronic approaches to the consideration of historical facts. As a result of the study, a connection was established between four images with the ancient Greek mythical Typhon, two images with Dionysus and three images with Aegipanos (Pan). The next task is to study the semantics of the images of the bestiary of the Scythian animal style as the incarnations of mythological characters.
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Karavaiko, D. V. "CLAY BOWLS OF THE SHYRIAIEVO HILLFORT." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.21.
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In the Scythian period, one of the regional features of the monuments in the Seim region was a small number of such tableware as bowls. The materials of the Shyriaievo hillfort in the Middle river Seim valley allow us to look at this issue from another position. So, if for the rest of the Left Bank forest-steppe there is a tendency to decrease the percentage ratio of the bowls from early to late Scythian periods, for the territory of the Seim region — the situation is directly opposite. However, the layer of the 4th century BC with the materials of the forest-steppe shapes there is only on the one hillfort — Shyriaievo, which does not allow extrapolating the conclusions to the whole region. It is not excluded that the population that left the upper horizon of the monument is alien. The question of migration from the south of the Sula River Group population to the Seim region, according to the materials of the hillfort Shyriaievo, remains open.
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Kruts, S. I., and T. O. Rudych. "THE COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION BURIED AT THE SCYTHIAN AGE CEMETERY NEAR SVITLOVODSK CITY (ACCORDING TO CRANIOLOGY)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 40, no. 3 (2021): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.03.18.
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The anthropological composition of the population buried at the cemetery of the Scythian Age near Svitlovodsk city (Kirovograd region) is analyzed in the paper. The burial ground is located on the border of the Forest-Steppe and Steppe Zones of the Right Bank of the Dnieper. The anthropological material under study comes from cemetery without mounds. Archaeologists date the main massif of burials to the 4th century BC.
 The anthropological composition of the population that was buried at this burial ground was not homogenous.
 The male series of skulls is characterized by a long, medium-wide, high, dolichocranic skull. The face is of medium size, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is medium, but with a tendency to the sharp; at the middle level, the face is strongly profiled. The orbital and nasal indexes are medium. The bones of the nose are moderately protruding.
 The average characteristics of the male population fit into the range of variations of the Scythian series. The male series belongs morphologically and statistically to the circle of the steppe Scythian groups. The male group from the burial ground near the city of Svitlovodsk is close to the series from the Nikolaevka burial ground on the Dnister River, the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Shirokoe (Left Bank of the Dnieper River), the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Vyshchetarassivka, a series of skulls from the Mykhailivka burial ground.
 Of the forest-steppe series, only the combined group of skulls from the Trypillya region is somewhat close to it.
 All these statistically and morphologically similar groups originate from different territories. This illustrates the specifics of the settlement and demonstrates the mobility of the Scythian groups.
 The female series from the burial ground is characterized by a long, narrow, medium-high skull, mesocranic in shape. The size of the face is small, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is moderate, at the zygomaxilar level it belongs to the category of sharp, but with a tendency to moderate. The orbital index is medium, the nasal index belongs to the large category. The bones of the nose are medium protruding.
 The female series from Svitlovodsk burial ground turns out to be the most gracile among the Scythian series in Ukraine. For this reason, it differs significantly from the entire massif of the steppe Scythian series. The closest to the Svitlovodsk series is a group from mounds near Nikopol.
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Bilynskyi, O. O. "SCYTHIAN TIME HILLFORTS IN THE DNIEPER LEFT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE: GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION, CATALOGUE, TYPOLOGY." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 26, no. 1 (2018): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.01.13.
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The article represents general characteristics of the scythian time hillforts in the Dnieper left-bank forest-steppe. The reasons of building the hillforts, history of their investigations and existing typologies are described. Based on the investigation of constructive solutions which were used by scythian time population the typology of hillforts is offered. Analysys of natural conditions of the sites helped to construct typology of geomorphological position of the hillforts and analysys of the square of the sites gave the posibility to make classification by the square. Consequently any hillfort can be described by three main characteristics: construction, geomorphology, square. It helps to avoid subjective assessment of hillfort functions and to separate characteristics which form the type. Settlement system of the hillforts was analysed separately by main left Dneiper feeders. This approach allows to define a difference in settlement system and find out a special construction solutions which were used by scythian time population. In addition, the catalogue of the hillforts in left-bank Dnieper region is included in the article.
