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1
Nowakowski, Jesse. "A Critical Examination of Investor State Dispute Settlement in Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39144.
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This study critically examines rulings of Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) tribunals. Under the North American Free Trade Agreement’s (NAFTA) Chapter 11, ISDS provides foreign investors with the tools to launch a claim against signatory countries should they feel their investment was inhibited by local regulations. Empirically this study draws upon Windstream Energy LLC. v. the Government of Canada as a case study to analyze the competing responses exchanged during the tribunal’s hearings. The claim by Windstream Energy LLC against the Government of Ontario (GoO) serves as both a central and relevant example for examining the ramifications of ISDS, as it is one of Canada’s most recent defeats featuring the largest award outside a pre-tribunal ISDS settlement. Information was drawn from tribunal documents, referred to as a Memorial and Counter Memorial, which outline each party’s argument and supporting claims. Additionally, the tribunal publishes their final decision and justifications. A critical discourse analysis method, theoretically informed by the corporate crime literature and Gramsci’s theory of hegemony, helps in critically examining the economic, political, and cultural assumptions that influenced the tribunal’s decision and the state’s approach to foreign investment. Overall, dominant voices reinforced neoliberal beliefs about transnational market expectations and the role of the state under a globalized capitalist system. Justifications rooted in market logics prioritized the accumulation of foreign capital over the potential dangers of Windstream’s project. Ultimately, it is the inclusion of corporate safeguards, like ISDS, in free trade pacts that help to (re)produce neoliberal capitalist ideals and further reinforce status-quo economic relations.
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Walsh, John C. "Landscapes of longing colonization and the problem of state formation in Canada west /." Connect to this title online, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65839.pdf.
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Roinila, Mika Petri-Olavi. "The migration, settlement and ethnic relations of Finland-Swedes in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq23970.pdf.
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Wingate, Andrew. "The colonel and his flock, Thomas Talbot's settlement in Upper Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40450.pdf.
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Lutz, Serge Gregory. "Pre-European settlement and present forest composition in Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23820.pdf.
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Atkinson, Robert Gregory. "Retail vitality and specialization in the countryside, implications for small towns and their role within regional settlement systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65222.pdf.
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Girard, Nicholas. "Regional-Scale Food Security Governance in Inuit Settlement Areas: Opportunities and Challenges in Northern Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37076.
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Food insecurity among northern Inuit communities represents a significant public health challenge that requires immediate and integrated responses. In the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), in the Northwest Territories (NWT), almost half of households experience some degree of food insecurity (33% moderate, 13% severe), and rates are even higher in Nunavut (35% moderate, 34% severe). Currently, food security issues in the Arctic are being addressed by multiple initiatives at different scales; however, the role that governance and policy plays in fostering or hampering Inuit food security remains under-evaluated. We took a participatory-qualitative approach to investigate how food security governance structures and processes are functioning in Inuit settlement areas, using case studies of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR) and Nunavut, the latter of which has already developed a food security strategy through significant community consultation. Using 18 semi-structured interviews, we examined the development and implementation of the Nunavut Food Security Strategy (NFSS) and Action Plan to identify challenges and lessons learned, identified governance challenges and opportunities in the current way food policy decisions are made in the ISR, and determined ways to improve governance arrangements to address Inuit food security more effectively at a regional scale. Participants implicated in the NFSS process identified a number of challenges, including high rates of employee turnover, coordinating work with member organizations, and lack of a proper evaluation framework to measure the Strategy’s outcomes. In terms of lessons learned, participants expressed the need to establish clear lines of accountability to achieve desired outcomes, and the importance of sufficient and sustained financial resources and organizational capacity to address food security in a meaningful way. Similar themes were identified in the ISR; however, top-down government decision-making at the territorial level and an absence of meaningful community engagement from program administrators during the conceptualization of food security interventions were specific issues identified in this context. In terms of opportunities for regional-scale food security governance, the Government of Northwest Territories (GNWT) is in the process of developing a Country Food Strategy that will engage with a range of stakeholders to develop a broader selection of country food programing.
These findings suggest that food security governance remains a key challenge for Inuit. First, sufficient resources are needed to address food security in a sustained manner. Second, existing and planned food security policies and programs should include an evaluation component to demonstrate greater accountability towards desired outcomes. Finally, findings point to the need to develop new collaborative, integrated, and inclusive food security governance arrangements that take into account local context, needs, and priorities. The NFSS is a useful model for collaborative food security governance from which other Inuit regions can learn and adapt.
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Paquette, Stéphane. "Newcomer Strategic Negotiations of Religious/Secular Identities and Spaces: Examining the Tension between Structure and Agency in Processes of Immigrant Settlement in Ottawa, Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34132.
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This research project proposes to examine the role of religious/secular identities and spaces in processes of newcomer settlement. By focusing on how newcomer participants performed socio-spatially contingent religious/secular identities and experienced religious/secular spaces fluidly, I shed light on the importance of these negotiations of identity and space as settlement strategy. I examined these settlement strategies through participants’ navigation of religious organizations and other spatial contexts such as the workplace, school and home. Informed by their individual agency, participants were shown to perform identities and experience different spaces in such a way as to address a variety of structural constraints and settlement challenges. This thesis research was conducted using a feminist geography framework, drawing on qualitative research methods. I relied on a mixed-methods approach, using participant observation, individual semi-structured interviews and mental maps to collect data. My data collection took place in Ottawa, focusing on the settlement experiences of 11 newcomers to the National Capital Region of Canada.
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De, Luca Suzanne Jolene. "Vancouver NGOs as agents of settlement program delivery and the financing of immigration policy in Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59359.
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In 1971, Canada undertook a multicultural policy that dignified all Canadians as equal regardless of cultural background. It was a celebration of Canadian diversity. Immigration policy is very important in Canada, as approximately a quarter of a million newcomers make Canada their home every year. Since newcomers are settled into Canada by means of arms length organizations not direct government service delivery, it is important that the service delivery is assessed and continually improved upon. The following research questions will be explored: How are immigrant settlement programs funded in Vancouver? Does this result in issues with their advocacy work? The interviews reveal that the funding structure does result in issues with the advocacy work of settlement organizations. Several recommendations will be provided to improve Vancouver's settlement NGOs.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Political Science, Department of<br>Graduate
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Bjorkman, Anne Donahey. "Changes in the landscape and vegetation of southeastern Vancouver Island and Saltspring Island, Canada since European settlement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3421.
