Journal articles on the topic 'Second-class predicate'

In this paper, I describe the general organization of an electronic syntactic dictionary of predicative nouns in German currently being elaborated at the Université de Provence. In the first part, I review the various criteria used to define the class of nouns that either must or can occur predicatively in a sentence. In the second part, I describe the fields of the data-base that characterize the main syntactic and semantic properties of the sentences in which the nouns studied, with the help of a supporting verb, make up the predicate (the fields involved include determiners, supporting verbs, arguments, aspectual value, translation).

The subject of this research is 43 students at class Social Science-1 grad XI, whereas the object of the research is teaching method of tasking, and data was collected by using list of observation and questionaire. Based on pre test to 26 students, resulting 10 students (38.5 percent) obtained lower learning outcome and only 4 students (15.4 percent) reached good score with average 64.3 percent. Then in first cycle, resulting 6 students (23.1 percent) gained good predicated with average score 65.2 percent. In the second cycle, the outcome climbed to 21 students (80.8 percent) gained good predicate of creativity with 86.5 score. By questionaire in the last meeting, resulting 3 students (11.5 percent) obtained lower score and only 21 students (80.7 percent) gained good score with average score of 80.5 percent. Based on the research starting the first to second cycle, empirically have proved thart learning outcome increases significantly. Therefore using method of tasking can be elevate students creativity on the subject of Sociology at class Social Science-1 grade XI in SMA 12 of Medan.

Visual relation detection (VRD) aims to describe all interacting objects in an image using subject-predicate-object triplets. Critically, valid relations combinatorially grow in O(C2 R) for C object categories and R relationships. The frequencies of relation triplets exhibit a long-tailed distribution, which inevitably leads to bias towards popular visual relations in the learned VRD model. To address this problem, we propose localize-assemble-predicate network (LAP-Net), which decomposes VRD into three sub-tasks: localizing individual objects, assembling and predicting the subject-object pairs. In the first stage of LAP-Net, Region Proposal Network (RPN) is used to generate a few class-agnostic object proposals. Next, these proposals are assembled to form subject-object pairs via a second Pair Proposal Network (PPN), in which we propose a novel contextual embedding scheme. The inner product between embedded representations faithfully reflects the compatibility between a pair of proposals, without estimating object and subject class. Top-ranked pairs from stage two are fed into a third sub-network, which precisely estimates the relationship. The whole pipeline except for the last stage is object-category-agnostic in localizing relationships in an image, alleviating the bias in popular relations induced by training data. Our LAP-Net can be trained in an end-to-end fashion. We demonstrate that LAP-Net achieves state-of-the-art performance on the VRD benchmark while maintaining high speed in inference.

Abstract In this paper, we investigate universal and existential quantifiers on NM-algebras. The resulting class of algebras will be called monadic NM-algebras. First, we show that the variety of monadic NM-algebras is algebraic semantics of the monadic NM-predicate logic. Moreover, we discuss the relationship among monadic NM-algebras, modal NM-algebras and rough approximation spaces. Second, we introduce and investigate monadic filters in monadic NM-algebras. Using them, we prove the subdirect representation theorem of monadic NM-algebras, and characterize simple and subdirectly irreducible monadic NM-algebras. Finally, we present the monadic NM-logic and prove its (chain) completeness with respect to (strong) monadic NM-algebras. These results constitute a crucial first step for providing an algebraic foundation for the monadic NM-predicate logic.

AbstractMonadic second order logic and linear temporal logic are two logical formalisms that can be used to describe classes of infinite words, i.e., first-order models based on the natural numbers with order, successor, and finitely many unary predicate symbols.Monadic second order logic over infinite words (S1S) can alternatively be described as a first-order logic interpreted in${\cal P}\left( \omega \right)$, the power set Boolean algebra of the natural numbers, equipped with modal operators for ‘initial’, ‘next’, and ‘future’ states. We prove that the first-order theory of this structure is the model companion of a class of algebras corresponding to a version of linear temporal logic (LTL) without until.The proof makes crucial use of two classical, nontrivial results from the literature, namely the completeness of LTL with respect to the natural numbers, and the correspondence between S1S-formulas and Büchi automata.

This research aims to increase the learning outcomes of students and the activity of students and teacher by applying Discovery Learning Model. The classroom action research conducted using two cycles. Each cycle consists of 2 meetings. This study also equipped with teacher activities and student activities, which are assessed using observation sheets while teaching and learning activities take place in class. Activities of students and teacher assessed by the observer. The results obtained, in test I, in the first cycle, 72% of students have achieved completeness, and fall into enough category. While in test 2, in the second cycle, 92% of students have achieved completeness, and fall into the very good predicate. The average learning activieties of students from the first cycle is 74% with enough category and the second cycle with an average of 96% is in the very good category. The average activities of teacher from the first cycle was 77,6% with a good category and the second cycle with an average of 97,5% is in the very good category. Based on the results of the research, it could be concluded that the implementation of the Discovery Learning Model can improve the activity and learning result of students of class VII A MTs Negeri 2 Bengkalis.

This article concerns the estimation of a particular kind of probability, namely, the probability of a noun sense appearing as a particular argument of a predicate. In order to overcome the accompanying sparse-data problem, the proposal here is to define the probabilities in terms of senses from a semantic hierarchy and exploit the fact that the senses can be grouped into classes consisting of semantically similar senses. There is a particular focus on the problem of how to determine a suitable class for a given sense, or, alternatively, how to determine a suitable level of generalization in the hierarchy. A procedure is developed that uses a chi-square test to determine a suitable level of generalization. In order to test the performance of the estimation method, a pseudo-disambiguation task is used, together with two alternative estimation methods. Each method uses a different generalization procedure; the first alternative uses the minimum description length principle, and the second uses Resnik's measure of selectional preference. In addition, the performance of our method is investigated using both the standard Pearson chi-square statistic and the log-likelihood chi-square statistic.

