Academic literature on the topic 'Sensor networks (SN)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Sensor networks (SN)"

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Tsvetanov, Filip, and Martin Pandurski. "Efficiency of integration between sensor networks and clouds." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 13, no. 6 (2022): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.13.6.2.

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Numerous wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications include monitoring and controlling various conditions in the environment, industry, healthcare, medicine, military affairs, agriculture, etc. The life of sensor nodes largely depends on the power supply type, communication ability, energy storage capacity and energy management mechanisms. The collection and transmission of sensor data streams from sensor nodes lead to the depletion of their energy. At the same time, the storage and processing of this data require significant hardware resources. Integration between clouds and sensor networks is an ideal solution to the limited computing power of sensor networks, data storage and processing. One of the main challenges facing systems engineers is to choose the appropriate protocol for integrating sensor data into the cloud structure, taking into account specific system requirements. This paper presents an experimental study on the effectiveness of integration between sensor networks and the cloud, implemented through three protocols HTTP, MQTT and MQTT-SN. A model for studying the integration of sensor network - Cloud with the communication models for integration - request-response and publish- subscribe, implemented with HTTP, MQTT and MQTT-SN. The influence of the number of transmitted data packets from physical sensors to the cloud on the transmitted data delay to the cloud, the CPU and memory load was studied. After evaluating the results of sensor network and cloud integration experiments, the MQTT protocol is the most efficient in terms of data rate and power consumption.
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Bendjima, Mostefa, and Mohammed Feham. "Intelligent Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks." Future Internet 10, no. 9 (2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi10090091.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are designed to collect information by means of a large number of energy-limited battery sensor nodes. Therefore, it is important to minimize the energy consumed by each sensor, in order to extend the network life. The goal of this work is to design an intelligent WSN that collects as much information as possible to process it intelligently. To achieve this goal, an agent is sent to each sensor in order to process the information and to cooperate with neighboring sensors while mobile agents (MA) can be used to reduce information shared between source nodes (SN) and send them to the base station (Sink). This work proposes to use communication architecture for wireless sensor networks based on the multi-agent system (MAS) to ensure optimal information collection. The collaboration of these agents generates a simple message that summarizes the important information in order to transmit it by a mobile agent. To reduce the size of the MA, the sensors of the network have been grouped into sectors. For each MA, we have established an optimal itinerary, consuming a minimum amount of energy with data aggregation efficiency in a minimum time. Successive simulations in large-scale wireless sensor networks through the SINALGO (published under a BSD license) simulator show the performance of the proposed method, in terms of energy consumption and package delivery rate.
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Zhao, Wei, and Shi Gang. "An Improved MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Medical Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 1020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.1020.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) provide a valuable capability to autonomously monitor remote activities. Their limited resources challenge WSN medium access control (MAC) layer designers to adequately support network services while conserving limited battery power. We expect sensor networks to be deployed in an ad hoc fashion, with individual nodes remaining largely inactive for long periods of time, but then becoming suddenly active when something is detected. These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as IEEE 802.11 in almost every way: energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals. This paper proposes M-MAC, a medium access control protocol designed for medical wireless sensor networks. M-MAC’s centre management function offers significant energy savings by wiping off contention and keeping nodes sleeping all the time except awaking to send its Data package. All Slave Node(SN) need only communicate with a specific Master Node(MN) in a group and due to close range, routing is unnecessary. The MN acts as scheduler and when receives a Data package from a SN, it will indicate the SN how long it should be asleep and what it should do after awaking. Period is introduced as the time windows and it is divided into Frame Time. Every MN occupies a unique Frame Time and this is decided by its MAC address. Then the Frame Time separates into smaller Slot Time and it is the atomic time span for SN exchanging data with MN. Practice has proved that the M-MAC protocol is effective in our medical application and it can extend the lifetime of SN greatly
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Stojcev, Mile, Ljubisa Golubovic, and Tatjana Nikolic. "Clocks, power and synchronization in duty-cycled wireless sensor nodes." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 24, no. 2 (2011): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1102183s.

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Recent advances in CMOS VLSI ICs and micro-electromechanical technology have led to development of small, low-cost, and low-power multifunctional sensors. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are large-scale networks of such sensors, dedicated to observing and monitoring various aspects of the physical world. Some intrinsic properties of WSNs including limited resource of energy, storage, computation, and bandwidth, make traditional synchronization methods unsuitable for WSNs. Time synchronization as an important issue consists of giving all sensor nodes (SNs) of the WSN a common time scale to operate. The common time scale is usually achieved by periodically synchronizing the clock of each SN to a reference source. In this manner the local time seen by each SN of the network is approximately the same, and time synchronization allows the entire system to cooperate. This paper gives a brief look to the time synchronization problem and the need for synchronization in WSNs. Then it points out that clock systems become a bottle-neck, after that it presents the available current clock technologies, next it examines the influence of these clock technologies, and finally provides guidelines for WSN developers who must choose among the different clock synchronization techniques.
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Kaveri, Kori, and Patil Yogita Dattatraya Prof. "Efficient Routing Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 5 (2018): 2399–403. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18321.

