Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Selection of environmental management instruments'

The study examines how a select automobile company implement sustainablepractices in their supply chain management to achieve environmental sustainability.The focus of the study is on the two (2) most important aspects of the supply chainmanagement namely Supplier Selection and Product Design. Supplier selection isvital for 2 reasons; focal companies are increasingly being held account for theenvironmental impacts of their suppliers and more value is generated at the supplystage in the value chain. Product designs are vital because it helps reduce energyconsumption and emissions during the lifecycle (operational/use) of the vehicle.The study finds that the select automobile company has a robust procedure forsupplier selection & development using its Supplier code of conduct, SelfAssessment Questionnaires (SAQ) and a Sustainability Rating system for supplierselection and monitoring supplier compliance with environmental performancegoals.To achieve reduction in emissions from the company’s products in the use phase,the company has developed a range of products which focus on fuel efficiency,powertrains (engine) performance, renewable/alternative fuel sources andelectrified vehicles. These product designs are part of the company’sdecarbonization strategy to reduce emissions from its product use which accountsfor about 90% of the company’s carbon footprints (emissions). These products aredesigned with specific/set environmental goals/targets by working jointly with theScience Based Target Initiative (SBTi). An initiative (by WWF, CDP and WRI)which relies on the most recent climate science to help company achieve itsenvironmental goals while meeting its economic goals as well. The company’sdecarbonization strategy are directly linked to its supplier selection and productdesigns in order to achieve environmental sustainability.Overall, the study finds that the company’s practices are in line with existingliteratures on how to achieve environmental sustainability in Supply ChainManagement, for instance, the frameworks by Matthiavanan (2018) and Masoumi(2019) identified sustainable supplier selection & development, environmentalstandards, auditing suppliers, green/environmental purchasing, innovative productdesigns that reduce emissions & waste which are practices identified in the casecompany. Hence, the study reveals there is a strong link between theory and practicein the Case Company.This study has practical implications as insights provided can help other automobilecompanies address environmental sustainability challenges they face in theirsupplier selection process and product designs.

Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the economics of biodiversity maintenance in boreal forests. From the many tasks available in forest management to improve biodiversity maintenance, the focus is on the lengthening of forest rotation and strict protection, i.e., protected areas. Accordingly, the analysis basis on two different models named forest rotation model and site selection model. Moreover, both socially optimal and cost-effective conservation are considered. The data consists of 32 old-growth stands from northern Finland. The four studies of this dissertation provide evidence of the non-negligible economic consequences of taking biodiversity services into account along with timber production in the forest management. Study I shows that theoretically the optimal management of initial stands involves three alternatives: immediate clear cutting, delayed harvesting, and protection. Moreover, the numerical analysis reveals that taking into account the biodiversity services along with timber production results in considerably longer optimal rotation than in pure timber production management. Delayed harvesting is the most common option for socially optimal management of old-growth forests. However, the integrated approach results also in strict protection of some stands. Study II compares alternative approaches, named integrated, ecological and penny pincher selection, for selecting forest reserves. It suggests the integrated selection leads to 9–19% higher conservation cost-efficiency than the other selections. The integrated selection takes into account both the economic value and ecological features of the stands as the other selections focus only on one of these aspects. It seems also that the xeric forest type may be under-represented in the current old-growth forest preservation network in the studied region. Study III analyses the performance of alternative biodiversity indicators used in the selection of protected areas. It shows that the use of indicators likely results in a loss of species and, therefore, a complete species inventory is necessary if the goal is to maintain all species in the landscape. However, the use of indicators seems to be an economically more efficient practice than to execute a large species survey for habitat protection. Study IV examines the relative merits of alternative biodiversity conservation targets for forestry, which give different weights to species according to their conservation status and assumed population persistence. Also, socially optimal conservation is solved as a benchmark by maximizing the benefits from timber production and biodiversity services. According the results it is optimal to protect 16 out of 32 stands. Alternative conservation goals give different characters in terms of benefit-cost tradeoffs. More specifically goals relying on complementarity between protected stands result in great marginal costs at a high conservation level.

The author addresses a broad overview of the significant role played by all those new developments and trends in science, technology and innovation (STI), which are applied to the environmental management of mining projects. It also examines the new provisions introduced by the D.S. No. 054-2013-PCM and D.S. No. 060-2013-PCM, as well as their complementary regulations (specifically, those of environmental relevance for the mining sector), in the context of policies aimed at stimulating the economy and promoting private investment that are being implemented by the Government. In addition, the article focuses on different practical situations and evaluates the relevant environmental implications that mining companies usually face when redesigning or modifying the components of their projects. Finally, analyzes the criteria of the Ministry of Energy and Mines concerning the rules on environmental management instruments for the mining industry, and the new regime applicable for amending these instruments, as well as the aspects, scope and measures that are being adopted and discussed with regards to the obligation of updating the approved environmental impact studies.<br>El autor muestra un panorama amplio del significativo papel que desempeñan los nuevos desarrollos en ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CTI) aplicados a la gestión ambiental de los proyectos mineros. Asimismo, analiza las nuevas disposiciones introducidas por los D.S. No. 054-2013-PCM y 060-2013-PCM, así como sus normas complementarias (específicamente, aquellas de relevancia ambiental para el sector minero), en el marco de las políticas de reactivación económica  y  promoción  de  la  inversión  privada  que  viene  implementando el Gobierno. Además, plantea distintas situaciones prácticas y evalúa las respectivas implicancias ambientales que, muchas veces, las empresas mineras afrontan al momento de rediseñar o modificar los componentes de sus proyectos. Por último, analiza los criterios del Ministerio de Energía y Minas respecto de la normativa en materia de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental en el sector minero (IGA) y del nuevo régimen aplicable a la modificación de los IGA, así como los aspectos, alcances y medidas que se vienen adoptando y discutiendo con relación a la obligación de actualizar los estudios ambientales aprobados.

Air pollution cause approximately 5000 premature deaths in Sweden each year. Residential wood combustion of solid biomass (RWC) is responsible for at least 1000 based on a relative risk coefficient of 17 % per 10 μg/m3 exposure. The carcinogenic properties of RWC emissions is linked to their content of particulates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s). The ambition of this study is to answer whether cancer risk may be used as indicator for out dated heating technology with high emissions of carcinogenic air pollutants, and which socioeconomic costs that can be linked to such a scenario. The efficacy of different instruments that are discussed in Swedish environmental policy is also discussed. A transdisciplinary approach, constituting of a literature review, statistical analysis, gap analysis and multi criteria analysis was applied as study design. A literature review resulted in a mapping of the state of the art concerning RWC particulates and their impact on cancer in Sweden together with its related socioeconomic costs. The study is focused on PM2,5 and B(a)P emissions. A statistical analysis examined the potential relationship between short-lived micro nuclei (MN) in Swedish 12-year old school children, and their exposure to the carcinogenic PAH Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) from RWC in Sweden. The results suggest that higher rates of lung cancer incidence, and socioeconomic costs may be found in areas burdened with high rates of RWC emissions from outdated heating technology. The MCA suggest that a combination of instruments is most suitable to achieve the targeted specification for B(a)P in the Clean Air objective, as found in previous CBA’s, and that other instrument may lack efficacy.<br>Varje år orsakar luftföroreningar omkring 5000 prematura dödsfall i Sverige. Småskalig vedeldning (RWC) ansvarar för åtminstone 1000 av dessa, baserat på den relativa risk-koefficienten 17 % per 10 μg/m3 exponering. De cancerogena egenskaperna hos vedeldningsutsläpp beror bland annat på dess partiklar som bland annat innehåller polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH:er). Ambitionen med denna studie är att besvara hur framtida cancerrisk kan användas som indikator för luftföroreningar från omodern uppvärmningsteknik och vilka samhällsekonomiska följder som kan länkas till en sådan. Dessutom undersöktes styrkraften hos de styrmedel som diskuteras i svensk miljöpolicy. Med hjälp av ett tvärvetenskapligt tillvägagångssätt, bestående av litteraturgenomgång, statistisk analys, gapanalys och multikriterieanalys besvarades frågorna. Litteraturgenomgången resulterade i en kartläggning av det nuvarande kunskapsläget om vedpartiklars påverkan på cancer i Sverige och dess relaterade samhällskostnader. Studien är fokuserad på PM2,5 och B(a)P emissioner. En statistisk analys undersökte korrelationen mellan en biomarkor för framtida cancerrisk, kortlivade mikrokärnor (MN), hos svenska 12-åriga skolelever, och deras vedröksexponering. Resultaten indikerar svagt att större risk för lungcancer kan spås i områden med relativt högre exponering för vedrökskomponenten B(a)P, alltså områden med omodern uppvärmningsutrustning. Multikriterieanalysen visar, liksom i tidigare kostnad-effektivitetsanalyser, att en kombination av olika styrmedel har störst potential att uppnå specifikationerna för PM2,5 och B(a)P i det svenska miljökvalitetsmålet Ren luft. Andra styrmedel kan sakna styrkraft.

The purpose of this study is to aid interpreters in evaluation sources (research material) for use in interpretive presentations and programs in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. This was done by illustrating the need for source evaluation and then developing the guidelines for selecting, evaluating, and most effectively using various sources in the development of interpretive programs in the National Parks Services (NPS).

With the world’s population set to reach 9 billion by the mid 21st century food security has never been more important. Increased competition regarding land for agricultural use and over fished seas means it falls to aquaculture to meet the global demands for protein requirements. The largest supply of aquaculture products are cultivated in South East Asia where the industry has seen rapid expansion, particularly of pond production in the past 50 years. This initial expansion has come at a cost with mangrove losses and eutrophication of natural water sources resulting. The impact of these not only affects other stakeholders, including domestic users, but effects will be felt by the aquaculture industry. Indiscriminate release of effluents to the surrounding water reduces the water quality for other users and may impact on the farm discharging the water originally. Poor water quality can then result in poor growth rates and increased mortalities reducing the profitability of the farm and endangering the livelihood of the farmer. If aquaculture is to meet the global food demand it is important that current and future enterprises are developed with sustainability at the fore front. This study investigates the nutrient dynamics in pond culture in South East Asia, focussing initially on four countries outlined by the SEAT (Sustainable Ethical Aquaculture Trade) project, including Thailand, Vietnam, China and Bangladesh. Within the four countries the main species cultured for export were identified resulting in tilapia, shrimp, pangasiid catfish and prawn. Following a farmer survey designed to collect a large volume of data over a range of topics including, water management, social, economic and ethical perceptions, dynamic models were developed, using Powersim Studio 8© (Powersim, Norway), for a generic fish and shrimp ponds separately. The models draw on data from the survey combined with other literature sources to provide outputs for Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus in water and sediment as well as dissolved oxygen in the pond water. One of the biggest challenges facing this study was the objective selection of relevant sites for case studies to apply the models to. With such a large preselected set of sites (200 per species per country) it was important that the method be capable of handling such large datasets. Thusly it was decided that a multivariate method be used due to the removal of any pre judgement of the data relevant to the study. In order to investigate the nutrient dynamics water management data was used in the multivariate analysis to identify any similarity between the practices occurring on farms. The case studies in this project focus on Thailand and Vietnam, covering tilapia, shrimp and pangasius. Prawn farms were disregarded as, through the survey, it was discovered most production was for domestic trade. The models were adapted to each farm case study expanding the boundary from pond level to farm level, providing an output for each pond in terms of nutrients in the water and production levels and the farm as a whole for dissolved oxygen and sediment accumulation. The results of the models suggest the culture species to be taking up much of the TN added followed by the accumulation in sediments in shrimp ponds, while TP is mostly taken up by sediments. The fish case studies suggest that most of the TN is discharged to the environment followed by uptake. While Total phosphorus shows similar results to shrimp, accumulating in the sediment. The models presented in this study can be used to estimate outputs from farms of similar water management strategies and can assist in the determination of where improvements can be made to reduce the potential for eutrophication of natural water sources.