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Early land survey records can be used to reconstruct the historical distribution and abundance of tree species prior to the large-scale impact of industrialized societies. Comparing these records to current vegetation patterns enables an examination of the shifts that have occurred in plant communities since the arrival of European settlers in North America. I used presettlement (1859-1874) land survey records from southeastern Vancouver Island and Saltspring Island, British Columbia, Canada to reconstruct the relative abundance and density of tree species in these areas. I then collected equivalent vegetation data from the same points in the modern landscape, which enabled me to compare the two points in time and identify the changes in large-scale vegetation patterns that have occurred since European settlement. My results show a significant increase in the relative abundance of maple (Acer macrophyllum) and cedar (Thuja plicata), and a corresponding decrease in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzeisii). Furthermore, there has been a considerable increase in tree density in undeveloped areas. The 1859 records indicate that at least one third of the land surveyed was made up of prairies or open “plains,” while a combination of open woods and forests made up the remaining two thirds. Based on comparable density measures from 2007, prairies and plains now represent less than 5% of the undeveloped landscape, while forests comprise nearly 90%. These changes are likely due to a combination of factors that have been influenced by European settlement, most notably logging and fire suppression. The suppression of fire has led to an infilling of trees into previously open areas and has led to the rapid decline of the open prairie and savanna habitat types once common in this area. The results of this study can inform conservation efforts throughout the study area, particularly those involving the restoration of prairie or savanna habitats.
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Reading, Joanna Elizabeth. "Pig Remains at the Ashbridge Estate, Toronto: The Importance of Swine in the Settlement of Upper Canada." W&M ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626352.
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Edelman, Spencer James. "The Residential School Settlement with Yukon First Nation survivors : a positive form of relationship renewal?" Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Health Sciences, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3232.
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Reconciliation attempts have occurred world-wide, i.e., Australia and South Africa. Recently, Canada has initiated a reconciliation process with its First Nations people for the historical injustices and their experience with residential schools. The purpose of this study was to explore the current Canadian reconciliation process and to determine whether it was considered by First Nations participants as an effective approach to relationship renewal. This study was completed with the White River First Nations in the Yukon Territory. Using an exploratory descriptive design as a qualitative approach, with person-centered interviewing, eight participants were interviewed twice. The data revealed that the current reconciliation process was driven by political expediency rather than anchored by a desire to improve relationships. The findings suggest that Canada’s reconciliation model is unsuitable and may be at risk for failure in the near future. Finally, participants revealed that they wanted more healing as a step towards reconciliation.<br>vii, 117 leaves ; 29 cm
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Grace, Robert J. "The Irish in mid-nineteenth-century Canada and the case of Quebec : immigration and settlement in a Catholic city." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/NQ39355.pdf.
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Holroyd, Heather. "State policy, settlement services, and employment prospects : an ethnographic investigation of immigrant women's social and economic integration in Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58931.
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Drawing on over 150 hours of participant-observation and 41 semi-structured interviews conducted between September 2013 and April 2014 with the participants and organizers of an employment and leadership skills program for immigrant women at two Neighbourhood Houses in Vancouver, this ethnographic study examines the influence of Canadian immigration policies and settlement services on the employment trajectories of immigrant women. A key research finding concerns how women with precarious legal status and/or limited English language skills negotiate gaps accessing services and employment opportunities, and thus how the prompt provision of settlement supports and work permits would improve immigrant women’s labour market participation and economic standing in Canada. A second key finding concerns the value of settlement-oriented employment programs that recognize and emphasize newcomers’ skills rather than deficits, and that leverage this human capital to promote participants’ social integration and sense of citizenship in Canada. This dissertation is sociologically significant in its contribution to explicating the distinctive institutionalized racial and gender barriers that research participants encountered in their attempts to achieve meaningful employment and full citizenship in Canada. The policy recommendations suggested by this research include: 1) more efficient federal-level procedures for processing immigration applications and issuing work permits, 2) improved access to provincially-funded healthcare services and English language for employment training programs, 3) affordable, employer-recognized programs for assessing foreign credentials, and 4) greater outreach and education about multiculturalism, cultural sensitivity and inclusivity at the local level of settlement service agencies and neighbourhood-based community organizations.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Sociology, Department of<br>Graduate
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Wang, Chen. "Highly Skilled Chinese Immigrant Women’s Labour Market Marginalization in Canada: An Institutional Ethnography of Discursively Constructed Barriers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42505.
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Canada has been active in attracting highly-skilled, foreign-trained workers to overcome its labour shortage, facilitate its economic growth, and enhance its global competency. While promoting gender equality in the workplace and advancing women’s labour market participation are ongoing focuses of Canada’s attention, the arrival of an increased number of skilled immigrant women and their marginalized experiences in the Canadian labour market reflects a critical problem that the underuse of highly skilled immigrant women’s professional skills might be a loss for both Canada and individual immigrants.
This research reveals the lived experience of highly skilled Chinese immigrant women in the Canadian labour market, and analyzes how the barriers to their career restoration were constructed. It adopts Seyla Benhabib’s weak version of postmodern feminist theory and Dorothy Smith’s Institutional Ethnography methodology. Based on interview data with 46 highly skilled Chinese immigrant women, this research identifies these immigrant women’s standpoint within the institutional arrangements and understands the barriers to their career restoration as discursively constructed outcomes. This research contends that the settlement services for new immigrants funded by the federal government fall short of meeting the particular needs of highly skilled immigrants who intend to find highly skilled jobs that match their qualifications. This research also makes recommendations for improving existing language training and employment-related settlement services in order to better assist highly skilled immigrants in using their skills to a larger extent.
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Luna, Julieta Uribe. "Choice of forum for NAFTA governments between NAFTA Chapter 20 and the WTO dispute settlement mechanisms." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29565.
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NAFTA's Article 2005 prescribes that the NAFTA governments, being Canada, Mexico and the US, may choose either a multilateral or a regional forum within which to solve their trade disputes. Thus, they may choose between either the new WTO dispute settlement mechanism or the NAFTA Chapter 20 dispute settlement mechanism. Nevertheless, in order to have an effective choice of forum, there is one essential condition: the subject matter of the dispute must be similar or identical, and there must be some degree of subject matter overlap in both the NAFTA and WTO provisions. The relationship between NAFTA, the WTO and GATT is complex. The core problem is whether there is a legal distinction between the GATT 1947 and the GATT 1994, incorporated into the WTO Agreement, in order to establish either NAFTA or WTO primacy. The latter-in-time treaty general rule will decide the issue. Nevertheless, a decisive conclusion cannot be drawn, as this should be studied on a case-by-case basis.
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Shannon, Bill. "Brokers, land bankers, and birds of evil omen the effect of land policies on settlement in Upper Canada, Collingwood township, 1834-1860." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5621.
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Wien, William Thomas. "Peasant accumulation in a context of colonization : Rivière-du-Sud, Canada, 1720-1775." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75847.