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A remote sensor arrange has many number of sensors in the parcels which are of various in sizes and they set up in specially appointed or unified association. Each sensor has same measure of detecting capacity which detects all condition parameters like sound, temperature and weight and consolidates or do get together from better places moves to joined data to goal node through group head nodes. A sensor node has essential parts to be specific processor, memory, transmitter, beneficiary, detecting element and authority provide. Besides, a W SN comprises of numerous calculations and conventions and it have the capacity of self sorting out. It is for the most part utilized in military applications, for example, war zone observation, backwoods fire discovery, and modern process checking and agrarian water system administration everywhere human hazard be far above the ground. Kaveri Kori | Prof. Patil Yogita Dattatraya "Efficient Routing Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18321.pdf
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Takyu, Osamu, Keiichiro Shirai, Mai Ohta, and Takeo Fujii. "ID Insertion and Data Tracking with Frequency Offset for Physical Wireless Parameter Conversion Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 4 (2019): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040767.

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As the applications of the internet of things are becoming widely diversified, wireless sensor networks require real-time data reception, accommodation of access from several sensors, and low power consumption. In physical wireless parameter conversion sensor networks (PhyC-SN), all the sensors use frequency shift keying as the modulation scheme and then access the channel to the fusion center, simultaneously. As a result, the fusion center can recognize the statistical tendency of all the sensing results at a time from the frequency spectrum of the received signal. However, the information source, i.e., the sensor, cannot be specified from the received signal because no ID-indicating sensor is inserted to the signal. The data-tracking technique for tracing the time continuity of the sensing results is available for decomposing the sequence of the sensing results per sensor but the error tracking, which is a wrong recognition between the sensing results and the sensor, occurs owing to the similarity of the sensing results. This paper proposes the sensing result separation technique using a fractional carrier frequency offset (CFO) for PhyC-SN. In the proposed scheme, the particular fractional CFO is assigned to each user and it is useful for the ID specifying sensor. The fractional CFO causes inter-carrier interference (ICI). The ICI cancellation of the narrowband wireless communications is proposed. The two types of data-tracking techniques are proposed and are selectively used by the fusion center. Since the proposed data-tracking technique is multi-dimensional, high accuracy of data tracking is achieved even under the similar tendency of the sensing results. Based on computer simulation, we elucidate the advantage of the proposed sensing results separation.
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Shabnam, Kumari, Dalal Sumit, and Rashmi. "A Study on Security in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 4 (2018): 477–83. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd12931.

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Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs present myriad application opportunities for several applications such as precision agriculture, environmental and habitat monitoring, traffic control, industrial process monitoring and control, home automation and mission critical surveillance applications such as military surveillance, healthcare elderly, home monitoring applications, disaster relief and management, fire detection applications among others. Since WSNs are used in mission critical tasks, security is an essential requirement. Sensor nodes can easily be compromised by an adversary due to unique constraints inherent in WSNs such as limited sensor node energy, limited computation and communication capabilities and the hostile deployment environments. Shabnam Kumari | Sumit Dalal | Rashmi "A Study on Security in Wireless Sensor Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12931.pdf
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Solangi, Shauban Ali, Dil Nawaz Hakro, Muhammad Memon, Khalil-ur-Rehman Khoumbati, and Akhtar Hussain Jalbani. "Optimization by Genetic Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Utilizing Multiple Sinks." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 4 (2019): 923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1904.06.

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WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) comprises of small-sized and constraint-capability SN (Sensor Nodes) which record, send and receive data, sensed to a sink. The network lifetime and energy usability are important challenges to be dealt with. During the working of the SN, the maximum amount of energy is consumed than sensing and processing of data. Therefore, an efficient transmission of the data is required so that the energy can be saved. In this paper, a novel routing and scheduling method for WSNs using GA (Genetic Algorithm) is presented, where the sinks employed on four sides of the sensor field. These sinks collect the data from the SNs having the optimal distance towards the respective sink. The proposed scheme finds the optimized path using GA, during transmission of data from SN to the nearest sink. First, we run the GA for determination of routing paths, where a source SN finds the possible number of optimal hops. Second, the hops or intermediate relay SNs are assumed to relay the data towards the sink, efficiently. The performance is experimented and evaluated using MATLAB R2016b. The simulations have carried out through comparing the proposed scheme with TEEN (Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol). The results of simulation comprise of 10 and 20 number of SNs, discretely. Additionally, the direct distance of each node is calculated and the distance through multiple hops from/to the nearest sink is also evaluated. The achievements of the proposed technique are to save both energy and distance for the sake of network longevity and optimal and precise data delivery by multiple hops.
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Ayala-Ruiz, Daniel, Alejandro Castillo Atoche, Erica Ruiz-Ibarra, Edith Osorio de la Rosa, and Javier Vázquez Castillo. "A Self-Powered PMFC-Based Wireless Sensor Node for Smart City Applications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (June 3, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8986302.