La réduction des impacts environnementaux des entreprises s'appuie notamment sur de nombreux instruments d'évaluation environnementale (ACV, Bilan Carbone, etc.) censés guider leurs actions. Or, malgré leur importante diffusion, la question de leur performativité, c'est-à-dire de leur capacité à transformer effectivement les pratiques managériales, reste posée. Autrement dit, nombre de ces outils d'évaluation ne deviennent pas ipso facto des instruments de gestion. Dans les travaux en ingénierie de l'environnement, les difficultés d'appropriation des instruments d'évaluation sont associées aux propriétés intrinsèques de ces outils (ergonomie, robustesse des modèles scientifiques) et font l'objet d'un travail de révision permanente. Dans cette thèse, nous explorons les dimensions organisationnelles et cognitives de cette appropriation, en particulier l'émergence de communautés épistémiques et pratiques structurées autour des instruments et qui constituent le milieu réceptif à leur déploiement.Issue d'un travail en CIFRE dans un cabinet de conseil en environnement, cette thèse étudie, à partir de six cas empiriques, les processus et les conditions dans lesquels les instruments enclenchent des dynamiques d'action collective. Au-delà du niveau élémentaire des instruments, nous étudions les dispositifs qui sont mis en œuvre dans le cours d'actions collectives ainsi que leurs effets inattendus. La thèse met en évidence l'existence de dispositifs plus ou moins élaborés qui influent sur les capacités d'apprentissage des entreprises. La caractérisation de ces dispositifs permet d'identifier de nouvelles figures d'acteurs et des communautés intermédiaires, plus ou moins intégrées à l'entreprise, jouant un rôle clé dans les dynamiques d'action collective<br>Firms reduce their environmental impacts thanks to a series of environmental assessment tools such as LCA and Bilan Carbone (the latter being a specific form of carbon footprint assessment tool). which are supposed to act as decision support tools. However, even if these tools are widely spread among companies, the question of their performativity, or the way they effectively change managerial practice, remains. In other words several of these assessment tools do not become ipso facto management instruments. Research on environmental sciences link the difficulties of assessment tools appropriation to the tools' inherent properties (ergonomics, scientific models' robustness) and are subject to a to constant revision work. In this thesis, we explore the organisational and cognitive dimensions of this appropriation; in particular the emergence of epistemic and practice communities structured around the instruments, which constitute a receptive environment for their deployment.Based on a field work in an environmental consultancy agency, this thesis examines for six empirical case studies the process and the conditions under which the instruments trigger a sustained collective action. Beyond the basic instrument level, we study the features that are implemented in the course of collective actions and their unexpected effects. This research project highlights the existence of a variety elaborate devices, which affect firms learning capabilities. The characterisation of these devices helps identifying new managerial figures and intermediate communities, integrated to a greater or lesser extent to the company, playing a key role in the dynamics of collective action

Les politiques publiques environnementales cherchent à impacter des comportements de consommation. Néanmoins, la relation causale entre l’action publique mise en œuvre et le changement de comportement se caractérise par des discontinuités. Elle doit donc être approfondie en combinant l’angle d’analyse des politiques publiques et du processus de décision du consommateur. En effet, ce dernier dépend également d’autres déterminants psychosociaux et d’autres facteurs contextuels. L’impact spécifique des instruments des politiques publiques doit cependant pouvoir y être distingué. Notre étude sur la politique publique environnementale française visant à l’acquisition de voitures à faibles émissions de carbone permet de comprendre l’impact des instruments des politiques publiques sur le processus de décision d’achat du consommateur. En effet, l’attitude envers les instruments de l’action publique produit des effets sur le processus de décision du consommateur. Cet impact n’est pas direct, mais il modère les relations causales entre les principaux déterminants du comportement. Ces effets modérateurs dépendent de la nature psychologique ou structurelle des instruments des politiques publiques qui impactent des relations spécifiques du processus de décision du consommateur<br>Environmental public policy tools aim to impact consumer behavior. Nevertheless, the causal relationship system between the implementation of a public policy and behavior is full of disconnections. Thus, it should be deepen with the combined analysis of public policies and consumer decision process. Indeed, this latter also depends on others psychosocial determinants towards behavior and other contextual forces. The impact of public policy tools need to be distinguished among them.Our study on the French environmental public policy aimed at acquiring low-carbon emission cars focuses on understanding the impact of public policy tools on consumer buying decision process. Indeed, the attitude towards public policy tools affects consumer decision process. It results that the impact is not so direct but it moderates the relationship between the main determinants of behavior. These moderation effects depend on the psychological or structural nature of the public policy tools which impacts specific relationships of the consumer decision process

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-21T12:28:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GEÓRGIA KARÊNIA RODRIGUES MARTINS MARSICANO DE MELO - TESE (PPGRN) 2015.pdf: 1365378 bytes, checksum: 2e5689935b28ea79931bfefca70e4bd4 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T12:28:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GEÓRGIA KARÊNIA RODRIGUES MARTINS MARSICANO DE MELO - TESE (PPGRN) 2015.pdf: 1365378 bytes, checksum: 2e5689935b28ea79931bfefca70e4bd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015<br>CNPq<br>A Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988 alçou o meio ambiente a categoria de direito fundamental, cuja efetividade dependeria do cumprimento pelo Poder Público de algumas determinações e, dentre elas, a obrigação de preservar e restaurar os processos ecológicos essenciais e prover o manejo ecológico das espécies e ecossistemas. Para o cumprimento de tais exigências a legislação prevê diversos instrumentos de defesa e proteção ambiental, divididos em instrumentos de comando e controle e os econômicos, conforme disposto no art. 9º da Lei 6.938/81. A Lei 12.651/2012 estabeleceu no art. 41, inciso I, a instituição do Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA), que consiste na retribuição, monetária ou não, às atividades de conservação e melhoria dos ecossistemas e que gerem serviços ambientais, determinando no § 5º do mesmo diploma legal, a criação de um mercado de serviços ambientais em âmbito nacional e estadual, sendo obrigação do Poder Executivo autorizar e instituir programas de apoio e incentivo à conservação do meio ambiente, com a adoção de tecnologias e práticas que conciliem a atividade econômica e a redução dos impactos ambientais, com vistas a promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. O presente estudo se propôs a investigar as ações que podem contribuir para implantação de um Programa de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PPSA) como estímulo à adoção de práticas de conservação do dos recursos hídricos no semiárido, utilizando como área de estudo o Açude Epitácio Pessoa – PB. O estudo foi realizado com utilização do método comparativo, a partir da análise de um único caso, de estrutura global e cuja coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e pesquisa de campo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o PSA é um instrumento eficaz, embora apresente alguns problemas em sua implantação, o que é comum a todo e qualquer instrumento ambiental. Através do estudo comparativo realizado em relação aos sistemas de PSA de Nova Iorque, Costa Rica e dos já implantados no Brasil, foi possível identificar benefícios e entraves. Ficou evidente que, embora sejam necessários ajustes no tocante as ações empreendidas, o ganho em termos ambientais é maior, o que denota a pertinência da proposta de PPSA na área de estudo, adaptado às condições ambientais desta. Portanto, se identificou que é viável a implantação de PPSA para gestão dos recursos hídricos na área do Açude Epitácio Pessoa, não em todos os termos do Programa Produtor de Águas, estabelecido pela ANA a partir do conceito de PSA, haja vista que, as condições ambientais e socioeconômicas locais requerem outras práticas que ultrapassam a adoção apenas de conservação das áreas no entorno do reservatório.<br>The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 puts the environment in the fundamental low category, whose effectiveness would depend the determinations adopted by the Public Power,, such as, the obligation to husband and to restore the essential ecologic processes and provide the ecological management of the species and ecosystems. To achieve these requirements the low provides several instruments to defend and protect the environment, which are divided into command and control and economic instruments, according to the low 6.938/81 article 9º. The low 12.651/2012 article 4º item I established the Payment for Environmental Services (PES), which consists of the compensation, monetary or not, the conservation and improvement activities of the ecosystems that create environmental services, determining in its § 5º, of the same low, the creation of a federal and state environmental service market, been obligation of the Executive Power authorize and establish support programs and incentives to the environmental conservation, with the adoption of technologies and practices that both adopt economic activity and environmental impact reduction, with the objective to promote sustainable development. The present study aims to investigate the actions that can contribute to the implementation of a Payment for Environmental Service Program (PPSA) encouraging the adoption of conservation practices of the hydric resources in the semi-arid, using as study area the Epitacio Pessoa dam in Campina Grande State of Paraiba. The study was conducted using a comparative method, by the analyzes of a single case, of a global structure and data were collected using literature, documents a field research. The results indicate that the PES is an effective instrument, although it presents some problems in its interpretation, which is common in all environmental instruments. Comparing New York and Costa Rica PES and the one implanted in Brazil it was possible to identify benefits and impediments.. It was evident that, even thought are necessary adjustments regarding to the implemented actions, the environmental gain is bigger which shows the relevance of the propose of the PPSA in the studied area, adapting to its environmental conditions. Therefore, it was identified that the implementation of the PPSA for the hydric resource management in the area of the Epitacio Pessoa dam is feasible, not in all the terms of the Water Producer Program, established by the ANA according to PSA concept, once, the local environmental and socioeconomic conditions require the adoption of other practices that go beyond the conservation of the area around the dam.

Nos últimos anos diversos pesquisadores, instituições e governos têm proposto reformas na regulação ambiental - entendida como o conjunto de requisitos, procedimentos e condicionantes ambientais ao exercício das atividades econômicas, com vistas a reduzir seus potenciais efeitos deletérios no meio. O presente estudo, de caráter exploratório e qualitativo, demonstra que embora existam experiências exitosas de reforma da regulação ambiental industrial no Estado de São Paulo, ainda existe um longo caminho a percorrer, principalmente na garantia de sua realização sistemática. Para tanto, após estabelecer um marco teórico sobre a regulação ambiental, são relacionados os limites de seu modelo tradicional, que podem ser epistemológicos, ou estar em seus objetivos, no grau de solução dos problemas, na eficiência econômica, nos procedimentos administrativos, nas opções tecnológicas, nas relações institucionais, ou na governança internacional. A partir destas limitações e de recomendações de reforma, coligidas da literatura, se afirma que uma regulação ambiental industrial que pretenda superar os desafios socioambientais contemporâneos deva ser: participativa; descentralizada; flexível; simples e clara; preventiva; indutora da inovação; multi-instrumental; rigorosa no enforcement; baseada em desempenho; planejada e gradual; suportada por recursos adequados; mensurada e comunicada; e reflexiva. Este conjunto de características de qualidade regulatória foi aplicado a Estudos de Caso no Estado de São Paulo, referentes aos programas de Fomento à produção mais limpa pela CETESB, Introdução da licença de operação renovável no Estado de São Paulo, e Adoção da responsabilidade pós-consumo na Política Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos. Utilizando pesquisa documental e entrevistas junto a regulados e reguladores, conclui-se que a maior parte destas características já estão de alguma forma presentes nos programas, sendo destacada a melhoria do diálogo entre regulados e reguladores e a maior flexibilidade da regulação. Porém, as evidências demonstram que esta incorporação não garante sua efetivação sistemática, e as características nem sempre são percebidas ou chegam a influenciar o comportamento dos regulados e reguladores, participando de forma ainda marginal nas principais rotinas do órgão regulador. Ao final são apresentadas recomendações para futuras regulações, referentes principalmente à visão, planejamento estratégico e garantia de recursos para a reforma no órgão ambiental, bem como sobre a governança do processo regulatório.<br>Recently, many researchers, institutions and governments have proposed reforms in environmental regulation defined as the set of rules, procedures and requirements established by the government for economic activities in order to reduce their environmental burdens. The present study, exploratory and qualitative, demonstrates that although there are successful environmental regulatory reform experiences in the State of Sao Paulo, there is a long way to go, especially in ensuring their systematic accomplishment. Therefore, after presenting a theoretical framework on environmental regulation, the limits of their traditional approach are shown, in terms of epistemological aspects, as well related to their goals, degree of problem solving, economic efficiency, administrative procedures, technology options, institutional relationships, and international governance. From these limitations, and recommendations gathered from literature, it is stated that an industrial environmental regulation aiming to overcome the contemporary socio-environmental challenges should be participatory, decentralized, flexible , simple and clear, preventive, innovation inductor, multi-instrumental, strict in enforcement, performance-based, planned and gradual, supported by adequate resources, measured and reported, and reflexive. This set of regulatory quality characteristics was applied to three case studies, regarding to the programs of Cleaner Production Fostering by CETESB, Renewable Operation Permit Introduction is the State of Sao Paulo and Extended Producer Responsibility Adoption at the State Waste Policy. Using document research and interviews with regulators and regulated representatives, it is evidenced that most of those characteristics are presented at the programs design, highlighting the dialog improvements and the adoption of a more flexible regulation. However, evidence shows that their presence at the program does not guarantee its systematic execution into practice, and the characteristics are not always perceived or influence the behavior of regulators or regulated, maintaining the programs as marginal in reference to the central routines of the environmental agency. At the end, there are presented conclusions and recommendations to further regulations, mostly related to the vision, strategic planning and resources guarantee for environmental regulation reform, as well as to regulatory process governance.