Complex fuzzy sets, classes, and logic have an important role in applications, such as prediction of periodic events and advanced control systems, where several fuzzy variables interact with each other in a multifaceted way that cannot be represented effectively via simple fuzzy operations such as union, intersection, complement, negation, conjunction and disjunction. The initial formulation of these terms stems from the definition of complex fuzzy grade of membership. The problem, however, with these definitions are twofold: 1) the complex fuzzy membership is limited to polar representation with only one fuzzy component. 2) The definition is based on grade of membership and is lacking the rigor of axiomatic formulation. A new interpretation of complex fuzzy membership enables polar and Cartesian representation of the membership function where the two function components carry uncertain information. Moreover, the new interpretation is used to define complex fuzzy classes and develop an axiomatic based theory of complex propositional fuzzy logic. Additionally, the generalization of the theory to multidimensional fuzzy grades of membership has been demonstrated. In this paper we propose an axiomatic framework for first order predicate complex fuzzy logic and use this framework for axiomatic definition of complex fuzzy classes. We use these rigorous definitions to exemplify inference in complex economic systems. The new framework overcomes the main limitations of current theory and provides several advantages. First, the derivation of the new theory is based on axiomatic approach and does not assume the existence of complex fuzzy sets or complex fuzzy classes. Second, the new form significantly improves the expressive power and inference capability of complex fuzzy logic and class theory. The paper surveys the current state of complex fuzzy sets, complex fuzzy classes, and complex fuzzy logic; and provides an axiomatic basis for first order predicate complex fuzzy logic and complex class theory.

A major factor grounding the mass/count distinction is the (non-)resolution of overlap in context. We argue that counting presupposes that nouns be interpreted relative to counting contexts, which are contexts enforcing a resolution of overlap in noun denotations. While, in this respect, we largely follow some suggestions in Rothstein 2010 and Landman 2011, what is novel about our proposal is the role of context in the (non-) resolution of overlap. Lexical entries of mass Ns specify the null context as the context for evaluation, which makes them uncountable. The reason for this is that the null context allows for overlap in noun denotations, because it is the union of the interpretations of the predicate at all counting contexts (i.e. variants). In contrast, lexical entries of count Ns do not specify such a context, and therefore their counting context may vary from utterance to utterance. Adopting this semantics has two major benefits. First, we can predict, on semantic grounds, for a large class of nouns, when we can(not) expect to find mass/count variation cross- and intralinguistically. Second, we are able to explain why ‘collective artifact’ nouns (aka ‘object’ or ‘fake’ mass nouns) resist mass-to-count coercion.

The syntax of psychological verbs like amuse has interested linguists for a number of years. Certain phenomena may be explained in a framework in which the syntax of these verbs involves a primitive causative predicate and a derived subject (originating from an object position). In other words, psych verbs like amuse are causative unaccusative (have a derived subject) transitive (have a direct object) verbs. I argue in the first part of the article that Romance object pro, the null object found in simple sentences like le chômage, ça n’amuse pas (“unemployment, that does not amuse (people)”) or a complexe sentence like ça ne fait pas rire (“that does not make (one) laugh”), is a property of Romance causative constructions, combined with the requirement that semantic computation be compositional. The latter requirement accounts for the very specific distribution of pro, basically only found with psych verbs. The former property explains why object pro is found in Romance languages and not in English. Still probing in the properties of French psych constructions, the second part of the article examines an exceptional class of slang psychological adjectives like marrant “funny”, which do not conform to the general syntax of V-ant adjectives. They have specific properties, explained within the framework developed in the first part of the article.

Educators are the best curriculum for applying knowledge, culture, and science. As for realizing all these goals, it is necessary to have the right idea. From that, the ideas conveyed by Nadiem Makarim the Indonesian Minister of Education, will be correlated in the hadith perspective. This idea can be drawn from five important points, namely, class discussion, the role of students in teaching and learning activities, fostering the social spirit of students, discovering student’s identities, cooperation between teachers and students. Where these ideas have been conveyed indirectly through the hadiths, which are, part of the Prophet is learning. Hadiths found through literature study are the Kitab Syarah Bukhari, Fathul Baari, Sahih Muslim, and journals. The method used in this Takhrij al-Hadith is a qualitative study with the sanad criticism approach to determine the authenticity of a hadisth. In the sanad criticism method, the writer uses the Lidwa Pustaka i-software assistance method. Hadith found with the bil ma’na redaction method. So that there are 4 hadiths in the study. The first hadith in Shohih Bukhari no. 5514 regarding the method of question and answer the Prophet. Second, in Shohih Bukhori no. 77 about the virtue of konwledge and teaching. Third, in Shohih Muslim no. 4831 about growing the social soul. Fourth, in Sahih Bukhari no. 5567 about please help. The results of this study indicate tht the hadiths are muttashil (continued) so that the Prophet and his narrators have the predicate ‘fair and dlobitous so that these.

Indescribability is closely related to the reflection principles of Zermelo-Fränkel set theory. In this axiomatic setting the universe of all sets stratifies into a natural cumulative hierarchy (Vα: α ϵ On) such that any formula of the language for set theory that holds in the universe already holds in the restricted universe of all sets obtained by some stage.The axioms of ZF prove the existence of many ordinals α such that this reflection scheme holds in the world Vα. Hanf and Scott noticed that one arrives at a large cardinal notion if the reflecting formulas are allowed to contain second order free variables to which one assigns subsets of Vα. For a given collection Ω of formulas in the ϵ language of set theory with higher type variables and a unary predicate symbol they define an ordinal α to be Ω indescribable if for all sentences Φ in Ω and A ⊆ VαSince a sufficient coding apparatus is available, this definition is (for the classes of formulas that we are going to consider) equivalent to the one that one obtains by allowing finite sequences of relations over Vα, some of which are possibly k-ary. We will be interested mainly in certain standardized classes of formulas: Let (, respectively) denote the class of all formulas in the language introduced above whose prenex normal form has n alternating blocks of quantifiers of type m (i.e. (m + 1)th order) starting with ∃ (∀, respectively) and no quantifiers of type greater than m. In Hanf and Scott [1961] it is shown that in ZFC, indescribability is equivalent to inaccessibility and indescribability coincides with weak compactness.

