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1
Reynolds, A. G., C. G. Edwards, D. A. Wardle, D. R. Webster, and M. Dever. "Shoot Density Affects `Riesling' Grapevines I. Vine Performance." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (1994): 874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.874.
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`Riesling' grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) were subjected for 4 years (1987-90) to three shoot densities (16, 26, and 36 shoots/m of row) combined with three crop-thinning levels (1, 1.5, and 2 clusters/shoot) in a factorialized treatment arrangement. Weight of cane prunings per vine (vine size) decreased linearly with increasing shoot density and clusters per shoot. Cane periderm formation (in terms of percent canes per vine with >10 ripened internodes) was inhibited by increased shoot density, while vine winter injury (primarily bud and cordon) increased slightly in a linear fashion with increasing clusters per shoot. Canopy density and leaf area data suggested that fruit clusters were most exposed to sunlight at a shoot density of 26 shoots/m of row due to reduced lateral shoot growth and a trend toward slightly smaller leaves. Yield, clusters per vine, and crop load (yield per kilogram of cane prunings) increased with increasing shoot density and clusters per shoot, while other yield components (cluster weight, berries per cluster, and berry weight) decreased. Soluble solids and pH of berries and juices decreased with increasing shoot density and clusters per shoot, but titratable acidity was not substantially affected. Free volatile terpenes increased in berries and juices in 1989 with increasing shoot density, as did potentially volatile terpenes in 1990. Shoot densities of 16 to 26 shoots/m of row are recommended for low to moderately vigorous `Riesling' vines to achieve economically acceptable yields and high winegrape quality simultaneously.
2
Hamad, Abdelhamid M. "Effect of explant length and density on in vitro shoot formation and growth of Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) cv Moris." Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences 32, no. 2 (2017): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v32i2.181.
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The effect of explants length (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mm long shoots) and density (one, two, three, four, five shoots per culture) on the in vitro shoot formation of Moris pineapple were assessed using average shoot formation per explant and total shoots and the frequency of shoots of different shoot length (£ 5; 6-10; 11-15; 16-20; 21-25 and ³ 26 mm long) per one liter of medium. Of all combinations of explants length and density, using of 25 mm long shoots at a density of one per culture resulted in highest shoot formation (8.3 shoots), and at density of three and four resulted in longest shoots (21.7 mm). The highest total shoots per one liter of medium (2800 shoots) obtained when 15 mm long explants were used at a density of four explants per culture. Using of 10 mm long shoots at a density of two per culture resulted in lowest shoot formation (2.7 shoots) and shortest shoots (5 mm long) per explant and lowest total shoots (233 shoots) per liter of medium. Overall explants density, the percentage of shoots of different length £ 5; 6-10; 11-15; 16-20; 21-25 and ³ 26 mm-long per liter of medium were 22.4; 21.9; 22.3; 16.9; 6.6 and 9.3% respectively. To obtain highest shoot formation per explant or ighest total shoots per liter of medium, the according to the length of available shoots.
3
Reynolds, A. G., C. G. Edwards, D. A. Wardle, D. Webster, and M. Dever. "Shoot Density Affects `Riesling' Grapevines II. Wine Composition and Sensory Response." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (1994): 881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.881.
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`Riesling' grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) were subjected for 4 seasons (1987-90) to three shoot densities (16, 26, and 36 shoots/m of row) combined with three crop-thinning levels (1, 1.5, and 2 clusters per shoot) in a factorial design. Wines were made from all treatment combinations in 1989. Aroma compounds such as trans-3-hexen-1-ol, linalool, and linalool oxides 1 and 2 in many cases decreased in nonaged and aged wines by increasing shoot density and clusters per shoot, while cis-3-hexen-1-ol increased. Aging wines increased concentrations of cis-3-hexen-1-ol, citronellol, α-terpineol, and the linalool oxides, while linalool decreased. Tasters identified aged wines from the lowest shoot densities and clusters per shoot as having the most ripe-fruit flavor and the least green-fruit flavor and perceived acidity. Flavor descriptors were correlated with linalool, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, and linalool oxide 1. Shoot densities of 20 to 25 shoots/m of row are recommended for low to moderately vigorous `Riesling' vines to achieve economically acceptable yields and high wine quality simultaneously.
4
Sweeney, Patricia, Karl Danneberger, Daijun Wang, and Michael McBride. "Root Weight, Nonstructural Carbohydrate Content, and Shoot Density of High-density Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars." HortScience 36, no. 2 (2001): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.2.368.
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Limited information is available on the performance under temperate conditions in the United States of recently released cultivars of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) with high shoot density for use on golf course putting greens. Fifteen cultivars were established in Aug. 1996 on a greens mix with high sand content to compare their seasonal weights and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) contents. The cultivars were maintained at 3.1 mm height of cut. Shoot density counts were taken during Apr., July, and Oct. 1998. Root weights and nonstructural carbohydrate levels were assessed monthly from June 1997 through Nov. 1998. A cultivar group contrast between the high shoot density cultivars (`Penn A1', `Penn A2', `Penn A4', `Penn G1', `Penn G2', and `Penn G6') and the standard cultivars (`Penncross', `Crenshaw', `Southshore', `DF-1', `Procup', `Lopez', `SR1020', and `Providence') revealed that the former averaged 342.9 and 216.1 more shoots/dm2 on two of the three sampling dates. Root dry weights did not vary significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the cultivars. Performing a contrast between new high shoot density cultivars and standard cultivars revealed greater root dry weight in the former during Mar. and May 1998. Differences (P ≤ 0.05) in TNC were observed on two of the 18 sampling dates, but no trends were evident.
5
Shainsky, L. J., M. Newton, and S. R. Radosevich. "Effects of intra- and inter-specific competition on root and shoot biomass of young Douglas-fir and red alder." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 1 (1992): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-014.
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The effects of intra- and inter-specific competition on root and shoot biomass of 5-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) were studied in experimentally manipulated stands. The density of each species was varied systematically in a two-way density matrix composed of five monoculture densities and 25 mixtures of all possible pairwise combinations of monoculture densities. Roots and shoots were harvested after the fourth growing season. Response surfaces for root, shoot, and total biomass per tree were generated within the matrix. Regression analysis quantified the effect of each species' density on biomass components. Alder overtopped the Douglas-fir in all mixed stands. Alder density influenced the root and shoot biomass of both species more than Douglas-fir density. Douglas-fir density interacted with red alder density to influence all biomass components. While increasing the density of each species reduced root and shoot biomass per tree, allocation of biomass to roots and shoot was not affected by competition, nor were the allometric equations relating biomass to stem diameter and stem volume index.
6
Waters, I., and J. M. Shay. "Effect of water depth on population parameters of a Typha glauca stand." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 2 (1992): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-046.
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The response of a Typha glauca stand to a water depth gradient was studied in a small marsh pond in Delta Marsh, Manitoba. Weekly density counts and height measurements were made from May to October 1986 in permanent quadrats at five depths from 25 to 100 cm. Shoot mass was estimated from shoot height using a regression model based on destructive analyses. Shoot density declined significantly from 41 shoots/m2 at 25 cm to 12 shoots/m2 at 85 cm but increased at 100 cm to 38 shoots/m2. Shoot mass increased in shoots growing at water depths from 25 to 65 cm, resulting in relatively constant stand biomass over this depth range. Stand biomass declined at 85 cm and reached its maximum (1789.8 g/m2) at 100 cm. Frequency distributions of shoot size categories based on height deviated from normality and were negatively skewed at all depths, with the greatest skewness occurring at 100 cm. These population parameters were interpreted as evidence of a plastic population response to water depth. Key words: clonal macrophyte, frequency distributions, plasticity, shoot density, Typha glauca, water depth.