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Recent research has shown the Canadian peasantry of the eighteenth century to be less homogeneous than was once thought. Beyond the ebb and flow of the family cycle, the striking differences in productive resources from one household to the next can only have furthered accumulation among the peasants. Set in Riviere-du-Sud, a seigneury fifty kilometres downstream from Quebec on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, the present study is concerned with the forms and limits of that process. By 1720, the seigneury had entered what might be called the second phase of colonization; the population had taken root, but throughout the period land for the children who departed would continue to be available farther afield. In this setting, it is suggested, both production and markets were too uncertain to permit even the largest producers to lose their subsistence orientation and break through the traditional limits to scale. At the same time, such peasants had no choice but to invest most of their appreciable surplus in land, which they eventually distributed to their children. A muted differentiation process, in which the most prosperous continually pushed the vulnerable off their valuable land to inferior holdings elsewhere, resulted.
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Lester, Carole N. 1946. "Tinstar and Redcoat: A Comparative Study of History, Literature and Motion Pictures Through the Dramatization of Violence in the Settlement of the Western Frontier Regions of the United States and Canada." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278931/.
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The Western settlement era is only one part of United States national history, but for many Americans it remains the most significant cultural influence. Conversely, the settlement of Canada's western territory is generally treated as a significant phase of national development, but not the defining phase. Because both nations view the frontier experience differently, they also have distinct perceptions of the role violence played in the settlement process, distinctions reflected in the historical record, literature, and films of each country. This study will look at the historical evidence and works of the imagination for both the American and Canadian frontier experience, focusing on the years between 1870 and 1930, and will examine the part that violence played in the development of each national character. The discussion will also illustrate the difference between the historical reality and the mythic version portrayed in popular literature and films by demonstrating the effects of the depiction of violence on the perception of American and Canadian history.
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Davis, S. A. "Man, molluscs and mammals : A study of land use and resources in the late Holocene of the Maritime Provinces of Canada." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381834.
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Joffe, Alexander H., and Alexander H. Joffe. "Settlement and society in Early Bronze I and II Canaan." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187555.
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This dissertation discusses the development of the Early Bronze I and II periods in the southern Levant or Canaan and changes in indigenous patterns of social complexity. Settlement pattern and other data are used. Chapter One outlines aspects of methodology, beginning with an assessment of archaeological surveys and their limitations. Issues of survey design, execution and publication, formation processes, and the analysts of survey materials, all make settlement patterns problematic. They do not represent an adequate or accurate sample upon which to base socio-economic or political inferences. Chapter Two reviews the history of archaeological work and thought on the Early Bronze I period from the 1930s untll the present. Chapter Three reviews the theoretical and archaeological background to the emergence of complex societies In the fourth and third millennia BC. The southern Levant was 'preadapted' to cycles of rising and collapsing complexity by organizational and ultimately ideological mechanisms of social decomposition and reformulation, necessitated by the diversity of the southern Levantine geo-environment, small physical scale, and fluctuations in climate. The Early Bronze Age is the beginning of an episode which alternated between periods of urban and village life. The Chalcolithic period is reviewed. Chapter Four discusses social organization and change In the village-level EB I period. Control over metals and other resources and highland settlement are noted. The relationship of Canaan with its neighbors is discussed, and particularly Egyptian colonlalism. EB I is the starting point for a pattern of development and collapse around the fundamental building block of small kin or lineage units. Chapter Five discusses the EB II period and the structure and operation of Canaanite 'urban' systems. Economic power over immediate hinterlands and rural hIghland producers was exerted by lowland sItes controlling the distribution and exchange of agrIcultural goods, prlmarily the Mediterranean crops of olives and grapes, and their ceramic containers. Among the results were both dependent and independent rural settlement. Chapter Six presents several generalizations on archaeological approaches to complex societies, and dIscusses cyclical aspects of changes in social complexity In Canaan during latar periods. Site lists and maps are presented.
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McCracken, Susan. "Negociation of audit litigation settlements, an experimental study of the impact of reputational concerns and the level of merit of the suit." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ32844.pdf.
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Heitzmann, Roderick James. "Hunter-gatherer settlement and land use in the Central Canadian Rockies, AD 800-1800." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8229.
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Hunters and gatherers can be viewed as part of ecosystems. Through their actions, hunter-gatherers can modify, alter and shape ecosystem structures and components. The Central Canadian Rockies ecosystem was selected to explore the impact and role of humans in this ecosystem as a case study. This study examines the archaeology of the Central Canadian Rockies from the perspective of hunter-gatherer research, theory and concepts. Even in this marginal environment, archaeological investigations have shown that people lived and travelled here. This study examines and evaluates several classes of data including site types, stone tool utilisation, tool technology, subsistence and seasonality, complemented with examination of potentially available ecological resources. Several alternate models of hunter-gatherer utilisation are formulated for the Central Canadian Rockies between AD 800 and AD 1800. The result is a reconstructed ethnology of the area’s occupants that models how these people may have organised themselves through a yearly cycle to best utilise limited resources. Associational and sacred landscape features are examined to further evaluate the models. Changing social dynamics identified in historic and ethnographic records are reviewed and synthesised with the reconstructed Late Precontact ethnology to better understand Native peoples’ utilisation of the Central Canadian Rockies in this period. Conclusions are drawn about the application of hunter-gatherer research, theory and models in reconstructing an ethnology of hunter-gatherers based on limited archaeological and palaeo-ecological data, and in assessing the impacts of hunter-gatherers to this mountain ecosystem.
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Fugmann, Gerlis [Verfasser]. "Land claim settlements and their impacts : regional dynamics and bottom-up economic development in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut (Canada) / Gerlis Fugmann." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1063048524/34.
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Hameed, Qamer. "Grassroots Canadian Muslim Identity in the Prairie City of Winnipeg: A Case Study of 2nd and 1.5 Generation Canadian Muslims." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32987.
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What are grassroots “Canadian Muslims” and why not use the descriptor “Muslims in Canada”? This thesis examines the novel concept of locale specific grassroots Canadian Muslim identity of second and 1.5 generation Muslims in the prairie city of Winnipeg, Manitoba. The project focuses on a generation of Muslims that are settled, embedded, and active in a medium sized Canadian metropolis. Locale plays a powerful part in the way people navigate identities, form attachments, find belonging, and negotiate communities and society. In order to explore this unique identity a case study was conducted in Winnipeg. Interviews with 1.5 and second generation Muslims explored the experience of grassroots Canadian Muslim identity. The project does not focus on religious doxy or praxis but rather tries to understand a lived Canadian Muslim identity by exploring discourse and space as well as strategies, social perceptions and expectations. Participant observation, community resources and literature also aid in the understanding of the grassroots Canadian Muslim experience. This study found that the attachments, networks, and experiences in the locale give room for an embedded Canadian Muslim experience and more negotiable identities than most studies on Muslims in Canada describe. These individuals are not foreigners living in Canada. Their worldviews develop out of this particular and embedded grassroots experience. They navigate a new kind of hybrid Canadian Muslim identity that is unique and flexible. This is the Canadian Muslim experience of 2nd and 1.5 generation Winnipeg Muslims.