These two objects [The True and the False] are recognized, if only implicitly, by everybody who judges something to be true —and so even by a sceptic. (Frege, G., “On Sense and Reference”, Trans. Geach & Black, p. 63.)
 One of the most striking Fregean theses is the claim that declarative sentences (if true or false) are proper names of truth-values (I call this thesis (TP) for short). I here analyse Frege’s reasons for (TP) following Simpson’s reconstruction. Simpson has shown that Frege’s argument (if he has one) in favour of (TP) is not conclusive. But if (TP) cannot be established then other important Fregean claims, general semantic theses, fail as well. Thus, the aim of my paper is to introduce the aforementioned (TP) via a stipulation. The stipulation is not a merely ad hoc solution but is based on three main considerations: (i) Frege’s conjecture as it stands is either in-conclusive or lacks supporting argument. (ii) There is a well established practice in Mathematics that allows stipulations whenever they are needed in the theory. And finally, (iii) Frege’s notion of naming (namingF) is a theoretical concept which admits of an explication in Carnap’s sense. According to Frege the main function of language is that of naming. Thus semantically significant parts of language are names. Language is partitioned into types: names are either complete or incomplete. Incomplete names are function names which include function expressions (in a Mathematical sense), predicates, connectives and quantifiers. Complete names are called proper names and include: (1) grammatically ordinary proper names (genuine names in Frege’s terminology); (2) what we would nowadays call definite descriptions; (3) mathematical terms which describe or name numbers, like ‘2’, ‘2+5’; and (4) declarative sentences. The Proper names (1), (2) and (3) satisfy the two following semantic principles reconstructed by Church from Frege’s article “On Sense and Reference”:
 (I) When a constituent name of a compound name lacks denotation the compound name does not denote either.
 
 (II) When a constituent name of a compound name is replaced by another name having the same denotation, the denotation of the compound name does not change. (But sense may change.)
 According to II, the compound name ‘The wife of Ulises’ lacks denotation since ‘Ulises’ does not denote. According to III, the denotation of the compound name ‘The capital of England’ does not change when substituting name ‘Churchill’s country’ for ‘England’. Simpson argues that Frege introduces (TP) by showing that declarative sentences and their truth-values satisfy principles II and III. Simpson reformulates these principles for declarative sentences replacing ‘compound name’ by ‘sentences’ and ‘denotation’ by ‘truth-value’ in the relevant places as follows:
 (II’) When a constituent name of a sentence lacks denotation the sentence has no truth- value.
 (III’) When a constituent name of a sentence is replaced by another name having the same denotation, the truth-value of the sentence (if there is such a truth-value) does not change.
 According to II’ the sentence ‘Odysseus was set ashore at Ithaca while sound asleep’ lacks truth-value since ‘Odysseus’ does not denote. The sentence ‘The morning star is far from earth’ does not change its truth-value when ‘evening star’ replaces ‘morning star’ in accordance with principle III’. Simpson holds that for Frege (TP) follows from the premise that declarative sentences and their truth-values satisfy principles II’ and III’. However my reading of Frege’s texts does not agree with Simpson’s interpretation on this point. Frege considers the above mentioned principles only as necessary conditions for proper names. Hence I cannot see any argument here but and experimental development of (TP). Setting aside this point, the importance of Simpson’s reconstruction remains since it allows us to analyse Frege’s reason for (TP). Simpson finds Frege’s claim to be twofold: (a) declarative sentences are proper names and (b) their truth-values are their denotation; and he further argues that to conclude (TP) even were we to assume (a) we should also need to establish the truth of (b). In order to establish (b) Simpson argues that Frege must prove: (b’) that the naming relation holding between sentences and their truth-values satisfies principles II’ and III’, and (b’’) that there are no other entities satisfying principles II’ and III’ holding the naming relation to sentences. Simpson rejects (b’’) arguing two issues. First, that there are other kinds of entities satisfying principles II’ and III’, and which hold the naming relation to sentences; and second, that there is an infinity of such entities. His argument is as follows. Let us suppose that sentence A is a compound proper name. Let us also suppose that the denotation of A is the equivalence class of A mod. truth-value, i.e., the class of all the sentences which have the same truth-values as A. If the equivalence class of A mod. truth-value is the denotation of A, principles II’ and III’ are satisfied. Principle III’ is satisfied by sentence A and its supposed denotation since if the denotation of A is the equivalence class of all the sentences that have the same truth-value that A has, then if we replace a constituent name of A by other name having the same denotation the truth-value of A will not change nor will its equivalence class. Principle II’ is satisfied by A and its equivalence class given that in order to construct the denotation of A it is a necessary and sufficient condition that A have a truth-value. If a constituent name of the compound name A lacks denotation then A lacks denotation in the just described sense since we cannot construct the equivalence class of A mod. truth-value. Thus following Frege’s strategy Simpson concludes that the equivalence class mod. truth-value of a given sentence is the denotation of such a sentence. From this starting point he also argues that the number of possible denotata is infinite because principles II’ and III’ are also satisfied by the unitary class whose unique element is the equivalence class of A mod. truth-value, and in general they are satisfied by every member of the infinite series: {CA}…{{CA}}…{{{CA}}}… where “CA” stands for equivalence class of A mod. truth-value. Simpson’s reconstruction shows: (a) that Frege’s argument is not conclusive and (b) that there is an ad hoc flavour in Frege’s strategy. But if there is such and ad hoc flavour, and if (TP) is necessary for the theory, why do we not just stipulate (TP)? An affirmative answer is based on three main reasons: (i) Frege’s “argument” is not conclusive. (ii) In Mathematics there are cases where a stipulation is needed to validate a law. For instance using the intuitive notion of exponentiation the algebraic law: am = am-n an fails for a0 when m=n. Thus it is necessary to stipulate that a0=1 to validate the aforementioned law. This is not alien to Frege’s aim since he introduces “the special stipulation that divergent infinite series shall stand for number 0” (Cfr. “On Sense and Reference”, Trans. Geach & Black, p. 70). (iii) Frege’s notion of naming (namingF) is a theoretical concept that fulfills the following requirements for an explication in Carnap’s sense:
 (1) NamingF is similar to our intuitive notion of naming (namingI) in such a way that in most cases in which namingI has so far been used, namingF can be used; however, close similarity is not required and considerable differences are permitted.
 (2) The characterization of namingF is given in the form of a definition so as to introduce namingF into a well-connected system of theoretical concepts, as follows: a namesF x= df. x is an object and: if a is a genuine name x is the denotation of a, if a is a definite description x is the unique entity which satisfies the predicates occurring in a, if a is a declarative sentence x is the truth-value of sentence a.
 (3) NamingF is a concept useful for the formulation of many universal statements, among others following: every predicate is a function name, every concept is a function whose value is always a truth-value, every equivalence statement is an identity statement. (4) NamingF is a simple as is possible, that means, as simple as the more important requirements (1), (2) and (3) permit.
 (4) NamingF is a simple as is possible, that means, as simple as the more important requirements (1), (2) and (3) permit. Frege’s (TP) is used to subsume predicates to function names and their referents (concepts) to functions, as follows. According to Frege a first level monadic function name is an expression which contains a gap and its denotation is a function. Traditionally predicates have been regarded as monadic expressions containing a gap, and concepts are the denotations of predicates. When a function name is saturated by a proper name the resulting expression is a compound proper name. When a predicate is saturated by a singular term the result is a declarative sentence. If (TP) is the case then predicates and first level function names behave the same way. Thus since function names denote functions, predicates also denote functions. The subsumption of predicates to function names has two profitable consequences: there is an ontological reduction when concepts are considered as functions, and the traditional notion of a function is extended in two ways, by admitting a new kind of expression (predicates) as function expressions and by admitting a new kind of thing (truth-values) as arguments. Frege also uses (TP) to treat every equivalence statement as an identity statement, as follows. Statements of the form ‘P≡Q’ are true when P and Q have the same truth-value. If P and Q have the same truth-value and (TP) is the case, then P and Q have the same denotation. Then any assertion that results from replacing ‘=’ by ‘≡’ will also be true since ‘P≡Q’ is true if and only if P and Q have the same denotation. And finally, on the base of the definition of namingF, principles II’ and III’ result in general semantic laws. To conclude: the stipulation of (TP) has the advantage of avoiding the dubious Fregean conjecture. It is dubious in several ways: (i) our pre-theoretical conception of naming does not agree with the idea that sentences perform that role; (ii) even assuming that sentences could do that job, it is not clear what the reasons are for considering just truth-values to be their denotation instead of facts or other more intuitive candidates; (iii) even taking sentences as names and truth-values as their denotation, Frege’s reasons for (TP) seem to be inconclusive. Only if we consider theoretical needs and the naming notion as a theoretical one, can we dispel our intuitive rejection of (TP). [L.V.]

