Relevant bibliographies by topics / SgA protein

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Academic literature on the topic 'SgA protein'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "SgA protein"

1

Mazid, Mohd, Rajib Chowdhury, and Fiza Khan. "Evaluation of Chickpea Cultiv ation Approaches in Terms of Environmental Resilience and Future Protein Security." Current Agriculture Research Journal 2, no. 2 (November 19, 2014): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.2.2.07.

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The commercial growth in chickpea production for exportation purposes is not keeping pace with increasing demand for protein and protein derived products. In this concern, a pot experiment was conducted under field conditions during winter 2013-2014 at Botany department, AMU, Aligarh, India. Treatment consists of (1) FW (2) FP (3) FS (4) FPS (5) SGA (6) SGA+FP (7) SGA+FS (8) SGA+FPS (9) FGA (10) FGAP (11) FGAS (12) FGAPS (13) SGA+FGA (14) SGA+FGAP9 (15) SGA+FGAS (16) SGA+FGAPS. Before sowing, the seeds of chickpea are soaked for 8 h in 10-6M GA3. After 60 and 70 days of sowing, the plants were sprayed with 10-6MGA3 along with 2 kg P and /or S/ha in equal splits. Performance of the crop was assessed especially in terms of nodule number per plant, nitrate reductase activity (NR), nitrogenase (N-ase) two most significant N-fixing enzymes, leghaemoglobin content (Lb), pod weight per plant, seed yield per plant, and seed protein content. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content in leaves were influenced almost non-significantly due to applied P and S level. Treatment (16) SGA+FGAPS proved best, it enhanced NR by 22.37% and 22.46%; Lb by 206.113 and 215.38% respectively at 90 and 100 DAS. Seed yield per plant and seed protein content enhanced by 86 and 21% by the same treatment at harvest without compromising the N-fixing activity.
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Yu, Gang, Changxing Li, Lei Zhang, Guangtao Zhu, Shoaib Munir, Caixue Shi, Hongyan Zhang, et al. "An allelic variant of GAME9 determines its binding capacity with the GAME17 promoter in the regulation of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in tomato." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 9 (January 14, 2020): 2527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa014.

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Abstract Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules found in the family Solanaceae. SGA content varies among different plant species and varieties. However, the genetic mechanisms regulating SGA content remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that genetic variation in GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 9 (GAME9) is responsible for the variation in SGA content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). During a sequential analysis we found a 1 bp substitution in the AP2/ERF binding domain of GAME9. The 1 bp substitution in GAME9 was significantly associated with high SGA content and determined the binding capacity of GAME9 with the promoter of GAME17, a core SGA biosynthesis gene. The high-SGA GAME9 allele is mainly present in S. pimpinellifolium and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme populations and encodes a protein that can bind the GAME17 promoter. In contrast, the low-SGA GAME9 allele is mainly present in the big-fruited varieties of S. lycopersicum and encodes a protein that shows weak binding to the GAME17 promoter. Our findings provide new insight into the regulation of SGA biosynthesis and the factors that affect the accumulation of SGA in tomato.
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Frampton, R. J., H. A. Jonas, and R. G. Larkins. "Increased secretion of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins and decreased secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II by muscle from growth-retarded neonatal rats." Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 1 (July 1991): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1300033.

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ABSTRACT Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) may be important factors in the control of neonatal growth. We have examined the production, in vitro, of IGFBPs and IGFs by hindlimb skeletal muscle from normal and small-for-gestational age (SGA) neonatal rats. Conditioned medium was collected from muscle strips after incubation at 37 °C for 2 h in Ham's F-12 medium. The conditioned medium was subjected to acid-gel permeation chromatography to separate IGFBPs from IGFs. The binding of 125I-labelled IGF-I to IGFBPs from both control and SGA muscle was displaced equipotently by IGF-I and IGF-II and not at all by insulin. IGFBPs from control and SGA muscles bound IGF-I with comparable affinities (Kd = 0·071 and 0·069 nmol/l respectively). When IGF-II was used as tracer, neither IGF-I nor insulin competed for binding. Western ligand blots of IGFBPs in conditioned media from both control and SGA muscles showed three bands of radioactivity at molecular masses equivalent to 24, 30 and 40 kDa. When the release of IGFBPs by muscle tissue in vitro was quantified by measuring the number of IGF-I binding sites in acid-fractionated medium it was apparent that the muscles from SGA pups secreted significantly more IGFBPs (39·3±7·5 fmol/mg muscle protein per 2 h) than the muscles from control pups (17·8±2·7 fmol/mg protein per 2 h; P < 0·05). In contrast to the IGFBPs, more IGF activity was secreted by the muscles from the control pups (61·1±15·6 fmol/mg muscle protein per 2 h) than the muscles from the SGA pups (12·6±5·8 fmol/mg muscle protein per 2 h; P < 0·05). Analysis of the IGF activity with assays specific for IGF-I and IGF-II showed that both SGA and control muscles secreted predominantly IGF-II with approximately 10% of the total IGF activity measurable as IGF-I. This differential secretion of IGFBPs and IGFs may be associated with the reduced growth potential of the SGA neonate. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 130, 33–42
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Tirmenstajn-Jankovic, Biserka, and Nada Dimkovic. "Simple methods for nutritional status assessment in patients treated with repeated hemodialysis." Medical review 57, no. 9-10 (2004): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0410439t.