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Long power wide area networks (LPWAN) systems play an important role in monitoring environmental conditions for smart cities applications. With the development of Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSN), and energy harvesting devices, ultra-low power sensor nodes (SNs) are able to collect and monitor the information for environmental protection, urban planning, and risk prevention. This paper presents a WSN of self-powered IoT SNs energetically autonomous using Plant Microbial Fuel Cells (PMFCs). An energy harvesting device has been adapted with the PMFC to enable a batteryless operation of the SN providing power supply to the sensor network. The low-power communication feature of the SN network is used to monitor the environmental data with a dynamic power management strategy successfully designed for the PMFC-based LoRa sensor node. Environmental data of ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are monitored in real time through a web application providing IoT cloud services with security and privacy protocols.
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Liu, Bin, and Hongbo Zhu. "Energy-Effective Data Gathering for UAV-Aided Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 11 (2019): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112506.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are capable of serving as a data collector for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we investigate an energy-effective data gathering approach in UAV-aided WSNs, where each sensor node (SN) dynamically chooses the transmission modes, i.e., (1) waiting, (2) conventional sink node transmission, (3) uploading to UAV, to transmit sensory data within a given time. By jointly considering the SN’s transmission policy and UAV trajectory optimization, we aim to minimize the transmission energy consumption of the SNs and ensure all sensory data completed collected within the given time. We take a two-step iterative approach and decouple the SN’s transmission design and UAV trajectory optimization process. First, we design the optimal SNs transmission mode policy with preplanned UAV trajectory. A dynamic programming (DP) algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal transmission policy. Then, with the fixed transmission policy, we optimize the UAV’s trajectory from the preplanned trace with recursive random search (RRS) algorithm. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme achieves significant energy savings gain over the benchmark schemes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sensor networks (SN)"

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Γκικόπουλι, Αντριάνα. "Δίκτυα υποβρύχιων ασύρματων αισθητήρων: Εϕαρμογή σε δεξαμενές βιομηχανικών λυμάτων". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/7280.

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Το αντικείμενο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η δημιουργία ενός υποβρύχιου ασύρματου δικτύου αισθητήρων για την πραγματοποίηση της μέτρησης της στάθμης μίας δεξαμενής γεμισμένης με νερό και λύματα. Πραγματοποιήθηκε μία πλήρη βιβλιογραϕική αναζήτηση πάνω στο θέμα των των υποβρύχιων ασύρματων δικτύων αισθητήρων και στην συνέχεια αγοράστηκε ο κατάλληλος εξοπλισμός για την πραγματοποίηση των πειραμάτων. Με την χρήση του ολοκληρωμένου εξοπλισμού evaluation kit EK010-JN5148, δημιουργήσαμε ένα δίκτυο μεταξύ ενός συντονιστή, ενός δρομολογητή και διαϕόρων τερματικών συσκευών. Ο δρομολογητής και οι τερματικές συσκευές πραγματοποιούν μετρήσεις της θερμοκρασίας στο υδάτινο περιβάλλον και ο δρομολογητής είναι υπεύθυνος για την μεταϕορά των πληροϕοριών εκτός του υποβρύχιου περιβάλλοντος, στον συντονιστή, ο οποίος απεικονίζει τα πακέτα δεδομένων στην LCD οθόνη. Με αυτό τον τρόπο, ο χρήστης βλέπει ανά πάσα στιγμή τις μετρήσεις που τον ενδιαϕέρουν, αλλά και ταυτόγχρονα παρακολουθεί την ισχύ του δικτύου στα διάϕορα βάθη,στα οποία εμβυθίζονται οι μικροεπεξεργαστές που ϕέρουν τους αισθητήρες. Απώτερος στόχος της εργασίας είναι η εξοικείωση του αναγνώστη με το αντικείμενο των ασύρματων δικτύων υποβρύχιων αισθητήρων και η ανάδειξη της χρησιμότητάς τους μέσω των πολυάριθμων εϕαρμογών τους. Τα πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν έδωσαν ένα αριθμό κριτηρίων για την διαπίστωση της ισχύος των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών κυμάτων στο νερό και τελευταίο και μη αμελητέο η εϕαρμογή που δημιουργήθηκε αποτελεί μία σημαντική λύση στο πρόβλημα ανίχνευσης της στάθμης των λυμάτων σε μία δεξαμενή γεμισμένη με νερό και λύματα, ουσίες οι οποίες πρέπει να διαχωριστούν στην συνέχεια. Στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής εργασίας, έγινε λεπτομερής μελέτη της λειτουργίας του Υδροηλεκτρικού Σταθμού του Γλαύκου στην περιοχή της Αχαίας και των αναγκών του σταθμού, όπου και στο τέλος προτάθηκαν λύσεις για την βελτίωση και διευκόλυνση της ετήσιας πραγματοποίησης μετρήσεων πάνω στην ποιότητα του αρδεύσιμου νερού, χρησιμοποιώντας τον αγορασθέντα εξοπλισμό.<br>The object of this thesis is to create an underwater wireless sensor network for the embodiment of the level measurement of a tank filled with water and wastewater. A search in literature was conducted on the topic of underwater wireless sensor network, in order to further purchase the appropriate equipment to perform the experiments. Using the integrated equipment kit EK010-JN5148, a network was created between a coordinator device, a router device and various terminals. The router and terminal devices operate temperature measurements in the aquatic environment, while the router has the additional role to transfer the gathered information to the coordinator, who is placed outside the aquatic environment. Afterwards, the coordinator illustrates the data packets on the LCD screen for the user to see. The advantage of the network utilization is that the user can benefit from the update of the information and choose the way to depict them and concurrently monitor the power of the network in various depths. The ultimate goal of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the object of underwater wireless sensor networks highlighting their usefulness through numerous applications. The experiments that were carried out provide criteria to determine the effect of the electromagnetic waves in water. Finally, through coding in language C, an application was created to serve as a solution to the problem of detecting the level of water waste in an industrial tank and give necessary information to facilitate its separation later in the process. During the thesis, a detailed study was made on the operation of a hydroelectric power plant in Glavkos in the region of Achaea, Greece. Solutions including the use of the kit EK010-JN5148 were proposed in order to enhance and facilitate the annual measurements on the quality of the irrigable water.
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Κατσαούνης, Γεώργιος. "Ανάπτυξη ασύρματου δικτύου αισθητήρων και ελεγκτών στο Εργαστήριο Γενικής Ηλεκτροτεχνίας". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/6613.