7
Wolf, Tony K., and M. Kay Warren. "Shoot Growth Rate and Density Affect Bud Necrosis of `Riesling' Grapevines." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (1995): 989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.989.
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Examination of `Riesling' grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in Virginia suggested that a high incidence of bud necrosis (BN) in some vineyards was associated with canopy shade and rapid shoot growth. BN appeared to originate as an abortion and dehydration of the primary, and occasionally secondary, buds of the developing dormant bud. BN frequency was lowest among the basal four nodes of a given shoot or cane, and increased in frequency through node 20. Experiments were conducted in 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the specific involvement of shoot growth rate and canopy shade on `Riesling' BN. Shoot growth rate (SGR), measured in a 17-day period around bloom, had a significant, positive relationship with BN in one of two vineyards. BN was positively associated with cane diameter and average internode length. Applying the growth retardant paclobutrazol significantly reduced SGR and BN incidence up to 80% among nodes 6 to 15 in two separate vineyards. Artificial shade (64% or 92% reduction in photosynthetic photon flux), suspended over vine canopies in the 3-week period before véraison, did not affect BN. Shoots of canopies that had been thinned before bloom to 10 shoots/m of canopy expressed slightly lower BN levels than shoots sampled from canopies that had been thinned to 20 shoots per meter. `Riesling' BN appeared more influenced by shoot vigor than shade under Virginia growing conditions. Chemical name β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethyl-ethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
8
Reynolds, Andrew G. "‘Riesling’ Grapes Respond to Cluster Thinning and Shoot Density Manipulation." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 3 (1989): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.3.364.
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Abstract Five-year-old ‘Riesling’ grape (Vitis vinifera) vines growing in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia were subjected to three crop levels (full crop, two clusters per shoot, and one cluster per shoot) in combination with no shoot thinning or thinning to 24 shoots per meter of row. Reduction in crop level improved vine size and cane periderm formation slightly. Yield per vine was linearly related to crop level, but berry weight, berries per cluster, and cluster weight increased with decreasing crop level. °Brix and pH increased and titratable acidity decreased with reduction in crop level. Thinning to 24 shoots per meter of row provided some improvement in yield components and °Brix. Crop loads below 10 kg of fruit per kilogram of cane prunings are necessary to achieve adequate fruit maturity under Okanagan conditions.
9
Rom, Curt R. "SHOOT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF `STARKSPUR SUPREME DELICIOUS' VARIES WITH ROOTSTOCK." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1111f—1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1111f.
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Shoot growth `Starkspur Supreme Delirious' on 10 different rootstock was measured on 3-, 4- and 6-year-old trees at weekly intervals from budbreak until terminal bud formation. Spur density, spur development, and extension shoot leaf area development were measured in September. Growth rate was analyzed by regression against chronological time and accumulated growing degree days using linear and nonlinear statistics.Rootstock affected shoot length, leaf number, leaf area, leaf size, leaf dry weight/leaf area and internode length. Trees on M.4, M.7 EMLA, P-1 and seedling had the longest shoots and highest shoot growth rate. Trees on P16 had least leaves and leaf area per shoot and smallest shoot leaves. Leaf dry wt./area were negatively correlated to leaf size. Typically, trees with shortest shoot length and smallest internode length had greatest spur density. Rootstock affected both rate and duration of shoot growth. Shoots on trees with P22 and P2 rootstocks grew for the shortest duration while trees on M.4 and M.7 EMLA grew for the longest period.
10
Marini, Richard P., and Donald L. Sowers. "Peach Fruit Weight Is Influenced by Crop Density and Fruiting Shoot Length but not Position on the Shoot." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 2 (1994): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.2.180.
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The relationship between peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit position and fruit weight (FW) was studied in experiments involving thinned vs. nonthinned fruiting shoots, shoots with and without axillary shoots, and trees with varying crop densities (CDs). FW was not consistently related to position on the shoot, and the influence of fruit position varied depending on the presence of axillary shoots on the fruiting shoot. FW was best related to fruiting shoot length and total shoot length per fruit (1-year-old plus current-season wood). Mean FW was also influenced by the number of fruit per shoot × CD interaction, a result indicating that FW depends on photosynthate from leaves in the immediate vicinity of the fruit as well as photosynthate from more distant parts of the tree.
11
Corelli-Grappadelli, Luca, and D. C. Coston. "Thinning Pattern and Light Environment in Peach Tree Canopies Influence Fruit Quality." HortScience 26, no. 12 (1991): 1464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.12.1464.
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The effects of shoot length, fruit density, thinning patterns, and light levels on crop quality of peach (Prunus persica Batsch.) were investigated. On shoots 50 and 75 cm long, fruits were thinned to produce several distribution patterns, with peaches concentrated in the bottom, middle, or distal portion of the shoot, or uniformly spaced along the shoot at two fruit densities (≈10 or 15 cm between fruit). The lower fruit density on the longer shoots resulted in larger fruits. At the same fruit density, fruits clustered in the distal section of the shoot were smaller, with lower soluble solids concentration (SSC) and a smaller percentage of the exocarp colored red than for the other spacing patterns. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was negatively correlated with the percentage of green exocarp and positively correlated with the percentage of red exocarp. However, the low correlation coefficients (0.45 and 0.50, respectively) indicate that even low light levels can result in substantial red pigment development in peach fruit.
12
Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "Rootstock Effects on Shoot Morphology and Spur Quality of `Delicious' Apple and Relationships with Precocity and Productivity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 4 (1995): 622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.4.622.
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Two-year-old branch sections of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees growing on 17 rootstock were studied over 6 years to determine the effects of rootstock on shoot morphology and spur quality and describe how these factors may be related to precocity and productivity. Shoot length was affected by rootstock and was positively related to trunk cross-sectional area within each year, but the slope of the regression line decreased as trees matured. The number of spurs on a shoot was largely a product of shoot length. Spur density was inversely related to shoot length, where rootstock with longer shoots had lower spur densities. Flower density was not related to spur density, and shoot length only accounted for a minor part of the variation in flower density. The proportion of spurs that produced flowers was closely related to flower density, indicating that rootstock influence flower density by affecting the development of individual buds rather than by the production of more buds. More vigorous rootstock generally had spurs with larger individual leaves and higher total leaf area per spur, but fewer spur leaves with lower specific leaf weights. More precocious rootstock were also more productive over a 10-year period when yields were standardized for tree size. Tree size was the best indicator of precocity and productivity, which could be predicted with a high degree of certainty as early as the 4th year.
13
Iqbal, Javaid, Muhammad Sohail Saddiq, Muhammad Hassaan Javaid, et al. "EVALUATION OF EMERGENCE AND GROWTH RESPONSE OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS AS INFLUENCED BY SOWING DEPTHS AND WATER REGIMES." Agricultural Sciences Journal 5, no. 1 (2023): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56520/asj.v5i1.229.
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Cyperus rotundus is rapidly growing plant can quickly form dense colonies through the extensive underground system of tuber and rhizomes. It is highly competitive for resources and causes a significant yield reduction in field crops. The nonchemical method has recently been practiced to control this noxious weed species. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of sowing depths (4, 8, 12, and 16 cm) and water regimes (deficit irrigation, medium irrigation, and frequent irrigation treatments) on C. rotundus shoot growth and underground growth of tubers in pots soil. Weed emergence, i.e., mean emergence time (MET), emergence index (EI), final emergence percentage (FEP), and shoot growth traits i.e. shoot density, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and tuber growth traits i.e. tuber density, tuber weight, root density, and root weight were recorded under the completely randomized (CRD) factorial design. The greatest suppression of C. rotundus emergence and growth was found at 16 cm sowing depth. The mean emergence time (MET) of C. rotundus was increased by increasing the sowing depth. Minimum value of shoot densty (9.5 g) and tuber density (15.75 g) were recorded at 16 cm sowing depth under deficit irrigation treatment respectively.While shoot and tuber desnity traits were also drastically suppressed by increasing sowing depth at the deficit irrigation level. It is concluded that sowing depths and deficit irrigation methods can be included as a reliable approach for controlling purple nutsedge shoot and tuber growth.