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Norton, Wayne R. "The Imperial Colonisation Board : British administration on the Canadian prairies, 1888-1909." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28191.
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For twenty years after 1888, the British Government conducted an experiment in colonisation on the Canadian prairies. Hoping to avoid a radical redistribution of land to alleviate distress and disorder in Scotland's Western Islands, the Salisbury Government attempted an emigrationist policy. In 1888 it authorised the expenditure of public funds to establish colonies of Highlanders in Manitoba and Assiniboia.
Adverse economic and climatic conditions combined with inadequate planning to severely hamper the progress of the settlements. Problems associated with administration from London compounded existing difficulties. By 1893, a Liberal administration less inclined to favour state-aided emigration abandoned all commitments to such schemes on the basis of the experience of the struggling Highland settlements.
The Canadian Government was unable to adopt a consistent policy toward the British scheme. The Department of the Interior was frequently at variance with the Office of the Canadian High Commissioner in London. The settlements received much publicity and required much administrative attention before the British Government, with financial integrity, was able to conclude the settlement scheme in 1908.
It is argued that the experience of the Canadian settlements played a far larger role in determining British policy toward state-aided colonisation than has previously been acknowledged. It is maintained that the publicised difficulties of the settlements contributed to the Canadian perception that British agriculturalists made unsatisfactory settlers and to the subsequent policy preference for continental European emigrants. It is suggested that the episode stands in sharp contrast to the orthodox view of the Scottish experience in Canadian historical writing<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>History, Department of<br>Graduate
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Whan, Eric. "Improper property : squatters and the idea of property in the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada, 1838-1866." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28030.
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Drawing on the manuscript records of the Department of Crown Lands, its published reports, and case law, this thesis examines the illegal occupation of rural land, known as squatting in the Eastern Townships of Quebec in the period 1838 to 1866. By 1838, demographic pressure in the seigneuries, inflated land prices due to speculation, and inaccessible public land granting practices had made squatting a commonplace strategy for land acquisition. The responses to squatting of the Department of Crown Lands, the Legislature and the judiciary are analysed for what they implied about ideas of property in Lower Canada.<br>While the Department of Crown Lands' policy of pre-emption affirmed that squatters held rights to public land because they laboured to cultivate and improve it, the legislature refused to acknowledge that squatters could acquire such rights on private land; nine out of ten bills intended to ensure ejected squatters a systematically determined remuneration for improvements made by them on the private property of absentees failed to pass into law during the period. Most were rejected by the Legislative Council which defended the interests of landed wealth.<br>Lower Canadian courts, meanwhile, struggled to sort out laws relating to squatting. Ultimately they found that while squatters on private property owned their improvements, they had no right to the land itself. Thus the judiciary applied a bifurcated concept of property to rural land in Lower Canada despite the prevalence of liberal theories of absolute property rights during the nineteenth century.
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Bernardo, Sandra Maria de Vasconcelos. "Socioeconomic and Environmental Aspects in settlements that produce Mammon: A Case Study in Recreation and New Canaan, Quixeramobim - CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9088.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico<br>A busca de novas alternativas de energia renovÃvel à de grande relevÃncia, pois a problemÃtica do aquecimento global tem causado consequÃncias adversas para a populaÃÃo. Fontes advindas dos Ãleos vegetais para a produÃÃo do biodiesel tÃm sido adotadas no Brasil e constituem uma boa opÃÃo para que os produtores rurais possam se inserir na cadeia produtiva dos biocombustÃveis. No contexto do semiÃrido nordestino, a mamona tem sido usada, pois à uma cultura adequada Ãs condiÃÃes de semiaridez. A partir desta compreensÃo, este trabalho teve o objetivo geral de analisar e comparar os aspectos econÃmicos, sociais e ambientais dos grupos de produtores e nÃo produtores de mamona nos assentamentos Recreio e Nova Canaà e, os objetivos especÃficos foram: (i) analisar os indicadores de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econÃmico e de sustentabilidade entre os nÃo produtores e produtores de mamona, (ii) mensurar os custos e renda da produÃÃo dos produtores de mamona com o plantio e venda no ano de 2009 e (iii) avaliar a situaÃÃo ambiental atravÃs da anÃlise da variaÃÃo dos atributos quÃmicos do solo em funÃÃo dos plantios . A metodologia se baseou em trÃs aspectos visando abranger uma interdisciplinaridade. Primeiramente adotou-se o mÃtodo estatÃstico usando uma amostragem nos dois assentamentos em estudo e a partir dessas amostras foram calculados os Ãndices de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econÃmico e a partir destes o Ãndice de sustentabilidade. No segundo aspecto foi calculada a renda dos agricultores atravÃs do calculo dos custos, receita e lucro com o plantio da mamona tomando como base o ano de 2009. No terceiro aspecto, o solo foi avaliado nas Ãreas cultivadas e nas Ãreas preservadas coletando-se amostras compostas e realizando-se anÃlises fÃsicas e quÃmicas do material em laboratÃrio. Entre os resultados verificados concluiu-se que nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os grupos de produtores e nÃo produtores de mamona em relaÃÃo aos Ãndices de capital social e ambiental, porÃm houve diferenÃa nos Ãndices de qualidade de vida, econÃmico e de sustentabilidade. NÃo se comprovou incremento de renda entre os produtores de mamona. No aspecto pedolÃgico foi comprovado que as Ãreas preservadas se mostraram com teores mais elevados de matÃria orgÃnica e de nutrientes, representando indÃcios de degradaÃÃo na Ãrea cultivada.<br>The search for new alternatives of renewable energy is of great importance, since the issue of
global warming has caused adverse consequences for the population. Resulting sources of vegetable oils for biodiesel production have been adopted in Brazil and are a good option so that farmers may be inserted in the production chain of biofuels. Within the semiarid
Northeast, castor bean has been used because it is an appropriate culture semiarid
condition. From this understanding, this work was the general purpose of analyzing and
comparing the economic, social and environmental groups of producers rather than producers of castor in the settlements Recreio and Nova CanaÃ, and the specific objectives were: (i) review the indicators
quality of life, social equity, environmental and economic sustainability among non-producers and producers of castor, (ii) measure the costs of production and
income of producers of castor oil with the planting and sale in 2009 and (iii) assess the
environmental situation by analyzing the variation of soil chemical properties depending on
the plantations. The methodology was based on three aspects in order to cover an
interdisciplinary approach. First, we adopted the method using statistical sampling in a study in two settlements and from these samples were calculated for quality of life, social equity, environmental, economic and from these sustainability index. The second aspect was calculated farmers' income through the calculation of costs, revenue and profit with the
planting of castor beans using as a base year of 2009. In the third aspect, the soil was
evaluated in cultivated areas and preserved areas by collecting composite samples and performing chemical and physical analysis of the material in the laboratory. Among the results obtained it was concluded that there was no significant difference between groups of producers rather than producers of castor oil o growth of capital and environmental, but there
was difference in the indices of quality of life and economic sustainability. No consistent
increase in income between the producers of castor oil.