Studies of class-formation have long been dominated by an espitemology of absensethe study of the absence of Marx's predicted revolutionary class consciousness among the Western working class. Katznelson's and Zolberg's pathbreaking Working-Class Formation: Ninetenth-century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (1986) posed a major challenge to this tradition. Instead of being seen as deviant or exceptional, moreover, the individual cases of class formation are analysed as variations that can only be explained by each nation's pattern of historicalprimarily politicalformation. An instant classic, Working-Class Formation has not to date been surpassed by subsequent studies. This essay reviews the strenghts and the weaknesses of this classic volume, suggesting in the final analysis that it does not quite realize the full extent of its radical implications.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Many researchers used expensive 3D laser scanning techniques to derive indoor models. Few papers describe the derivation of indoor models based on sparse data such as footprints. They assume that floorplans and rooms are rather rectangular and that information on functional use is given. This paper addresses the automatic learning of a classifier which predicts the functional use of housing rooms. The classification is based on features which are widely available such as room areas and orientation. These features are extracted from an extensive database of annotated rooms. A Bayesian classifier is applied which delivers probabilities of competing class hypotheses. In a second step, functional uses are used to predict the shape of the rooms in a further classification.</p>

ABSTRACT A class 2 integron was found in an Escherichia coli isolate mediating a urinary tract infection. Unlike other class 2 integrons from pathogens, the encoded IntI2 protein was functional. The integron possessed a dfrA14 cassette, and a second novel cassette in which a lipoprotein signal peptidase gene is predicted.

Abstract In this paper, I intend to reconstruct Ockham’s semantics of the categories in order to prove first that his semantics is consistent. Second, Ockham is not skeptical about the possibility to derive the categories from primitives. According to Ockham, one must accept two principles in order to derive the categories. The first is the principle of ‘in quid’ predication, according to which a name of category can be predicated ‘in quid’ of a determined class of terms. The second is the principle of the transitivity of predication, according to which A is predicated of C if A is predicated of B and B is predicated of C. I will show that Ockham’s semantics of the categories makes two assumptions. According to the first assumption, there exist only two types of things, substances and qualities. According to the second, the categories are mutually exclusive. Ockham’s semantics of the categories implies that the categories are both ontological and conceptual and that it is not possible to prove that there is a determined number of categories.

Studies completed with undergraduate populations have shown that attendance positively correlates with academic performance. A marked decline in classroom attendance within medical school has recently been noticed with the availability of video capture of lectures and other online material. This study compares these in the era of online material. It took place during the second-year Gastrointestinal and Renal Systems module. Attendance was mandatory at team-based learning and case-based learning sessions on new material and voluntary at lectures (29 sessions) and case-based learning on material previously covered (9 sessions). Attendance was recorded prospectively. All lectures were recorded, and all related files were available to students online. Performance was based on a 118 multiple-choice question final examination. Students voluntarily completed the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The study group consisted of 78 students (68% of 114 total) of whom 48 completed the MSLQ. Mean attendance was 24%, with 33% of students attending none of the nonmandatory sessions. The median score on the final exam for participants was 86.0 (range: 28.8). High levels of self-efficacy and the ability to self-regulate effort were predictive of low attendance. Attendance was positively predicted by an orientation toward peer learning and help seeking. There was no correlation between the percentage of classes attended and performance on the final exam. We conclude that different facets of self-regulated learning predict attendance, with highly confident students being the least likely to attend, and that attendance at in-class sessions is no longer a good marker for performance.

The subject of this research is 24 students at class Natural Science-3 grade XII, while the subject is Teaching method of Tasking, as data collected by using observation list and questionaire. Based on pre test to 24 students, resulting 10 students obtained lower score and 11 students reached middle score, and only 3 students achieved good score with average score of 62.83 percent. Then in the first cycle of treatment, resulting 6 student were predicated good score, 12 students were predicated middle score, and the rest 6 students were predicated lower score with average score of 75.95 percent. In the second cycle of treatment, it climbs to 22 students reached good score, while 2 students obtained lower score, with average score of 86.16 percent. By the last questionaire, resulting 2 students got lower score, while 2 students got middle score and 20 students achieved good score, with average score of 88.08 percent. Based on the result of all first and second cycle, empirically proved that teaching method of tasking resulted increasing score significantly. Therefore, using teaching method of tasking could be elevate students’ creativity in the subject of Christian Religion at class Natural Science-3 grade XII in SMA 12 of Medan.