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Zhang, Xuan, Fengying Guan, Xiao Zhou, Zheng Li, Dawei Fu, and Minkai Li. "Characterization of Shoot Growth and Carbon Accumulation in Moso Bamboo Based on Different Stand Densities." Forests 16, no. 7 (2025): 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16071098.
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Bamboo forests are among China’s key strategic forest resources, characterized by rapid growth and high carbon sequestration efficiency. Traditional management practices primarily aim to maximize economic benefits by regulating stand density to enhance yields of bamboo culms and shoots. However, the influence of density regulation on the growth and carbon accumulation of spring bamboo shoots remains insufficiently understood. Therefore, this study focuses on moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houzeau) stands and investigates shoot emergence during the shooting period across four stand density levels: D1 (1400 stems/ha), D2 (2000 stems/ha), D3 (2600 stems/ha), and D4 (3200 stems/ha). The study analyzes the dynamics of shoot emergence, height development, and morphological traits under varying stand densities, and explores patterns of carbon accumulation during the shooting period, thereby clarifying the effects of stand density on shoot quantity, growth quality, and carbon sequestration. The main findings are as follows: the number of emerging shoots decreased with increasing stand density, ranging from 2592 to 4634 shoots per hectare. The peak shoot emergence period in the D1 stand was extended by 3 days compared to D2 and D3, while the D4 stand entered the peak emergence period 6 days later than D2 and D3. The rapid height growth phase in D1 occurred 3 days earlier than in D2 and D3, and 6 days earlier than in D4. Results from the variable exponent taper equation indicated that spring shoots in the D2 and D4 stands had larger basal diameters, following the order D4 > D2 > D3 > D1. Shoots in the D2 stand exhibited the smallest taper, with the order being D2 < D3 < D1 < D4. During the late stage of shoot emergence (3 May to 9 May), all stands entered a period of rapid carbon accumulation per individual shoot. In the early stage, carbon accumulation followed the order D1 > D2 > D4 > D3; in the middle stage, the order shifted to D4 > D3 > D2 > D1; and in the final stage, the trend was D1 > D4 > D3 > D2. Within the 30-day investigation period, the carbon storage in spring shoots reached up to one-quarter or even one-third of the total accumulation during the growth period. The D1 stand exhibited the highest rate of increase in the proportion of individual shoot carbon storage.
15
Zhu, Haijun, and Eric T. Stafne. "Influence of Paclobutrazol on Shoot Growth and Flowering in a High-density Pecan Orchard." HortTechnology 29, no. 2 (2019): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04241-18.
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Paclobutrazol (PBZ) was applied to 6-year-old pecan (Carya illinoinensis) trees as a basal trunk drench (0, 30, 90, and 150 mg·cm−2 trunk cross-sectional area) in Dec. 2012. Terminal shoot growth was retarded for 1 year after a single application of PBZ. The total number of current season shoots showed a significant increase with 30- and 90-mg·cm−2 PBZ treatments. After PBZ application at 30, 60, and 90 mg·cm−2, the percentage of very short shoots (<5 cm) was 32.3%, 36.3%, and 32.3%, respectively, compared with 22.4% on control trees; the percentage of short shoots (5–15 cm) increased to 36.0%, 38.1%, and 43.5%, respectively. The percent of long shoots (>30 cm) was decreased to 7.4%, 5.1%, and 7.6%, respectively, after PBZ application, compared with 18.7% with control. Shoots varying from 5 to 30 cm in length accounted for at least 63.3% of all pistillate inflorescences the following spring.
16
Zając, Tadeusz, Halina Góral, Robert Witkowski, and Ludwik Spiss. "Morphological traits and yield of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) genotypes with varying inflorescence length." Acta Agrobotanica 55, no. 2 (2013): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2002.047.
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Two red clover breeding strains with elongated flower heads, developed by one of the authors (H.Góral), were studied for forage and seed yield and compared to the standard cultivar 'Nike'. In addition, six morphological shoot traits were measured and their interrelations were computed. The leaf area index (LAI) of successive cuts in two harvest years was determined on the basis of shoot density and leaf area of individual shoots. All three genotypes exhibited a high leaf area on shoots and a very high forage productivity. Among the morphological traits only shoot height could be a good selective criterion because it is easily measured, is significantly associated with shoot weight and shoot leaf area and its variation is low. Both strains, particularly the one with longer inflorescences belong to short-lived red clover forms giving satis factory forage and seed yields in the first harvest year. Depending on the strain the number of seeds per elongated inflorescence in the first harvest year was higher by 92 and 42% compared to that of a standard cultivar.
17
Williamson, J. G., D. C. Coston, and J. A. Cornell. "Root Restriction Affects Shoot Development of Peach in a High-density Orchard." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 3 (1992): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.3.362.
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Planting treatments were evaluated for their influence on shoot development and root distribution of own-rooted `Redhaven' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees planted to high density (5000 trees/ha). Planting in fabric-lined trenches (FLT) or narrow herbicide strips (NHS) reduced the diameter and length of primary shoots, the number and combined length of second-order shoots, and the total length of shoots. Flower density, the number of flowers per node, and the percentage of nodes containing one or more flowers were increased for FLT trees but not for NHS trees when compared with controls. The length of primary shoots increased quadratically for all treatments with increasing limb cross-sectional area (LCA). The total length of shoots increased more with increasing LCA for controls than for FLT trees. The number of flowers per shoot increased linearly for all treatments with increasing LCA values. Root concentration decreased with increasing soil depth and distance from tree rows for all treatments. Reduced widths of weed-free herbicide strips had little effect on root distribution. Roots of FLT trees were reduced in number and restricted vertically and laterally when compared with other planting treatments. The FLT treatment modified shoot development by reducing the length of total shoots and length of primary shoots across LCA values measured when compared with NHS and control-treatments.
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Maciel, Norberto, and Richard A. Criley. "156 Effects of the Inductive Period, Shoot Density, and Leaf Removal on the Flowering of Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pavon." HortScience 35, no. 3 (2000): 416E—417. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.416e.
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Heliconia rostrata is a herbaceous-musoid sympodial rhizomatous plant that grows as clump. After three leaves are produced, each shoot of the clump may bear an inflorescence if it is induced by short days (SD). However, the relationship between shoot density and flowering has not been quantified. To evaluate the effects of the inductive period, number of shoots, and leaf removal on flowering, rhizomes were planted in 120 pots (8 L). One-third of the pots were planted with two rhizomes, while the remainder was planted with one. One-half of the pots with one rhizome were allowed to develop all their shoots for three generations, while in the remaining pots only one shoot per generation was allowed to grow. In addition, one-half of the plants in all the treatments were subjected to selective leaf removal. The plants were grown under long days (LD) >13 h in a glasshouse until four leaves were produced. Inductive SD was supplied to all the plants from 5:00 pm to 8:00 am. After 8 weeks of SD, one-half of the plants were given LD, while the other half continued under SD (conSD) until flowering. The highest percentage of flowering shoots (39% to 35%) was observed in plants under conSD; plants under SD-LD were 10% to 9%. The second generation of shoots showed the highest flowering (74% conSD and 21% SD-LD), followed by the first (62% conSD and 18% SD-LD), and third (31% conSD and 0% SD-LD) generations. Non-flowering shoots of the first generation were aborted or dead. Shoots of the third were still vegetative, since they had few leaves to be induced. Fewer flowers occurred in clumps allowed to develop all their shoots. Intact plants from rhizomes with one shoot per generation flowered more than the partially defoliated ones under conSD.