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Introduction Protein-energy malnutrition is common in chronic hemodialysis patients and is strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality. While determination of the nutritional status is often based on objective measurements such as biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements, there is no single measurement that can reliably identify risk for malnutrition. Material and methods A subjective global assessment (SGA) was performed to evaluate the nutritional status in 43 chronic dialysis patients (27 men and 16 women). Anthropometric measurements including body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), skin-fold thickness (triceps-TS, biceps-BS, subscapular-SSS, suprailiac-SIS), mid-arm circumference (MAC); mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC); body fat percentage (%BF); total body fat (TBF); lean body mass (LBM) and laboratory parameters (total proteins, albumins, transferrin, hemoglobin, lymphocytes. Results According to SGA, patients were divided into three groups: first group of 23 pts with a normal nutritional status, second group of 11 pts with mild malnutrition and third group of 9 pts with moderate or severe malnutrition. In examined groups there was a significant decrease in total protein (p = 0.02), serum albumin (p = 0.000) and hemoglobin (p = 0.04) levels with an increase in SGA scores (oneway ANOVA). In the same way, SGA was correlated with the number of anthropometric parameters (BW, BMI, TS, SSS, SIS, MAC, MAMC, % BF, TBF, LBM). Conclusion Our data confirmed a high prevalence of malnutrition in hemodialysis patients and showed that SGA closely correlated with more objective measures. Being an inexpensive method of well-proven realibility, SGA can be recommended for a more frequent assessment of nutritional status in dialysis patients.
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Putadechakum, Supanee, Theerawut Klangjareonchai, Arpussanee Soponsaritsuk, and Chulaporn Roongpisuthipong. "Nutritional Status Assessment in Cirrhotic Patients after Protein Supplementation." ISRN Gastroenterology 2012 (December 4, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/690402.

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Background. Protein supplementation has been shown to be effective for the treatment of malnourished patients with liver cirrhosis. The parameters used to assess nutritional improvement in cirrhotic patients for such treatment are important. Objective. To evaluate the parameters for assessment of nutritional status in patients with liver cirrhosis after protein supplementation. Material and Method. A cross-sectional, prospective clinical trial with 22 cirrhotic patients was performed. Data from anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, subjective global assessment (SGA), and visceral protein were gathered and analyzed to assess nutritional improvement after protein supplementation. Results. Twenty-two cirrhotic patients (mean age years; 54.5% male; 63.6% alcoholic cirrhosis; 63.6% Child-Pugh C) were recruited. After protein supplementation, a significant improvement was demonstrated in the SGA class A from 10 patients (45.5%) to 16 (72.7%) and 18 (81.8%) at the 4th and 8th weeks, respectively. Body weight, body mass index, and lean muscle mass were significantly increased from baseline at the 8th week. No significant change in other nutritional parameters was observed. Conclusions. The SGA and lean muscle mass were significant parameters in order to assess nutritional status in cirrhotic patients after protein supplementation.
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Darcie, Silvana, and Cléa Rodrigues Leone. "The role of serum and urinary urea in the evaluation of enteral protein intake in adequate and small-for-gestational-age very low birth weight infants." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 123, no. 6 (December 2005): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802005000600002.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants have special nutritional needs. There is a current tendency to individualize their protein needs. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of serum and urinary urea as indicators for protein intake in adequate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) VLBW infants. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study in the nursery attached to the Maternity Ward of the "Prof. Pedro de Alcântara" Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Seventy-two VLBW infants (mean protein intake = 3.7 mg/kg/day) were enrolled in a prospective cohort study in two groups: AGA (n = 34) and SGA (n = 38). Blood samples, six-hour urine (6hUr) collections and urine sample tests (STUr) were obtained for urea and creatinine assays at three and five weeks of life. Statistical analysis: Student's t test, Pearson correlation and linear regression (p < 0.05). RESULTS: There were no differences between groups for serum urea, 6hUr and STUr, or between two assessments within each group. Serum urea correlated with 6hUr in both AGA and SGA, and to STUr in SGA; 6hUr correlated with STUr in both AGA and SGA. There was no correlation between protein intake and serum or urine urea. CONCLUSIONS: Serum and urinary urea did not reflect protein intake when mean intakes of 3.7 g/kg/day were used. Sample tests of urinary urea can be as reliable as urea from urine collected over longer periods.
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Chan, Patricia Y. L., Jonathan M. Morris, Garth I. Leslie, Patrick J. Kelly, and Eileen D. M. Gallery. "The Long-Term Effects of Prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Restriction on Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Function." International Journal of Pediatrics 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/280402.