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Η διπλωματική εργασία συνίσταται στην ανάπτυξη ασύρματου δικτύου αισθητήρων και Προγραμματιζόμενων Λογικών Ελεγκτών (PLCs) στο χώρο του Εργαστηρίου Γενικής Ηλεκτροτεχνίας για την παρακολούθηση σε πραγματικό χρόνο ορισμένων φυσικών μεγεθών. Η διάταξη χωρίζεται σε δύο τμήματα. Το πρώτο αφορά το ασύρματο δίκτυο αισθητήρων (WSN) και περιλαμβάνει τους αισθητήρες, τους πομπούς αποστολής δεδομένων από τους αισθητήρες και το δέκτη λήψης δεδομένων από όλους τους πομπούς. Το δεύτερο αφορά το ασύρματο δίκτυο των PLCs και περιλαμβάνει τα PLCs, τους επικοινωνιακούς επεξεργαστές και τις μονάδες ασύρματης επικοινωνίας, για την επιτυχή ανταλλαγή δεδομένων μεταξύ τους. Επίσης, χρησιμοποιείται το λογισμικό WinCC – Flexible για τη δημιουργία εποπτικού σταθμού παρακολούθησης των τιμών των μεγεθών (σύστημα SCADA). Βασικός σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η ενοποίηση των δύο δικτύων ώστε να είναι δυνατή η μεταφορά δεδομένων μεταξύ των διάφορων συσκευών, σύμφωνα με τις απαιτήσεις μια πιθανής απλής βιομηχανικής διεργασίας. Οι αισθητήρες είναι διασκορπισμένοι στο χώρο του εργαστηρίου και παίρνουν μετρήσεις για ένα φυσικό μέγεθος ο καθένας. Τα μεγέθη προς μέτρηση είναι: εξωτερική θερμοκρασία, εσωτερική θερμοκρασία, υγρασία, πίεση δικτύου πεπιεσμένου αέρα, ύψος, ρεύμα και βάρος. Κάθε αισθητήρας είναι ηλεκτρικά συνδεδεμένος με ένα πομπό, ο οποίος αναλαμβάνει τη μετάδοση των μετρήσεών του σε ένα δέκτη. Ο πομπός μεταδίδει δεδομένα μέσω της μονάδας επικοινωνίας XBEE, η οποία εσωκλείεται μαζί με το ολοκληρωμένο κύκλωμα λειτουργίας της σε περίβλημα κατάλληλο για την προστασία της σε απαιτητικές βιομηχανικές συνθήκες. Κάθε ζευγάρι αισθητήρα και πομπού μετάδοσης συνιστά ένα περιφερειακό κόμβο του WSN. Όλα τα δεδομένα λαμβάνονται από τον κεντρικό κόμβο – δέκτη του WSN. Από τον κεντρικό κόμβο είναι δυνατή η απεικόνιση των μετρήσεων σε κατάλληλο περιβάλλον του λογισμικού TC-Central, που συνοδεύει τις συσκευές του WSN, καθώς και η ανατροφοδότηση τους στο ασύρματο δίκτυο των PLCs. Το λογισμικό TC-Central χρησιμοποιείται επιπλέον για τη ρύθμιση βασικών παραμέτρων του WSN, όπως είναι η διεύθυνση των πομπών στο δίκτυο και ο ρυθμός μετάδοσης δεδομένων. Για την ανατροφοδότηση των μετρήσεων στο δίκτυο των PLCs χρησιμοποιούνται οι 4 αναλογικές έξοδοι του κεντρικού κόμβου του WSN. Τα 3 PLCs της διάταξης διασυνδέονται τόσο ενσύρματα, μέσω δικτύου PROFIBUS-DP, όσο και ασύρματα μέσω τοπολογίας Σημείο-προς-Σημείο. Στην παρούσα εφαρμογή χρησιμοποιείται μόνο η ασύρματη σύνδεση μεταξύ των PLCs, όπου αυτά ακολουθούν μέθοδο πρόσβασης στο δίκτυο κυρίου – εξαρτημένου, με έναν κύριο και δύο εξαρτημένους σταθμούς. Κάθε PLC περιλαμβάνει επικοινωνιακό επεξεργαστή CP 342-5 για την ενσύρματη σύνδεση, καθώς και επικοινωνιακό επεξεργαστή CP 340 και μονάδα ασύρματης επικοινωνίας ARM-IOS RS232/485 για την ασύρματη σύνδεση. Ο επικοινωνιακός επεξεργαστής αποτελεί το συνδετικό κρίκο μεταξύ της μνήμης του PLC και της μονάδας επικοινωνίας. Σε περίπτωση μετάδοσης δεδομένων, αυτά μεταφέρονται από τη μνήμη στον επεξεργαστή και στη συνέχεια στη μονάδα επικοινωνίας, ενώ σε περίπτωση λήψης ακολουθείται η αντίστροφη πορεία. Από τις αναλογικές εξόδους του δέκτη, τα μεγέθη μεταφέρονται μέσω καλωδιακής σύνδεσης, στην κάρτα αναλογικών εισόδων ενός εκ των εξαρτημένων PLC. Από εκεί μεταδίδονται στον άλλο εξαρτημένο, μέσω του κύριου σταθμού, ο οποίος συνδέεται με το σύστημα SCADA. Στο χώρο του εργαστηρίου έχει αναρτηθεί οθόνη, για την απεικόνιση των τιμών των μεγεθών σε όσους βρίσκονται εντός.