AbstractThis study tests for similarities and differences in the uses of near-synonymous mental predicates by speakers of different ENL and ESL speech communities to capture whether, and if so to what degree, speakers of different first and second language English varieties use the four near-synonymous predicates semantically differently. Specifically, we focus on I believe, I think, I suppose and I guess in eight native and second-language varieties of English (i.e. American, British, Canadian, Irish, Hong Kong, Indian, Singapore and New Zealand). We adopt a multivariate modeling approach to analyze mental predicates annotated for six semantic variables (verifiability, epistemic mode, epistemic class, epistemic type, evaluation and negotiability) as well as genre. Our findings show the usefulness of exploring Englishes through the lens of semantic structure. Although, on the surface, two groups of English varieties emerge with different preferential patterns of predicates (British, Indian, Irish and Singapore vs. Canadian, Hong Kong and American), at a more abstract level, those predicates share similar semantic combinatory patterns common to all varieties in focus. It emerges that modeling the development of Englishes based on theoretical frameworks that account for simultaneous development of generic (i.e. common to all Englishes) and specialized (i.e. specific to individual Englishes) linguistic patterns may be beneficial. At a time when English has become a worldwide language shaped by globalization, the present study adds to the discussion on the developmental pathways that characterize the evolution of non-native Englishes in the twenty-first century.

AbstractThis article introduces a new reflection principle. It is based on the idea that whatever is true in all entities of some kind is also true in a set-sized collection of them. Unlike standard reflection principles, it does not re-interpret parameters or predicates. This allows it to be both consistent in all higher-order languages and remarkably strong. For example, I show that in the language of second-order set theory with predicates for a satisfaction relation, it is consistent relative to the existence of a 2-extendible cardinal (Theorem 7.12) and implies the existence of a proper class of 1-extendible cardinals (Theorem 7.9).

This work has two primary objectives. First, it presents a state prediction strategy for a class of nonlinear Lipschitz systems subject to constant time delay in the input signal. As a result of a suitable change of variable, the state predictor asymptotically provides the value of the state τ units of time ahead. Second, it proposes a solution to the stabilization and trajectory tracking problems for the considered class of systems using predicted states. The predictor-controller convergence is proved by considering a complete Lyapunov functional. The proposed predictor-based controller strategy is evaluated using numerical simulations.

In the current context of the establishment of world-class universities and disciplines in China, this study examined the investment of research funds at universities. First, six variables were selected as evaluation indicators from the perspective of fixed assets, teaching configuration, research instruments, and the number of books in libraries. Seventy-two universities were investigated from 2013 to 2017. Second, an evaluation system was constructed using the BP (backpropagation) neural network method and its applicability was verified. Finally, by adjusting the six indicators, the investment of university research funds could be adjusted and predicted to provide a reference for the construction of “first-class” universities and disciplines.

We consider an extension of tree automata on infinite trees that can use equality and disequality constraints between direct subtrees of a node. Recently, it has been shown that the emptiness problem for these kind of automata with a parity acceptance condition is decidable and that the corresponding class of languages is closed under Boolean operations. In this paper, we show that the class of languages recognizable by such tree automata with a Büchi acceptance condition is closed under projection. This construction yields a new algorithm for the emptiness problem, implies that a regular tree is accepted if the language is non-empty (for the Büchi condition), and can be used to obtain a decision procedure for an extension of monadic second-order logic with predicates for subtree comparisons.

Motilin is an important endogenous regulator of gastrointestinal motor function, mediated by the class I G protein-coupled motilin receptor. Motilin and erythromycin, two chemically distinct full agonists of the motilin receptor, are known to bind to distinct regions of this receptor, based on previous systematic mutagenesis of extracellular regions that dissociated the effects on these two agents. In the present work, we examined the predicted intracellular loop regions of this receptor for effects on motilin- and erythromycin-stimulated activity. We prepared motilin receptor constructs that included sequential deletions throughout the predicted first, second, and third intracellular loops, as well as replacing the residues in key regions with alanine, phenylalanine, or histidine. Each construct was transiently expressed in COS cells and characterized for motilin- and erythromycin-stimulated intracellular calcium responses and for motilin binding. Deletions of receptor residues 63–66, 135–137, and 296–301 each resulted in substantial loss of intracellular calcium responses to stimulation by both motilin and erythromycin. Constructs with mutations of residues Tyr66, Arg136, and Val299 were responsible for the negative impact on biological activity stimulated by both agonists. These data suggest that action by different chemical classes of agonists that are known to interact with distinct regions of the motilin receptor likely yield a common activation state of the cytosolic face of this receptor that is responsible for interaction with its G protein. The identification of functionally important residues in the predicted cytosolic face provides strong candidates for playing roles in receptor-G protein interaction.

Fish stocking is used worldwide in conservation and management, but its effects on food-web dynamics and ecosystem stability are poorly known. To better understand these effects and predict the outcomes of stocking, we used an empirically validated network model of a well-studied lake ecosystem. We simulate two stocking scenarios with two native fish species valuable for fishing. In the first scenario, we stock planktivorous fish (whitefish) larvae in the ecosystem. This leads to a 1% increase in adult whitefish biomasses and decreases the biomasses of the top predator (perch). In the second scenario, we also stock perch larvae in the ecosystem. This decreases the planktivorous whitefish and the oldest top predator age class biomasses, and destabilizes the ecosystem. Our results demonstrate that the effects of stocking depend on the species' position in the food web and thus cannot be assessed without considering interacting species. We further show that stocking can lead to undesired outcomes from both management and conservation perspectives. The gains of stocking can remain minor and have adverse effects on the entire ecosystem.

<p class="apa">The present study aimed to examine the relationship of mental pressure with optimism and academic achievement motivation among second grade second period male high school students. This study followed a descriptive-correlational method. The sample included 200 second grade second period male high school students in Sooran. Data collection tools in the current study were the Ursula Markham Mental Pressure Inventory (1976), the Tschannen-Moran et al. Optimism Scale (2013), and the Hermans Academic Achievement Motivation Questionnaire (1977). The obtained data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis) via SPSS software. The results indicated that mental pressure was significantly and negatively related to optimism (P<0.01), such that with an increase in mental pressure, students’ optimism decreased. The results of regression analysis revealed that mental pressure predicted 5% of the variance in students’ optimism. Moreover, mental pressure was significantly and negatively related to students’ academic achievement motivation (P<0.01), such that with an increase in mental pressure, students’ academic achievement motivation decreased. The results of regression analysis revealed that mental pressure predicted 4% of the variance in students’ academic achievement motivation.</p>

In this article, I will present a survey of control structures in Korean. The survey is based on a sample of seventy SOA-argument-taking predicates, which are classified with respect to their complementation patterns and control properties. As a result, Korean is characterized as a language in which semantically determined control is predominant, whereas constructionally induced control is only marginal. In the discussion of the sample, I will show that there are two major classes of verbs exhibiting semantic control: the first class consists of matrix verbs such as hwuhoyhata 'regret' or kangyohata 'force', which require obligatory coreference between a matrix argument and the embedded subject due to their lexical meaning. The verbs of the second class are utterance verbs such as malhata 'tell', which select clauses headed by the quotative complementizer ko. With these verbs, subject, object, or split control arises if specific modal suffixes are attached to the verb heading the complement clause. In the second part of the paper, I will provide a lexical analysis of control in Korean, which adopts the Principle of Controller Choice proposed by Farkas (1988) as well as additional constraints which have to be assumed independently.