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Lyubichev, M. V., and E. Schultze. "GRAVES WITH SARMATIAN FEATURES AT THE GRAVE FIELDS OF THE LATE ROMAN PERIOD VOYTENKI AND ZACHEPILOVKA: COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 36, no. 3 (2020): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.03.09.
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One of the most important problems in the study of the Chernyakhiv culture is the study of cultural traditions, among them the Sarmatian one. A comparative study of the manifestation of the signs of the Sarmatian element on the «side» and «dune» cemeteries in the region is important, for which Voytenki and Zachepilovka are now undoubtedly «basic» monuments. When identifying burials of the Late Scythian / Sarmatian cultural tradition, the presence and combination of «indisputable» and «probable» signs is taken into account. Sarmatian cultural tradition at cemeteries of the Chernyakhiv culture Voytenki and Zachepilovka in the Dnieper-Donets forest-steppe are manifested predominantly in the same way, but has also distinctive features. Both cemeteries have graves in niche pit. In the graves of Zachepilovka more hand-made vessels have been detected und there they have been found even in cremation graves. At both cemeteries a combination of «indisputable» Late Scythian / Sarmatian signs is rather rare, the «indisputable» signs are supplemented by «probable» ones. Late Scythian / Sarmatian features are more significant at the Zachepilovka cemetery. Some models of the compatibility of Sarmatian features in the burials are presented, which were also observed at the cemeteries of the Chernyakhiv culture in the Dnieper-Donets forest-steppe. In the context of the study of the Late Scythian / Sarmatian tradition in the Chernyakhiv culture, the issue of the evolution of the content of the rite of the construction in niche pit from the «ethnic» to the social is also relevant.
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Grechko, D. S. "SETTLEMENT SYSTEM OF THE DNIEPER LEFT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE OF THE SECOND HALF OF 8th — MIDDLE OF 6th CENTURIES BCE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 36, no. 3 (2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.03.03.
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Dnieper Left-Bank Forest-Steppe region in the Early Iron Age was inhabited in several stages. For the first time, the agricultural population appears in the Zhabotyn period. Settlements that emerged at this time would become the centres of some settlement structures in the Early Scythian period. There are no burial sites of the settled population of Pre-Scythian times in the basin of Vorskla and Psel rivers. The few burials of nomads of Pre-Scythian time are synchronous to this group of settlements with ashhills. These assemblages, except Butenky, have no signs of militarization of the population of the Post-Zrubna culture, which have left in the Forest-Steppe. It’s likely that these two groups of populations coexisted peacefully, occupying separate ecological niches.
 The development of this population in relatively calm military and political conditions could have caused a demographic explosion and we have developed settlement structure in the middle of 7th century BCE. It represented by «cluster» of settlements with ashhills, which was united by a single burial mound necropolis.
 Today, it may be considered densely populated territory between Vorskla and Psel rivers with an agricultural population from the Dnieper Right-Bank region in the Early Scythian time. At that time, nomadic groups are emerging in the region, some of which participated in Asia Minor campaigns. Their burial monuments are mainly identified at the routes of their movement and places of frequent stops (winterings, etc.) — the Sula river region, north-western Vorskla river region (Kup’ievakha, Kolomak). The appearence of the settlement at the place of Western fortification of Bil’sk hillfort Western fortification also connected with the fact that exactly nomads probably chose this strategic place as a wintering at the intersection of communications roads. Thus, the ethnical and cultural history of the Dnieper Left-bank Forest-Steppe of that time connected with close interaction of Vorskla river’ farmers with different groups of Iranian-speaking nomads, which were the decisive force in the region and had control over the settled population.