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Long, Lizhi, Yuanzhi Shi, Lifeng Ma, and Jianyun Ruan. "Characterization of Young Shoot Population, Yield, and Nitrogen Demands of Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Harvested under Different Standards." Horticulturae 8, no. 4 (2022): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040275.
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The quality of green tea is greatly influenced by the harvest standards for young shoots. The present field experiment was conducted to characterize the young shoot populations, yields, and nitrogen (N) demands of tea plants subjected to four different harvest standards, i.e., buds with one, two, or three young expanding leaves (referred to as B1L, B2L, and B3L, respectively) and a combination of B1L and B3L (B1L/B3L) throughout the year. Weight per shoot was closely related to the number of expanding leaves and was greater in B3L than B1L and B2L, and also greater in summer and autumn than in spring, whereas B1L revealed the greatest young shoot density and highest N concentration. Annual shoot yield and shoot N content were largest in B3L and decreased in the following order: B3L > B2L ≈ B1L/B3L > B1L. However, in the early spring the shoot density, yield, and shoot N content of B1L were much higher than those of B3L. The harvest of B3L significantly reduced the biomass of brown roots and its ratio against the above-ground biomass compared to other harvest standards, suggesting a decreased allocation of carbon to the root system due to seasonal removal. The N dilution curve (Nys = a × Yysb, where Nys is the shoot N content and Yys is the shoot yield) of spring tea differed markedly from those of summer and autumn teas, suggesting different coordination properties for shoot growth and N supply among the seasons. The annual harvest index (NHI) measured by 15N traces ranged between 0.18 and 0.23, indicating relatively low N allocation to young shoots, whereby large proportions (58.2–66.9% of the total 15N absorption) remained in the plant at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, the seasonal distribution of the shoot density, weight per shoot, yield, and N demands vary with harvest standards and highlight the importance of N precision management in tea production to be finely tuned to meet the changes in harvest season and requirements.
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Meyers, Stephen L., and Mark W. Shankle. "Interference of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) in ‘Beauregard' Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)." Weed Technology 29, no. 4 (2015): 854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-15-00019.1.
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Field studies were conducted in 2013 at Houlka, MS and 2014 at Houston and Pontotoc, MS to determine the influence of yellow nutsedge density on 'Beauregard' sweet potato yield and quality. Treatments established 2 wk after transplanting (WAP) were yellow nutsedge densities of 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 40, 50, and 90 shoots m−2within the planted row. No. 1 and marketable yield loss were fit to a rectangular hyperbola model. In 2013 predicted yield loss of no. 1 and marketable grades ranged from 23 to 96% and 18 to 80%, respectively for yellow nutsedge densities of 5 to 90 shoots m−2. In 2014 predicted yield loss of no. 1 and marketable grades ranged from 7 to 74% and 6 to 67%, respectively for yellow nutsedge densities of 5 to 90 shoots m−2. Yellow nutsedge shoot density increased linearly from 2 WAP to harvest. At Houston and Pontotoc, yellow nutsedge shoot density increased 2.3 and 7.6 times, respectively, for every one shoot present at 2 WAP.
21
Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "314 ROOTSTOCK EFFECTS ON SHOOT MORPHOLOGY OF `DELICIOUS' APPLE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 475d—475. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.475d.
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One way in which rootstocks may influence production efficiency is by altering the number of spurs, and in particular reproductive spurs. However, rootstock influences on the morpholgy of shoots have not been quantified. Measurements were made on `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' trees growing on 17 rootstocks and planted in 1984 as part of the NC-140 regional rootstock trial. In each of the 6 years from 1988-1993, the length of the 2-year old section of wood of selected branches was measured and the number of spurs, flowers and shoots counted. For all rootstocks, trunk cross-sectional area was closely related to shoot length. Trees on P.22 (the most dwarfing rootstock in the planting) had shoot lengths 40-50% of those of trees on seedling rootstocks. For each rootstock, there was a strong negative relationship between shoot length and spur density, but there was not a common relationship among rootstocks. Similarly, flower number per shoot was also related to shoot length with different relationships for each rootstock. Flower density was not related to vigor for any of the rootstocks.
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Liu, Xiong, Shixing Zhou, Junxi Hu, et al. "Density Management Is More Cost Effective than Fertilization for Chimonobambusa pachystachys Bamboo-Shoot Yield and Economic Benefits." Forests 13, no. 7 (2022): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071054.
Full textAbstract:
Stand-density management and fertilization practices are the main two factors affecting bamboo-shoot yield. However, the appropriate density and fertilization rates are still unclear for improving the bamboo-shoot yield and its economic benefits, especially for a high economic value bamboo-shoot forest. To fill this gap, we conducted a two-year split-plot design experiment in a Chimonobambusa pachystachys shoot forest. The main plots were assigned to five density rates, 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, 70,000, and 100,000 culms ha−1, and the subplots were assigned to four fertilization rates (nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium = 23:3:15): 0, 820, 1640, and 2460 kg ha−1 a−1. Results showed that the bamboo-shoot yield increased first and then decreased with stand density, while it increased with fertilization rates. Density management and fertilization regulate bamboo-shoot yield by changing the soil’s Olsen P, available nitrogen, organic matter, and available potassium contents. The maximum bamboo-shoot yield was 9315.92 kg ha−1, which appeared in the density of 60,000 culms ha−1 and the fertilization of 2460 kg ha−1 a−1. However, the maximum bamboo-shoot net profit was 135,242.63 CNY ha−1, which appeared at the density of 60,000 culms ha−1 and the fertilization of 1640 kg ha−1 a−1. The economic-benefit analysis shows that density management achieves a net-profit growth comparable to fertilizer application at a much lower cost. The study results provide a basis for the scientific management of C. pachystachys shoot forests and bamboo farmers to improve their income.
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Elfving, Don C., Gregory A. Lang, and Dwayne B. Visser. "Prohexadione-Ca and Ethephon Reduce Shoot Growth and Increase Flowering in Young, Vigorous Sweet Cherry Trees." HortScience 38, no. 2 (2003): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.2.293.
Full textAbstract:
Prohexadione-Ca (P-Ca) and ethephon (ETH) were evaluated as potential inhibitors of growth and promoters of early flowering for high density orchard management of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees on vigorous rootstocks. Single applications (P-Ca at 125 to 250 mg·L-1 active ingredient (a.i.) or ETH at 175 to 200 mg·L-1 a.i.) to young, nonfruiting sweet cherry trees produced short-term, generally transient reductions in terminal shoot elongation, and did not stimulate flower bud formation. Tank-mix applications (P-Ca + ETH) usually produced a stronger, possibly synergistic, reduction in shoot growth rate. Single tank-mix applications either increased subsequent flower bud density on previous season shoots or had no effect; when a second application was made three weeks later to the same trees, subsequent flower bud density on previous season shoots and spurs on older wood increased ≈3-fold over untreated trees. Yield efficiency (g·cm2 trunk cross-sectional area) also increased nearly 3-fold. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon); calcium 3-oxido-4-propionyl-5-oxo-3-cyclohexene carboxylate (prohexadione-Ca); polyoxyethylene polypropoxypropanol, dihydroxypropane, 2-butoxyethanol (Regulaid); aliphatic polycarboxylate, calcium (Tri-Fol).