Depuis les années 2000, le développement de la génomique, permettant une connaissance étendue de l’ADN des êtres vivants, transforme la façon dont ceux-ci sont évalués, sélectionnés (sélection génomique des plantes et animaux) et mis en marché. Couplée à des changements politiques et règlementaires, cette technologie contribue à faire évoluer les arrangements institutionnels dans le champ étudié ici de l’amélioration génétique animale, aussi bien au niveau des dispositifs nationaux que des pratiques des acteurs. La libéralisation en cours questionne notamment la dimension collective de la production du progrès génétique et les droits de propriétés sur les ressources génétiques. Dans une perspective comparative entre la France, l’Irlande et les Pays-Bas, cette thèse a pour objectif d’analyser la pluralité des arrangements institutionnels établis dans le champ de la sélection génomique de la race bovine Holstein. Elle mobilise les évolutions récentes de la théorie néo-institutionnelle s’intéressant à l’hétérogénéité organisationnelle et à la matérialité des institutions. Premièrement, elle met en évidence trois régimes institutionnels qui révèlent des arrangements différents notamment entre organisations publiques et privées. Deuxièmement, cette diversité d’arrangements est précisée par l’analyse des instruments contractuels entre entreprises de sélection et éleveurs via des modèles d’organisation de la production et des échanges de ressources génétiques (sous leurs formes biologiques et informationnelles). Ces modèles illustrent la diversité des formes de propriété dont ces ressources génétiques font l’objet entre éleveurs et entreprises et, montrent que les rôles respectifs de ces acteurs sont redéfinis. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre le développement d’une logique libérale (Pays-Bas) en dualité avec le renforcement (Irlande) ou la fragilisation (France) d’une logique coopérative de production du progrès génétique<br>Since the early 2000s, the development of genomics, which enables extensive knowledge of the DNA of living entities, has transformed the way in which living entities are evaluated, selected (genomic selection of plants and animals) and marketed. Coupled with political and regulatory changes, this technology contributes to modify the national institutional arrangements in the targeted field of animal genetic improvement, practices of actors. The current liberalization process questions both the collective dimension of genetic progress and the property rights of the genetic resources. In a comparative perspective between France, Ireland and The Netherlands, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the plurality of institutional arrangements pertaining to the Holstein cattle breed’s genomic selection. This thesis is situated within the recent evolutions of the neo-institutional theory focused on organizational heterogeneity and materiality of institutions. Firstly, it highlights three institutional regimes that reveal different arrangements particularly between public and private organizations. Secondly, this diversity of arrangements is completed by an analysis of contractual tools between breeding companies and animal breeders through models of production strategies and exchanges related to genetic resources (both biological and informational forms). These models emphasize a variety of property forms of genetic resources between companies and breeders and also show that actors’ roles in genetic selection activities are redefined. These results provide a better understanding of the development of a liberal logic (The Netherlands) in duality with the reinforcement (Ireland) or weakening (France) of a cooperative logic for the production of improved animal genetics

Sous l’injonction internationale à la participation, de nouvelles modalités de gouvernance sont apparues, invitant de nouveaux acteurs dans la gestion des aires naturelles protégées et remodelant les politiques de conservation à l’échelle internationale comme nationale.Le Mexique n’est pas exempt de ces remises en question et ses nouvelles orientations stratégiques pour la gestion des aires naturelles protégées se concentrent désormais sur la «gouvernance ». De nouveaux programmes d’appui aux communautés ont ainsi été développés pour les inciter à participer à la gestion des ressources naturelles communes. Pour contourner les restrictions liées au statut de Parc National, une vingtaine d’aires naturelles protégées ont ou vont ainsi changer de statut d’ici 2018. Le Parc National Nevado de Toluca représente l’un des premiers espaces protégés à avoir été déclassifié au statut d’Aire de Protection de la Faune et de la Flore, afin de permettre aux 54 communautés agraires réparties sur le territoire de mettre en place des projets productifs et participer in fine à la conservation de l’espace protégé. Mêlant action publique, modèles de gestion locale et dynamiques écologiques, le Nevado de Toluca constitue ainsi un laboratoire in situ qui permet de comprendre comment les notions de gouvernance environnementale et de participation mises en avant dans les programmes gouvernementaux se traduisent sur le terrain. Ce laboratoire permet d’évaluer plus spécifiquement comment les instruments de gestion participative, tels que la gestion forestière communautaire et les paiements pour services environnementaux ont modifié les pratiques locales de gestion et in fine, les dynamiques écologiques forestières. Puis, l’analyse des processus participatifs établis dans le cadre du changement de catégorie et de l’élaboration du plan de gestion permet de mieux comprendre l’appropriation de l’injonction internationale à la participation par le gouvernement mexicain ainsi que ses effets, attendus ou non, sur la gouvernance de l’aire naturelle protégée. Les paiements pour services environnementaux présentés généralement comme une stratégie de conservation plus efficiente que les projets intégrés, semblent être, sur le Nevado de Toluca, des instruments moins performants socialement et écologiquement que la gestion forestière communautaire. Les instruments de gestion participative ont néanmoins en commun de reproduire les injustices sociales du système agraire mexicain. Par ailleurs, malgré des processus participatifs limités, la recatégorisation a conduit à des controverses, alliances et innovations sociotechniques, qui reconfigurent les modalités de gouvernance du territoire. Si le gouvernement ne cède pas pour autant son pouvoir de décision, des arrangements informels viennent s’insérer dans cette nouvelle configuration et constituent des formes de contre-pouvoirs. L’institutionnalisation de la participation ne conduit pas à l’éradication des conflits et à la production d’un consensus. Au contraire, elle met en lumière la dimension agonistique des politiques de conservation<br>Under the international context of supporting participation for the co-management of natural resources, new governance arrangements have emerged, inviting new actors in the management of natural protected areas and reshaping conservation policies. Mexico has not been exempted from this process with the new strategic directions for protected natural areas having focused on "governance". New community support programs have been developed to encourage local forest communities to participate in the management of their natural resources. To bypass the restrictions related to the status of a National Park, twenty Mexican natural protected areas have changed or are going to change of status by 2018. The Nevado de Toluca National Park is one of the first protected areas to have been declassified to the status of Wildlife and Flora Area Protection, to allow the 54 agrarian communities established in the territory to implement productive projects and ultimately participate in the conservation of the protected area.Combining public action, local management models and ecological dynamics, the Nevado de Toluca constitutes a laboratory for understanding how the concepts of environmental governance and participation, promoted in government programs, are being applied on the field. This empirical laboratory allows for the evaluation of how participatory management instruments, such as community forest management and payment for environmental services, have modified local management practices and, ultimately, forest ecosystems. Moreover, the analysis of participatory processes, a key part in the process of change in the protection category of the protected natural area, allows us to better understand the appropriation of international premises into effective participation by mechanisms held by the Mexican government. These mechanisms will, in turn, potentially have an effect on the governance of the protected natural area. Payments for environmental services, generally presented as a more efficient conservation strategy than integrated conservation and development projects, seem to be on the Nevado de Toluca, less socially and environmentally efficient than community forest management. However, these two participatory management instruments have reproduced the social injustices of the Mexican agrarian system. Besides, despite limited participatory processes, the reclassification resulted in controversies, alliances and socio-technical innovations that are reshaping the governance of the territory. As a response to the non-transfer of decision-making power by the government, informal arrangements are appearing as a new governance configuration and as a form of countervailing-power. The institutionalization of participation has not led to the eradication of conflict or to a consensus. Instead, it highlights the agonistic dimension of conservation policies

O problema ambiental das áreas contaminadas foi por muito tempo negligenciado. No Estado de São Paulo as primeiras medidas efetivas de gestão do tema foram tomadas em 2000, em parte motivadas pela ocorrência de acidentes em postos de combustíveis. A publicação da resolução CONAMA 273/00, que instituiu a obrigatoriedade do licenciamento dos postos de combustíveis (novos e em operação), deu mais destaque ao assunto, pelo menos no Estado de São Paulo, onde sua implementação revelou inúmeros passivos ambientais em postos de combustíveis. Estudar este e outros impactos desta resolução na gestão das áreas contaminadas por postos de combustíveis foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Isto foi feito por meio da descrição da gestão de áreas contaminadas por postos de combustíveis, antes e depois da resolução, e de seus resultados divulgados pela CETESB. A análise qualitativa da gestão foi feita com base nos instrumentos de gestão utilizados e encontrou uma gestão centrada em instrumentos de comando e controle, mas que se complementa com instrumentos econômicos e acordos voluntários. A análise quantitativa foi feita com base nos dados secundários divulgados pela CETESB e aponta, apesar de tendências de melhoria, para resultados ainda incipientes, com baixos percentuais de postos de combustíveis licenciados, reduzido número de áreas remediadas e pequeno decréscimo no número de acidentes em postos de combustíveis.<br>Contaminated sites represent an environmental problem that was neglected for a long time. In São Paulo State this problem was first addressed in 2000, partially due to environmental accidents in petrol stations. CONAMA 273/00, a resolution that enforced petrol stations (both new and running businesses) to require permits, attracted more attention to the matter, at least in São Paulo State, where its implementation revealed various petrol stations contaminated sites. This and other impacts of this resolution on petrol stations contaminates sites management are the core subject of this thesis. The study consists on the description of the management program before and after the resolution, as well as the results obtained, which were made public by CETESB. The qualitative analysis of the management program was based on the instruments used, it revealed a command and control approach, which makes use of complimentary instruments such as economic and voluntary ones. The quantitative analysis based itself on secondary data obtained at CETESB and, although the positive trend of the results, it still indicates low percentages of petrol station with permit, a reduced number of cleaned-up sites and a small decrease in the number of accidents in petrol stations.

Objetivo. Avaliou-se a gestão ambiental governamental em relação as suas atribuição de proteger o meio ambiente e garantir a qualidade ambiental e identificaram-se as barreiras que impedem o avanço da descentralização da esfera estadual para o municipal, e as condições de incorporação de outros agentes no processo de gestão, com vistas à dinamização do modelo de gestão ambiental adotado no Brasil. Métodos. Pesquisou-se através de estudos de caso, a gestão ambiental em três Estados Brasileiros no período de 1990 a 1999, enfocando as entidades responsáveis pela gestão da qualidade ambiental: Fundação Estadual de Meio Ambiente de Minas Gerais-FEAM, Associação de Defesa do Meio Ambiente de Sergipe-ADEMA, e Companhia Estadual de Tecnologia e Saneamento Ambiental-CETESB no Estado de São Paulo. Analisou-se quatro conjuntos de indicadores: a) a situação dos sistemas estaduais de gestão ambiental e das entidades; b) a aplicação dos instrumentos de gestão da qualidade ambiental; c) o posicionamento estratégico gerencial e de gestão ambiental das entidades; d) o estado da arte da descentralização da gestão ambiental para os municípios nos estados pesquisados, considerando os programas ambientais e as estratégias existentes em relação ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Resultados. Os sistemas ambientais estaduais não foram revigorados na década de década de 90, e agravou-se a questão da auto-sustentabilidade financeira. Projetos de fortalecimento institucional esbarram nas deficiências e no esvaziamento da administração pública nacional e estadual. Pratica-se a reforma do Estado sem uma nova proposta de regulação pública para a questão ambiental. Investimentos em programas de gestão da qualidade ambiental são dependentes de financiamento. Aplicam-se recursos em estruturas deficitárias, que não os podem utilizar para corrigir problemas estruturais: carência de recursos técnicos deficiências de reciclagem e salários baixos. Os números de licenças ambientais realizados são crescentes, mas avalia-se a qualidade ambiental na maior parte dos casos exclusivamente pelas emissões das fontes poluidoras. Aplica-se de forma insuficiente o planejamento e a avaliação da qualidade ambiental dos ambientes e esta deficiência reduz a importância social e das agencias e sua capacidade de interferência nas políticas públicas. Pratica-se a política de controle de "fim de tubo" com forte tendência de padronização e criam-se condições pouco exigentes: baixa necessidade de capacitação técnica, desconhecimento dos processos tecnológicos e desconhecimento das técnicas de planejamento, gerenciamento ambiental e de controle de impactos do ciclo produtivo. Distanciam-se as agencias estaduais da adoção de praticas de gestão sistêmicas, preventivas e perde-se a capacidade de assessorar os empreendedores e de difundir praticas sustentáveis. Resiste-se à participação dos agentes externos e a modernização da política de comando e controle e a articular-se a regulação pública e as praticas de certificação ambiental voluntárias. Engessam-se os órgãos ambientais em uma única estratégia de gestão, atravéz da qual todos os agentes externos são tratados sem diferenciação em relação ao seu estágio de evolução de desempenho ambiental. Os instrumentos econômicos são pouco explorados. Pratica-se o controle ambiental das questões de impacto local pelos gestores estaduais e estratégias de controle paternalistas e centralizadoras em relação à gestão dos problemas ambientais locais com os agentes municipais. Não se executam políticas pró-ativas em relação ao fortalecimento da organização institucional ambiental dos municípios. Acumulam-se licenciamentos de atividades de todos os graus de importância nos sistemas de controle ambiental estaduais e registra-se a ausência de programas que priorizem as fontes mais complexas em termos de geração de impactos ambientais, com baixa eficácia e perda de objetividade da linha de corte da descentralização. Os princípios básicos formulados pela Resolução CONAMA 237/97 vêm contribuindo para a implementação desse processo, mas não são suficientes. Os municípios de maior porte têm capacidade de desenvolver atividades, porem, as práticas participativas e a legitimidade dos conselhos ambientais deliberativos enfrentam conflitos com as práticas centralizadas do sistema político tradicional. O quadro atual de gestão ambiental municipal ainda é fraco, mas, em crescimento, apresentando dificuldades localizadas na falta de estrutura, recursos técnicos e financeiros, capacitação, e conhecimento da legislação e dos instrumentos de gestão ambiental. Conclusões. Verificou-se o arrefecimento da evolução dos sistemas de gestão estaduais e a ausência de processos gerenciais de planejamento, implementação e revisão dos objetivos, metas e resultados ambientais, e a baixa capacitação técnica e gerencial como fatores críticos a superar. Controlam-se as fontes poluidoras através de políticas centradas na redução do potencial poluidor específico dedica-se pouca importância à questão dos resultados de suas ações em relação à qualidade ambiental. Há resistências para adotar-se novas abordagens de controle de poluição, que enfatizem o caráter preventivo e integrado dos mecanismos de gestão ambiental. É crescente a importância e a dinamização do sistema de gestão de recursos hídricos, organizado em bacias hidrográficas e com a participação dos municípios, usuários e representantes da sociedade. Mas este processo dissocia-se do sistema gestão ambiental que permanece centralizado.<br>Objective. To Analyze the Environmental State Agencies as related to their role to protect the environment and warranty quality by identifying the barriers that hinder the updating practices aiming decentralization to the local authorities, and to incorporate others agents in the management process towards sustainable development. Methods. The research methods used are case studies. The case studies about the environmental management inside the state agencies were developed by means of interviews, analysis of plans, programs and projects aiming to sustainable pratices towards the decentralizations process in the Brazilian States, focusing on the agencies in charge of environmental quality: Fundação Estadual de Meio Ambiente de Minas Gerais (FEAM), Companhia Estadual de Teconolgia (CETESB) in São Paulo, and Associação de Defesa do Meio Ambiente in Sergipe State. Results. The State Environmental Systems were not empowered in the 90's, due to this fact they have not been able to get up-to-date with the most effective ways to direct their practices so far, and the structural problems was aggravated. The State Environmental Systems organized along the last twenty years, need a new and consistent institutional strengthening. Attempts to make the systems stronger have been consistently been jeopardized by chronic deficiencies in the public sector, which have gradually been deprived of qualified personnel, compatible salaries, technical updating and funds, caused by the State Reform, with did not define a new proposal for environmental public regulation. Funds obtained from external loans are applied in weak structures and can't be used to correct their structural problems The agencies did not enough conditions to monitory the environmental quality and their capacity to use environmental planning as a tool to detect impacts and to direct their efforts to preserve the environment, and to establish reliable data, information and indicators for public health. This handicap causes a fluctuation in their degree of social value. When they merely present data concerning number's of permits produced as a result of their role, they do not demonstrate awareness of their social value; on the other hand when they supply the public with information concerning environmental quality and trends they are socially recognized. The concept of environmental command and control is traditional, but applied only in sources control, once it is not based in the background pollution effects. The "end of tube" policy, has generated a strong tendency of standardization that on it's turns favors the lenient conditions of technical ability and knowledge of the technological processes. This adds to the difficult of applying environmental cycle analysis and prevention strategies in the management process. The environmental policies adopted are still resistant to include other agents inside the management cycle, concerning new instruments and strategies of control and regulations, especially to prevent impacts of development. In relation to voluntary and market instruments adopted, like the ISO 14.000 Series, despite the fact that fifty five companies have already gotten the Certificate 14.001, the state agencies are not prepared to handle this modality of voluntary procedures. What is observed is that the agencies adopted one single modality of management based in the command and control approach, without considering the environmental performance of the companies and entrepreneur. Such approach reflects their difficulty to recognize and multiply actions directed to sustainable practices. The management policies adopted so far tend to make the agencies responsible for managing the local impacts and environmental issues and consequently there predominates conflit modalities of relationship with the municipal agents. On the other hand the high amount of permits four sources of all levels and risks inside the state agencies, withouth a strategy of major sources control, lead to a policy laking objectivity and efficiency, and not make it difficult to define where to proceed to decentralization. The basic principles of the new CONAMA 237/97 Resolution concerning decentralization policies have contributed to the local power environmental systems. Therefore such policies should also involve autonomy, subsidiarity and equity principles in their actions. In this sense the municipality should not conform themselves to the state agencies framework, once they are expected to adequate themselves to their own political, economical, social and technical capabilities. So the decentralization may advanced, it is vital that more public fund be passed on to local power, and also society be given more autonomy to adopt a framework according to its own characteristics. The present situation of the municipal environmental management is still incipient but it is growing. We can spot difficulties such as lack of structure, technical and financial resource, capability knowledge in environmental management techniques, methods, procedures and legislation. The economical instruments are insufficiently applied by the agencies. The new environmental laws for water resources introducing the user payer principle, with taxes for water uses, may encourage a great change in the policies adopted to protect the natural resources. Conclusions Analysis has demonstrate that in the last years there has not been empowered the environmental systems. The state agencies uncharged of environmental quality control the pollution sources, but give insufficient importance to the measurement and evaluation of results in terms of quality. The environmental policies followed resist to adopting and reinforcing voluntary measures to prevent impacts in the environment, which would allow agents to participate actively and effectively in the environment issue. Concerning the local power the results highlights the necessity to empowered the environmental councils, as they are the better way to include the community inside the management process and enhance the participation in applying new instruments, develop good practices, particularly in the elaboration of local environmental master plans