<br>The thesis consists in developing a wireless sensors and programmable logical controllers (PLCs) network in Systems and Measurements Laboratory in order to monitor on-line some physical values. The experimental set-up is divided in two parts. The first part is related to the wireless sensors network (WSN) and consists of the sensors, the transceivers and the receiver, which collects data among all sensor nodes. The second part is related to the PLCs' wireless network and consists of the PLCs, the communication processors and the wireless networking modules. In addition, software WinCC-Flexible is used in order to implement a monitoring station of measured values (SCADA system). The thesis' basic goal is to unify the networks, so that data transfer among used devices is achieved, according to the standards of a possible industrial application. Sensors are dispersed in the laboratory and measure a physical value per each. The measured values are: outdoor and indoor temperature, relative humidity, pneumatics' network pressure, height, current and weight. Each sensor is electrically connected to a transceiver, which transmits measured data to the receiver. The transceiver transmits data through the radio frequency module XBEE, which is enclosed into a special cover, suitable for protection in demanding industrial conditions. Each sensor-transceiver pair constitutes a WSN's sensor node. All data is received by the WSN's central node-receiver. On-line monitoring of all measured values is possible through the receiver, by use of TC-Central software, which is also used in order to set WSN's parameters, such as sensor nodes' addresses and data sample rate. Moreover, the receiver contains four analog outputs, which can be used to redirect four received signal in external devices. These analog outputs unify the two wireless networks, by retransmitting four selected measured values to the PLCs' network. The PLCs' network consists of 3 PLCs, networked both wired (PROFIBUS-DP) and wireless (Point-to-Point topology). In the current application only the wireless connection between the PLCs is used, following master / slave media access method, including 1 master station and 2 slave stations. Each PLC includes a communication processor CP 342-5 for wired connection, as well as a communication processor CP 340 and a RF module ARM-IOS RS232/485 for wireless connection. The communication processor connects the PLC's memory and RF module. A PLCs' network slave station is connected to the SCADA system. In the laboratory, a screen has been posted, so that measured values can be visible by everyone inside.
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Book chapters on the topic "Sensor networks (SN)"