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Rawlik, Mateusz, and Andrzej M. Jagodziński. "Seasonal dynamics of shoot biomass of dominant clonal herb species in an oak–hornbeam forest herb layer." Plant Ecology 221, no. 11 (2020): 1133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-020-01067-4.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Seasonal fluctuations of light availability, nutrient concentrations, and moisture affect plant population traits like density, standing biomass, and flowering. We analyzed seasonal changes of density and shoot biomass of the four most frequent herb species growing in an oak–hornbeam forest community, i.e., Anemone nemorosa, Ficaria verna, Galeobdolon luteum, and Galium odoratum. In 2010 and 2011 plant biomass was harvested from 7 to 10 randomly situated square sample plots (0.36 m2) in the homogenous oak–hornbeam forest community every week in the spring and every two weeks in the summer and autumn. The highest abundance of Anemone nemorosa reached over 1000 shoots per m2, of Ficaria verna 459.5 shoots per m2, of Galium odoratum 83.6 shoots per m2, and of Galeobdolon luteum 98.4 shoots per m2 (means for 2010 and 2011, based on all sample plots). We did not observe negative correlation between density and shoot biomass. Growth rates of vegetative shoot biomass amounted to 0.857 mg day−1 for Anemone nemorosa, 0.467 mg day−1 for Ficaria verna, 0.722 mg day−1 for Galium odoratum, and 0.448 mg day−1 for Galeobdolon luteum (means for 2010 and 2011). Spring ephemerals had much higher densities of shoots than summer-greens. Summer-greens reached higher biomass of individual shoots than spring ephemerals. Flowering shoots constituted only 4, 2, and 11% of all shoots for A. nemorosa, F. verna, and G. odoratum, respectively. More resource availability resulting in high shoot biomass did not translate to higher share of flowering shoots.
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Ferree, David C. "Growth and Carbohydrate Distribution of Young Apple Trees in Response to Root Pruning and Tree Density." HortScience 24, no. 1 (1989): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.1.62.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Root-pruning young greenhouse-grown MM.111 apple trees decreased leaves per tree, total leaf area, and dry weight of leaves, shoots, and roots. Root pruning had no influence on the carbohydrate fractions in the leaves or shoots, but caused an increase in soluble and insoluble fractions in the roots. No interaction occurred between root pruning and number of trees in the container. As number of trees per container increased, leaf, shoot, and total dry weight per plant decreased. Root pruning decreased shoot growth for 3 weeks after root pruning, with a return to the unpruned shoot growth rate in the 4th week. Photosynthesis and transpiration were reduced by root pruning, but not affected by tree density.
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Xu, Xiangming, and Laurence V. Madden. "Incidence and Density Relationships of Powdery Mildew on Apple." Phytopathology® 92, no. 9 (2002): 1005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.9.1005.
Full textAbstract:
The relationships between disease incidence and colony density and between leaf and shoot disease incidences for apple powdery mildew were investigated over four seasons in order to derive a simple relationship for predicting density using incidence. The Neyman type A distribution generally provided a good fit to the observed number of colonies per leaf and shoot, and provided a significantly better fit than the Poisson distribution, indicating a degree of aggregation of mildew colonies. In general, Taylor's power-law satisfactorily described the observed variance-mean relationship for colony density; however, Taylor's power-law broke down at very high levels of mean density. Incidence of leaf infection could be determined based on average number of colonies per leaf assuming a fixed variance-mean relationship and a Neyman type A distribution for colony density. Regression models using the complemen- tary log-log transformation of incidence also provided accurate predictions of leaf (or shoot) disease incidence from colonies per leaf (or per shoot). Similar accuracies of these incidence-density models suggested that variance-mean ratio of colony density was more or less constant over time. Unlike the case with colony density, the number of mildewed leaves per shoot generally had a random pattern, as indicated by the good fit of the binomial distribution. Thus, it was possible to estimate the leaf incidence of the youngest unrolled leaves on a shoot using the shoot incidence. It is argued that the leaf incidence-density relationships developed in the present study may be used in making practical disease management decisions.
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Chong, Joaquin A., Uttara C. Samarakoon, and James E. Faust. "Effects of Daily Light Integral and Canopy Density on Shoot Growth and Development in a Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex. Klotsch) Stock Plant Canopy." HortScience 49, no. 1 (2014): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.1.51.
Full textAbstract:
Poinsettia stock plants consist of a dense canopy of competing shoots, and the growth and development of these individual shoots have not been previously quantified. The effects of air temperature, daily light integral (DLI), and canopy density (CD) were investigated on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex. Klotsch) ‘Freedom Red’ shoot development in a stock plant canopy. Plants were grown at two constant temperatures (20.3 or 25.7 °C), five CD (43, 86, 129, 172, or 215 shoots/m2), and three DLI treatments (2.6, 4.4, or 7.7 mol·m−2.d−1 for the September planting and 4.0, 6.0, or 10.6 mol·m−2.d−1 for the January planting). Shoot position at the final data collection was used to assign shoots to different levels within the canopy; Level 1 = the four highest shoots, Level 2 = the next four highest shoots, and so forth for Levels 3, 4, and 5. Temperature did not significantly affect leaf unfolding rate (LUR), shoot fresh mass (FM), or shoot caliper, whereas DLI and CD affected shoot growth and development. LUR and FM increased as DLI increased from 2.6 to 10.6 mol·m−2.d−1, whereas LUR and FM decreased on the uppermost shoots in the canopy, e.g., Level 1 shoots, as CD increased from 43 to 129 shoots/m2. Therefore, higher CD required higher DLI to achieve similar LUR and FM. Shoot caliper on Level 1 shoots increased from 6.3 to 7.4 mm as CD decreased from 129 to 43 shoots/m2; and shoot caliper increased from 5.8 to 7.6 mm as DLI increased from 4.0 to 10.6 mol·m−2.d−1. The DLI environment needs to be managed to accommodate greater CD, to sustain growth and development of individual shoots within the canopy of poinsettia stock plants.
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Odhiambo, H. O., J. O. Nyabundi, and J. Chweya. "Effects of Soil Moisture and Vapour Pressure Deficits on Shoot Growth and the Yield of Tea in the Kenya Highlands." Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1993): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700020901.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYProlonged moisture stress and high vapour pressure deficits reduced the shoot water potential, shoot population density, rate of shoot extension and yield of clonal tea. The more drought susceptible Clone 6/8 had a lower shoot water potential, rate of shoot extension, number of shoots per unit area, rate of shoot regeneration and yield than the more tolerant Clones 31/8, 57/15 and 15/10 during the periods of low soil moisture, which coincided with high vapour pressure deficits. The changes in the shoot growth components could be used as an index of the suitability of different clones for different regimes of soil moisture and vapour pressure deficits.Factores ambientales que afectan el rendimiento del té
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Hamad, Abdelhamid A. "Effect of Incubation Periods, Medium Volumes and Explants Density on in Vitro Shoot Formation and Growth and Cost of Multiplication of Moris Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.)." Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences 33, no. 2 (2018): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v33i2.290.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of combinations of four incubation periods (30, 45, 60 and 75 days), three explants density (one, two and three) and four volumes of medium (3, 6, 9 and 12 ml) in the in vitro shoot formation per explant, total shoots and total cost per liter of medium and cost per shoot of Moris pineapple. The highest shoot per explant was obtained in combination of three explants in 12 ml of medium incubated for 60 days, three explants in 9 and in 12 ml of medium and one explant in 3 and in 9 ml of medium incubated for 75 days but at different total shoots (2750, 3667, 2750, 3667 and 1222 shoots), total cost ( USA $25.85, 36.09, 28.39, 95.32 and 36.06) per liter of medium. Combinations in which three explants were used per culture resulted in lowest cost per shoot (1.0 cent) while combination in which one explant was used per culture, the cost per shoot was two to three times higher (2.6 and 2.9 cents). Combination of three explants, 3 ml of medium and 75 days of incubation, on the other hand, resulted in formation of only 6 shoots per explant (almost half of the highest obtained rate) but in highest total shoot per liter of medium (6000 shoots ) at highest total cost (USA $95.32) and intermediate cost per shoot (1.6 cents). Combination of three explants, 6 ml of medium and 75 days resulted in formation of 10 shoots per explant, production of 5000 shoots per liter of medium at lowest cost per shoot (1.0 cent) and intermediate total cost per liter of medium (USA $ 50.68). Using of one explant in 12 ml for 30 days resulted in formation of 5 shoots per explant, highest cost per shoot (5.0 cents) and lowest total shoots (417 shoots) and lowest total cost (USA $ 20.73) per liter of medium.