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Nelyubov, S. A., M. V. Dobrovolskaya, and A. N. Merkulov. "On the role of millet in the Don forest-steppe region population diet in the Bronze and Early Iron Age according to bioarchaeological studies." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4(67) (December 15, 2024): 160–70. https://doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-67-4-12.
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The purpose of this study is to find out in what historical period millet penetrates the forest-steppe Don region (Central Black Earth Region) and becomes the basis of the plant diet of region population. For this purpose, an isotope analysis was carried out on 25 samples of human remains, as well as the bones of four animals discovered in burials of the Pre-Scythian period. The studied materials come from the Bronze Age — Early Iron Age (3rd millennium BC — 8th century BC) barrow field — Filatovka (Lipetsk region) and the Sarmatian period (1st–2nd centuries) cemetery without mounds of the Maloye Storozhevoye hillfort (Voronezh region). For comparison, we used nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes data for individuals of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age of Don forest-steppe region, obtained earlier. The first traces of the systematic millet consumption were recorded among people from Pre-Scythian period (8th–7th centu-ries BC) burials. In Scythian times, millet formed the basis of preferences in plant foods for a significant part of the stu-died individuals, and by the beginning of our era in the analyzed materials, millet displaces other plant crops from the nutritional complex, which we consider as a cultural adaptation to the conditions of climate aridization.
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Sinika, Vitalij Stepanovich, Nikolai Petrovich Telnov, and Oksana Alexandrovna Zakordonets. "Scythian barrow № 4 of the «Sluiceway» group on the left bank of the Lower Dniester." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 2 (2017): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201762203.
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The paper publishes materials obtained during the study of Scythian barrow 4 of the Sluiceway group on the left bank of the Lower Dniester in 2016. The main burial, almost completely robbed in antiquity, was surrounded by a ring ditch with two ruptures - in the northwest and southeast. At the western extremity of the northern arch of the ditch a horses skull was found. Secondary burial of the barrow remained undisturbed. It was done in an oblong pit. Such constructions have not been fixed in the Danube-Dniester steppes so far, except for a pit of similar proportions, excavated in the barrow 5 of the same cemetery as the published complex. The analysis of the funeral rite and a few preserved inventories demonstrates that both burials belonged to ordinary members of the Scythian community. At the same time, the gold holder and bronze earring from the secondary burial have practically no analogies in the Scythian complexes of the steppes of the North-Western Black Sea Region. A nail-shaped earring from the secondary grave testifies to the cultural impulse from the population of the Middle Dniester Region (forest-steppe), reflected in the finery of the Scythians on the left bank of the Lower Dniester in the second half of the 4th century BC.
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Grechko, D. S. "SCYTHIA FROM OCTAMASADES TO ATEAS (According to the Materials of the Dnieper Left Bank Forest Steppe)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.02.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of ethnocultural processes in the Dnipro Left Bank forest-steppe and some issues of the development of material culture in the last third of the 5th— 4th centuries BC. This period was characterized by the stabilization of the military-political situation and the ongoing development of the population in the south of Eastern Europe.
 Cluster analysis of burials allowed us to identify several groups. The first cluster characterizes the originality of the Belsk necropolis and its neighborhoods (clusters 1a, 2a, 3, 4). The second block united the burial of nomads who advanced along the Muravsky Shlyakh to the north (clusters 1b, 2c). Interestingly, that the program separated the elite complexes of the next chronological horizon (mid-third quarter of the 4th century BC) in wooden tombs with a southern orientation (clusters 5—6).
 In the development of the material culture of this period, three subgroups were identified. Subgroup 2c / group II (430/420—410s BC) is a transitional and reflects the material culture of the period of the completion of the formation of Scythia. The inventory of the burials, apart from innovations, still contains types of products that were typical for the Middle Scythian time.
 Subgroup 3a / group III (420/400—380/375 BC) corresponds with the time of Solokha’s burials. Material culture is actually completely innovative in relation to the Middle Scythian.