Determining the appropriate dosage of warfarin is an important yet challenging task. Several prediction models have been proposed to estimate a therapeutic dose for patients. The models are either clinical models which contain clinical and demographic variables or pharmacogenetic models which additionally contain the genetic variables. In this paper, a new methodology for warfarin dosing is proposed. The patients are initially classified into two classes. The first class contains patients who require doses of >30 mg/wk and the second class contains patients who require doses of ≤30 mg/wk. This phase is performed using relevance vector machines. In the second phase, the optimal dose for each patient is predicted by two clinical regression models that are customized for each class of patients. The prediction accuracy of the model was 11.6 in terms of root mean squared error (RMSE) and 8.4 in terms of mean absolute error (MAE). This was 15% and 5% lower than IWPC and Gage models (which are the most widely used models in practice), respectively, in terms of RMSE. In addition, the proposed model was compared with fixed-dose approach of 35 mg/wk, and the model proposed by Sharabiani et al. and its outperformance were proved in terms of both MAE and RMSE.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the number and nature of latent classes of delinquency that exist among male juvenile offenders incarcerated in prisons in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – The sample consisted of 415 young male offenders incarcerated in prisons in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Pakistan. Latent class analysis was employed to determine the number and nature of delinquency latent classes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between latent classes and the three factors of criminal social identity (cognitive centrality, in-group affect, and in-group ties) whilst controlling for criminal friends, period of confinement, addiction, age, and location. Findings – The best fitting latent class model was a three-class solution. The classes were labelled: “minor delinquents” (the baseline/normative class; Class 3), “major delinquents” (Class 1), and “moderate delinquents” (Class 2). Class membership was predicted by differing external variables. Specifically, Class 1 membership was related to having more criminal friends; while Class 2 membership was related to lower levels of in-group affect and higher levels of in-group ties. Practical implications – Findings are discussed in relation to refining current taxonomic arguments regarding the structure of delinquency and implications for prevention of juvenile delinquent behaviour. Originality/value – First, most previous studies have focused on school children, whereas, this paper focuses on incarcerated juvenile offenders. Second, this research includes delinquents from Pakistan, whereas, most previous research has examined delinquent behaviour in western cultures.

Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, changes the definition of “normal” (ie, the process of differentiating between an individual whose lung function is “normal” as opposed to an individual with Class 2 respiratory impairment) because the definition has changed over time. For example, the AMA Guides, First Edition (1971), used from the VA-Army 1961 Cooperative Study to construct tables of “normal” or “predicted” values during spirometry. Regression equations were used to calculate the predicted forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first second, and mandatory minute ventilation for men and women, by age and height. The Second Edition (1984) used data from a pulmonary function study in 251 healthy white individuals who lived 1400 meters above sea level (Utah), more than 90% of whom were members of the Mormon church (a very narrow segment of the American population). The AMA Guides, Third and Fourth Editions, continued to rely on the study just cited and made a distinction between “normal” and “mildly impaired.” The AMA Guides, Fifth Edition, uses the four classes of respiratory impairment and the same whole person impairment ratings for each class, unchanged from the Fourth Edition. The Fifth Edition has reverted to using the 95% confidence interval to determine “normal,” so that the same individual who, under the Fourth Edition guidelines was up to 25% impaired, would become normal under the pulmonary impairment guides of the Fifth Edition.

Physical activity (PA) decreases with age. The school transition is noted for significant changes in PA behaviour. Motor competence (MC), health-related fitness (HRF), and perceived competence (PC) are generally positively associated with PA. The aim of this study was to examine longitudinal cross-lagged relationships between PA, MC, HRF, and PC across the school transition from final year of primary school to first year of second-level school in Irish youth. PA (accelerometery), object-control and locomotor MC (TGMD-III), PC (perceived athletic competence subscale of the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents), and HRF (20 m shuttle run, horizontal jump, vertical jump, push-ups, curl-ups) were measured in final year of primary school (6th class) and first year of second-level school (1st year). In the sixth class, 261 participants (53% female; mean age 12.22 ± 0.48 years) were tested. In first year, 291 participants (48% female; mean age: 13.20 ± 0.39 years) were tested. In total, 220 participants were involved in the study at both timepoints. Cross-lagged regression in AMOS23, using full information maximum likelihood estimation, was conducted to test reciprocal and predictive pathways between variables. The full cross-lagged model showed acceptable fit (χ2 = 69.12, df = 8, p < 0.01, NFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94). HRF was the strongest predictor of future PA (β = 0.353), and also predicted PC (β = 0.336) and MC (β = 0.163). Object-control MC predicted future PA (β = 0.192). Reciprocal relationships existed between object-control MC and PA, and between object-control MC and PC. HRF was the strongest predictor of PA. Object-control MC also predicted PA. PA promotion strategies should target the development of HRF and object-control MC in primary school to reduce the decline in PA frequently observed after the school transition.

Cultural capital analysis, or class analysis more generally, exacerbates rather than resolves the anomaly of why non-white ethnic minorities in Britain are over-represented in higher education. Some of these groups have a disproportionate lower, socio-economic profile and yet at least some of these groups are more likely to pursue and achieve entry into higher education than whites, especially, their white working-class peers. They also suffer additional disadvantages such as racism and cultural marginality. Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital is designed to explain why members of a disadvantaged class achieve less educational success than an advantaged class. It is not helpful in explaining why some disadvantaged groups do better than one would have predicted on the basis of a class (and/or racism) analysis. On the other hand, US sociological studies which deploy the concept of social capital in combination with ethnicity to explain the trajectories of ‘second generation' migrants seem promising. This conclusion is offered on the basis of a brief literature review and a suggestion that the "motor" of the British South Asian and Chinese overcoming of disadvantage lies in migrant parents getting their children to internalize high educational ambitions and to enforce appropriate behaviour.