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da Rocha, Helbert, Tania L. Monteiro, Marcelo Eduardo Pellenz, Manuel C. Penna, and Joilson Alves Junior. "An MQTT-SN-Based QoS Dynamic Adaptation Method for Wireless Sensor Networks." In Advanced Information Networking and Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15032-7_58.

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Lai, Daniel T. H., Jussi Pakkanen, Rezaul Begg, and Marimuthu Palaniswami. "Computational Intelligence and Sensor Networks for Biomedical Systems." In Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch036.

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Sensor networks (SN) is an emergent technology which combines small sensors outfitted with wireless transmitters to form a network with more powerful sensing capabilities (Akyildiz, Su, Sankarasubramaniam, &amp; Cayirci, 2002; Chong &amp; Kumar, 2003). The primary application for SN technology is monitoring environmental changes making it ideal for deployment in patient monitoring systems. In contrast to other monitoring technologies such as video, SN offers a potentially cheaper solution consisting of cost effective interconnected sensors which cooperatively sense the surroundings. Individual sensor information is then fused to derive an instantaneous description of the environment. In this article, we review briefly the recent applications of CI and SN technologies in health care, mentioning some of the challenges in deploying these technologies. This is followed by an example of a biomedical system incorporating both technologies in a single paradigm. The state of current systems and their advantages over existing methods are highlighted with examples focusing primarily on intelligent automated diagnostic systems to augment clinician diagnoses and health care monitoring systems for continuous patient observation.
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Satheesh Kumar, S., Sumaiya Shaikh, Nikhila Kathirisetty, Ganesh Bhaiyya Regulwar, and E. Ravi Kumar. "Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3940-4.ch002.

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As the current computing era is working behind digital data, it is indeed important to concentrate on climatic change, which has become dynamic. Even a few non-automation processes have been converted into automation by using IIoT and industry 4.0 revolution technologies such as data analytics, the Internet of Things, cybersecurity, and machine learning. Sensor networks (SN) play a pivotal role in the collection and transformation of data through electronic devices as sensors. The sensors that work in this stream are ultrasonic sensors that help measure the distance between two vehicles. This proposal concentrates on different sensors used in environmental monitoring, data collection, and data transformation from devices to clouds and cyberattacks that poison wireless sensor networks: tampering attacks, replication attacks, blackhole attacks, wormhole attacks, Sybil attacks, and link layer attacks. Sensors which retrograde in environmental monitoring are listed as Temperature sensor, humidity sensors, airflow sensors, pressure sensors, vibration sensors, and water measuring sensor
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Salazar Norman, Rodriguez-Aguilar Juan A., and Arcos Josep Ll. "Collective Sensor Configuration in Uncharted Environments." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-606-5-1029.

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Sensor networks (SN) are rapidly becoming the tool of choice for monitoring. Their versatility makes them useful in numerous and diverse application domains. However, most SN deployments assume that the area and events to monitor/control are well known/understood at design time. Thus, sensors' configurations can be defined prior to their deployment. Nevertheless, when the purpose of an SN is to monitor the events of an uncharted environment, where the distribution and nature of events is uncertain, it is rather intricate to configure its sensors at design time. Instead, sensors should be able to self-configure at run time. In this paper, we propose a low-cost (in terms of energy and computation) collective approach that allows the sensors in an SN to collaboratively search for their most appropriate configurations only using their local knowledge. We empirically show that our approach can help sensors efficiently monitor environments where various dynamic events exist.
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Dhiman, Saloni, Deepti Kakkar, and Gurjot Kaur. "Performance Analysis of Multi-Hop Routing Protocol With Optimized Grid-Based Clustering for Wireless Sensor Network." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1626-3.ch009.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of several sensor nodes (SNs) that are powered by battery, so their lifetime is limited, which ultimately affects the lifespan and hence performance of the overall networks. Till now many techniques have been developed to solve this problem of WSN. Clustering is among the effective technique used for increasing the network lifespan. In this chapter, analysis of multi-hop routing protocol based on grid clustering with different selection criteria is presented. For analysis, the network is divided into equal-sized grids where each grid corresponds to a cluster and is assigned with a grid head (GH) responsible for collecting data from each SN belonging to respective grid and transferring it to the base station (BS) using multi-hop routing. The performance of the network has been analyzed for different position of BS, different number of grids, and different number of SNs.
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Neha, Ms, and Dr Jasvinder Kaur. "AN ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLSTO MAXIMIZE THE LIFETIME OF WSNFOR UNDERWATER APPLICATIONS." In Futuristic Trends in Computing Technologies and Data Sciences Volume 3 Book 8. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bkct8p3ch5.