In pedological point was proven that the preserved areas are shown with a higher content of organic matter and nutrients, suggesting a degradation in the cultivated area
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MacDonald, Eric. "All Peoples’ Mission And The Legacy of J. S. Woodsworth: The Myth and the Reality." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24340.
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The legacy of James Shaver Woodsworth, according to the traditional biographies, has been an indelible one on the Canadian historical landscape. His biographers have elevated Woodsworth to not only a hero of the Canadian political left, but of the whole nation. Studies of Woodsworth’s life have traditionally rested their case on All Peoples’ Mission in Winnipeg, calling it a watershed moment in the ideological development of J. S. Woodsworth. They characterize his time as Superintendent, from 1908-1913, as the defining moment which would later lead him to found the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation. This Master’s thesis seeks to analyze the historical periphery of this period in order to illustrate Woodsworth’s standard approach to the Social Gospel in Canada. By employing a micro-historical methodology, a greater context reveals that All Peoples’ Mission was not the dynamic, revolutionary institution that his biographers describe. Instead, Woodsworth spent his time in Winnipeg experimenting with different and sometimes conflicting philosophies. This stage of Woodsworth’s ideological development can instead be best characterized by his strong nativist beliefs. His writings and speeches during this period indicate a struggle between Woodsworth’s understanding of assimilation and integration. James Shaver Woodsworth was a far more complex character during this period than his biographers would have us believe.
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Pereira, Mirian Rosa. "Custos de transação e canais de comercialização da produção do assentamento Olga Benário (Ipameri-GO)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6801.
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Considering the importance of family farming in Brazil and its characteristics related to form of
organization of work and food production and their interrelations with the market, this paper aims
to describe the marketing channels and the influence of transaction costs in the choice of channels
by the producers of the settlement Olga Benário located in the city of Ipameri-GO. This analysis is
made by the survey data about the marketing channels used by family farmers of the community,
supported by the conceptual theoretical foundation of Economy of Transaction Costs. The
proposed research is qualitative descriptive character, through which will be sought see which
marketing channels are used by family farmers of the settlement Olga Benário and which
transaction costs imply the choice and use of these channels. The research method adopted is the
Case Study. To carry out the data collection, questionnaires were administered together ten
producers and key community people and interviews with the presidents of the associations. The
type of sampling is not probabilistic typicality and the results show that transaction costs influence
the decision to choose the channels, especially the cost of information on prices and that the
channels levels used by these producers only vary from zero to an intermediary.<br>Considerando a importância da Agricultura Familiar no Brasil e suas características relacionadas a
forma de organização do trabalho e da produção de alimentos e suas inter-relações com o mercado,
este trabalho objetiva descrever os canais de comercialização e a influência dos custos de transação
na escolha dos canais por parte dos produtores do Assentamento Olga Benário localizado no
município de Ipameri-GO. A presente análise é constituída mediante o levantamento de dados
sobre os canais de comercialização utilizados pelos produtores rurais familiares daquela
comunidade, tendo como suporte a fundamentação teórica conceitual da Economia dos Custos de
Transação. A pesquisa proposta é qualitativa de caráter descritivo, por meio da qual buscar-se-á
verificar quais os canais de comercialização são utilizados pelos produtores familiares do
Assentamento Olga Benário e quais os custos de transação implicam na escolha e utilização destes
canais. O método de pesquisa adotado é o Estudo de Caso. Para a realização da coleta de dados,
foram aplicados questionários junto a dez produtores e pessoas chave da comunidade e entrevistas
com os presidentes das associações. O tipo de amostragem é a não probabilística por tipicidade e
os resultados apontam que os custos de transação influenciam na decisão de escolha dos canais,
principalmente o custo de obter informações sobre preços e que os níveis de canais utilizados por
estes produtores variam apenas de zero a um intermediário.
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James, Cathy Leigh. "Gender, class and ethnicity in the organization of neighbourhood and nation, the role of Toronto's settlement houses in the formation of the Canadian state, 1902 to 1914." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/NQ41553.pdf.
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Cunningham, Nancy Jane. "Chilean refugee settlement in Canada : the case of Regina." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/15442.
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Okoye, Lisa. "Changes in hope during skilled worker immigrants early settlement in Canada." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/904.
Full textAbstract:
Skilled worker immigrants can encounter many challenges as they settle in Canada. For individuals facing adversity, hope often helps in facing and overcoming difficulties (Edey & Jevne, 2003). The purpose of this study was to
explore how the hope of skilled worker immigrants changed during their settlement process. Basic qualitative research (Merriam, 2009) informed the study design. Based on thematic analysis of interviews with four skilled worker
immigrants, four meta-themes, referred to as phases, emerged. The findings are represented by these four broad phases, the last phase of which has two alternatives: (1) Arriving with High Hopes and Expectations, (2) Experiences
Challenge Hope, (3) Crossroads: Hope or Hopelessness, and (4A) Getting Stuck in Anger and Sadness or (4B) Choosing Hope and Finding Strength. All participants regained their hope, which appeared closely related to their successful
settlement and functioning. The implications of this research for counselling and policy are discussed.<br>Counselling Psychology
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Okoye, Lisa Sylvia. "Changes in hope during skilled worker immigrants' early settlement in Canada." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/904.
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Thesis (M. Ed.) -- University of Alberta, 2010<br>"A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in Counselling Psychology, Educational Psychology, University of Alberta." Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on January 14, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.
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Drolet, Julie. "What’s at stake? Visions of immigrant settlement in non-metropolitan Canada." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1005.
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Myers, Jeffrey Anthony. "The Institution of Becoming Canadian: A View From the Margins." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43671.