ABSTRACT Entry of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) into B lymphocytes requires the binding of viral glycoprotein 42 (gp42), a C-type lectin family member, to HLA class II. Recently, the structure of the gp42:HLA-DR1 complex was determined. In order to confirm the interaction as determined in the structural study and to identify other potential interactive residues, a mutational analysis of HLA class II was performed. A secreted form of gp42 (sgp42) reacted with a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody and blocked EBV infection. The binding of sgp42 and EBV entry to two sets of HLA class II mutants were tested. The first set of mutants were based on the known interaction of the C-type lectin Ly49A with HLA class I, and the second set of mutants were based on the identified interface in the gp42:HLA-DR1 complex. As expected, none of the mutants that would be predicted to interfere with the interaction of Ly49A with class I affected the interaction of gp42 with HLA class II, whereas mutants in amino acids identified in the gp42:HLA-DR1 structure inhibited sg42 binding to class II. In general, sgp42 binding correlated with efficient entry of EBV, as demonstrated by the necessity of glutamic acid 46 or arginine 72 in class II molecules. Furthermore, other HLA class II residues buried within the interface of gp42 and HLA class II when mutated had either no effect or a decrease in both binding and entry and implicate a region of class II important in stabilizing the interaction with gp42. These studies provide insight into the entry and fusion processes of the critical interaction between gp42 and HLA class II.

AbstractA reverse correlation technique, which permits estimation of three-dimensional first-order properties of receptive fields (RFs), was applied to simple cells in areas 17 and 18 of cat. Two classes of simple cells were found. For one class, the spatial and temporal RF characteristics were Separable, i.e. they could be synthesized as the product of spatial and temporal weighting functions. RFs in the other class were Inseparable, i.e. bright and dark subregions comprising each field were obliquely oriented in space-time. Based on a linear superposition model, these observations led to testable hypotheses: (1) simple cells with separable space-time characteristics should be speed but not direction selective and (2) simple cells with inseparable space-time characteristics should be direction selective and the optimal velocity of moving stimuli should be predictable from the slope of the oriented subregions. These hypotheses were tested by comparing responses to moving bars with those predicted by application of the convolution integral. Linear predictions accounted for waveforms of responses to moving bars in detail. For cells with oriented space-time characteristics, the preferred direction was always predicted correctly and the optimal speed was predicted quite well. Most cells with separable space-time characteristics were not direction selective as predicted. The major discrepancies between measured and predicted behavior were twofold. First, 8/32 cells with separable space-time RFs were direction selective. Second, predicted directional indices were weakly correlated with actual measurements. These conclusions hold for simple cells in both areas 17 and 18. The major difference between simple RFs in these areas is the coarser spatial scale seen in area 18. These results demonstrate a significant linear contribution to the speed and direction selectivity of simple cells in areas 17 and 18. Where additional, nonlinear mechanisms are inferred, they appear to act synergistically with the linear mechanism.

<p class="p1">Previous work examines the relationships between personality traits and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation. We replicate and extend previous work to examine how personality may relate to achievement goals, efficacious beliefs, and mindset about intelligence. Approximately 200 undergraduates responded to the survey with a 150 participants replicating the study two weeks later. When comparing data from the first and second collections, three of the five pathways for personality and achievement goals were replicated: neuroticism, openness, and agreeableness. For personality and efficacy three of the eight pathways remained significant from the first collection to the second. Openness was the only personality factor that significantly predicted participants’ mindset about their intelligence. Results suggest certain personality traits may correspond with different motivational self-beliefs, but these results were neither reliable nor consistent. </p>

ABSTRACT In mammalian cells, histone lysine demethylation is carried out by two classes of enzymes, the LSD1/BHC110 class and the jumonji class. The enzymes of the jumonji class in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have recently also been shown to have lysine demethylation activity. Here we report that the protein encoded by YJR119c (termed KDM5), coding for one of five predicted jumonji domain proteins in yeast, specifically demethylates trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3), H3K4me2, and H3K4me1 in vitro. We found that loss of KDM5 increased mono-, di-, and trimethylation of lysine 4 during activation of the GAL1 gene. Interestingly, cells deleted of KDM5 also displayed a delayed reduction of K4me3 upon reestablishment of GAL1 repression. These results indicate that K4 demethylation has two roles at GAL1, first to establish appropriate levels of K4 methylation during gene activation and second to remove K4 trimethylation during the attenuation phase of transcription. Thus, analysis of lysine demethylation in yeast provides new insight into the physiological roles of jumonji demethylase enzymes.

ABSTRACT Proteins of the LuxR family detect the presence ofN-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and regulate transcription accordingly. When AHLs are synthesized by the same species that detects them, the system allows a bacterium to measure the population density of its own species, a phenomenon known as quorum sensing. The sdiA genes of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are predicted to encode LuxR homologs. However, these species do not appear to synthesize AHLs or any other molecule detected by SdiA. It has previously been demonstrated that overexpression ofsdiA results in the activation of theftsQAZ locus in E. coli and four other loci in Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. Here we report that transcriptional fusions to these five loci fall into two classes. The first class requires overexpression of sdiA for activation. The second class responds to sdiA expressed from its natural position in the chromosome if the appropriate AHLs are added to the culture. The only member of the second class is a series of Prck-luxCDABE fusions in Salmonellaserovar Typhimurium. SdiA responds with highest sensitivity to AHLs that have a keto modification at the third carbon and an acyl chain length of 6 or 8 (half-maximal response between 1 and 5 nM). Growth ofSalmonella in proximity to species known to synthesize these AHLs results in sdiA-dependent activation of the Prck-luxCDABE fusions. SdiA appears to be the first AHL receptor discovered that detects signals emanating exclusively from other species.

A soil-landscape model, comprising 12 land components at a scale of 1 : 5000, has been developed in Neogene close-jointed mudstone in the Gisborne-East Cape region of the North Island, New Zealand. In a validation, soil order was predicted correctly in 81% of observations, soil group in 80%, soil subgroup in 63% and soilform in 60% of observations. A simplified model based on 11 land components for use at a scale of 1 : 50 000 has also been validated. Here soil order was predicted correctly in 71% of observations, soil group in 73% and soil subgroup in 49% of observations. For application with a digital elevation model (1 : 50 000), the number of land components was amalgamated to five. Here the soil order and soil group were predicted correctly in 63% of observations and soil subgroup in 40% of observations during validation. In all trials, the percentage of correct observations increased if a second choice or subdominant soil class was allowed. It took 2 person-weeks to produce a soil map from the 1 :50 000 form of the model over 400 km2 of steep and hilly country by photo interpretation of stereo aerial photographs, compared with 1 day of applying computer algorithms on the digital elevation model (DEM). The soil-landscape model succinctly relates soil class to land component and it enables improved targeting of farm and planning inputs by empowering existing research into soil fertilizer requirements and soil physical properties.