A avaliação de efeitos cumulativos e sinérgicos constitui um elemento essencial à boa prática da Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA), no sentido do fortalecimento do processo de tomada de decisão e integração de aspectos ambientais no planejamento das atividades econômicas, mas a despeito da sua importância, a cumulatividade dos impactos é vista como um elemento que aumenta a complexidade do processo de AIA. Uma perspectiva promissora para a integração dos efeitos ambientais cumulativos no processo de AIA tem sido contemplada a partir inclusão da gestão dos impactos ao ciclo de avaliação de efeitos cumulativos, representada neste caso pela abordagem da Avaliação e Gestão de Efeitos Cumulativos (AGEC). Tendo em vista as limitações apontadas para o Brasil em relação à avaliação de efeitos cumulativos, considera-se relevante verificar em que medida a experiência consolidada de AGEC no contexto internacional poderia contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento da AIA no país. Deste modo, o presente trabalho é voltado para a identificação de boas práticas em AGEC no contexto brasileiro, valendo-se do estudo do caso da Coordenação Geral de Petróleo e Gás (CGPEG) do Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), responsável pelos processos de licenciamento ambiental de sistemas de produção de petróleo e gás no país. Por meio de uma abordagem metodológica baseada na triangulação entre literatura, documentação, e entrevistas junto ao corpo técnico do órgão ambiental, foram identificadas oportunidades e dificuldades para a aplicação de AGEC no âmbito de atuação da CGPEG. Os resultados indicam que a prática da AGEC encontra-se em fase inicial de desenvolvimento, com a identificação de algumas evidências de boas práticas devidamente internalizadas pelo órgão ambiental, como a abordagem regionalizada e a utilização de metodologia semelhante às práticas internacionais identificadas. Nota-se também o esforço da CGPEG em promover uma atuação mais eficiente e integradora, exigindo programas regionalizados com visão sistêmica, o que leva a ganhos de longo prazo nas atividades de avaliação do corpo técnico. Como destaque está a prática inovadora do Projeto de Avaliação de Impactos Cumulativos (PAIC) no licenciamento da produção de petróleo da camada pré-sal da bacia de Santos, como referência para o órgão, em que houve contribuições significativas por parte de stakeholders mobilizados em espaços de acompanhamento da instalação da cadeia petrolífera na região e resolução de conflitos, o que sugere um quadro promissor para investimentos em sua estruturação e na capacitação de seu corpo técnico e gerencial, com vistas ao aprimoramento da atuação orientada para os efeitos cumulativos.<br>The evaluation of cumulative and synergistic effects consists in an essential element for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) good practices, in the sense that it enhances the decision-making process and environmental aspects integration in development planning. Despite its importance, impact accumulation is seen as adding complexity to EIA process. A promising perspective to integrate cumulative environmental effects on EIA process starts at implementing management to cumulative assessments, in this case represented by Cumulative Environmental Assessment and Management (CEAM) approach. Also recognizing Brazil\'s limitation to implement cumulative effects assessment, it is relevant to verify at which extent internationally recognized CEAM practices can improve the country EIA process. Therefore, the present study aims to identify CEAM good practices on Brazilian context, using a federal agency responsible for oil and gas environmental licensing, the \"Coordenadoria Geral de Petróleo e Gás\" (CGPEG/IBAMA). Using triangulation of methods, starting by literature review on good practices, documents and norms content analysis and semistructured interviews with CGPEG technicians, opportunities and difficulties for CEAM implementation were identified for agency performance. Results shows CEAM practices still in its early stages of development, with good practices adoption evidences for the agency, striving forth cumulative effects performance improvement. Also, CGPEG singular functional structure promotes long therm benefits for technical analysis, such as demanding a more integrated and regional approach in environmental monitoring programs. A innovative practice is the cumulative impacts assessment project demanded at the environmental licensing for Santos\' basin pre-salt layer oil and gas production, or \"Projeto de Avaliação de Impactos Cumulativos\" (PAIC), a \"reccomended administrative process\", seen as a orientative material for oil and gas future projects. The PAIC development context had important stakeholder contribuitions on public particiapion processes, such as follow-up foruns for community discussion over oil industries installation at São Paulo\'s North Coast.

The Green Space Based Learning (GSBL) approach builds on a long-term partnership between a Research I university, surrounding community, and local school district, transforming underutilized community green space into an interactive educational tool to addresses national infrastructure and educational challenges. The GSBL approach is an educational platform for engaging K-12 and the local community in engineering design and construction of sustainable Green Infrastructure (GI) projects. GSBL was piloted as a part of a federally funded Research Experience for Teachers (RET) program in which teachers participated in two intensive 6-week summer research experiences and two consecutive academic year components. The summer experience focuses on the development of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematic (STEM) lessons and activities that meet Common Core and Next Generation Science Standards and the dissemination of the RET research experience. Approximately 400 K-12 students and teachers participated in both formal and informal educational activities that led to GSBL approach outputs throughout the academic year. These outputs included 4 Campus GI Challenge's for identifying areas of implementation and student driven GI design, the publication of 7 curricular products, the design and installation of 70 personal rain gardens and 8 bioretention cells (a type of GI), one of which was designed as a field scale research site within the Hillsborough County Public Schools (HCPS) district. The eight bioretention cells, seven of which are on three public school campuses and one located at a local community leader's house were designed and implemented as a result of university research, K-12 outreach, and community engagement. These sites were selected based on one or more hotspot factors (e.g. localized areas of flooding, access to site, presence of learning space, willingness to pay, property ownership, visibility of location) and designed to restore the hydrology and water quality to pre-development conditions. The bioretention cells were designed to capture a storm-event ranging from 1.27 cm to 2.54 cm and cost between $550 and $1,650 to construct depending on the design scope, scale, and installation methods. The installed bioretention systems route stormwater runoff to a ponding area sized approximately 2-5% of the total catchment area, are designed to capture between 31% and 67% of annual runoff (March 2010 - March 2015), and attenuate between 97,500 and 226,100 mg N annually. The educational sites were used to provide insight into hydraulic performance, maintenance requirements, and nutrient management impacts associated with bioretention design. Three of the bioretention cells (BR 1, BR 2, and BR 3) were used as a field research site for collecting bioretention plant performance data on 12 Florida native plant species, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Flaveria linearis, Salvia coccinea, Solidago fistulosa, Canna flaccida, Tradescantia ohiensis, Tripsacum dactyloides, Hymenocallis latifolia, Iris virginica, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Spartina patens, and Equisetum hyemale. Mean baseline accumulated nitrogen concentration for tested species was 18.24 ± 5.76 mg N/g biomass. This compared to a harvested mean concentration rate of 12.28 ± 2.23 mg N/g biomass, a reduction of uptake capacity of nearly 33% after two growing seasons. This study found a similarity in mean total nitrogen concentration between baseline and harvested plant species for Flaveria linearis, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Solidago fistulosa, Canna flaccida, Salvia coccinea, Spartina patens, and Coreopsis leavenworthii and a significant difference in means for Equisetum hyemale, Iris virginica, Salvia coccinea, and Tradescantia ohiensis. These harvested data were used to calculate mean total nitrogen concentration per square meter with Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Equisetum hyemale, Spartina patens, Solidago fistulosa, Salvia coccinea, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Iris virginica ranging from 286 mg N/m2 to 4,539 mg N/m2, and Canna flaccida, Flaveria linearis, Tradescantia ohiensis ranging from 12,428 mg N/m2 to 15,409 mg N/m2. Seven of the twelve species (Flaveria linearis, Equisetum hyemale, Iris virginica, Tripsacum dactyloides, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Salvia coccinea, Tradescantia ohiensis) displayed highly desirable results, ranking (>0.20x̅) when evaluated across 10 quantitative attributes and assessed for their applicability for the subtropical Tampa Bay area. This research developed a plant selection utility index (PSI) that allows for individual plant scoring based on qualitative and quantitative plant selection criteria. The qualitative PSI was used to evaluate 26 native and regionally friendly plant species commonly found within the subtropical Tampa Bay climate to provide an example and act as a template for selecting plant species. The qualitative PSI scores categorized the identified plant species as highly desirable (n=4, PSI ≥ 80), Flaveria linearis, Tripsacum dactyloides, Salvia coccinea, and Chamaecrista fasciculata; moderately desirable (n=15, 80 > PSI ≥65), Solidago fistulosa, Hymenocallis latifolia, Canna flaccida, Tradescantia ohiensis, Arachis glabrata, Mimosa strigillosa, Callicarpa Americana, Penta lanceolata, Monarda punctate, Muhlenbergia capillaris, Helianthus debilis, Glandularia tampensis, Silphium asteriscus, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, and Coreopsis lanceolata; and least desirable (n=7, PSI < 65) Spartina patens, Equisetum hyemale, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Iris virginica, Coreopsis leavenworthii, Myrcianthus fragrans, Zamia puila. The quantitative PSI was used to evaluate attributes of 11 of the 26 species within a 32.5 m2 field-scale bioretention system (BR 1, BR 2, and BR 3) ter two-growing seasons. The tested species scored as highly desirable (n=2, PSI ≥ 70) for Salvia coccinea, Tradescantia ohiensis; moderately desirable (n=5, 70 > PSI ≥ 50) for Equisetum hyemale, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Solidago fistulosa, Iris virginica, Coreopsis leavenworthii, and least desirable (n=4, PSI < 50) for Spartina patens, Flaveria linearis, Canna flaccida, Hymenocallis latifolia. Both qualitative and quantitative scores were combined on a 0-200 scale to provide a list of recommended species based, ranking from high to low: Salvia coccinea (PSI=160), Tradescantia ohiensis (PSI = 148), Sisyrinchium angustifolium (PSI =127), Flaveria linearis (PSI = 125), Solidago fistulosa (PSI = 124), Iris virginica (PSI =121), Coreopsis leavenworthii (PSI = 117), Equisetum hyemale (PSI = 114), Canna flaccida (PSI = 104), Spartina patens (PSI = 103), Hymenocallis latifolia (PSI =90).