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Objective. To determine relative influences of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth on risks of cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic dysfunction in adolescent children.Study Design. Retrospective cohort study. 71 periadolescent children were classified into four groups: premature small for gestational age (SGA), premature appropriate for gestational age (AGA), term SGA, and term AGA.Outcome Measures. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), augmentation index (Al), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) following protein load; plasma glucose and serum insulin levels.Results. SGA had higher SBP (average 4.6 mmHg) and lower GFR following protein load (average 28.5 mL/min/1.73 m2) than AGA. There was no effect of prematurity on SBP (P=.4) or GFR (P=.9). Both prematurity and SGA were associated with higher AI (average 9.7%) and higher serum insulin levels 2 hr after glucose load (average 15.5 mIU/L) than all other groups.Conclusion. IUGR is a more significant risk factor than preterm birth for later systolic hypertension and renal dysfunction. Among children born preterm, those who are also SGA are at increased risk of arterial stiffness and metabolic dysfunction.
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LeBlanc, Marissa A., and Christopher R. McMaster. "Surprising roles for phospholipid binding proteins revealed by high throughput geneticsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue entitled “Second International Symposium on Recent Advances in Basic, Clinical, and Social Medicine” and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 88, no. 4 (August 2010): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o09-171.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains an ideal organism for studying the cell biological roles of lipids in vivo, as yeast has phospholipid metabolic pathways similar to mammalian cells, is easy and economical to manipulate, and is genetically tractable. The availability of isogenic strains containing specific genetic inactivation of each non-essential gene allowed for the development of a high-throughput method, called synthetic genetic analysis (SGA), to identify and describe precise pathways or functions associated with specific genes. This review describes the use of SGA to aid in elucidating the function of two lipid-binding proteins that regulate vesicular transport, Sec14 and Kes1. Sec14 was first identified as a phosphatidylcholine (PC) – phosphatidylinositol (PI) transfer protein required for viability, with reduced Sec14 function resulting in diminished vesicular transport out of the trans-Golgi. Although Sec14 is required for cell viability, inactivating the KES1 gene that encodes for a member of the oxysterol binding protein family in cells lacking Sec14 function results in restoration of vesicular transport and cell growth. SGA analysis identified a role for Kes1 and Sec14 in regulating the level and function of Golgi PI-4-phosphate (PI-4-P). SGA also determined that Sec14 not only regulates vesicular transport out of the trans-Golgi, but also transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi. Comparing SGA screens in databases, coupled with genetic and cell biological analyses, further determined that the PI-4-P pool affected by Kes1 is generated by the PI 4-kinase Pik1. An important biological role for Sec14 and Kes1 revealed by SGA is coordinate regulation of the Pik1-generated Golgi PI-4-P pool that in turn is essential for vesicular transport into and out of the trans-Golgi.
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Shibata, Eiji, Augustine Rajakumar, Robert W. Powers, Robert W. Larkin, Carol Gilmour, Lisa M. Bodnar, William R. Crombleholme, Roberta B. Ness, James M. Roberts, and Carl A. Hubel. "Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 Is Increased in Preeclampsia But Not in Normotensive Pregnancies with Small-for-Gestational-Age Neonates: Relationship to Circulating Placental Growth Factor." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 4895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1955.

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Context: An excess of the soluble receptor, fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) may contribute to maternal vascular dysfunction in women with preeclampsia by binding and thereby reducing concentrations of free vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor (PlGF) in the circulation. The putative stimulus for increased sFlt-1 during preeclampsia, placental hypoxia due to poor perfusion, is common to both preeclampsia and idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction. However, the latter condition occurs without maternal vascular disease. Objective: We asked whether, as with preeclampsia, sFlt-1 is increased and free PlGF is decreased in villous placenta and maternal serum of normotensive women with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates. Study Design: This was a case-control study using banked samples. Groups of women with SGA neonates (birth weight centile &lt; 10th) and women with preeclampsia were matched to separate sets of normal pregnancy controls based on gestational age at blood sampling (serum) or gestational age at delivery (placenta). Results: sFlt-1 levels were higher in preeclamptics than controls (serum, P &lt; 0.0001; placental protein, P = 0.03; placental mRNA, P = 0.007) but not increased in SGA pregnancies. PlGF was lower in both preeclampsia (serum, P &lt; 0.0001; placental protein, P = 0.05) and SGA (serum, P = 0.0008; placental protein, P = 0.03) compared with their controls. PlGF in preeclampsia and SGA groups did not differ. Conclusions: These data are consistent with a role for sFlt-1 in the maternal manifestations of preeclampsia. In contrast to preeclampsia, sFlt-1 does not appear to contribute substantially to decreased circulating free PlGF in SGA pregnancies in the absence of a maternal syndrome.
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Mayer, Melanie L., Isabelle Pot, Michael Chang, Hong Xu, Victoria Aneliunas, Teresa Kwok, Rick Newitt, et al. "Identification of Protein Complexes Required for Efficient Sister Chromatid Cohesion." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 4 (April 2004): 1736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-08-0619.