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Combining historical and ethnographic approaches, this thesis explores the relationship between marginality and the Canadian state's organization of national belonging through the technologies of immigration, settlement and citizenship. In the process it reveals how the lives of people who navigate this institution of becoming Canadian from or into marginalized social positions are shaped in complex ways by the relations of ruling underpinning the nation as a whole, such as colonialism, capitalism, and patriarchy. Data-gathering and analysis proceeded from the standpoint of people whose religion, sexuality, "race", gender, or class positioned them in the margins of a textually mediated and hierarchical policy matrix that justified either their outright exclusion or else inclusion on certain conditions. The impact of this arrangement is queried and we find that, while the fact of being Canadian often leads to improvement in life quality, this is in addition to—or even in spite of—the institutional process of becoming Canadian. The institutional process, by contrast, was found to cause things like downgrading, separation, fear, and changed beliefs and behaviours. The study also examined how people deal with this system, including the purposeful acquisition of knowledge or skills, and reliance on support networks among family, friends, and fellow migrants. Finally, some strategies of mitigation (e.g. rule-breaking) are explored. The study concludes by contrasting the institution of becoming Canadian against a universalist philosophy premised on "global citizenship" and the possibility of a world without borders. Unsurprisingly, there is considerable distance between them, but this contrast reveals inspiring areas for resistance, action and change.
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Blair, Susan Elizabeth. "Ancient Wolastoq'kew landscapes : settlement and technology in the lower Saint John River valley, Canada." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=80201&T=F.
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Froese, Marc D. "Power, governance and dispute settlement : an institutional and legal analysis of Canadian membership at the World Trade Organization, 1995-2005 /." 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR32047.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Political Science.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 296-328). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR32047
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Geddie, Katherine Paige. "Transnational Landscapes of Opportunity? Post-graduation Settlement and Career Strategies of International Students in Toronto, Canada and London, UK." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/26526.
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This thesis explores the emerging issue of cities and countries competing for international students as part of market and talent-based economic development strategies. Based on case studies in London, UK and Toronto, Canada, this research draws on interviews with senior policy-makers as well as international students completing their overseas studies to examine three issues.
First, this thesis investigates the process by which similar policies to attract and retain greater numbers of international students have been developed and introduced in both countries. Arguing that these policies are “mobile,” this thesis demonstrates how the competitive interconnectedness of policy-making leads to the transfer of policy ideas from one jurisdiction to another, while also recognizing the mediating role of institutions for contributing to continued geographic differences in the policy landscape regarding international education.
Second, it examines the decision-making process for international graduate students upon the moment of graduation with regard to their settlement and employment strategies. Through a comparison of international students finishing advanced degrees in science and engineering in both sites, it reveals the extent to which students’ plans involve the complex intermingling of personal, professional and (im)migration regulation factors. The confluence of these factors tend to pull students in different geographic directions, indicating that the conventional ‘stay or return’ construct is too simplistic as a framework for understanding students’ future movements. Moreover, the comparison of students’ strategies in the two sites illustrates the differential effect of multi-scalar institutional frameworks in constructing certain types of migrant subjects.
Third, this thesis investigates how career development strategies of international students differ according to broad disciplinary differences. Contrasting the career plans of graduating students in science, engineering, and art and design programs, this research finds that there are key differences in the socio-spatial career strategies held by international students in line with the differentiated knowledge bases literature.
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Xia, Yupei. "An Exploratory Study of Asian Immigrant Youth’s Experiences of Settling into Canada with the Assistance of Youth Settlement Services." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6467.
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Settlement services for immigrants are a relatively new phenomenon in Canada. There is a dearth of research examining the roles of settlement services in the transition process of immigrant youth. Drawn from Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems theory, this interpretive qualitative study explores the experience of Asian immigrant youth who settled in Canada with the assistance of settlement services for youth. This study, conducted in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, involved immigrant youth from China, Korea, and the Philippines, aged 15-24, who participated in semi-structured, audio taped interviews regarding the roles a local settlement services agency (the Victoria Immigrant and Refugee Centre Society) played in their transitions to Canada. Data were analyzed using an iterative thematic analysis approach. The findings contribute to understanding the ecological context of settlement experiences of youth and shed light on challenges and barriers that Asian immigrant youth may experience in smaller, predominantly white, urban centres such as Victoria. The study also yields insight about the impact of settlement services in the acculturative process of Asian immigrant youth. This research offers a theoretical framework that can informs the design of settlement programs and the delivery of programs in practice. The study also supports several recommendations for settlement services that may be useful for the particular agency and for settlement agencies in general.<br>Graduate
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Chaudhuri, Sheel. "Culture and the healthy immigrant effect: a multiethnic study of Canadian immigrants' self-perceived health." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1751.
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I present a qualitative study investigating the self-perceived health of recently arrived Canadian immigrants. The study develops health promotion’s understanding of culture as a social determinant of health, and conceptually locates it within a broader context of psychosocial factors. The study involves semi-structured individual interviews focusing on self-perceived health and well-being. The sample group consists of recently arrived (within the last 10 years) adult immigrants between 23 and 46 years of age, from a variety of cultural backgrounds, who participate with the YMCA Cross Cultural & Community Services’ Host program in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario. I also interview two YMCA settlement program supervisors who discuss health care issues facing Canadian newcomers. Newcomer self-expression contributes to a better understanding of the social and cultural determinants of the Healthy Immigrant Effect. This study represents a theoretically and empirically informed personal examination of Canadian multiculturalism from a public health research perspective.
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Hashimi, Linah Fatimah. "The Role of Family and Faith as Resources within South Asian Muslim Newcomer Communities Settling in Canada." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25653.
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This study examines the psychological and emotional experience of settling in Canada for South Asian Muslim newcomers and the coping systems they use to manage the challenges associated with moving to a new country. Ten South Asian Muslims were interviewed within the Greater Toronto Area. They were posed questions related to the hardships they encountered as they settled in Canada and how they managed those challenges. The data was analyzed using Grounded Theory. A model was developed to illustrate resources used by newcomers to help maintain their mental health and well-being. Upon settling in Canada, the participants experienced psychological stressors and therefore sought help from their Islamic faith, their families, and community services. The combined resources facilitated the immigrants’ resilience and allowed them to maintain a positive outlook towards their immigration experience.
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Krikorian, Jacqueline D. "Judicial review beyond state borders? The impact of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism on legislative and policy arrangements in Canada and the United States." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=94583&T=F.
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Creese, John Laurence. "Deyughnyonkwarakda - "At the Wood's Edge": The Development of the Iroquoian Village in Southern Ontario, A.D. 900-1500." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29694.