The theme of this thesis is that ecologically sustainable coastal management (ESCM) is achievable through the application of law. Once the legal principles and the administrative structures that that law supports have been put into place a framework is created within which the goal of ecologically sustainable development - 'Development that improves the total quality of life, both now and in the future, in a way that maintains the ecological processes on which life depends' can be realised. This thesis approaches the task by analysing the components of ecologically sustainable development (ESD), synthesising them into a set of principles for achieving ESCM and then, by using a comparative approach, devising a number of recommendations, which, if followed, will enable ESCM to be achieved. While the focus is on ESCM, the recommendations could be applied with minimal adaptation, to most, if not all, natural resource management. The thesis is divided into five Parts. Part A looks at the function of law in ESCM and proposes a theoretical model for a legal and administrative regime to be tested in the remaining Parts. Part B considers the context for ESCM and the policies and approaches followed by the different jurisdictions compared throughout this thesis, in addressing sustainable development, with emphasis in chapter four on devising the principles for ESCM. These principles are then developed and analysed in the remaining Parts of the thesis. Part C looks at the current constitutional legal regime for the coastal zone in each jurisdiction and then moves on to consider the first two of the principles for ESCM, international responsibilities and integrated coastal zone management, linked together in this part by the direct dependence on law as the agent for management Part D is about the four remaining principles of ESCM - the practical instruments for achieving ESCM. These are environmental impact assessment, public participation, coastal planning and economic instruments. In the last Part, Part E, the suggested principles for ESCM are brought together and, by a comparison of the various legal and administrative mechanisms used in the jurisdictions reviewed in this thesis, recommendations for achieving ESCM are drawn up. It is suggested that implementation of these recommendations will achieve ecologically sustainable coastal management.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARISA COSTA AMARAL.pdf: 773961 bytes, checksum: dfcabdded4e00e37b5bc9623c3cabcfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27<br>The occupation of land by the urban population has caused a reduction in vegetation cover. This expansion affects that are particularly fertile soil and rich, especially in Areas of Permanent Preservation (APPs). The relevance of the issues of population and sustainable cities is vital to the process of urban planning and environmental. The Brazilian environmental law demonstrates standards and criteria with regard to occupation of environmentally protected areas within the city. However, these laws are not being met regularly by states and municipalities, especially with regard to protection of water sources and water resources. This Dissertation aims to show the environmental problems in such areas as a result of irregular occupation of land that should be closely monitored by governmental agencies. The city can regulate activities that affect the community of its territory. The power of control of municipal buildings stems from the Federal Constitution, with grants power to direct city to promote the development of their territory to plan, monitor and the partial occupation of urban land. As a public policies in the area of environmental management, are the instruments of political control and, in addition to urban ecology involving the interaction between society and its landscape. This integration should coexist in interdisciplinary to be more sustainable. To plan a city, there must be an understanding of the relationships between citizens, agents regulators, government officials and entrepreneurs.<br>A ocupação do solo pela população urbana ocasiona redução na cobertura vegetal. Essa expansão afeta sobremaneira solos que são férteis e ricos, principalmente em Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs). A relevância dos aspectos demográficos e de cidades sustentáveis é primordial para o processo de planejamento urbano e ambiental. A legislação ambiental brasileira demonstra normas e critérios com relação a ocupação de áreas ambientalmente protegidas no âmbito das cidades. No entanto, essas leis não estão sendo cumpridas regularmente pelos Estados e Municípios, principalmente no que diz respeito à proteção dos mananciais e recursos hídricos. A presente Dissertação procura demonstrar os agravos ambientais nessas áreas em decorrência da ocupação irregular do solo, as quais deveriam ser rigorosamente fiscalizadas pelo Poder Público. O Município pode regulamentar as atividades que afetam a coletividade de seu território. O poder municipal de controle das edificações decorre da Constituição Federal de 1988, que outorga competência direta ao Município para promover o ordenamento de seu território, para planejar, controlar e parcelar a ocupação do solo urbano. Como solução para elaboração de políticas públicas na área de gestão ambiental, surgem os instrumentos de política e controle, além da ecologia urbana que envolve a interação entre a sociedade e sua paisagem. Essa integração deve coexistir de forma interdisciplinar para ser mais sustentável. Para se planejar uma cidade, deve existir uma compreensão das relações entre cidadãos, agentes reguladores, governantes e empreendedores.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Francisco Tavares da Silva Junior.pdf: 1186969 bytes, checksum: f36c6bb04a5da5da8a0ab6739b4c039b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27<br>The purpose of this work is to treat environmental public policy from a complex vision of its interactions, about the subjects involved and the diversity of interests that they lead to the discussion of environmental issues, as well as of the institutional arrangements regarding the instruments of public action. It also puts in discussion on some regulatory instruments rather than command-and-control approach, proposing a combination of these models in the implementation of environmental public policies. From this point, it searches the practical exam of a public environmental policy, the management of contaminated areas, in a critical analysis of its organisation and implementation, restricting the analytical spectrum in the State of São Paulo in Brazil<br>O propósito deste trabalho é tratar sobre as políticas públicas ambientais a partir de uma visão complexa das suas interações, dos sujeitos envolvidos e da diversidade de interesses que eles levam à discussão das questões ambientais, assim como dos arranjos institucionais inerentes aos instrumentos de ação pública. Procede-se também a discussão sobre alguns instrumentos regulatórios diversos da abordagem de comando e controle, propondo uma conjugação desses modelos na implementação das políticas públicas ambientais. Disto, busca-se o exame prático de uma política pública ambiental, o gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas, numa análise crítica de sua organização e implementação, restringindo-se o espectro analítico ao Estado de São Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Mauro Dias Lopes.pdf: 3027422 bytes, checksum: ef19864a35c248c4a0d08f4ea46495ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10<br>This research aims at contextualizing and analyzing the legal aspects of mining and environmental permitting in order to develop a methodology to assist in the management of mining activities from the preliminary stages to the closure of the mine, focusing on mitigation and treatment of significant environmental impacts and hazards and risks related to the health of mining workers. As a research method in office, analysis of the regulatory system, ore exploitation regime in the country, and survey of directly applicable law were used. To compose the variables of the study data obtained in active field of a mining company we used. This research is justified for understanding that in practice elements are missing so that conflicts resulting from the exercise of mining activities and their externalities are resolved through a transparent management. Finally, as a result it was possible to develop a methodology of practical application to assist mining activities in the analysis of significant environmental aspects and impacts, as well as hazards and risks related to occupational health and safety of mining workers, underpinned by management programs whose effectiveness is measured based on performance indicators<br>A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo contextualizar e analisar os aspectos jurídicos da mineração e do licenciamento ambiental, para o desenvolver uma metodologia que auxilie na gestão da atividade minerária, desde as fases preliminares até o fechamento da mina focando na mitigação e tratamento dos impactos ambientais significativos e perigos e riscos relacionados com a saúde do trabalhador mineiro. Foram utilizados como método de pesquisa, em gabinete, a análise do sistema de regulação, o regime de aproveitamento do minério no país e o levantamento da legislação diretamente aplicável. Para compor as variáveis da pesquisa, foram utilizados dados obtidos em campo ativo de uma mineradora. Justifica-se a presente pesquisa por entender que, na prática, faltam elementos para que os conflitos decorrentes do exercício da atividade minerária e suas externalidades sejam solucionados por intermédio de uma gestão transparente. Ao final, como resultado, foi possível desenvolver uma metodologia de aplicação prática para auxiliar a atividade minerária na análise dos aspectos e impactos ambientais significativos, bem como os perigos e riscos relacionados com a saúde e a segurança ocupacional do trabalhador mineiro, com suporte em programas de gerenciamento, cuja eficácia é aferida com base em indicadores de desempenho

Submitted by Dilene Paulo (dilene.fatima@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-02-15T14:42:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WANESSA DUNGA DE ASSIS – DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 2016.pdf: 1630385 bytes, checksum: fbb49d88c5b0a6e2ef4b4a5ba140168c (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-15T14:42:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WANESSA DUNGA DE ASSIS – DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 2016.pdf: 1630385 bytes, checksum: fbb49d88c5b0a6e2ef4b4a5ba140168c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-13<br>CNPq<br>A cobrança pelo uso da água no Brasil foi introduzida pela Lei nº 9.433, de 08 de janeiro de 1997, como um instrumento econômico de gestão dos recursos hídricos brasileiros, com o intuito de induzir os agentes usuários ao uso racional da água. O Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio São Francisco implementou a cobrança pelo uso da água em julho de 2010, não passando por nenhuma modificação ou melhoria desde então. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise deste sistema de cobrança, com a identificação dos aspectos passíveis de melhoria e a simulação de modificações propostas em usuários reais da Região Hidrográfica do Submédio. Os resultados apontaram que é necessário rever os valores de cobrança adotados atualmente. Os Preços Públicos Unitários (PPU’s) apresentam uma defasagem acumulada em torno de 30%, mediante as taxas inflacionárias brasileiras. O caráter quantitativo, qualitativo e de proteção a situações emergenciais atualmente existentes na metodologia de cobrança não se mostram suficientes para garantir a sustentabilidade hídrica do corpo d’água, uma vez que os problemas ambientais persistem e situações de crise ainda são notadas. Aspectos incorporados nas simulações dos valores cobrados tais como: situações de escassez hídrica, prioridade no uso, tratamento dos efluentes e tecnologia de irrigação, dentre outros, revelam-se eficazes ao reduzir/aumentar consideravelmente os valores a serem pagos pelos usuários, podendo assim, induzir ações preventivas e incentivar o uso de tecnologias mais sustentáveis.<br>The raw water charge in Brazil was introduced by Law nº. 9.433 of January 8, 1997, as an economic instrument for the management of Brazilian water resources, with goals ranging from the rational use of water to the recognition of its economic value. The São Francisco River Basin (SFRB) has implemented the raw water charge since July 2010.There hasn't been changed or improvement since then. This research presents an analysis of the raw water charge system, identifying the aspects that can be improved. A simulation of the proposed improvements was performed for water users of the Submédio Hydrographic Region. The results showed that it is necessary to review the values currently used in the raw water charge system. The Public Prices Unit (PPU's) are delayed by Brazilian inflation rates, with a cumulative gap of around 30%. Different aspects - quantitative, qualitative and protection to emergency situations - are not sufficient to ensure water sustainability of the river basin, since environmental problems persist and crisis are still noticeable. Some aspects were incorporated in the simulations such as: situations of water scarcity, use priority, treatment of effluent discharged and the irrigation technology, among others. These aspects can be effective to reduce/increase considerably the values to be paid by users and can induce prevention actions and encourage the use of more sustainable technologies.

Land, water and natural resources are under increasing pressure due to rising demands for food and energy from the rapidly growing global population. Across a catchment there can be multiple stakeholders with conflicting opinions over how space and resources should be used and managed. Consequently, it is important to consider the suitability of a catchment for a particular purpose to optimise use of the area and minimise potential conflicts and impacts on the wider environment. Aquaculture is a significant contributor to world food supply and as fisheries are unlikely to increase it is expected that the industry will continue to grow and expand in the future to help meet food security requirements. As a result, it is essential that the sector aims for sustainable development within the most suitable locations. However, it can be difficult to assess the suitability of multiple large catchments and some issues may not be immediately apparent. This project aimed to show how spatial models could be used as decision support tools to evaluate the suitability of large catchments for sustainable aquaculture. Four large areas of importance to aquaculture were selected; covering 10,148km2, 26,225km2, 48,319km2 and 66,283km2 in Bangladesh, China, Thailand and Vietnam respectively. Asia is by far the most dominant aquaculture region in the world and each of the four study areas contribute to local, regional and global food supplies. The study area in Bangladesh was located in Khulna region in the south west of the country and the main species of focus were prawn and shrimp. The Chinese study area was located in the south eastern province of Guangdong and the main species covered were tilapia and shrimp. Similarly, in Thailand, the main species evaluated were tilapia and shrimp whilst the study area extended across the Central region. Finally, the largest study area was the Mekong Delta in Vietnam and the main species of focus in this area were pangasius catfish and shrimp. One of the challenges in modelling large catchments is model applicability and data availability. Often, the required data are not available (or accessible) and it would be difficult, time consuming and expensive to collect new information. Furthermore, when assessing multiple areas is it vital that a representative and unbiased approach is used where no one catchment is favoured over the other due to higher quality data. Therefore, this study used data that are available for almost any area in the world; allowing future application of the models and enabling effective and unbiased decision support. Four modelling stages were employed in this study to evaluate the suitability of large catchments for sustainable aquaculture development. The first stage was the classification of seasonal land use models from satellite imagery. This provides information on what the land is used for and how aquaculture could impact or be impacted by the wider environment. The second step was the development of seasonal models of site suitability using optimal values within a GIS-based multi-stage framework. These models identify which locations are best for culture and can also be used to estimate the availability of areas for food production. The next stage investigated the use of Maxent as a novel approach in site suitability modelling to evaluate the conditions experienced by existing farms. The information from Maxent can be used to identify trends, opportunities and concerns related to sustainable management and farm locations. Finally, qualitative models of non-point source pollution (NPSP) were developed which assess the risk of NPSP within a catchment. NPSP is an issue which can impact both aquaculture and the wider environment. Thus, it is important to understand the areas within a catchment where NPSP risk is higher enabling the establishment of monitoring and/or mitigation procedures. The models support the ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA) and enable objective planning and management strategies to enhance productivity across large catchments without negatively impacting the environment. In order to meet growing food requirements, large areas will need to be used for agriculture and aquaculture; therefore, analysis at a wider catchment level, which complements assessment at a local scale, is required as it allows a holistic view of the situation. The work presented here illustrates the potential use of spatial models across large catchments and considers the suitability of the areas for aquaculture development.