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Ctf8p is a component of Ctf18-RFC, an alternative replication factor C-like complex required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We performed synthetic genetic array (SGA) analysis with a ctf8 deletion strain as a primary screen to identify other nonessential genes required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion. We then assessed proficiency of cohesion at three chromosomal loci in strains containing deletions of the genes identified in the ctf8 SGA screen. Deletion of seven genes (CHL1, CSM3, BIM1, KAR3, TOF1, CTF4, and VIK1) resulted in defective sister chromatid cohesion. Mass spectrometric analysis of immunoprecipitated complexes identified a physical association between Kar3p and Vik1p and an interaction between Csm3p and Tof1p that we confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation from cell extracts. These data indicate that synthetic genetic array analysis coupled with specific secondary screens can effectively identify protein complexes functionally related to a reference gene. Furthermore, we find that genes involved in mitotic spindle integrity and positioning have a previously unrecognized role in sister chromatid cohesion.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SgA protein"

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Cordeiro, Melina Aparecida 1984. "Fimbria curli : adesão de Escherichia coli associada à cistite humana em células de carcinoma de bexiga humana (HTB-9)." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317301.

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Orientador: Tomomasa Yano
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Mestrado
Microbiologia
Mestra em Genética e Biologia Molecular
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Voll, Sarah. "Functional Genetic Analysis Reveals Intricate Roles of Conserved X-box Elements in Yeast Transcriptional Regulation." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30168.

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Understanding the functional impact of physical interactions between proteins and DNA on gene expression is important for developing approaches to correct disease-associated gene dysregulation. I conducted a systematic, functional genetic analysis of protein-DNA interactions in the promoter region of the yeast ribonucleotide reductase subunit gene RNR3. I measured the transcriptional impact of systematically perturbing the major transcriptional regulator, Crt1, and three X-box sites on the DNA known to physically bind Crt1. This analysis revealed interactions between two of the three X-boxes in the presence of Crt1, and unexpectedly, a significant functional role of the X-boxes in the absence of Crt1. Further analysis revealed Crt1- independent regulators of RNR3 that were impacted by X-box perturbation. Taken together, these results support the notion that higher-order X-box-mediated interactions are important for RNR3 transcription, and that the X-boxes have unexpected roles in the regulation of RNR3 transcription that extend beyond their interaction with Crt1.
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Olsson, Björne. "Protein Expression in Baltic Sea Blue Mussels Exposed to Natural and Anthropogenic Stress : The use of stress inducible proteins in ecotoxicological studies." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Systems Ecology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-542.

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The focus of this thesis is the early detection of stress in the environment. It has been proposed that studies on the cellular level would detect stress reactions earlier in time compared to common physiological methods. In a series of experiments we investigated how different stress factors, both natural and introduced by man, affect levels of stress proteins. One- and two-dimensional gels were used to determine individual proteins and families of proteins. The two-dimensional gels were also used in a proteomic approach, were the presence and absence of proteins after treatment was observed, and the protein expression signatures (PES) were identified.

Baltic Mytilus edulis was used in all experiments and it is evident that earlier observed differences in physiological rates and pollution sensitivity, compared to marine mussels, is also manifested as lower concentrations of stress proteins after exposure to copper and cadmium. When the Baltic mussels were allowed to acclimate for one month the difference decreased, suggesting an environmentally induced difference (paper I). Pre-exposure to heat before exposure to either a second heat-shock or cadmium was found to enhance the levels of HSP70 and thus tolerance, significantly (paper II). Exposure to a mixture of stress factors (PCB, copper and lowered salinity) revealed synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects in induction of 6 different stress proteins. When analyzing a large number of proteins it was shown that it is possible to identify PES with this technique, and we hypothesize that it could be possible to separate responses to mixtures of stress factors (Papers III and IV). Different techniques were also applied to analyze the protein expression pattern when mussels were exposed to PAH- and PCB-fractions extracted from Baltic Sea sediments. In this experiment the protein assays were accompanied by physiological measurements. All methods indicated stressed conditions, but the variation between individual mussels within treatments was smaller in terms of protein response than for physiological parameters (paper V). It is concluded that measuring the induction of stress proteins is a reliable way to detect stressful conditions. Proteins visualized on a one dimensional gel give a “gross” picture of an organism’s condition. The major challenge is to identify the origin and severity of the elucidated stress response. Further mapping of two-dimensional gels suggested that protein patterns are specific to type and level of stress.

A most important future step is to establish links between sub-cellular protein response to well known physiological effects. This should include long term experiments where altered protein expression signatures are linked to life history characteristics like survival, growth and reproductive success.

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Olsson, Björne. "Protein expression in Baltic Sea blue mussels exposed to natural and anthropogenic stress : the use of stress inducible proteins in ecotoxicological studies /." Stockholm : Dept. of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-542.

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Lannergård, Anders. "Serum Amyloid A Protein (SAA) in Healthy and Infected Individuals." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5774.

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Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) is an acute phase protein that has recently gained increasing interest as a potential marker for disease and treatment monitoring. We investigated SAA and CRP levels in (a) patients with various common infectious diseases (n=98), (b) patients with pyelonephritis (n=37) versus patients with cystitis (n=32), (c) healthy individuals of varying ages (n=231), (d) very immature newborn infants with or without nosocomial infections (NIs) (n=72) and (e) patients with bacterial infections treated with cefuroxime (n=81).