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A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises Sensor Nodes (SN) that are battery-powered and deployed across a harsh environment. WSN applications include military, agriculture, monitoring, surveillance, and more. To extend the lifetime of sensor nodes due to limited battery capacity, efficient routing protocols are essential. Repeatedly using a specific energy path can deplete the batteries of SNs in that area, leading to energy holes and network deactivation. Therefore, it is crucial to select a protocol that involves all SNs in data transmission to prolong network lifetime. Clustering is an effective approach for enhancing network lifetime as it ensures efficient and balanced battery consumption while increasing reliability. Numerous clustering methods have been put forth, with room for further improvement. Clustering is particularly valuable for underwater applications, providing valuable insights into marine life. Compared to homogeneous protocols, heterogeneous protocols are more dependable and energy-efficient. We present Heterogeneous Energy Efficient and Reliable Routing (HEERR), a more sophisticated DEEC protocol, in this work. When HEERR is compared to other hierarchical routing methods, it shows that throughput is increased and network lifetime is improved.
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Caviglione, Luca, and Mauro Coccoli. "Enhancement of e-Learning Systems and Methodologies through Advancements in Distributed Computing Technologies." In Internet and Distributed Computing Advancements. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0161-1.ch002.

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The evolution of the Internet, distributed architectures, and Grid-oriented frameworks can change the way people acquire and disseminate both knowledge and experience, thus the way they learn. Therefore, one can envisage new e-learning models, based on a more efficient users’ interaction, that also empowers the hands-on experience. This will improve learning outcomes, while reducing the need of physical devices and removing the inherent boundaries. Moreover, this reduces costs by promoting the sharing of resources and learning assets. From this perspective, the chapter discusses the integration of classical e-learning paradigms with new advancements of distributed computing, such as: 1) the usage of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) to produce network-independent overlays, also by enabling direct student-to-student exchanges; 2) the integration, through grid-based middleware, of real or virtual devices, plants and Sensors Network (SN) within the e-learning environment; and 3) the adoption of a distributed e-learning system to spread culture through mobile devices, with an emphasis on satellite communications.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sensor networks (SN)"

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Nast, Michael, Hannes Raddatz, Frank Golatowski, and Christian Haubelt. "A Novel OPC UA PubSub Protocol Binding Using MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN)." In 2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/etfa61755.2024.10711055.

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Wang, Pingfeng, Byeng D. Youn, and Chao Hu. "A Generic Sensor Network Design Framework Based on a Detectability Measure." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-29181.

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Significant technological advances in sensing and communication promote the use of large sensor networks to monitor structural systems, identify damages, and quantify damage levels. Prognostics and health management (PHM) technique has been developed and applied for a variety of safety-critical engineering structures, given the critical needs of the structure health state awareness. The PHM performance highly relies on real-time sensory signals which convey the structural health relevant information. Designing an optimal structural sensor network (SN) with high detectability is thus of great importance to the PHM performance. This paper proposes a generic SN design framework using a detectability measure while accounting for uncertainties in material properties and geometric tolerances. Detectability is defined to quantify the performance of a given SN. Then, detectability analysis will be developed based on structural simulations and health state classification. Finally, the generic SN design framework can be formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) using the detectability measure and genetic algorithms (GAs) will be employed to solve the SN design optimization problem. A power transformer study will be used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed generic SN design methodology.
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Almaktoom, Abdulaziz T., Zequn Wang, and Pingfeng Wang. "Probabilistic Design of Smart Sensing Functions for Structural Health Monitoring and Prognosis." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12598.

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Significant technological advances in sensing and communication promote the use of large sensor networks to monitor structural systems, identify damages, and quantify damage levels. Prognostics and health management (PHM) technique has been developed and applied for a variety of safety-critical engineering structures, given the critical needs of the structure health state awareness. The PHM performance highly relies on real-time sensory signals which convey the structural health relevant information. Designing an optimal structural sensor network (SN) with high detectability is thus of great importance to the PHM performance. This paper proposes a generic SN design framework using a detectability measure while accounting for uncertainties in material properties and geometric tolerances. Detectability is defined to quantify the performance of a given SN. Then, detectability analysis will be developed based on structural simulations and health state classification. Finally, the generic SN design framework can be formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) using the detectability measure and genetic algorithms (GAs) will be employed to solve the SN design optimization problem. A power transformer study will be used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed generic SN design methodology.
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Boualem, Adda, Marwane Ayaida, Hichem Sedjelmaci, et al. "A New Classification of Clustering-Based for Different Problems in Different Wireless AD-HOC Networks." In 5th International Conference on Advanced Natural Language Processing. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2024.141010.