A outorga dos direitos de uso é um instrumento da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos que tem como objetivo assegurar o controle quantitativo e qualitativo dos usos de água e o efetivo exercício dos direitos de acesso aos recursos hídricos. Neste contexto, insere-se a outorga de diluição de efluentes cujo objetivo é auxiliar na gestão qualitativa dos corpos dágua. As três informações básicas para um sistema de suporte à decisão de concessão de outorgas de diluição de efluentes são: a disponibilidade hídrica natural, o limite de qualidade permitido (enquadramento dos corpos dágua em classes de uso) e a quantidade total de recursos já comprometida com os usos existentes. Com estas três informações, o sistema estará apto a iniciar a operação de controle; quanto mais precisas forem estas informações, mais fiéis à realidade serão as informações retornadas pelo sistema. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar as experiências brasileiras de outorgas de diluição de efluentes, identificar os seus pontos fortes e as limitações na sua aplicação e apresentar propostas de aperfeiçoamento. Foram analisadas as sete experiências em prática no Brasil, a saber: União, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Distrito Federal e Minas Gerais. A pesquisa desenvolvida compreendeu ampla revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas/discussões com especialistas da área. Os resultados evidenciaram que há uma excessiva simplificação na aplicação da outorga de diluição de efluentes, fazendo com que nenhuma das experiências analisadas tenha conseguido obter a plenitude de suas potencialidades. Foi também possível concluir que a falta de enquadramentos dos corpos hídricos, com base em critérios técnicos e com metas realísticas, torna a aplicação da outorga de diluição de efluentes extremamente difícil, distorcendo a sua funcionalidade e causando inconvenientes aos entes do sistema de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos. Finalmente, foram propostas diretrizes gerais sobre a outorga de diluição de efluentes de modo a torná-la importante instrumento de gestão qualitativa dos corpos hídricos, impedindo que os limites de qualidade estabelecidos pela sociedade sejam ultrapassados e alertando para o nível de comprometimento da disponibilidade hídrica.

Two of the most important environmental challenges in the 21st century are to protect the quality of fresh water resources and to utilize renewable energy sources to lower greenhouse gas emissions. This study contributes to the solution of the first challenge by providing methodologies for optimal design of real-time water quality monitoring systems and interpretation of data supplied by the monitoring system to identify potential pollution sources in river networks. In this study, the optimal river water quality monitoring network design aspect of the overall monitoring program is addressed by a novel methodology for the analysis of this problem. In this analysis, the locations of sampling sites are determined such that the contaminant detection time is minimized for the river network while achieving maximum reliability for the monitoring system performance. The data collected from these monitoring stations can be used to identify contamination source locations. This study suggests a methodology that utilizes a classification routine which associates the observations on a contaminant spill with one or more of the candidate spill locations in the river network. This approach consists of a training step followed by a sequential elimination of the candidate spill locations which lead to the identification of potential spill locations. In order to contribute the solution of the second environmental challenge, this study suggests utilizing available excess energy in water distribution systems by providing a methodology for optimal design of energy recovery systems. The energy recovery in water distribution systems is possible by using micro hydroelectric turbines to harvest available excess energy inevitably produced to satisfy consumer demands and to maintain adequate pressures. In this study, an optimization approach for the design of energy recovery systems in water distribution networks is proposed. This methodology is based on finding the best locations for micro hydroelectric plants in the network to recover the excess energy. Due to the unsteady nature of flow in water distribution networks, the proposed methodology also determines optimum operation schedules for the micro turbines.

Como efeito negativo da sociedade marcada pelo desenvolvimento industrial a qualquer preço, especialmente decorrente do revés processo histórico de desativação de indústrias, surgiram no espaço urbano extensas áreas abandonadas suspeitas ou efetivamente contaminadas. Estas áreas são denominadas brownfields, e podem ser encontradas em praticamente todos os países industrializados ou em processo intenso de industrialização, em qualquer dos Continentes. Mostra-se relevante perceber a situação atual do gerenciamento de brownfields, mais especificamente de áreas contaminadas, que compõem o cenário de grande parte das cidades, e os instrumentos utilizados para promover a sua refuncionalização, especialmente os mecanismos legais criados para este fim. A Região Metropolitana de São Paulo é caso emblemático no Brasil tanto na constatação e registros da formação de brownfields pela relocalização de empreendimentos industriais quanto pela forma pioneira com que vem inovando e implementando instrumentos para a revitalização desses espaços urbanos, aliando iniciativas políticas e legais. Ainda, a recentíssima Resolução CONAMA nº 420, de 28 dezembro de 2009, surge como a primeira regulamentação sobre o tema em nível federal no Brasil, e traz a expectativa de que o tema seja finalmente enfrentado adequadamente no País, embora ainda mereça aprimoramentos e medidas complementares.<br>Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-04T19:06:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Flavia Mattei.pdf: 1796369 bytes, checksum: 212b89fe86f392c6e12cad7b05d176ea (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T19:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Flavia Mattei.pdf: 1796369 bytes, checksum: 212b89fe86f392c6e12cad7b05d176ea (MD5)<br>As a negative effect of the industrial development at any price, especially due to the historical process of closure of industries have emerged large urban areas abandoned, which are suspected or actually contaminated. These areas are called brownfields, and can be found in virtually all countries, industrialized or under intense process of industrialization in any of the Continents. It is necessary to study the current status of brownfields management, which have been being a mark of industrialized cities, and the instruments used to promote their revitalization or refunctioning, especially the legal mechanisms created for this purpose. The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo in Brazil is emblematic case both in finding and comfirming the formation of brownfields by relocation of industrial enterprises, as well the pioneer way in innovating and deploying tools for urban areas revitalization, combining political and legal initiatives. Also, the very recent CONAMA Resolution 420 of December 28th, 2009, appears as the first legislation on the issue from federal initiative in Brazil, and raises the hope that the problem is finally addressed adequately in the country, though still worthy of improvements and complementary measures.

The South African coastal and marine environment is an essential ecologic and economic asset. Its associated services and products are substantially contributing to economic growth and sustainable development of the country. However, it is internationally and nationally recognised that land-based marine pollution (LBMP) is the most important single risk to the health and sustainability of coastal and marine waters and the associated ecosystems. The regulation of LBMP at the national level is still difficult and challenging. The issue of LBMP management has only recently been introduced in South Africa with the development of the National Programme of Action to Protect Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, 2008. South Africa is only starting to consider the question of LBMP regulation. This thesis aims to conduct a critical analysis of the South African regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP in comparison to international best practice and the French regulatory framework, in order to identify the key South African challenges in this regard and to make recommendations to address them. In order to do so, this research commences by providing an analysis of LBMP and the theoretical foundations associated with LBMP regulation, as promoted by international best practice. The study identifies and assesses the main regulatory features to be considered in the development, implementation and/or assessment of a regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP. These features will form the methodological framework to conduct the comparative legal assessment between the French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP. This thesis then provides a detailed and thorough legal analysis of the French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP using the methodological framework developed using guidance from international best practice. Finally, based on lessons learnt from the comparative legal study, this study concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context.<br>Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Biogas is largely utilised as vehicle fuel in public bus transport in Sweden today. This study investigates opportunities and barriers for continued domestic use and production of biogas, in relation to the ongoing electrification of public bus transport. The analysis is based on interviews with actors in public transport and the biogas sector, experts on biogas systems, and representatives for alternative user segments. Three regions were chosen as case-studies for investigations of prospects in public transport, i.e. Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Skåne, though alternative uses were studied from a national perspective. In addition to public transport, considered uses include road transport, sea transport, industries, and electricity and heat production. The study identifies a broad agreement among stakeholders that renewable resources should be implemented where they provide most benefits from a system perspective. Therefore, electric public buses are valued in urban environments, while biogas solutions are found suitable for regional routes. Biogas is further viewed as environmentally beneficial in all user segments except continuous electricity and heat production, where it largely would replace renewable rather than fossil sources. Regarding costs and competitiveness, probable future uses are identified within light and heavy-duty road transport, and in consumer-oriented industries, i.e. the food industry. Economic support in policy instruments is further considered essential for continuous development of the Swedish biogas sector, though current influential instruments, e.g. the tax exemption, are described as short-term and unpredictable. The willingness to pay for the collected societal benefits of biogas further decrease in transitions from public to private consumers, and as biogas solutions simultaneously are linked with limited or uncertain competitiveness in these sectors, risks prevail that such transitions could imply stagnations and declines in biogas use and production, given today’s situation.<br>Idag används biogas till stor del som drivmedel för bussar inom kollektivtrafik i Sverige. Denna studie undersöker möjligheter och hinder för en fortsatt nationell användning och produktion av biogas, i samband med att bussar inom kollektivtrafiken nu elektrifieras. Analysen är baserad på intervjuer med aktörer inom kollektivtrafiken och biogassektorn, sakkunniga inom biogas, och alternativa användare av biogas. Tre regioner, Stockholm, Västra Götaland och Skåne, valdes som fallstudier för analys av möjligheter för fortsatt användning inom kollektivtrafiken. Alternativa användningar studerades istället ur ett nationellt perspektiv, och inkluderade vägtransporter, sjöfart, industri och el- och värmeproduktion. Studien visar att det råder enighet mellan intervjupersoner att förnybara resurser över lag ska användas där de medför störst samhällsnytta sett till samhället i stort. Inom kollektivtrafiken beskrivs elbussar därför som fördelaktiga i stadsmiljöer, medan biogas ses som lämpligt i regional trafik. Biogas framställs dessutom som miljömässigt fördelaktigt i alla alternativa användningsområden utom kontinuerlig el- och värmeproduktion, eftersom då främst förnybara och inte fossila resurser ersätts. Med hänsyn till kostnader och konkurrenskraft ses lätta och tunga transporter tillsammans med kundnära industrier, t.ex. livsmedelsindustrin, som troliga framtida användningsområden för biogas. Ekonomiskt stöd från styrmedel bedöms vara nödvändigt för en fortsatt utveckling av biogassektorn i Sverige, även om dagens styrmedel, t.ex. skattebefrielsen, beskrivs som kortsiktiga och oförutsägbara. Betalningsviljan för biogasens samlade samhällsnyttor minskar också vid en övergång från offentliga till privata kunder. Eftersom biogas därtill har en begränsad eller osäker konkurrenskraft jämtemot andra alternativ i de privata segmenten, identifierar denna studie risker för stagnation eller nedgång i användning och produktion av biogas vid en eventuell utfasning från den offentliga sektorn, givet dagens situation.