SAA significantly correlated with CRP in viral as well as in bacterial infections (for the total group: r2=0.757, p<0.0001) and showed a systemic inflammatory response in 90% of the patients with cystitis as compared with 23% for CRP. Equally high efficiencies (0.96 and 0.94 for SAA and CRP, respectively) were observed in discriminating between pyelonephritis and cystitis. SAA and high sensitive (hs) CRP were lower in umbilical cords (p<0.0001) and higher in elderly adults (p<0.0001-0.03) than in the other age groups; higher in immature newborn infants than in term infants; and higher in the NI group than in the non-NI group. Interindividual variabilities of the time course of the biomarkers SAA and CRP were considerable. Because of the smoothed distribution of SAA and CRP (i.e. elevations were both essentially unchanged during the first 3 days of cefuroxime treatment), these markers were not useful when deciding parenteral-oral switch of therapy, which occurred within this time period in most cases.

SAA is a sensitive systemic marker in cystitis. SAA and hsCRP in umbilical cord blood are close to the detection limit and increase with age. They increase in relation to NI in very immature newborn infants and might therefore be used in diagnosis and monitoring. Finally, SAA and CRP in adults with bacterial infections could not predict an early parenteral-oral switch of antimicrobial therapy.

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Shea, Laura R. "Identification of the Sea Urchin Egg Myosin Binding Protein Gene." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu999192081.

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Thompson, Luke. "The identification and investigation of neurochondrin as a novel interactor of the survival of motor neuron protein, through analysis of the interactomes of Sm family proteins and cell fractionation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16154.

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Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative, inherited disease caused by an insufficient amount of functional Survival of Motor Neurone protein (SMN), though the exact mechanism underlying this is not fully understood. The primary function of SMN is assembling a ring of Sm proteins around small nuclear RNA (snRNA) in an early, cytoplasmic stage of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) biogenesis, a process essential in eukaryotes. SMN, together with several mRNA binding proteins, has been linked to neural transport of mRNA towards areas of growth in Motor neurons for local translation of transcripts. Previous research in our group has found that this may involve Coatomer protein-containing vesicles transported by Dynein and requiring the Sm family protein, SmB, for maintenance. Little is known, however, about what other proteins are also present and required for correct transport and localisation of these vesicles. To further investigate this, we have produced plasmids expressing each Sm protein tagged to fluorescent proteins to help track their behaviour, in some cases for the first time, and developed a detergent-free fractionation protocol to enrich for SMN containing vesicles, providing tools that can be used to further probe behaviour and interactions in the future. Using these approaches, SmN, a neural specific Sm protein, was identified to also be present in SMN-containing vesicles similarly to SmB. Analysis of the interactomes of different Sm proteins identified a novel interactor of SMN, Neurochondrin (NCDN), that appears to be required for the correct localisation of SMN in neural cells. NCDN was found to not associate with snRNPs, indicating an snRNP-independent interaction with SMN. NCDN and SMN both independently associated and co-enriched with Rab5, indicating a potential endocytic and cell polarity role for the interaction. This interaction has the potential to be key in SMA pathology and may have therapeutic potential.
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Sullivan, Katherine B. "Replacement of fish meal by alternative protein sources in diets for juvenile black sea bass." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/sullivank/katherinesullivan.pdf.

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Shi, Dingding. "Defining the Roles of p300/CBP (CREB Binding Protein) and S5a in p53 Polyubiquitination, Degradation and DNA Damage Responses: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2010. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/452.

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p53, known as the “guardian of the genome”, is the most well-characterized tumor suppressor gene. The central role of p53 is to prevent genome instability. p53 is the central node in an incredibly elaborate genome defense network for receiving various input stress signals and controlling diverse cellular responses. The final output of this network is determined not only by the p53 protein itself, but also by other p53 cooperating proteins. p300 and CBP (CREB-Binding Protein) act as multifunctional regulators of p53 via acetylase and ubiquitin ligase activities. Prior work in vitro has shown that the N-terminal 595 aa of p300 encode both generic ubiquitin ligase (E3) and p53-directed E4 functions. Analysis of p300 or CBP-deficient cells revealed that both coactivators were required for endogenous p53 polyubiquitination and the normally rapid turnover of p53 in unstressed cells. Unexpectedly, p300/CBP ubiquitin ligase activities were absent in nuclear extracts and exclusively cytoplasmic. In the nucleus, CBP and p300 exhibited differential regulation of p53 gene target expression, C-terminal acetylation, and biologic response after DNA damage. p300 activated, and CBP repressed, PUMA expression, correlating with activating acetylation of p53 C-terminal lysines by p300, and a repressive acetylation of p53 lysine-320 induced by CBP. Consistent with their gene expression effects, CBP deficiency augmented, and p300 deficiency blocked, apoptosis after doxorubicin treatment. Subcellular compartmentalization of p300/CBP’s ubiquitination and transcription activities reconciles seemingly opposed functions—cytoplasmic p300/CBP E4 activities ubiquitinate and destabilize p53, while nuclear p300/CBP direct p53 acetylation, target gene activation, and biological outcome after genotoxic stress. p53 is a prominent tumor suppressor gene and it is mutated in more than 50% of human tumors. Reactivation of endogenous p53 is one therapeutic avenue to stop cancer cell growth. In this thesis, we have identified S5as a critical regulator of p53 degradation and activity. S5a is a non-ATPase subunit in the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome. Our preliminary data indicates that S5a is required for p53 instability and is a negative regulator of p53 tranactivation. As a negative regulator of p53, S5a may therefore also represent a new target for cancer drug development against tumors that specifically maintain wild type p53.
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Lannergård, Anders. "Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in healthy and infected individuals /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5774.