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This dissertation explores the origins and development of Northern Iroquoian village life in present-day southern Ontario, from the first appearance of durable domestic architecture in the 10th century A.D., to the formation of large villages and towns in the 15th century A.D. Twenty-five extensively excavated village sites are analyzed in terms of the configuration of exterior and interior space, with a view to placing the social construction of community at the centre of the problem of early village development.
Metric and space-syntax measures of the configuration of outdoor space reveal coordinated developments in the scale of houses and villages, their built-densities, and the structure of exterior accessibility networks, that involved the emergence of a “local-to-global” pattern of order with village growth. Such a pattern, I argue, was experientially consonant with a sequential hierarchy of daily social encounters and interactions that was related to the development of factional groups. Within the longhouse, a similarly “nested” pattern of spatial order and associated social identities emerged early in the history of village development, but was elaborated and ritualized during the later 13th century as the longhouse became the primary body through which political alliances involving village coalescence were negotiated.
I suggest that the progressive extensification of collective social groups associated with longhouse expansions and village coalescences involved the development of “conjoint” personhood and power in a context of predominantly mutualistic village economies and enduring egalitarian ideals. The ritualization of domestic space during this process reveals that the continual production and extension of social group identities – such as the matrilineage – was contingent upon “social work” accomplished through an ongoing generative engagement with the built environment.
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Firang, David. "Transnational Activities and their Impact on Achieving a Successful Housing Career in Canada: The Case of Ghanaian Immigrants in Toronto." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29721.
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Appropriate housing with security of tenure is an important factor in the immigrant settlement and integration process. However, many studies of immigrant settlement and the housing careers of immigrants do so within the borders of a nation-state without reference to transnationalism – immigrants’ ties and cross-border connections with the country of origin. This case study of the transnational ties and housing careers of Ghanaian immigrants in Toronto aims to increase our understanding of one recent immigrant group’s settlement and integration process in Canada. Using a mixed-method approach involving both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, this study explores how transnational housing activities influence the housing careers of Ghanaians in Toronto. The findings include insights into the immigration history and the socio-demographic characteristics of Ghanaians in Toronto; the nature and extent of transnational ties between Ghana and Canada; the nature of housing careers among Ghanaians in Toronto; and the influence of transnationalism on housing careers of Ghanaians in Toronto.
Although Ghanaians’ immigration to Canada dates from the late 1950s, Ghanaians started coming to Canada in noticeable numbers after the 1960s. Ghanaian immigration to Canada generally and to Toronto particularly surged in the 1980s and beyond. Deteriorating economic and political conditions in Ghana and relatively favourable immigration policies and a good economic climate in Canada were the driving forces behind Ghanaian migration to Canada. However, the Ghanaian settlement process in Toronto does not culminate in a complete break with the homeland. Rather, Ghanaians in Toronto have engaged in a range of transnational activities with the country of origin, including contacts with family and friends, travelling to or visiting Ghana, following Ghanaian politics, investing in housing or property in Ghana, running businesses in Ghana, attending funerals in Ghana, and making regular remittances to Ghana.
With respect to Ghanaians’ housing careers, the study reveals that during their initial settlement period, most Ghanaians lived in public subsidized rental housing or poor-quality private rental housing. They considered their housing conditions as inadequate and unsuitable and were not satisfied with their neighbourhood’s safety and security. At the time of the survey, however, respondents were more likely to own homes and were more likely to feel safe and secure in their neighbourhoods. However, housing affordability remains a major problem for Ghanaians in Toronto. With respect to the influence of transnationalism on housing careers of Ghanaians in Toronto, the study finds that transnational housing activities, especially Ghanaians’ attitudes to and preference for investing in housing in Ghana, affect their housing careers in Toronto. Sending regular remittances to Ghana and investing in housing in the homeland involve mobilizing huge financial resources from Toronto to achieving their housing needs in the country of origin, while many Ghanaians struggle to meet their own needs in Toronto. A logistic regression analysis shows that personal income and strong ties with Ghana are statistically significant predictors of investing in housing in Ghana. At the same time, significant predictors of Ghanaians’ propensity to own a house in Canada include loyalty to Canada and household income.
The study contributes conceptually and empirically to three areas of research – transnationalism, housing careers, and immigrant settlement and integration – which hitherto have been studied as separate themes. Conceptually, it breaks away from the traditional way of researching immigrant settlement and housing careers by introducing a new conceptual dimension, transnationalism. Further, this research has added new insights about a recently arrived immigrant group in Toronto. Finally, the study contributes to the social work literature by identifying an emerging field of international social work. It has drawn attention to the fact that in the era of transnationalism, the emergence of a population of migrants whose needs and lives transcend national borders will affect the future of social work research and practice.
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Jackson, Colin. "Settlement, Compromise, and Forgiveness in Canadian Income Tax Law." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/36298.
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This thesis looks at legal mechanisms allowing the non-collection of tax debts in the tax systems of Canada and the United States. The goal is to shed light on the choices made in Canada’s tax collection system by juxtaposing it with the American system. The comparison reveals differences in the ways in which the two jurisdictions allow taxpayers to participate in the tax system and differences in how the two jurisdictions choose to make decisions about the forgiveness of tax debts. Although Canada has generally rejected the idea of compromise within the tax system, there is a tax policy case to be made in favour of the compromise of tax debts in certain situations.
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Wang, Lurong. "Immigration, Literacy, and Mobility: A Critical Ethnographic Study of Well-educated Chinese Immigrants’ Trajectories in Canada." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/27608.
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This dissertation interrogates the deficit assumptions about English proficiency of skilled immigrants who were recruited by Canadian governments between the late 1990s and early 2000s. Through the lens of literacy as social practice, the eighteen-month ethnographic qualitative research explores the sequential experiences of settlement and economic integration of seven well-educated Chinese immigrant professionals. The analytical framework is built on sociocultural approaches to literacy and learning, as well as the theories of discourses and language reproduction. Using multiple data sources (observations, conversational interviews, journal and diary entries, photographs, documents, and artifacts collected in everyday lives), I document many different ways that well-educated Chinese immigrants take advantage of their language and literacy skills in English across several social domains of home, school, job market, and workplace.
Examining the trans-contextual patterning of the participants’ language and literacy activities reveals that immigrant professionals use literacy as assistance in seeking, negotiating, and taking hold of resources and opportunities within certain social settings. However, my data show that their language and literacy engagements might not always generate positive consequences for social networks, job opportunities, and upward economic mobility. Close analyses of processes and outcomes of the participants’ engagements across these discursive discourses make it very clear that the monolithic assumptions of the dominant language shape and reinforce structural barriers by constraining their social participation, decision making, and learning practice, and thereby make literacy’s consequences unpredictable. The deficit model of language proficiency serves the grounds for linguistic stereotypes and economic marginalization, which produces profoundly consequential effects on immigrants’ pathways as they strive for having access to resources and opportunities in the new society.