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Yulianti, Fitri, Agus Purwito, Ali Husni, and Diny Dinarti. "Induksi Tetraploid Tunas Pucuk Jeruk Siam Simadu (Citrus nobilis Lour) Menggunakan Kolkisin secara In Vitro." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 43, no. 1 (2015): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v43i1.9593.
Full textAbstract:
Seedless fruit is one of the criteria (necessary) to improve the quality of Simadu tangerine. The most effective method to obtain seedless triploid cultivars is hybridisation between tetraploid and diploid parents. Simadu tangerine is a diploid plant. Tetraploid Simadu tangerine can be obtained with doubling chromosome using colchicines.The aim of this research was to obtain tetraploid Simadu tangerine shoot which would serve as parent to produced seedless Simadu tangerine. Shoot-tips of Simadu tangerine without leaves were treated with colchicines at four different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) for 3 hours. The results showed that the high concentration of 0.3% reduced survival rate. The colchicine treatments reduced growth of shoot-tip of Simadu Tangerine.The leaves of colchicines treated shoots were thicker than control. Leaves from control (0% colchicine) and 0.1% colchicine treated shoots had 8.67 and 18.25 chloroplast per pair of guard cells. Compared to those of control, leaves with 0.1% colchicine had lower stomatal density, and larger stomatal size. It appeared that 0.1% colchicine treatment resulted in tetraploid Simadu Tangerine Shoot.<br />Keywords:chloroplasts, doubling chromosomes, stomatal size, stomatal density
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de Kroon, Hans, and René Kwant. "Density-dependent growth responses in two clonal herbs: regulation of shoot density." Oecologia 86, no. 2 (1991): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317544.
Full text
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Reynolds, Andrew G., Robert M. Pool, and Leonard R. Mattick. "Effect of Shoot Density and Crop Control on Growth, Yield, Fruit Composition, and Wine Quality of ‘Seyval blanc’ Grapes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 1 (1986): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.1.55.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A factorialized thinning level/shoot density experiment which was started in 1980 demonstrated that ‘Seyval blanc’ grapes benefits from cluster thinning in terms of vine size maintenance, cane ripening, berry weight, and Brix. Reducing shoot density led to increased cane ripening. Concomitant increases in cluster exposure improved fruit composition and led to higher berry weights. However, maintaining reasonably high shoot densities (4 shoots/30 cm of row or more) also was essential to maintain yield and vine size, even when crop was controlled by thinning. Levels of 4 shoots/30 cm of row and 17 clusters/500 g cane prunings are recommended to maximize yield and maintain reasonable fruit quality and vine size. Postbloom cluster thinning was found to reduce the incidence of bunch rot and to reduce the production of 2nd crop in 1982, without affecting any parameters of yield or fruit composition.
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Lieffers, V. J., and S. J. Titus. "The effects of stem density and nutrient status on size inequality and resource allocation in lodgepole pine and white spruce seedlings." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 10 (1989): 2900–2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-372.
Full textAbstract:
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loudon) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings were grown at three densities (900, 2200, and 4000 stems/m2) in fertilized and unfertilized soil. Pine was grown for 111 days and spruce for 120 days. For both the pine and spruce, the mean weight of shoots, roots, and total plant was significantly greater and the root to shoot ratio was lowest in the fertilized and low density treatments. For the spruce, the fertilized treatment had significantly higher size inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) for shoot, root, and total mass. For lodgepole pine, only the inequality in root size was greater with fertilization. For the spruce, inequality in shoot, root, and total mass was lowest in the high-density conditions. In the pine, there was little relationship between size inequality and stem density. Compared with the spruce, the pine had greater biomass allocation to roots in poor growing conditions.
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Donald, William W. "Root versus shoot measurements to evaluate recovery of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) after several years of control treatments." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 1 (1993): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-055.
Full textAbstract:
Several methods were compared for estimating long-term control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] after ending several years of herbicide treatment. Simple linear regression equations using shoot density m−2, numbers of adventitious root buds, or root fresh weight, measured in late summer after several years of herbicide treatment, were equally accurate in estimating Canada thistle shoot density m−2 in early June of the following year (R2 = 0.77–0.81). In contrast, shoot density m−2 measured in late summer estimated shoot density m−2 in late summer of the following year more accurately (R2 = 0.93) than did either root growth variable (R2 values = 0.80–0.83). Key words: Adventitious root buds, perennial weed, root
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KUMAR, PRAMOD, A. K. JOSHI, and V. K. CHAUHAN. "Stem pruning severities affect growth, physiological and quality consequences in high density planting system of mango (Mangifera indica) in Shiwalik foothills." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 2 (2018): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i2.79222.
Full textAbstract:
The study evaluated the influence of shoot pruning intensities on physiological and quality consequences of mango under square system of planting between 2014 and 2016 in Shiwalik foothills. Three mango cultivars, viz. Mallika, Dashehari, and Amrapali, planted under high density were selected purposely. Tip pruning of frost injured shoots significantly influenced growth, flowering, yield and quality traits of the cultivars compared to un-pruned trees. The results revealed early flower initiation with peak period of flowering among the treatments. Shoot pruning slightly delayed but more uniform flowering comparative to control. After 20th harvest season, the cultivar significantly affected generative parameters (TCSA, TCV, CA and yield efficiency). Number of sprouted shoots per scaffold branch (primary, secondary) was highest in Dashehari followed by Amrapali and Mallika irrespective of shoot differentiation. Dashehari recorded maximum length of panicles, length of flowering shoot, number of panicles/shoot, fruited panicles, fruit set, and fruit retention with least fruit drop when the shoots were pruned in frost affected twigs (terminal branches) shoot differentiation. The best yield and yield efficiency over the 20th leaf harvest was recorded in Mallika followed by Amrapali and Dashehari. Variable shoot pruning intensities showed significant effects on fruit physical-biochemical traits and foliar nutrient concentration of the cultivars. DOP indexing showed close agreement to diagnose N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn excess among different cultivars studied. PCA of agromorphometric and fruit quality traits was also worked out. prin4 accounted for 99.5% (agro-morphometric traits) and 97.9% (fruit quality) of the cumulative variance of cultivars. PCA-F1 had the highest positive loadings (plant height, tree girth, annual shoot extension growth TCSA, and TCV) followed by PCA-F2 (yield). None of the significant differences were obtained when the calculated factor scores of PCA-F1, PCA-F2 and PCA-F3 for attributes analyzed. Conclusively, shoot tip pruning could be recommended for restoring maximum production and quality fruits in high density square planting system of mango.
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Liu, Huihui, Cheng Zhang, Yanqiong Meng, et al. "Hydraulic and Economical Traits in Short- and Long-Shoot Leaves of Ginkgo biloba Males and Females." Forests 14, no. 3 (2023): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030535.