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Books on the topic "SgA protein"

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Soong, Kua Kia. The Chinese schools of Malaysia: A protean saga. 4th ed. Kajang, Selangor D.E. [i.e. Selangor Darul Ehsan], Malaysia: Malaysian Centre for Ethnic Studies, New Era College, 2008.

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The Chinese schools of Malaysia: A protean saga. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: United Chinese School Committees Association of Malaysia, 1985.

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Soong, Kua Kia. The Chinese schools of Malaysia: A protean saga. 2nd ed. Kuala Lumpur: Resource and Research Centre, Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall, 1990.

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Ito, Misa Anne. Synthesis of serum proteins in the liver and quantitation of a specific serum protein, AS, throughout the life cycle of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.

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Lanier, Tyre. Menhaden: Soybean of the sea. Raleigh, N.C: UNC Sea Grant College Program, 1985.

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The Case: SBA failure to protect 8(a) contractor combating fraud. North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace, 2012.

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Wolfe, Gordon V. Accumulation of dissolved DMSP by marine bacteria and its degradation via bacterivory. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Hill, Douglas, 1925 August 2-, Bowman Malcolm J, Khinda Jagtar S, and Coasts, Oceans, Ports and Rivers Institute (American Society of Civil Engineers), eds. Storm surge barriers to protect New York City: Against the deluge. Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013.

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Fire across the sea: The Vietnam War and Japan, 1965-1975. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1987.

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Agency, Scottish Fisheries Protection. To protect our sea fisheries: This is the task of the Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency. [Edinburgh]: HMSO, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "SgA protein"

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Giudice, Giovanni. "Protein Synthesis." In The Sea Urchin Embryo, 123–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70431-4_6.

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Collas, Philippe. "Sea Urchin Nuclear Envelope Assembly In Vitro." In Lipid and Protein Traffic, 245–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51463-0_22.

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Santoro, Massimo Mattia, and Giovanni Gaudino. "The Constitutive Activation of MET, RON and SEA Genes Induces Different Biological Responses." In Interacting Protein Domains, 207–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60848-3_30.

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Syversen, P. V., K. Sletten, and G. Husby. "Evolutionary Aspects of Protein SAA." In Amyloid and Amyloidosis 1990, 111–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3284-8_28.

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Malmendier, C. L., and J. P. Ameryckx. "Apoprotein S Versus SAA Protein." In Lipid Metabolism and Its Pathology, 31–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2445-4_4.

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Sakai, Hikoichi, Kunihiro Ohta, Masaru Toriyama, and Sachiko Endo. "Calcium in Mitosis: Role of 51-kD Protein in the Centrosome of Sea Urchin Egg in Aster Formation." In Calcium Protein Signaling, 471–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5679-0_50.

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Melnyk, Oleg, Claire Simonneau, and Jérôme Vicogne. "Protein Chemical Synthesis by SEA Ligation." In Chemical Ligation, 89–123. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119044116.ch2.

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Sack, George H. "Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Proteins." In Subcellular Biochemistry, 421–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41769-7_17.

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Tanoue, Eiichiro. "Proteins in the Sea — Synthesis." In Dynamics and Characterization of Marine Organic Matter, 383–463. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1319-1_18.

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Bailly, Xavier, and Serge N. Vinogradov. "The Bilatarian Sea Urchin and the Radial Starlet Sea Anemone Globins Share Strong Homologies with Vertebrate Neuroglobins." In Dioxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins, 191–201. Milano: Springer Milan, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0807-6_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "SgA protein"

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Cuppoletti, John. "Composite Synthetic Membranes Containing Native and Engineered Transport Proteins." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-449.