 Subgroup 3b / III group (380/365—360/350s BC) is difficult to separate and is a transitional from material culture such as Solokha burial to the one that would dominate, starting from the time of the burials in Tolstaya and Chmyreva Mogilas.
 For the agricultural population of the Forest-Steppe, the entry into Scythia no later than the end of the first third of the 5th century BC brought significant changes: the number of fortified settlements, settlements with ash hills decreased. Several fortifications continued active functioning and the seasonal settlements widely spread. All this happened against the background of an increase of the mobility of a part of the agricultural population and the infiltration of a part of the steppe population into the region.
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Rzhevuska, S. S. "PIDHIRTSI GROUP OF SITES OF THE KYIV DNIPRO REGION OF SCYTHIAN AGE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 47, no. 2 (2023): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.02.03.
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The paper reveals the issue of population switch in the Kyiv Dnipro region which occurred gradually from the end of the 7th to the 5th centuries BCE. It is related to the origin of the Pidhirtsi group of sites. In historiography since 1950—1960s two hypotheses on this topic have been developed: the integration version based on the diffusion of forest-steppe and Mylograd cultural elements and autochthonous one. Nowadays, after the discovery of new archaeological sites and revision of the chronology, the more progressive research direction is processual migration archeology. The design of the approach is multidisciplinary. The population switch phenomenon is connected to the climate caused migrations of the forest population of Mylograd culture to the Upper and Middle Dnipro regions. In such circumstances with a range of cross-cultural contacts, the Pidhirtsi group of sites was formed.
 The settlement structure reconstructed on the basis of the material culture changes in correlation with geo informational analysis of the sites for two chronological periods. The impulses of the Mylograd population were caused by the economic crisis and paleoclimatic situation, in fact cooling and increasing humidity. The first diffusion occurred at the end of 7th century BCE and traced after burial complexes. The peak of population switch took place in the end of 6th — beginning 5th centuries BCE. As an example of material culture change were revised the materials of Bortnychi settlement explored in the 1950s. In the area of the Mylograd culture was observed decreasing of the anthropogenic activity. The forest steppe population inhabited the Left Bank Dnipro — Don region.
 Reconstruction of the cultural and historical context on the forest and forest-steppe frontier is a necessary approach for understanding the regional settlement system. Long-range interdisciplinary paleoclimatic studies of the Kyiv Dnipro region are a prospective direction for future research.
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Boltryk, Yu V., and O. V. Kariaka. "THE OLDEST TRANSPORT ARTERY OF SCYTHIA (Lower Hypanis — middle course of Borysthenes Track)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 47, no. 2 (2023): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.02.14.
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The article examines the connection between the archaeological sites of the pre-Scythian and Scythian times and the key watersheds of Right Bank Ukraine, as routes of potential overland communications that used to move goods in ancient times. One of the impetuses for turning to this topic was the discovery of four archaic amphorae (one whole from Klazomenai, others from Lesbos) at the recently discovered Khotynets hillfort in Poland, which is located in the extreme west of the country of the Early Iron Age hillforts of southern Eastern Europe. These finds of amphora containers in the area of Vyshnia and San valleys convincingly testify that trade caravans could reach this distant region from the Black Sea coast using only the land route. For its time, land communications were optimal, as they provided relatively reliable movement with a heavy load, along a path practically devoid of sharp descents and ascents.
 Key attention in the article is given to one of the most ancient routes that connected the northern coast of the Black Sea with settlement structures in the Middle Dnieper region. The extreme points in this transport system were pre-Scythian hillforts — Dykii Sad located at the confluence of the Ingul and Southern Bug rivers and its potential northern partner Subotivske in the Tiasmin basin. During the Scythian rule in the Black Sea steppes, this route continued to be actively used. However, over time, the final trade terminals changed, and the route of trade caravans remained. Merchants from Olbia and the harbors of the northern coast of the Black Sea used the eastern edge of the Southern Bug basin as a reliable route to the fortified settlement structures of the forest-steppe Right Bank, among them Matronynske and the Trakhtemyrivske hillforts.