Full textAbstract:
Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious heterophyllous tree species with two leaf types. Short shoots always bear many leaves, which are undivided or slightly bilobed, but long-shoot leaves are smaller and are deeply divided into two or more lobes. To clarify the functional difference between the two leaf types, we investigated the morphology, anatomy, gas exchange, and hydraulic traits of the two leaf types in male and female trees. Our results showed that long-shoot leaves possessed a lower specific leaf area (SLA), higher leaf thickness, gas exchange rates, and average tracheid number than short-shoot leaves. When compared to short-shoot leaves, long-shoot leaves in male trees had higher leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and leaf water potential of 50% loss in Kleaf (leaf P50), while female trees exhibited relatively higher Kleaf. When comparing sexual differences, male trees possessed higher leaf thickness, leaf dissection index, vein density (VD), and predawn leaf water potential and lower SLA, tracheid number, and midday leaf water potential, while no significant difference in leaf P50 was observed between the two sexes. Male trees exhibited greater leaf gas exchange rates, which were tightly associated with other functional traits, such as VD and Kleaf. We found strong shoot-based and sex-related heterogeneities in the leaf hydrology, anatomy, and economy of Ginkgo biloba. Moreover, male ginkgoes may perform better due to their greater leaf hydraulic efficiency and gas exchange rates.
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Karpavičienė, Birutė, and Giedrė Elzbieta Mlečkaitė. "Response of Polygonatum Multiflorum and P. Odoratum morphological Characteristics and Population Structure to Variation in Environmental Factors." Botanica 25, no. 2 (2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2019-0013.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe morphological variation and population structure were studied in seven populations of Polygonatum multiflorum and 19 populations of P. odoratum. The mean number of flowers per shoot and per inflorescence as well as inflorescence number per shoot in both species correlated negatively with total tree and shrub canopy cover, while the mean number of flowers per inflorescence in P. odoratum correlated positively with the soil pH. The shoot density and life stage composition in P. odoratum populations depended on total tree and shrub canopy cover, which negatively correlated with the density of generative shoots in populations of both species. The results of this study revealed the crucial effect of light availability expressed via total tree and shrub canopy cover in the habitats of Polygonatum species to their flowering intensity and population structure.
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Yu, Dafu, Xingyu Zheng, Chunsheng Mu, and Junfeng Wang. "Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Promote Population Density through Altered Bud Bank Size and Components in Leymus chinensis." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (2022): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061436.
Full textAbstract:
The bud bank of perennial grasses is a controlling factor in population dynamics and is estrongly affected by soil water and nitrogen status. To explore how the bud bank size and its components affect shoot population density under different soil moisture and nitrogen contents in spring and autumn. A three-full-factorial field experiment with factors of treatment timing (spring and autumn), nitrogen rate (control and 10 g N m−2 yr−1) and irrigation rate (control and +40 mm rainfall) was conducted in Leymus chinensis (a C3 plant) in the northeast of China. The number of two types of buds (axillary shoot bud and rhizome bud), shoot population density, soil properties and rhizome traits (rhizome length and rhizome number) were determined to explore what and how changes in bud bank composition influences shoot population density in spring and autumn. The results showed that: (1) Regardless of the irrigation and nitrogen application timing, the simultaneous irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased the number of two types of buds and promoted the shoot population density in spring and autumn by 56.75% and 47.74%, respectively. (2) The bud bank was dominated by rhizome buds in spring under control and dominated by axillary shoot buds under the combined irrigation and nitrogen treatment in autumn. Axillary shoot bud was the determining component in the population density increases in both spring and autumn, which were significantly associated with soil available phosphorus, available nitrogen and rhizome length and number. In summary, the number of different buds was strongly impacted by irrigation and nitrogen application at the crucial bud-bank formation stage. Agronomically, the forage yield could be largely increased through the increase in the axillary shoot bud density by using irrigation and nitrogen application in L. chinensis and other rhizomatous perennial grasses.
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Ferree, David C. "598 Response of Apple Rootstocks to Soil Compaction." HortScience 35, no. 3 (2000): 500A—500. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.500a.
Full textAbstract:
Container-grown apple trees on a range of rootstocks were exposed to different levels of soil compaction created by changing soil bulk density. In 1998, with soil bulk densities of 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4, there was no interaction of rootstock and soil compaction for shoot growth of `Melrose' trees on 7 rootstocks. However, in 1999, with soil bulk densities of 1.0 and 1.5, a significant interaction on shoot growth did occur with six rootstocks. Shoot length of trees on M.9, M.7, and G.30 were less influenced than G.16, M.26 and MM.106. A bulk density of 1. 5 caused a decrease in dry weight of shoots, leaves, and roots of trees on all rootstocks. Compacted soil resulted in a decrease in leaf concentration of K and B and an increase in Mg and Mn.
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Carlson, Steven J., and William W. Donald. "Fall-Applied Glyphosate for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Weed Technology 2, no. 4 (1988): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032255.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of repeated late-fall applications of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 1.7 kg ae/ha plus 0.5% (v/v) surfactant on adventitious root buds, thickened propagative roots (> 1.3 mm diam), and shoot density of Canada thistle were studied in continuous hard red spring wheat over a 4-yr period. Glyphosate suppressed Canada thistle shoot density more quickly and to a greater extent than thickened root fresh weight or root bud number. A single fall application of glyphosate drastically decreased Canada thistle shoot density for 1 yr after treatment. However, shoot density was the same as the untreated control by 2 yr after a single fall treatment. Two consecutive late-fall applications of glyphosate in 2 yr decreased Canada thistle shoot density 94% in the fall 1 yr after the last treatment. Glyphosate reduced Canada thistle thickened root fresh weight 70% in the first fall 1 yr after a single fall treatment. However, 2 yr after a single fall application of glyphosate, root fresh weight equalled the controls. Two consecutive fall applications of glyphosate reduced thickened root fresh weight 77% 1 yr after the second treatment.
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Yenish, Joseph P., Thomas A. Fry, Beverly R. Durgan, and Donald L. Wyse. "Establishment of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) in corn, soybean, and wheat." Weed Science 45, no. 1 (1997): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500092468.
Full textAbstract:
The establishment of common milkweed in corn, soybean, and wheat and rotations of corn-soybean and soybean-wheat was determined in field studies at Rosemount and Morris, MN. Common milkweed seedling density 115 d after initial seedling emergence was 500, 15,000, and 31,300 seedlings ha−1in corn, soybean, and wheat, respectively, in 1990; 500, 7,300, and 15,600 in 1991 at Rosemount and 2,900, 26,500, and 37,000 in 1990; and 2,200, 6,700, and 8,100 in 1991 at Morris in the year of seedling establishment. Common milkweed seedling defoliation by mon arch butterfly larva was 1,31, and 0% at Rosemount and 20, 78, and 0% at Morris for corn, soybean, and wheat, respectively. In the 2nd and 3rd rotational years, corn-soybean rotations had fewer shoots ha−1115 d after shoot emergence than soybean wheat rotations. Seedling densities 115 d after initial seedling emergence were greater in corn-soybean rotations where soybean rather than corn was the rotational crop and in soybean-wheat rotations where wheat rather than soybean was the rotational crop immediately following common milkweed seeding. Conventional tillage treatments had lower common milkweed shoot density than conservation tillage in all years of all rotations except in the initial count, when soybean was the first rotational crop in which shoot density was greater in conventional than in conservation tillage treatments. Cyanazine, imazethapyr, or bromoxynil applications in corn, soybean, or wheat rotational crops, respectively, reduced common milkweed shoot density.
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Bhowmik, Prasanta C., and Krishna N. Reddy. "Effects of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) on Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Status of Transplanted Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)." Weed Science 36, no. 6 (1988): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075810.