My analyses illuminate the ways that language and literacy create the complex web of discursive spaces wherein institutional agendas and personal desires are intertwined and collide in complex ways that constitute conditions and processes of social and economic mobility of immigrant populations. Based on these analyses, I argue that immigrants’ successful integration into a host country is not about the mastery of the technical skills in the dominant language. Rather, it is largely about the recognition and acceptance of the value of their language use and literacy practice as they attempt to partake in the globalized new economy.
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Zama, Daisy Mercy Vumile. "The impact of shift from Canaan informal settlement to Quarry Heights formal settlement on the livelihoods of the people." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/7717.
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Apartheid city planning ensured that different races lived separately. Non Whites i.e. Coloureds, Indians and African Blacks were sited far from city centres and from the public amenities closer to the wealthier parts of the city. Black residential settlements in particular, did not have proper:-(i) drainage (ii) roads (iii) libraries (iv) post-offices (v) sports fields (vi) public swimming pool for children (vii) bioscope arena and (viii) old age homes for the senior citizens. The mushrooming of the squatter camps in the Durban Functional area during the 80 's has been an indication that Blacks needed other basic urban infrastructure. They wanted to reside near the city centre where most of them sold their labour. When political violence erupted in the rural areas of KZN (after the unbanning of political organizations, mainly the African National Congress) people moved away from the violence - stricken areas to places near the city where they erected temporary structures, the shacks or "imijondolo ' in the Zulu language. After 1994 the Government of National Unity (the first democratically elected government) came with new initiatives to improve the living conditions in the shack villages. For the first time the Metro City planning policy system took informal settlement into consideration. Through the new government housing approach the poor were granted the housing subsidy which would enable them to own a new home in a place closer to their place of work. Canaan informal settlement could not be upgraded because of the landslide. Instead residents of Canaan were relocated to Quarry Heights where they now have access to proper infrastructure. The community now has access to electricity, clean water, properly constructed roads with streetlights and proper sewerage. This paper demonstrates that the beneficiaries of Quarry Heights have been the rightful recipients of the new product. They now live under improved conditions. The housing project/product of Quarry Heights, it seems has reached the intended target group, which is the poorest of the poor. The state is gradually meeting the needs of the homeless, their wants' are being prioritized and redressed.<br>Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.
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Campbell, Graham Robert. "Mapping community with African-Canadian youth newcomers: Settlement narratives and welcoming communities." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8285.
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Immigration is important to Canada and Canadian society in many ways. Leading the G8 group of countries with the highest proportion of foreign-born population, immigrants make up an important part of the Canadian economy and society (Statistics Canada, 2013). As noted by several authors, much of the literature surrounding newcomer settlement concentrates on either young children or adults, leaving a gap in research into settlement experiences of adolescents (Anisef & Kilbride, 2003; Berry, Phinney, Sam, & Vedder, 2006; Janzen & Ochocka, 2003; Omidvar & Richmond, 2003).
The purpose of this research project is to explore important community places, themes around settlement, and welcoming communities with newcomer youth in the context of stories surrounding maps of their community. The data were collected as part of a larger project exploring engagement of traditionally underrepresented groups in community-based planning practices. Over the course of the three-day African-Canadian Youth Leadership Project in 2011, thirteen immigrant youth participated in leadership and research activities. The current study focuses on data gathered through a cognitive mapping exercise conducted as part of that larger project.
Through thematic narrative analysis of interview transcripts, videos, and maps, major themes of home and family, social places, and support networks emerged as being connected to important places in the context of settlement and the perception of a welcoming community. Issues of safety and exclusion were also raised in participants??? stories. These themes are explored as they connect to place, which grounds a discussion of family connections, social capital, and third places contributing to newcomers??? sense of place, and therefore their experience of places in the community.
The importance of bridging social capital is also illustrated, including the links to places in the community that share characteristics of Oldenburg???s (1999) third places. Leisure settings were prominent examples of such places in newcomer youth???s stories and maps, often as context for social learning, language skill development, and fostering social connections. Findings show support for Seat???s idea of settlement as being conceived of full engagement in the host society, as well as the feeling of fitting in (2000).
Potential benefits of this and similar research include a greater understanding of newcomer youth settlement experiences, contributing to theory and grounding the settlement experience in the concept of place. Issues of bridging social connections and the importance of the community???s role in newcomer engagement might facilitate policy and planning considerations for creating welcoming communities and community places.
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Cunningham, Tim. "Beasts in the Garden City: animals, humans, and settlement on Canada's west coast." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/13373.
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This thesis examines the numerous roles that nonhumans (and especially livestock) played in the creation, maintenance, and reproduction of settler space in the colonial city of Victoria, British Columbia, and details the gradual processes by which city space paradoxically became designated as such through the selective removal of animal life over the turn of the twentieth century. I use extensive archival material, newspaper coverage, and secondary analysis to explore the varied roles nonhumans played in the establishment of settler society, and investigate the ways that animals were paradoxically fundamental and antithetical to modernizing and industrializing settler space across nearly a century of urban history. In the earliest days of colonial settlement, when Victoria was established as a fur-trading post and depot for the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Columbia Department, animals played crucial dispossessive roles in forcibly reorganizing Indigenous territory and establishing settler space, and were indeed vital to the broader British colonizing project. As the city experienced dramatic demographic growth and tightening urban space across two gold rushes in the mid-nineteenth century, Victoria’s livestock faced increased scrutiny from legislators and citizens through the application of the common law category of “public nuisance.” Urban subsistence strategies such as pig-keeping and free-range grazing began to encroach on settler property and offend nascent middle-class ratepayers as the city grew in population and density, causing a selective process of removal, even as some livestock (such as milk-producing cattle) remained vital to many of the city’s households. Yet new understandings of disease transmission and sanitation sparked the gradual removal of domestic milch cows from Victoria’s backyards and lots, as medical scrutiny began to view the city’s dairy supply as a potential vector for the spread of the “White Plague,” bovine tuberculosis. The resulting consolidation of privately-owned and co-operative dairies would largely spell the end to urban livestock husbandry in the city, relocating nonhuman bodies out of sight and out of mind. Meanwhile, the extension of a cattle frontier into the mainland Interior Plateau continued a process of dispossession instigated on Lekwungen territories in Victoria, inflicting devastation on grassland ecologies and Indigenous livelihoods in the arid interior of British Columbia, while the injection of outside capital and advances in transportation, retail and supply chain infrastructure placed consumers at a greater and greater spatial and conceptual divide from the animals with whom they had formerly shared their urban spaces.<br>Graduate<br>2022-08-30