Indivíduos, populações e espécies tendem a usar e selecionar habitats de modo não-aleatório. Consequentemente, a perda e a degradação de habitats geram impactos distintos sobre os organismos dependendo de seus atributos. Os efeitos da perda de habitat são claros – os organismos são eliminados ou desalojados por falta de habitat ou baixo sucesso reprodutivo. As consequências da degradação de habitat são mais sutis, e resultam na incapacidade de um ecossistema sustentar determinadas espécies. Como a perda e a degradação de habitat reduzem a disponibilidade de nichos, espera-se que táxons ecologicamente especializados e com requerimentos estreitos de nicho sejam mais propensos à extinção que generalistas. Organismos que são negativamente afetados por perda e degradação de habitat em geral exibem porte muito grande ou muito pequeno, baixa mobilidade, baixa fecundidade, reduzido recrutamento e estreitos requerimentos de nicho. Campos temperados constituem ambientes particularmente afetados por perda e degradação de habitat. No sudeste da América do Sul, como em muitas outras regiões do planeta, a expansão da agricultura e silvicultura são os principais responsáveis pela perda de habitat campestre. Os remanescentes de vegetação natural são usados para criação de gado, estando sujeitos à degradação pelo sobrepastejo, pisoteio e técnicas de manejo. Avaliar como a perda e degradação de habitat afetam a diversidade de organismos campestres é vital para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação e manejo. A presente tese tem por objetivo investigar como a degradação e perda de habitat induzidas pela pecuária e silvicultura afetam a diversidade e a composição das comunidades de aves. Inicialmente, exploramos as relações entre variáveis de habitat e a composição da comunidade de aves num gradiente de altura da vegetação determinado por pastejo em campos litorâneos do Rio Grande do Sul. Posteriormente, avaliamos como variações no relevo interagem com variáveis de habitat e afetam a diversidade de aves em áreas de pecuária na Campanha gaúcha. Finalmente, avaliamos de que forma a perda de habitat resultante do estabelecimento de plantações industriais de celulose em áreas de campo afeta a composição de comunidades de aves campestres. Nossos resultados demonstram que a degradação de habitat decorrente do manejo de gado em campo nativo afeta a comunidade de aves de forma diferencial. Aves adaptadas a campos ralos ou generalistas tendem a ser beneficiadas pelo pastejo, ao passo que as espécies associadas à vegetação alta e densa são desfavorecidas. As variações na topografia reduzem os impactos da degradação de habitat nos campos. Essas variações interagem com o habitat e afetam de forma diferencial os distintos componentes da diversidade. Por outro lado, a perda de habitat decorrente da silvicultura gera um impacto de maior magnitude, alterando a composição das comunidades de aves e favorecendo aves não-campestres. Nesse contexto, impedir que novas áreas de campo nativo sejam convertidas em plantações de árvores passa a ser imperativo. Embora o manejo do gado aumente a diversidade em nível de paisagem ao criar um mosaico de manchas de vegetação de alturas distintas, maior atenção deve ser dada à manutenção e recuperação de formações densas de herbáceas de grande porte. Isso somente pode ser assegurado através de mudanças no regime do pastejo ou do desenvolvimento de técnicas de manejo alternativas.<br>Individuals, populations and species tend to select habitats in a non-random way. Consequently, habitat loss and degradation will have different impacts on organisms according to their traits. The effects of habitat loss are straightforward – organisms are eliminated or displaced because of the inexistence of adequate habitat or of low breeding success. Effects of habitat degradation are more subtle and result in the reduction of the capacity of an ecosystem to support some subsets of species. Since habitat loss and degradation reduce niche availability, ecologically specialized taxa with narrow niche requirements are expected to be more extinction prone than habitat generalists. Temperate grasslands have been strongly impacted by habitat loss and degradation. In southeastern South America, the expansion of agriculture and industrial pulpwood plantations are the main sources of habitat loss. Remnants of natural grassland vegetation are used for livestock ranching, being subject to habitat degradation from overgrazing, trampling and inadequate management techniques. The evaluation of how habitat loss and degradation affect the diversity of grassland organisms is vital for the development of management and conservation techniques. The main goal of this thesis is to evaluate how habitat degradation and loss related to cattle ranching and pulpwood plantations affect the diversity and composition of bird communities. We began by exploring the relationship between habitat variables and the composition of the bird community along a gradient of vegetation height determined by grazing in coastal grasslands of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. We then assessed how variations in the relief interact with habitat variables e affect the diversity of birds in rangelands of the Campanha gaúcha. Finally, we evaluated how habitat loss related with grassland afforestation for pulpwood plantations affects the composition of grassland bird communities. Our results demonstrate that habitat degradation resulting from livestock ranching in natural grasslands affects bird communities in a differential way. Birds adapted to stunted grasslands or habitat generalists tend to benefit from grazing, whereas tall-grass specialists are negatively affected. Variations in topography are responsible for reducing the impacts of habitat degradation in grasslands. These variations interact with habitat and have a differential effect on distinct components of diversity. On the other hand, the magnitude of the impact of habitat loss from afforestation is larger, altering the composition of bird communities and favoring a series of non-grassland species. In this sense, protecting remaining grasslands from afforestation is imperative. Although cattle ranching increases diversity at the landscape level by creating a mosaic of vegetation patches of different height, more attention should be given in maintaining and recovering dense formations of tall grassland plants. This can only be achieved by changing grazing regimes or developing alternative management techniques.

La complexité de l'environnement dans lequel évoluent les organisations se traduit par la coexistence permanente d'interprétations multiples et contradictoires de la situation. Perturbées dans leurs capacités de décision et d'action, les organisations déploient des dispositifs sophistiqués de vigilance collective qui permettent de faire face à cette complexité, restaurant leur capacité à dégager du sens et à orienter leur action. La gestion de l'information en fait partie. Parmi toutes les sources disponibles, internet en général, et le web en particulier, constituent les principaux points d'accès à l’information, faisant désormais partie intégrante de ces processus de création de sens. L'évolution récente du paysage informationnel, tant du point de vue des outils que de celui des pratiques, suscite de nouveaux défis. Par leur facilité d’utilisation et leur accessibilité croissante, de nouveaux types de sources en ligne ont remis en question la façon dont les utilisateurs partagent, consomment et produisent du contenu. <p><p>Cette thèse examine la remise en cause des processus habituels de vigilance collective, et en particulier celle de l'adaptation, chez les spécialistes de l'information, des stratégies d'évaluation de la qualité de l'information provenant des sources en ligne. La question de recherche mobilise trois éléments principaux :les professionnels de la gestion de l'information, l'évaluation de la qualité de l'information et l'évolution du paysage informationnel, qu'on appelle communément le Web 2.0. Pour répondre à cette question, une enquête de terrain a été menée auprès de 53 professionnels de la gestion de l'information en Belgique, entre novembre 2007 et juillet 2008. En l'absence de bases théoriques stables et largement acceptées, un cadre conceptuel spécifique a été développé pour assurer l'adéquation entre les éléments de la question de recherche et le dispositif. Ce cadre conceptuel a permis de faire la lumière sur ces éléments. Le recours à une approche sociopsychologique a permis de les articuler, notamment par emprunt aux travaux de Karl Weick et au concept de sensemaking. <p><p>La gestion de l'information (GI), considérée comme un processus de vigilance collective, est un concept générique, comprenant les activités de surveillance, de veille ou encore d'intelligence (économique, stratégique, compétitive, etc.).<p>Sa conceptualisation, construite par une analyse de définitions des principaux termes qui lui sont associés, a mis en évidence l'importance de son rôle de médiateur d'information dans l'organisation, qui s'articule autour des étapes récurrentes de collecte, de traitement et de distribution de l'information. Le recours au concept d'organizational learning a permis de dépasser les approches purement mécaniques, mettant en évidence sa capacité à créer du de sens. <p><p>C'est au coeur de cette médiation, à l'intersection de la collecte et du traitement de l'information, qu'intervient un autre type de sensemaking: l'évaluation de la qualité de l'information. Elle est envisagée comme un processus de réduction de l'ambiguïté, dont l'action permet la sélection (ou non) d'une source ou d'une information dans la suite de la médiation. La qualité de l'information est abordée sous l'angle de l'information seeking qui permet de faire la lumière sur cette création de sens. Elle est généralement traitée dans la littérature en termes de pertinence, de crédibilité ou de fitness for use. Des études de terrain et des contributions émanant des praticiens ont permis de mettre en évidence les attributs et les critères de la qualité qui peuvent être mobilisés pour construire un jugement de qualité des sources en ligne. Dans le cadre de l'enquête de terrain, une check-list composée de 72 critères renvoyant à 9 attributs a été choisie comme cadre de référence pour l'observer: les objectifs de la source, sa couverture, son autorité et sa réputation, sa précision, sa mise à jour, son accessibilité, sa présentation, sa facilité d'utilisation et sa comparaison avec d'autres sources. <p> <p>Pour pouvoir mettre en évidence de manière concrète les aspects du paysage informationnel en transformation, une analyse des définitions et descriptions du Web 2.0 a permis de construire une description morphologique qui reprend ses caractéristiques principales. Il peut ainsi être considéré comme un ensemble d'outils, de pratiques et de tendances. Les outils permettent d'identifier cinq types de sources qui lui sont spécifiques: les blogs, les wikis, les podcasts, les plates-formes de partage de fichiers et les sites de réseaux sociaux. Ces types de sources sont éclairés dans cette recherche sous l'angle du concept de genre et, ensemble, sont positionnés en tant que répertoire, qu'il est nécessaire de comparer avec celui des genres "classiques" de sources en ligne. <p><p>L'examen du changement des stratégies d'évaluation de la qualité de l'information a été concrétisé à l'aide d'un questionnaire administré par téléphone, qui visait à croiser les critères de qualité de la liste choisie comme référence avec les cinq genres typiques du Web 2.0. C'est l'importance relative accordée à un critère pour évaluer une information qui a été choisie comme indicateur à observer. Les répondants ont été invités à indiquer s'ils considèrent que l'importance des critères "change" ("≠") ou "ne change pas" ("=") quand ils évaluent un de ces genres, en comparaison de celle qu'ils accorderaient à un genre classique de source en ligne. En cas de changement, le questionnaire a prévu la possibilité de noter s'il s'agissait d'une hausse (">") ou d'une baisse ("<") d'importance. Pour compléter ce dispositif, 14 entretiens semi-dirigés en face à face ont été menés avec des répondants à ce questionnaire, de manière à pouvoir saisir les éléments explicatifs de leurs réponses. <p><p>L'analyse des données a montré qu'une majorité des réponses (57% de "=") indiquent que l'importance des critères d'évaluation ne change pas quand une information est mise à disposition par l'intermédiaire d'un genre Web 2.0, plutôt que par celui d'un genre classique de source en ligne. Pourtant, cela implique que 43% des critères changent d'une manière ou d'une autre. C'est sur base de ce constat que cette recherche soutient l'existence d'un changement perçu qui, s'il ne remet pas fondamentalement en cause le processus de jugement de qualité, suscite néanmoins une adaptation de ce dernier par les professionnels de la GI interrogés. La lecture des données à l'aide de variables secondaires a montré notamment une forte disparité des distributions de réponses entre les répondants; ce qui plaide en faveur du caractère subjectif, personnel et dépendant du contexte du processus d'évaluation. De même, elle a permis de déterminer l'existence de deux groupes d'attributs qui se différencient par le fait que le premier comporte des attributs liés au contenu de la source (les objectifs, l'autorité, la précision, etc.) alors que le second est composé d'attributs liés à la forme (présentation, facilité, etc.).<p><p>Les entretiens de la seconde phase de l'enquête ont permis d'affiner l'analyse en éclairant, d'une part, sur la nature du changement et, d'autre part, sur les raisons de celui-ci. Les répondants ont indiqué que fondamentalement le processus d'évaluation est identique quel que soit le répertoire envisagé. Ils admettent toutefois que les genres typiques du Web 2.0 peuvent être à l'origine d'une perte de repères. Elle s'explique par la perception d'une familiarité moins grande à l'égard des sources et se traduit par une perte de la confiance qu'ils accordent aux sources et à leur jugement. Le changement perçu se manifeste donc par une hausse d'importance de certains attributs, qui aide les répondants à restaurer cette confiance. L'élément explicatif de ce changement peut être considéré comme un flou dans les modalités de création de contenu. Ce flou comporte trois dimensions: la façon dont est créé le contenu (How?), l'identité de celui qui le crée (Who?) et sa nature (What?). Ces dimensions peuvent être synthétisées par l'idée selon laquelle n'importe qui peut publier n'importe quoi. <p><p>Les entretiens approfondis confirment que les groupes d'attributs liés au contenu d'une part, et ceux liés à la forme d'autre part, sont bien des éléments explicatifs de la manière dont se manifeste le changement.  Dans le cas des attributs qui augmentent d'importance, les raisons invoquées renvoient au fait que la facilité de création de contenu à l'aide de ces genres permet à "n'importe qui" de créer du contenu. C'est pour cette raison que l'autorité et les objectifs de la source peuvent faire l'objet d'une attention plus forte que sur les genres classiques de sources en ligne. Le fait que n'importe qui puisse publier "n'importe quoi" renvoie à la nature du contenu créé par ces genres. Il est considéré comme dynamique, personnel, indicateur de tendances, source de signaux faibles, subjectifs, etc. Cela pousse les répondants qui sont sensibles à ces questions à remettre plus sérieusement en cause la précision par exemple. C'est aussi en raison de la facilité de création de contenu, et du fait que les outils du Web 2.0 réduisent la responsabilité de l'auteur dans la qualité de la conception de sa source, que des attributs de forme, quand ils changent d'importance, voient leur niveau baisser. Le second groupe a été signalé par les répondants comme étant davantage des indicateurs de sérieux et des arbitres dans leur processus d'évaluation.<p><p>Que ce soit pour discuter des divergences de vue entre répondants ou pour déterminer les spécificités des genres, il apparaît qu'un aspect capital de la qualité de l'information tient à sa capacité à répondre aux besoins du moment, le fitness for use. Cette notion est intimement liée à celle de pertinence et toutes deux ont été résolument présentées comme déterminantes dans les stratégies, à la fois du point de vue du jugement d'une information ponctuelle, que dans l'attitude face à aux sources en général. Dans tous les cas, c'est d'abord les besoins d'information qui guident le choix. Toutes observations permettent d'apporter une réponse claire, riche et nuancée à la question de recherche.<br>Doctorat en Information et communication<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A sustentabilidade pressupõe o desenvolvimento económico e social assegurando a preservação do ambiente e dos recursos naturais. Atualmente as organizações precisam adotar políticas e práticas ambientalmente sustentáveis. Esta adoção vem originando uma maior procura e utilização de modelos sustentáveis. Ao nível municipal, as autarquias dispõem de várias ferramentas para fomentarem a sua própria sustentabilidade, nomeadamente a Agenda 21 Local, as Construções Sustentáveis, a Eficiência Energética, as Energias Renováveis, as Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas, O Orçamento Participativo, os Relatórios de Sustentabilidade, a Gestão Integrada dos Resíduos Urbanos, o Rótulo Ecológico e os Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental. Este trabalho centra-se nestes instrumentos e tem como objetivo verificar quais as vantagens, dificuldades e benefícios da implementação de ferramentas de sustentabilidade nas organizações, tendo como foco o estudo de caso da Autarquia de Grândola. Como fontes de informação foi utilizado a pesquisa bibliográfica para estabelecer o “estado da arte” relativamente aos Instrumentos de Gestão Ambiental e como fonte de recolha de dados foram realizadas entrevistas com técnicos e Presidente da Autarquia de Grândola e organização dum Grupo Focal com os autores chave locais. De salientar, que os três instrumentos mais importantes para aplicar em Grândola segundo o resultado obtido nas entrevistas aos técnicos são as Energias Renováveis, a Eficiência Energética e o Orçamento Participativo. Os atores chave escolheram como instrumentos mais importantes o Orçamento Participativo, os Resíduos Urbanos e a A21L. Neste caso verifica-se uma divergência na escolha dos dois grupos dos Instrumentos para aplicar em Grândola, à exceção da A21L que ambos escolheram. Fica evidente no trabalho realizado a importância que as ferramentas de sustentabilidade ocupam atualmente e entre as vantagens em utilizar esta metodologia sustentável está o estímulo, a inovação, a melhoria da imagem da organização, a redução de custos e a preservação do ambiente.<br>Sustainability implicate economic and social development ensuring the preservation of the environment and natural resources. Nowadays organizations need to adopt environmentally sustainable policies and practices. This adoption has led to a greater demand and use of sustainable models. At municipal level, municipalities have several tools to promote their own sustainability, namely Local Agenda 21, Sustainable Construction, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energies, Municipal Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change, Participatory Budgeting, Sustainability Reports, Integrated Urban Waste Management, Ecological Labelling and Environmental Management. This work focuses on these instruments and aims to verify the advantages, difficulties and benefits of the implementation of sustainability tools in organizations, focusing on the case study of Municipality of Grândola. As sources of information, bibliographical research was used to understand the "state of the art" in relation to the Environmental Management Instruments and as a source of data collection interviews were conducted with technicians and the President of the Autarchy of Grândola and a Focal Group with the key authors where implemented. It should be noted that the three most important instruments to apply in Grândola according to the result obtained in interviews with technicians are Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Participative Budget. The key actors chose as the most important instruments the Participatory Budget, Solid Waste and Local Agenda 21. In this case there is a divergence in the choice of the two groups of Instruments to apply in Grândola, except for the Local Agenda 21 that both have chosen. It is evident in the work carried out the importance that the sustainability tools occupy today and among the advantages in using this sustainable methodology is the stimulus, the innovation, the improvement of the organizations, the costs and the environmental preservation.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>企業管理研究所<br>99<br>Changing market dynamics make shippers want responsive supply chains. They also want to create more sustainable, environmentally conscious supply chains with the aim of meeting stringent regulations and anticipating main competitors. These developments are prompting some executives to re-evaluate current supply chain strategies, the role 3PL provides, relationships with their 3PL providers, and how a 3PL provider could help customers with green supply chain initiatives. However, the 3PL evaluation model suggested before seem to focus partially either on generic 3PL purchasing circumstances or on supplier’s environmental performance; therefore, important 3PL evaluation criteria for a supply chain perspective and the linkage between 3PL and green supply chain are identified through literature review and pre-test analysis and are modeled within a AHP decision-making framework. This study concluded that the critical dimensions in evaluating 3PL providers for GSCM are enumerated as follows: general company considerations, general environmental considerations, capability to help with the greening of processes and supply chain, long-term relationship, fit between logistics practices and supply chain structure, capability to improve environmental efficiency; expected capability of process and supply chain improvement, green purchasing and investment are less valued by shippers, which manifests that although user respondents believe 3PL providers can help with the greening of processes and supply chain operations, and they are closely considering the strategic logistics services 3PL providers can offer, they still need to be shown that their 3PL providers have the capabilities and deep business expertise needed to move to the strategic partner level. The top 12 criteria are “quality of services”, “price of services”, “ISO 14000 certification”, “facilitating reverse logistics”, “environmental staff training”, “quality of management”, “global capabilities”, “improving transportation and/or docking scheduling”, “improving transportation efficiency”, “capable IT”, “providing efficient inventory management” and “flexibility in operations and delivery”. Last, the results of the empirical validation show that the proposed 3PL evaluation model for GSCM is feasible in real-world practices.