 Given the shallow depths near the coast of Olbia, the authors consider the harbour of the little-explored ancient hillfort of Hlyboka Prystan as a likely place for unloading sea vessels with a deep draft. From this harbour opened a convenient way to the hillforts of the Forest Steppe, just using the oldest transport artery of Scythia.
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Skoryi, Serhii. "Early Scythian Spearheads with a Socket." Arheologia, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2023.01.006.
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Spears were the second most widespread (after the bow and arrows) weapon of the Scythian warriors. Now more than 1,000 iron spearheads and shafts are known. Some spears were 3 m or more long, i.e. were combat weapons. Spears in Scythia, in contrast to the eastern nomads, the Sauro-Sarmatians and the Saka, were a popular weapon, among both ordinary warriors and the elite. Scythian spears, first of all, their tips, have been studied well. However, some of them have features that need to be explained. That is the presence of horizontal ridges around the ends of the sockets of the spearheads, which were not primarily intended for decoration. Few such tips have been found so far in the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe. They belong to the Scythian archaic period, and more precisely to the period from the second half of the 7th to the beginning of the 6th centuries BC. In author’s opinion, the ridges on spear sockets had a utilitarian purpose: they served to securely fasten tassels, possibly in the shape of horse tails, or special badges that were prototypes of future flags. A similar tradition arose among the nomads of Central Asia as early as the middle-second half of the 2nd millennium BC and then it had spread throughout the Eurasian region and during later periods. The spears with bunchuks in the shape of horse or wolf tails have undoubtedly experienced evolution: at first they were symbols of tribal and military unity, over time they began to play the role of a prestigious social marker – an attribute of military leaders of different levels. As a rule, notable Scythian warriors were buried in the graves where such spearheads were found. Apparently, spears with tassels indicate that their owners were the heads of certain military contingents. Given the synchronism of the mentioned burials with the period of the Scythian campaigns to the East, the appearance of similar spears with tassels among the Scythians due to the Assyrian influence cannot be ruled out. In any case, spears with tassels are attested on the reliefs of Assyria, although of an earlier time.
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Peliashenko, Konstantin. "Archaeological sites of the Late Scythian – Early Sarmatian period in the Dnipro-Donets forest-steppe." Revista Arheologică XX, no. 1 (2024): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/ra.xx.2.2024_04.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of archaeological sites of the last three centuries BC of one of the least studied regions − the forest-steppe zone between the Dnipro with its large rivers (the Sula, the Psel and the Vorskla) and the Siverskyi Donets. As in the entire Northern Black Sea region, at the turn of the 4th-3rd centuries BC for this territory, a period of destabilization begins: a sharp decrease of the settlement structure, burial mounds ended their existence. Over the next three centuries, the territory of the Dnipro-Donets forest-steppe remained sparsely populated area, no new cultural formations were formed here and single complexes and cultural deposits do not allow us to definitely associate the antiquities of this territory with any one ethnic group. The archaeological record collected in the article on all the few known sites of this period and the analysis of objects of material culture allow us to conclude that the territory of the Dnipro-Donets forest-steppe during the 3rd-1st centuries BC remained a contact zone, characterized by the intersection of several cultural traditions.
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Ocheretnyi, S. I. "HORN COMB FROM THE EXCAVATION ON NEMYRIV HILLFORT." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, no. 4 (2019): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.27.
Full textAbstract:
The processing of bone and horn is the pinnacle of handicraft of forest-steppe population of Scythian time. In early Scythian Age the most bone and horn products are represented by elements of horse bridle, household implements and toilet objects in the material culture of the population of Ukraine.
 The comb made from horns of deer from the excavations of B. I. Lobai at the Nemyriv hillfort in 1980 is published in the paper. Іts form and ornamentation are analyzed, parallels with similar archetypes of early-Scythian Age throughout the territory of Ukraine are presented. There are two main categories of combs divided according to their function: economic tools and toiletries. Considering the fragile proportions and exquisite ornamentation, this example should be attributed to disparate specimens to the toiletries.