Summary Fold recognition, assigning novel proteins to known structures, forms an important component of the overall protein structure discovery process. The available methods for protein fold recognition are limited by the low fold-coverage and/or low prediction accuracies. We describe here a new Support Vector Machine (SVM)-based method for protein fold prediction with high prediction accuracy and high fold-coverage. The new method of fold prediction with high fold-coverage was developed by training and testing on a large number of folds in order to make the method suitable for large scale fold predictions. However, presence of large number of folds in the training set made the classification task difficult as a consequence of increased complexity involved in binary classifications of SVMs. In order to overcome this complexity we adopted a hierarchical approach where fold-prediction is made in two steps. At the first step structural class of the query is predicted and at the second step fold is predicted within the predicted structural class. This decreased the complexity of the classification problem and also improved the overall fold prediction accuracy. To the best of our knowledge this is the first taxonomic fold recognition method to cover over 700 protein-folds and gives prediction accuracy of around 70% on a benchmark dataset. Since the new method gives rise to state of the art prediction performance and hence can be very useful for structural characterization of proteins discovered in various genomes.

Background/Objectives: Mankiw and Weil modified model, which is mainly used in the field of housing demand, has the problem that the added variable has no linear relationship with the age-specific house demand.Methods/Statistical analysis: In this research, we tried to complement the existing model by proposing aM-W modified model utilizing the Model tree technique. In addition, many poor people need another analysis that understands the characteristics to live in abnormal houses. And, we tried to avoid this problem by reflecting income section. We compare the performance with existing models using the 2005 and 2010 Population and Housing Cencus data.Findings: First, the error rate of the M - W modified model is greatly affected by the extreme poverty class and the low income class. Second, overall the performance of the model tree dominates, the performance has further improved to produce more of the nodes.In the middle class in which five nodes were created, the error rate decreased by 89%, and the correlation coefficient increased by 0.2566 with 0.0490.Third, it is more accurate to use the "total of income section predicted values" rather than the existing "entire section predicted value". Fourth, in order to express an accurate section error, we propose to judge "not the total of income section errors" but "total absolute value of income section error".Improvements/Applications: In this research, there is a limitation that generalization of results is inappropriate. For further research, it is considered appropriate to apply the Random forest method to generalize the results.

The past decade has seen a remarkable explosion in our knowledge of the size and diversity of the myosin superfamily. Since these actin-based motors are candidates to provide the molecular basis for many cellular movements, it is essential that motility researchers be aware of the complete set of myosins in a given organism. The availability of cDNA and/or draft genomic sequences from humans,Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, andDictyostelium discoideum has allowed us to tentatively define and compare the sets of myosin genes in these organisms. This analysis has also led to the identification of several putative myosin genes that may be of general interest. In humans, for example, we find a total of 40 known or predicted myosin genes including two new myosins-I, three new class II (conventional) myosins, a second member of the class III/ninaC myosins, a gene similar to the class XV deafness myosin, and a novel myosin sharing at most 33% identity with other members of the superfamily. These myosins are in addition to the recently discovered class XVI myosin with N-terminal ankyrin repeats and two human genes with similarity to the class XVIII PDZ-myosin from mouse. We briefly describe these newly recognized myosins and extend our previous phylogenetic analysis of the myosin superfamily to include a comparison of the complete or nearly complete inventories of myosin genes from several experimentally important organisms.

Abstract Introduction Manually scoring polysomnograms is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. It also increases variability in care. Generating features for use as components within larger models is an important part of building highly accurate auto-scoring systems. In this study, we examined the use of time-frequency data representations in combination with a convolutional neural networks (CNN). Methods We used just six (6) pre-scored polysomnograms from the MrOS dataset in this analysis. Only one electroencephalography (EEG) and one electrooculography (EOG) channel were extracted from each polysomnogram and split into 30 second epochs. Visual representations of each epoch in the time-frequency domain were generated using Morlet wavelets, then divided into training and validation sets in a 4:5 distribution. We then re-trained a ResNet-50 CNN using transfer learning to classify sleep stage based on the time-frequency representations. Results A total of 4971 epochs were generated. Of those, 1242 epochs formed the validation set. Performance was high for identifying Stage W with an accuracy of 94.2% (295/313 epochs). However, performance for other stages was considerably lower. Stage N3 was predicted correctly in 68.0% of cases (138/203 epochs), although in 60/75 cases of misclassification the predicted class was Stage N2. Similarly, Stage N2 was predicted correctly in 62.0% of cases (183/295 epochs), and in 63/112 cases of misclassification the predicted class was Stage N3. Accuracy for Stage REM was 64.9%. Stage N1 prediction was poor (22.0% accuracy), likely due to insufficient representation in the sample (< 10% of epochs). Conclusion This exploratory analysis of the use of time-frequency representations in conjunction with a CNN demonstrates some promise, especially with respect to prediction of Stage W using this technique. Inclusion of additional data channels and larger sample size would likely improve accuracy. Support RS - ASPIRE Fellowship (sponsored by the American Thoracic Association).

AbstractMany studies have addressed the question of the relative dominance of nouns over verbs in the productive vocabularies of children in the second year of life. Surprisingly, cross-class (noun-to-verb and verb-to-noun) relations between these two lexical categories have seldom been investigated. The present longitudinal study employed observational and parent-report data obtained from thirty mother–child dyads at 1;4, 1;8, and 2;0 to examine this issue. Both the Natural Partitions/Relational Relativity (NP/RR) hypothesis and the Emergentist Coalition Model (ECM) predict that having an initial repertoire of common nouns should facilitate the acquisition of novel verbs, whereas only the ECM suggests that children exploit the syntactic and semantic constraints of known verbs to infer the meaning of novel nouns. In line with the ECM, hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the percentages of nouns produced by children at 1;4 predicted later verbs at 1;8, whereas the percentages of verbs produced at 1;8 predicted later nouns at 2;0.