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Our membrane transport protein laboratory has worked with material scientists, computational chemists and electrical and mechanical engineers to design bioactuators and sensing devices. The group has demonstrated that it is possible to produce materials composed native and engineered biological transport proteins in a variety of synthetic porous and solid materials. Biological transport proteins found in nature include pumps, which use energy to produce gradients of solutes, ion channels, which dissipate ion gradients, and a variety of carriers which can either transport substances down gradients or couple the uphill movement of substances to the dissipation of gradients. More than one type of protein can be reconstituted into the membranes to allow coupling of processes such as forming concentration gradients with ion pumps and dissipating them with an ion channel. Similarly, ion pumps can provide ion gradients to allow the co-transport of another substance. These systems are relevant to bioactuation. An example of a bioactuator that has recently been developed in the laboratory was based on a sucrose-proton exchanger coupled to a proton pump driven by ATP. When coupled together, the net reaction across the synthetic membrane was ATP driven sucrose transport across a flexible membrane across a closed space. As sucrose was transported, net flow of water occurred, causing pressure and deformation of the membrane. Transporters are regulated in nature. These proteins are sensitive to voltage, pH, sensitivity to a large variety of ligands and they can be modified to gain or lose these responses. Examples of sensors include ligand gated ion channels reconstituted on solid and permeable supports. Such sensors have value as high throughput screening devices for drug screening. Other sensors that have been developed in the laboratory include sensors for membrane active bacterial products such as the anthrax pore protein. These materials can be self assembled or manufactured by simple techniques, allowing the components to be stored in a stable form for years before (self) assembly on demand. The components can be modified at the atomic level, and are composed of nanostructures. Ranges of sizes of structures using these components range from the microscopic to macroscopic scale. The transport proteins can be obtained from natural sources or can be produced by recombinant methods from the genomes of all kingdoms including archea, bacteria and eukaryotes. For example, the laboratory is currently studying an ion channel from a thermophile from deep sea vents which has a growth optimum of 90 degrees centigrade, and has membrane transport proteins with very high temperature stability. The transport proteins can also be genetically modified to produce new properties such as activation by different ligands or transport of new substances such as therapeutic agents. The structures of many of these proteins are known, allowing computational chemists to help understand and predict the transport processes and to guide the engineering of new properties for the transport proteins and the composite membranes. Supported by DARPA and USARMY MURI Award and AFOSR.
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Brincat, Mark, Tiffany Buhagiar, Sharon Falzon, Sabrina Ariff, Simona Bugeja, James Mark Debono, Yves Muscat Baron, and Neville Calleja. "597 Mismatch repair protein expression defects in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma." In ESGO SoA 2020 Conference Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-esgo.214.

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Davidovic, Vesna, Bojan Stojanovic, Predrag Perisic, Slavica Aleksic, Ivana Bozickovic, and Renata Relic. "ISPITIVANJE VREDNOSTI POKAZATELJA ENERGETSKOG I PROTEINSKOG STATUSA MLEČNIH KRAVA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.259d.

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The aim of this study was to examine the values of energy and protein status indicators of Holstein Frisian dairy cows in different production periods (20 days before calving, 30th and 90th day of lactation period). The study included 76 clinical healthy cows, which were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisted (n = 38) of pregnant heifers (or cows in first lactation after calving), and the second group (n = 38) consisted of cows calved multiple times (cows from second to fourth lactation). The results indicate that average concentration of glucose, albumins and urea at both groups in all phases of investigation are not significantly different in tested specimens (p>0.05). β-hydroxybutyrate concentration (BHBA) at pregnant individuals in late pregnancy period was statistically lower than 30th and 90th day of lactation, with p<0.05 at first and p<0.01 at second group. Lower values of total proteins at both groups were recorded 20 days before calving relative to lactation period, with statistical signifikante at p<0.01 for the first and p<0.05 for the second group. Heifers’ blood globulin concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) relative to values determined after calving, during lactation period. Multiparous cows before calving also had lower average values of globulin, but differences were not significant.
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Aditya Prayudi, Pande Kadek, I. Nyoman Gede Budiana, and Ketut Suwiyoga. "54 Diagnostic accuracy of serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 for ovarian cancer." In ESGO SoA 2020 Conference Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-esgo.97.

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Skala, Melissa C., Nirmala Ramanujam, Kristin M. Riching, Kristin M. Vrotsos, Damian K. Bird, Annette Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and Kevin W. Eliceiri. "In vivo Multiphoton Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Free and Protein-bound NADH in Normal and Pre-cancerous Epithelia." In Biomedical Topical Meeting. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bio.2006.sg3.

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Stajic, Slavisa, and Dusan Zivkovic. "HEMIJSKI SASTAV I SENZORNA SVOJSTVA FRANKFURTERA SA BILJNIM ULJIMA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.467s.

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Emulsified sausages (e.g. frankfurters, mortadella) are well-known and widely consumed meat products. The aim of this experiment was to examine the impact of the substitution of various proportions of fatty tissue (20%, 60% and 100%) with emulsions (with soy protein isolate) of grapeseed and pumpkin seed oil on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of frankfurters. We determined that the higher share of plant oils in the mixture led to a progressive increase in the moisture and protein contents, whereas the fat content decreased. The type and amount of oil in the batches had a significant impact on sensory evaluation results, with pumpkin seed oil having a more pronounced impact – frankfurters where 100% of the fatty tissue was substituted with pumpkin seed oil emulsion were unacceptable for consumers.
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Van-Hoa Nguyen, Alexandre Cornu, and Dominique Lavenier. "Implementing protein seed-based comparison algorithm on the SGI RASC-100 platform." In Distributed Processing (IPDPS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipdps.2009.5161206.

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Loddé, Brice, Richard Pougnet, Quentin Durand-Moreau, and Jean-Dominique Dewitte. "347 Occupational contact dermatitis from protein in sea products: differences between 2 populations." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.156.

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Doskovic, Vladimir, Snežana Bogosavljevic-Boškovic, Zdenka Škrbic, Miloš Lukic, Simeon Rakonjac, Veselin Petricevic, and Dejan Beukovic. "EFEKAT ENZIMA PROTEAZE NA PRINOS I UDEO JESTIVIH PRATEĆIH PROIZVODA KLANJA PILIĆA HIBRIDA MASTER GRIS." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.269d.