 The horn combs of the Scythian time are divided according to their functionality. The most common combs were simple and used for household purposes, for combing wool. They were based on several teeth (5—8 pieces) sometimes with a vertical handle but more often they were a single plate without a handle. Such simple forms of comb are spread throughout the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, in such settlements of the Scythian time as Severinovka, Trakhtemyriv, Bielsk and other.
 Dr. G. Smirnova considered analogs of a comb for hairstyles from the Nemyriv settlement. These combs had a vertical handle with a small shield at the end. The number of teeth, unlike commercial combs, is larger (8—10 teeth, sometimes up to 25). The ridges of Perebikovtsi and Novozvedenye II mounds were similar to Nemyrivsky but without ornament. Combs for hairstyles were spread not only among the indigenous population but also among the inhabitants of the Greek Black Sea Policies. But unlike the Scythian combs made of horns, or sometimes of precious metal, the Greeks used wooden combs for their daily consumption.
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Mohylov, Oleksandr, and Vitalii Hutsal. "Redvyntsi — the Funeral and Memorial Complex of a Rider of the Scythian Period in Northern Podillia." Arheologia, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2023.01.086.
Full textAbstract:
In 1973, the archaeological expedition of Kamianets-Podilskyi Pedagogical Institute under the leadership of A. F. Hutsal and I. S. Vynokur investigated the mound no. 1 near Redvyntsi village in Khmelnytskyi District and Oblast, in the upper reaches of the Southern Buh basin. The graveyard of five mounds was located 0.5 km southwest from Redvyntsi, on the territory of the collective farm garden. The height of the embankments, located 50—60 m from each other, was 1.8—2.7 m, the diameter — 14—18 m. The height of the mound no. 1 (the biggest in the group), located in the eastern part of the burial ground, was 2.5 m, the diameter — 18 m. A burial and memorial complex was discovered under the mound: the cenotaph. It had a wooden structure with a diameter of 4.4 m. It was located on the top of the soil filling. In the centre of the layout there was a complex of items. On the side, traces of ritual hearths and ceramics near them were found. Among the finds, bridle items made of bronze should be noted. Moreover, there were plates that had the shape of a circle, a rosette and and a diamond. Buckles were found with them. Weapons include an iron spearhead and bronze three-bladed arrowheads. A glass bead was found among the jewellery. The finds have analogies in many areas of the Northern Black Sea region during the Scythian period: the Eastern Podillia group, the Dnipro River Right-bank forest-steppe region, the Ukrainian Left-bank forest-steppe, the Middle Don region and Steppe Scythia. Mound no. 1 in Redvyntsi, due to the lack of a burial, can be interpreted as a cenotaph: during the construction of which fire rituals took place, which have comparisons in the Ukrainian forest-steppe. According to analogies, the burial mounds in Redvyntsi can be dated by the 4th century BC. The significant size of the mound, as well as the rich inventory, indicate that it was built in the memory of an ancient warrior-horseman. The deceased, who could have died in a foreign land, probably belonged to the local nobility, and headed one of the communities of the Scythian period, which lived in the 4th century BC in the upper reaches of the Southern Buh.
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Panchenko, K. I. "THE BURIAL 82 FROM THE EARTH BURIAL GROUND NEAR THE VILLAGE ZALOMI IN KIROVOHRAD REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (2018): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.23.
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Burial ground near Zalomy Znamensky district of the Kirovograd region was discovered in 1985. The place is located in the area between the rivers Irkley and Tsybulnik, belonging to the basin of Tiasmin — in the borderland of the Right-bank forest-steppe and steppe. In 1986, along with burial ground the simultaneous Scythian settlement was discovered. During 1986—1989, burial excavations were conducted by archaeological expedition of then Kirovograd State Pedagogical Institute. There were 98 excavated burials from the necropolis. The investigated Scythian burial belong to the VI—IV century BC. Thus, a burial ground and settlement constitutes the integral archaeological complex.