With the purpose of improving the conservation management of Ithala Game Reserve and other similar reserves, the aims of this study were to determine the reserve's large mammalian herbivores' habitat occupancy, numbers and demographics, to investigate the feasibility of road strip counts as a census method for the same herbivores and to establish what environmental factors influence their habitat occupancy, numbers and demographics. Four years of demographic data were collected by vehicle transects on giraffe, kudu, wildebeest and impala. During the final two years additional positional data, using GPS, were collected on these and the reserve's other large herbivores. Sightings were recorded on the basis of habitat type occupied, a GIS was then used to define area sampled and hence derive habitat occupancy densities. GIS was further used to determine both absolute population sizes and, by over-laying other available GIS data, the relevance of distance to surface water, soil type and degree of slope to species' habitat preferences. Species showed non-random, significant habitat selections broadly in line with established preferences. Deterioration in habitat quality in winter generally lead to changes in habitat selection and the extent and nature of these changes related to the severity of resource pressure for individual species. This in turn was influenced by the species digestive strategy i.e. ruminant versus non-ruminant, grazer versus browser. Generally species showed a dry season move down the slope, moving, in some cases, onto heavier soils. Hartebeest, warthog, wildebeest and impala were strongly attracted to winter grass flushes. Lack of predation may be influencing the habitat selection decisions of impala and giraffe and kudu females, as well as allowing giraffe, wildebeest and impala to attain comparatively high densities. Giraffe density (effectively 1.8 km - 2) was abnormally high and their habitat quality poor, leading to a decline in numbers and low fecundity-related demographics. Wildebeest density (6 km -2) was also abnormally high and this may be instrumental in the poor performance of the rare tsessebe population, which is in decline and shows low fecundity-related demo graphics, increased dry season pressure on other grazers in general and impala 111 unexpectedly preferring browse habitats, rather than grasslands, in the wet season. Wildebeest fecundity declined in response to lower rainfall over the early period of lactation. Herbivores with an open social structure generally showed a dry season decrease in group size, although wildebeest and hartebeest showed, atypically, an Increase. Giraffe, zebra and impala adult sex ratios were comparatively less female biased, probably due to minimal predation. Territorial behaviour, virtually year round by wildebeest bulls and over the rut by impala bulls, imposed spatial sexual segregation between breeding and bachelor herds in these species. Outside of these periods, and generally in species not exhibiting territoriality, social sexual segregation was maintained and appeared to relate to differing activity budgets. Areas of concern for management are highlighted. Numbers results were generally acceptable and the method is proposed as a cost effective alternative in reserves with diverse topography. Underlying environmental determinants of habitat occupancy, numbers and demographics, together with associated annual or seasonal changes, were habitat quality, competition and predation.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

The purpose of my thesis is primarily to describe the system of the waste management instruments and their role in the environmental protection and to analyse if the system is working well and is able to reach the outlined binding goals in the future. Due to the planned legislative changes the attention is paid to the individual sources of law. Although I focused more on the national law, I did not forget to mention the international and European law either. In the partial conclusions and in the finale of the thesis itself I summarize and generalize acquired knowledge and try to indicate some of the weak spots in the waste legislation.

The present study compared Sand Forest bird assemblages found in a communal land area with that of the Tembe Elephant Park, and determined the habitat preference and status of selected herbivore species within the park. The study forms part of the Maputaland Conservation-based and Integrated Rural Development Programme of the Centre for Wildlife Management from the University of Pretoria and is linked to the activities of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area (LTFCA). The main purpose of the study was to compare Sand Forest bird assemblages found in the Tshanini Community Conservation Area, which is characterised by low levels of human utilisation, with that of the Tembe Elephant Park, which is characterised by wildlife utilisation. This approach was used to determine the biological importance of this communal land area in contributing towards the conservation of the rare Sand Forest habitat. Visual and auditory bird surveys revealed that the communal land area contains unique Sand Forest bird assemblages, which demonstrated the biological importance of the communal land for Sand Forest conservation, especially from an avian perspective. The second purpose of the study was to identify possible competition between selected herbivore species within the Tembe Elephant Park and/or a decrease in numbers of rare species. Herbivores that might be adversely affected by the destruction of the Sand Forest, or who may themselves have a destructive effect on the Sand Forest were also identified. Target herbivores included the nyala Tragelaphus angasii, impala Aepyceros melampus, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchellii, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis and suni Neotragus moschatus. Road transects were used to record the spatial distribution of the target herbivores, and the vegetation types that were used more or less often than expected were subsequently determined. None of the target herbivores showed a preference for the Sand Forest or appeared to have a destructive effect on the Sand Forest. The suni, however, reached its highest density within the Sand Forest and the destruction of this habitat will therefore negatively affect the suni population. In several parks and reserves that aim to conserve a variety of species, it has been necessary to control the populations of highly competitive species. Both the nyala and the impala are highly competitive and occur in relatively high numbers within the Tembe Elephant Park, and consequently their population numbers should be kept sufficiently low in order not to have a negative influence on the vegetation or the survival of less competitive ungulates. Total aerial counts and transect distance sampling counts indicated an increase in the numbers of all the target herbivores. It is important to protect a viable portion of the preferred habitat of every target species within a reserve, and to keep competition with rare species to a minimum for the long-term survival of the regional biodiversity. Key aspects of wildlife and their habitat should be monitored so that trends are noted in time, and management adjustments can be made accordingly.<br>Dissertation (MSc (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007.<br>Centre for Wildlife Management<br>unrestricted

<div>Anthropogenically driven global change is disrupting ecosystems and habitats of many plant species, straining the ability of native species to survive and reproduce. The overarching goal of this research was to holistically work towards restoration of a threatened tree species by connecting research from different disciplines. In order to do so, the threatened butternut tree (<i>Juglans cinerea</i>) and its hybrids were used as a case study. Hybridization can incorporate stress tolerance in plants and could be a potential restoration tool. Evidence in some wild butternut populations indicates that naturalized hybrids of butternut with Japanese walnut (<i>Juglans ailantifolia</i>) may be more tolerant to butternut canker disease (BCD) than butternut, but this has not been formally tested. Thus, chapter 2 examined potential BCD tolerance within and between unadmixed and hybrid butternut inoculated with two BCD fungal isolates. Differences in canker growth were observed by fungal isolate, which could help to explain some differences in BCD severity found among butternut populations. Smaller and fewer cankers and greater genetic gains were detected in hybrid families, demonstrating that hybrids warrant further evaluation as a possible breeding tool for developing BCD-resistant butternut trees.</div><div>However, even with increased disease tolerance, hybrids must possess similar ecophysiological tolerances to their native progenitor to be an effective replacement. Butternut is extremely cold hardy, but Japanese walnuts are native to a warmer ecosystem, indicating potential disparities in extreme temperature tolerances between the two species and their hybrids. Thus, samples from mature trees were subjected to cold and heat treatments to compare relative extreme temperature tolerances within butternut and between butternut, Japanese walnut, and their hybrids. Within butternut, trees from colder areas exhibited less cold damage than those from warmer areas. Differences in heat damage among provenances occurred but did not follow a clear trend. Butternut exhibited greatest cold tolerance, Japanese walnut exhibited greatest heat tolerance, and hybrids were intermediate. Thus, the utility of hybrids for restoration could be limited at the extremes of the species’ distributions.</div><div>A second, but different type of freeze test was conducted for chapter 4 using seedlings to gain a more nuanced understanding of cold tolerance within butternut and between butternut and its hybrids. No survival or damage differences were detected in butternut provenances, although seedlings from the coldest provenances experienced more delayed budbreak at the two warmest treatments than those from warmer provenances. Interspecific differences were not observed in dieback but were detected in survival and budbreak. The hybrids had greater survival than butternut from warmer provenances at the lowest temperature treatment (-38 °C), but given that temperatures that low are extremely unlikely to occur in those provenances, it is not anticipated to give the hybrids an advantage if planted in those areas. However, the hybrids’ earlier budbreak could limit the success of restoration with these hybrids in the coldest extents of butternut’s range. </div><div>If hybrids, as well as genetically modified (GM) trees, are successfully developed for effective disease tolerance and to serve as an ecologically suitable replacement, success of restoration using hybrids will ultimately depend on those directly responsible for replanting efforts. A survey was administered to land managers in 46 organizations in Indiana to gauge perceptions of hybrid and GM trees, as well as current use of hybrid trees. Land managers had stronger concern for ecological, rather than economic, issues. Agreement was highest for using hybrid and GM trees for “conservation and restoration of at-risk species”, “timber production”, and “non-timber products (fruit, syrup, etc.)”. However, perceptions varied by characteristics, such as concern type, age, and the type of land they managed. Ecological concern and the type of land being managed most strongly predicted current hybrid use. Overall, results indicate the majority of land managers in Indiana would likely be agreeable to recommendations towards using hybrids. However, most nonetheless had strong ecological concerns about their suitability as a native replacement. It is important to note, though, that consistent with the results of previous studies, great variation was seen within the performance and characteristics of the butternut hybrids in chapters 2-4. Thus, it may be possible with careful selection and breeding to harness this variation to develop disease tolerant and ecologically similar hybrids acceptable to land managers.</div>