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Ad-hoc networks are specifically designed to facilitate communication in environments where establishing a dedicated network infrastructure is exceedingly complex or impractical. The integration of clustering concepts into various ad-hoc network scenarios, including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET), Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTN), Wireless Ad-hoc Networks (WANET), Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks (UAV), commonly known as "drones," Space Networks (SN), and Satellite Networks (TN), presents abundant opportunities for refining strategies in event tracking and area monitoring across both deterministic and uncertain environments. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of diverse proposed strategies leveraging clustering concepts to address coverage challenges within deterministic and uncertain environments. As a result, it addresses current and future challenges inherent in clustering-based WANET, elucidating the merits, shortcomings, and weaknesses of clustering models. Lastly, it identifies potential avenues for addressing coverage issues in existing and emerging technologies.
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REYES, OCTAVIO A. MÁRQUEZ, FEDERICA ZONZINI, MASOUD MOHAMMADGHOLIHA, JOCHEN MOLL, and LUCA DE MARCHI. "VERSATILE SENSOR NODE WITH ACOUSTIC DATA COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES FOR FSAT NETWORKS IN GUIDED WAVE-BASED STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING APPLICATIONS." In Structural Health Monitoring 2023. Destech Publications, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2023/36833.

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Correct evaluation of structural integrity and the ability to predict the remaining useful life of structures is of critical importance in numerous applications, particularly for aerospace industry. The development of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems and their integration into real-world structures has become a necessity to provide a robust and cost-effective solution for structural assessment. Normally structure inspection is done periodically after weeks or months. For machines such as aircrafts or trains, they are taken out of service for structural integrity evaluation. Indeed, one main advantage of modern SHM systems is the continuous, autonomous monitoring of structures, even during service. Therefore, dense networks of ultrasonic transducers are distributed over structures to perform reliable damage detection and localization. Unfortunately, powering these poses many challenges in terms of cabling and added weight, besides to long latency times if a single central processing unit is charged of managing all transducers in the network. To solve this issue, new systems rely on specialized sensor nodes (SNs) and transducers, such as frequency steerable acoustic transducers (FSATs), which offer inherent directional capabilities for data actuation/ sensing. These SNs can drive high voltages and various types of signals to and from transducers conforming a SHM network. They also perform signal treatment tasks and lead communication protocols, such as on-off keying (OOK) or frequency shift keying (FSK), and even help identifying defective nodes within the network. Given the specificities of the FSATs, a matching SN is required to ensure reliable data exchange, even in cases in which traditional radiofrequency-based wireless communication is not possible. In this contribution, we address this need by presenting the design, implementation and test of a new, lightweight and low-cost SN, capable of driving voltage signals as high as 60 Vpp and powering both: commonly used piezoelectric transducers and the more specialized FSATs, and perform communication tasks, using a regular 5V USB port as power source. With this SN, the weight, latency and cable complexity of regular sensor networks are addressed, while disclosing novel opportunities for a higher level of automation and, hence, safer embedded SHM systems for ultrasonic inspection.
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Faheem, Yasir, and Saadi Boudjit. "SN-MPR: A Multi-Point Relay Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." In Int'l Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/greencom-cpscom.2010.139.

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Nast, Michael, Frank Golatowski, and Dirk Timmermann. "Design and Performance Evaluation of a Standalone MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN) Broker." In 2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wfcs57264.2023.10144241.

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Nast, Michael, Michael Rethfeldt, Frank Golatowski, and Christian Haubelt. "Improving the Real-Time Capability of MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN) Using PREEMPT_RT." In 2024 IEEE 20th International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wfcs60972.2024.10540812.

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Kakinuma, Koji, Takeo Fujii, Osamu Takyu, and Mai Ohta. "Multiple information collection with frequency offset compensation by utilizing physical wireless parameter conversion sensor network (PHY-C SN)." In 2017 Ninth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icufn.2017.7993787.

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Dib, Gerges, Oleksii Karpenko, Jacob Klaser, and Lalita Udpa. "WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR ONLINE MONITORING OF HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE SYSTEMS." In 2024 NDIA Michigan Chapter Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium. National Defense Industrial Association, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-3329.

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&lt;title&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Materials and parts in complex systems, such as ground vehicles, can suffer from fatigue due to use, age and other stresses experienced during service. It is therefore essential to evaluate damage and predict the remaining life, reliability and safety of the vehicle. This paper describes the design of a wireless system for real-time monitoring of ground vehicles using Lamb waves. The proposed approach integrates sensor technology, signal processing and wireless networking into a single solution for online structural health monitoring (SHM). Lamb wave inspection is accomplished by inexpensive piezoelectric transducer patches (PZT), which are surface-mounted on the critical components of the vehicle without interrupting its operation. Lamb wave scattering from damage is obtained by comparing the recorded signal with the healthy sample and then damage-related features are identified using Probability Diagnostic Imaging (PDI). The problem of multiple Lamb wave modes is addressed by new Mode Decomposition (MD) algorithm based on Time-Frequency Representation (TFR) of the differenced signal. Hardware components of the proposed system include Sensor Nodes (SN) designed for Lamb wave actuation and data acquisition; and a basestation, where signal processing is implemented. The schematic of wireless sensor network (WSN) is presented and finally, communication protocol for wireless data transmission between SN's and a basestation is described.&lt;/p&gt;
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