 Unfortunately, most of the Scythian burials were robbed in antiquity, and therefore — the burial inventory of the necropolis is not numerous.
 Burial No. 82 was carried out in a common ground pit and was not plundered. Among the discovered things of farewell inventory of special interest is a rare set of decorations from corals. Next to them were also found gold amphor-shaped pendants and bronze clasps. Most likely in ancient times, decorations were part of one necklace. In addition, in the burial were found beads, amber and glass beads, miniature molded vessel. The materials of the burial allow one to date his IV century BC. It should be assumed that the person buried here had a special social status among the local population in Scythian times.
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Kozyr, Iryna, Kyrylo Panchenko, and Oleksandr Chornyi. "Funeral rite in the mound of Scythian time near Vasyne." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 75, no. 1 (2023): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/75.2023.1.3170.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to an analysis of the funeral rite from the mound near the village of Vasyne in Kirovohrad region. The site is located on the border of the Dnipro right-bank forest-steppe and steppe. The main Scythian burial was deposited in a wooden chamber on the ancient ground surface. A complex wooden burial structure of oak timbers constructed over it was partially burnt, but was well preserved. The remains of artefacts found in the burial site, including fragments of ancient amphoras, among them plump-throated Chios, thin-walled antique black-figured kylix, fragments of ceramic vessels, and animal bones. Undoubtedly, the most interesting find was a stone anthropomorphic stele of grey granite. The complex dates to the first quarter of the 5th century BC.
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Lyashko, Yu Yu. "MONUMENTS OF THE EARLY IRON AGE THE ENVIRONMENTS OF THE MOTRONIN CITY." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (2018): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.16.
Full textAbstract:
Motroninsky ancient settlement belongs to the most famous monuments of the Scythian epoch of the Dnieper Forest-Steppe Right Bank. Since the late 1980s and until today, work is underway to study the monuments of this time in the vicinity of the site of the ancient settlement. This work is based on materials that identify the chronological and periodic frames of the surveyed monuments. In total 21 settlements of Scythian time of VII—III centuries BC were surveyed and opened. The results of this work confirm the version of the researchers of the site of ancient settlement that its main population lived outside the fortification in a radius of several kilometers.
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Grechko, Denys. "Human Bones from the Settlements of the Scythian Period in the Eastern European Forest-Steppe: Sacrifices or Funeral Rites?" Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte Beiheft 3 (January 14, 2023): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.30819/mbgaeu.b45.5.
Full textAbstract:
The ways of dealing with the deceased among population groups of the Eastern European Forest-Steppe during the Scythian Period were various. The remains of the deceased could be buried in the ground or under burial mounds on the territory of settlements, and either in household buildings or in special graves. Human bones could be stored at the settlement territory after exposure or primary burial.
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Leibova, N. A., and S. S. Tur. "Dental characteristics of the Scythian time population of the Forest-Steppe Altai." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4 (51) (November 27, 2020): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-51-4-15.