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The effect of supplemental protease (Ronozyme ProAct) in broiler diet on the weights and percentage yields of slaughter by-products of male and female medium-growing Master Gris broiler chickens was analysed. Fattening period lasted for 63 days. Broilers were assigned to 3 experimental groups, each consisting of 100 birds. Experimental groups differed in protease levels used in their diets: control broilers (C) received complete feeds (starter, grower and finisher) without supplemental protease; chickens in the experimental group E-I were given a diet containing 0.2% protease and crude protein levels reduced by 4% compared with the control group, whereas experimental E-II broilers were fed a diet supplemented with 0.3% protease and containing crude protein levels reduced by 6% compared with C birds. The analysis of the results showed that feeding treatments had a very small effect on the weights and proportion yields of edible by-products (with difference only in the percentage yield of liver relative to live weight between C and E-I broilers, P<0.05), whereas sex was found to affect almost all slaughter by-products (except abdominal fat weight and the percentage yield of gizzard relative to live weight, P>0.05).
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Bojovic, Biljana, Milica Kanjevac, and Dragana Jakovljevic. "EFEKAT PRAJMIRANJA SEMENA PŠENICE (Triticum aestivum L.) NA SADRŽAJ FOTOSINTETSKIH PIGMENATA I UKUPNIH SOLUBILNIH PROTEINA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.401b.

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In this paper, effect of different priming treatments in the pregerminative phase of wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) on the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and total soluble proteins in the leaf of seedling was investigated. Seeds were treated with solutions of the phytohormones gibberellin and auxin (hormone priming), salts of potassium and magnesium (halo priming), ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide (chemo priming) and water (hydro priming). Based on the obtained results, it was determined that the content of pigments and total soluble proteins can be increased by applying the appropriate priming treatment. The most favorable effect on the examined parameters was observed in the treatment with potassium nitrate.
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Reports on the topic "SgA protein"

1

Kleinjan, David William. Understanding Proton Spin Structure via the Dynamics of its Sea Quarks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1183956.

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St. Hilaire, Kimberly R. Supplement Analysis for the Watershed Management Program EIS (DOE/EIS-0265/SA-160) - Protect and Restore the Lapwai Creek Watershed. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828042.

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St. Hilaire, Kimberly R. Supplement Analysis for the Watershed Management Program EIS (DOE/EIS-0265/SA-157) - Protect and Restore the Big Canyon Creek Watershed. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/827557.

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Stewart, Shannon C. Supplement Analysis for the Watershed Management Program EIS (DOE/EIS-0265/SA-103) - Install Fish Screens to Protect ESA Listed Steelhead and Bull Trout in the Walla Walla Basin – Phase II. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828083.

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ISTRAŽIVAČKI PRIORITETI: PRIKAZ ZA ZAPADNI BALKAN 2019. RESOLVE Network, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/rp2020.4.wb.

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Usred sve veće prijetnje koju nasilni ekstremizam (engl. violent extremism, VE) predstavlja širom svijeta države zapadnog Balkana suočavaju se sa znatnim izazovima u održavanju socijalne kohezije i stabilnosti. Kao i drugdje, narativi vjerske, krajnje desne i nacionalističke militantnosti snažno utječu na ranjivu mladu populaciju država zapadnog Balkana koja je zbog povijesti regije ispunjene etničkim, vjerskim i građanskim sukobima posebno podložna riziku od terorističke regrutacije u državama regije i inozemstvu. Pojedinci koji su otputovali kako bi se borili za nasilne ekstremističke organizacije u inozemstvu vraćaju se u svoje domovine uslijed teritorijalnih gubitaka koje su ekstremističke skupine doživjele u Siriji i Iraku. Istodobno etnonacionalistički ekstremizam nastavlja dobivati na snazi i širiti se regijom. I dok su neke od ovih tema detaljnije istražene u trenutačno aktualnoj literaturi, druge su i dalje slabo istražene. Za postojeće je teme istraživanja također potrebno više rada na terenu i čvršći teorijski temelji. Praznine u našem kolektivnom razumijevanju ukazuju na potrebu za dodatnim istraživanjem društvenih dinamika i dinamika nasilnog ekstremizma koje se razvijaju na zapadnom Balkanu. Bolje utemeljeno i detaljnije istraživanje može pomoći u informiranju i olakšati napore u sprječavanju / borbi protiv nasilnog ekstremizma (engl. Preventing/Countering Violent Extremism, P/CVE) u regiji. U 2019. godini mreža RESOLVE sazvala je lokalne i međunarodne stručnjake radi rasprave o prazninama u istraživanju i razvijanja preliminarnog popisa istraživačkih prioriteta za sprječavanje / borbu protiv nasilnog ekstremizma (P/CVE) na zapadnom Balkanu. Teme navedene u nastavku odražavaju njihovu zajedničku stručnost, dubinsko razumijevanje i posvećenost kontinuiranoj analizi trendova i dinamika nasilnog ekstremizma u regiji.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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