Full textAbstract:
Materials from the analysed sites of the Staroaleyka and Kamen Cultures in the Forest-Steppe Altai (South-ern Siberia) are dated to the 6th–2nd c. BC. The aim of this study is to introduce the dental data for the Staroaleyka and Kamen Cultures into scientific discourse, to identify and analyse intergroup variability within both communi-ties, their origin and genesis, and the direction of their relations with the Bronze and Early Iron Age populations. Materials of the Staroaleyka Culture are represented by a series from three burial grounds: Firsovo-14, Tu-zovskiye Bugry and Obskiye Plesy 2, dated to the 6th–5th c. BC. The Kamen Culture series from the Forest-Steppe Altai has been collected from six burial grounds: Rogozikha-1 (6th–4th c. BC), Obyezdnoye-1 (5th–4th c. BC), Kamen-2 and Kirillovka-3 (5th–3rd c. BC), Novotroitskoye 1 and 2 (5th–3rd c. BC), Maslyakha-1 (3rd–2nd c. BC). In total, 402 individuals were examined using the Odontological program. The analysed craniological series are stored in the TSU (Tomsk) Cabinet of Anthropology and the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Altai of AltSU (Barnaul). As comparative data, published Bronze and Early Iron Age series from Western, Southern and south of Eastern Siberia, southern Trans-Urals, Aral Sea Region, Central and Western Kazakhstan were used. Study methods: 25 odontoscopic and odontoglyphic features were recorded. Ten key characteristics, which have comparative data in literature, were discussed. The evaluation of the traits and their further analysis were carried out according to the methodology of A.A. Zubov. The construction of circular polygons and calculation of the av-erage taxonomic distances were carried out in the GROUP COMPARISON program (author — Olga M. Leybova), designed for processing of dental data. Intergroup variability was assessed through correspondence analysis in the STATISTICA 8 software. For the first time, dental data for the Staroaleyka Culture population have been re-ceived, and data for Kamen Culture has been significantly extended. Despite the territorial and chronological proximity of the Staroaleyka Culture series, it has been established that they belong to two different odontological variants. Odontological data does not exclude the presence of the «Ural» component in their morphological com-plex. The analysed samples of the Kamen Culture, with the exception of those from Rogoziha-1, appear to repre-sent the Western odontological branch with different proportions of the eastern component in the series. In the morphocomplexes of the groups from the Obyezdnoye-1 and Kamen-2 burials, traits of an undifferentiated gracile type have been identified. The burial complexes of Novotroitskoye 1 and 2 and Maslyakha-1 were left by anthro-pologically uniform population representing a maturized odontological variant. Similarly to the craniological data, a fairly wide range of contacts has been established for the population of the Kamen Culture, including the early nomads of the Southern Urals, Western Kazakhstan, south-western and eastern Aral Sea region on the one hand, and Tuva and the Minusinsk Basin on another. Unlike craniological studies, odontological data does not suggest any proximity to the synchronous Pazyryk population of the Altai Mountains. Significant differences have also been revealed with the Kamen Culture population of the Ob River region near Novosibirsk.
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Lyashko, Yu Yu. "NEW FIND OF THE SCYTHIAN SWORD NEAR MOTRONYNSKE HILLFORT." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 47, no. 2 (2023): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.02.09.
Full textAbstract:
In spring 2023 two kilometers south-west of the well-known Motronynske hillfort of Scythian Age on a flat plateau the iron Scythian sword was found out by chance on a little depth. In the Steppe and Forest-Steppe of North Pontic region swords and daggers of this type date to the second half of 6th—5th cc. BC (rather by the first half of the latter century). Near Motronynske hillfort a few finds of Scythian swords and daggers are known but swords of similar type have not occurred before.
 The site was examined by the author. It is a flat plateau with small depressions, located near the road to Hruskivka and Kamianka villages. Nearby the kurgan burial ground was located, investigated in 2018 by an expedition headed by O. D. Mohylov.
 The sword was found at a depth of 0.5 m from the modern surface, in forest loam. No cultural layer can be traced here but to the south of the site there are remains of defensive structures in the form of an earthen rampart with a moat that covers the plateau spurs from the side of Hruskivka. Near this rampart in 2019, a bronze triangular arrowhead with a spike was found, which according to A. I. Meliukova’s classification belongs to type 1, group 1, division III.
 In recent years several more swords and daggers of the 7th—5th centuries BC have been accidentally found in this area of the Kholodnyi Yar tract. This sword has a simple antenna-shaped pommel and butterfly-shaped cross-bar, i. e., according to the well-known classification of A. I. Meliukova, it belongs to the edged weapons of the II department of the 2nd type, which was widespread in the 6th — first half of the 5th century BC. The sword is 61.3 cm long, double-bladed, with a blade tapering in the last third of its length, well preserved. It weighs 650 grams. Finds of the edged weapons of infighting near the largest settlement of the Scythian Age in the Tyasmin-river-basin, presumably, are the evidence of a military collision of it’s inhabitants with the representatives of the nomadic world of Steppe.