Full textAbstract:
Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of various barnyardgrass populations on growth, yield, and nutrient concentration of transplanted “Jetstar’ tomato. Barnyardgrass densities at 16, 32, and 64 plants/m tomato row were tested in 1982 and 1983. Barnyardgrass shoot fresh weights/unit area increased as density increased. Fresh weight of barnyardgrass shoots ranged from 17 100 kg/ha at 16 plants/m of row to 35 500 kg/ha at 64 plants/m of row. At the vegetative stage, tomato shoot dry weight was unaffected by barnyardgrass. As crop growth progressed, tomato shoot dry weight decreased at all barnyardgrass densities. Season-long interference of barnyardgrass reduced marketable tomato fruit number and fruit weight at all densities compared to weed-free plots. Reductions in marketable fruit weight ranged from 26% to 16 plants/m row to 84% at 64 plants/m row. In 1982, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in tomato shoots were unaffected by season-long interference of barnyardgrass at all densities. However, in 1983, concentrations of N and K decreased and concentration of P increased in tomato leaves as the density of barnyardgrass increased. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in tomato leaves were unaltered by barnyardgrass density.
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McCarty, Lambert B., Raymond K. McCauley, Haibo Liu, F. Wesley Totten, and Joe E. Toler. "Perennial Ryegrass Allelopathic Potential on Bermudagrass Germination and Seedling Growth." HortScience 45, no. 12 (2010): 1872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.12.1872.
Full textAbstract:
Overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) aggressively competes with bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] for resources and may adversely affect spring transition by releasing allelochemicals into the environment. Growth chamber studies examined germination and growth of ‘Arizona Common’ bermudagrass in soil amended with 0%, 2%, 12%, or 23% perennial ryegrass root or shoot debris or in soil treated with irrigation water in which perennial ryegrass roots at 0, 5, 10, or 20 g·L−1 or shoots at 0, 10, or 20 g·L−1 had been soaked. Inhibitory effects on bermudagrass germination and growth were most extensive when soil was amended with ryegrass shoot debris, because germination, root ash weight, root length density, and root mass density were reduced 33%, 55%, 30%, and 52%, respectively. Soil amended with ryegrass root debris only inhibited bermudagrass-specific root length. Application of irrigation water containing either ryegrass root or shoot extracts only inhibited bermudagrass-specific root length. In conclusion, results obtained when soil was amended with shoot debris demonstrated perennial ryegrass can inhibit bermudagrass germination and growth in controlled environments.
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Thompson, D. J., and J. M. Shay. "The effects of fire on Phragmites australis in the Delta Marsh, Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 10 (1985): 1864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-261.
Full textAbstract:
A dense stand of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel in the Delta Marsh was divided into a grid of 20 experimental plots. Three different burn treatments (August 1979, October 1979, and May 1980) were each applied to four plots, with the remaining plots as controls. Shoot biomass was greater after spring and fall burns in comparison with the controls but less on summer-burned plots. Total shoot density was higher after all burning treatments in comparison with the controls. Flowering shoot density was lower after summer and fall burns in comparison with the controls but higher following spring burns. All burn treatments resulted in lower mean shoot weight than on controls primarily as a result of greater densities of shorter, thinner vegetative shoots. Belowground standing crop was higher by mid-September of 1980 on spring- and fall-burned plots but not on those burned in the summer. The seasonal minimum total nonstructural carbohydrate contents of rhizomes were reduced after summer and spring burns in comparison with the controls.
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Maupin, Cathy, and Daniel Struve. "Red Oak Transplanted to Different Bulk Density Soils have Similar Water Use Characteristics." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 23, no. 6 (1997): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1997.036.
Full textAbstract:
Container-grown red oak (Quercus rubra L.) produced in two bulk density growing media (0.4 or 0.9 g cm*) were transplanted into larger containers filled with Wooster silt loam soil compacted to 1.25,1.50 and 1.75 g cm3 densities. Growing media bulk density affected only the number of shoots elongating; there was no significant difference in stem diameter, shoot length and dry weight, leaf area and dry weight and regenerated root dry weight between plants grown in the low or high bulk density production media. Transplant media bulk density affected stem diameter in shoot length; both were significantly less when plants were transplanted to 1.75 g cm" 3 than to the 1.50 g cm 3 bulk density soil. Water use, expressed either as whole plant or per unit leaf area, was greater for plants transplanted to 1.50 g cm3 bulk density soil than those transplanted to 1.25 or 1.75 g cnr3 soil at only three times during the 80 day water use study period: 39,55 and 69 days after leaf emergence. Transplanting container-grown red oak to high bulk density soils did not greatly affect regrowth potential under nonlimiting soil moisture conditions.
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Kruić, Petar. "Variations in Posidonia oceanica meadow structure along the coast of the Dugi Otok Island (eastern Adriatic Sea)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 5 (2008): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408001410.
Full textAbstract:
Although the anthropogenic impact on Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Mediterranean Sea has been studied over the last few decades, the data about the status of this endemic magnoliophyte are scarcer from the Adriatic Sea. Samples of P. oceanica meadows were collected in June and July 2004 using SCUBA diving at 8 sites in the area of the Dugi Otok Island, all at depths of 10 m. The meadow's shoot density was measured, and shoots were collected to be examined and compared through number of leaves per shoot, leaf surface per shoot, leaf area index, number and biomass of taxa of epiphytic flora. Significant differences in P. oceanica meadow structure were found among investigated sites, especially between sites in the vicinity of the fish farm and the other sites. Meadow density decreased at sites in the Dugi Otok channel and the main impact factors seem to be the input of organic matter, originating from the fish cages and sewage input. These human activities are a source of nutrient pollution and stimulate blooms of phytoplankton and higher algae. The sea grass meadow vitality seems to be more negatively affected in the channel. The highest values of shoot density were recorded at investigated sites VR and ME at the outer part of the Dugi Otok Island. The shoot density was very low at site FU, situated in the channel. Biomass of the epiphytic algae exhibited the highest values at the site FU, while at the other investigated sites the values were significantly lower. Concerning the epiphytic macroflora, a total of 55 taxa of epiphytic macroalgae were identified and the class Rhodophyta dominated in all samples. The present study shows the high differences in morphological and structural characteristics of Posidonia oceanica meadows among various sites with and without anthropogenic influence.
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Erb, W. Alan, David C. Ferree, Frank D. Morrison, Mark Pyeatt, and Richard Ryer. "Morphology of Two-year-old Limb Sections and Mid-season Spur Quality of Four Apple Cultivars on Five Dwarfing Rootstocks." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 506D—506. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.506d.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted at three locations (Manhattan, Kan.; Wichita, Kan.; Wooster, Ohio) for 3 years (1994–1996). At bloom, 2-year-old limb sections from `Smoothee', `Jonagold', `Empire', and `Rome' on M.9EMLA, Bud 9, Mark, Ottawa 3, or M.26EMLA were evaluated for flowering and vegetative, spurs (5 cm or less), short shoots (5–15 cm) and long shoots (>15 cm). In mid-August, spur quality was estimated by randomly selecting five spurs per cultivar rootstock combination. There were significant location and year differences for all the morphological and spur quality characters measured. Across locations and years, the following characteristics were consistently high for the cultivars listed: stem density of flowering spurs for `Empire'; and leaf area, bud-diameter and average leaf size per spur for `Jonagold'. The most consistently high characteristics across locations and years for the rootstocks were for stem density of flowering spurs for Mark and leaf number, leaf area, bud-diameter, and average leaf size per spur for M.26EMLA. Stem density for flowering short shoots was highest for `Smoothee' and M.9EMLA in Wooster, `Jonagold' and Bud 9 in Wichita and `Rome', `Jonagold', and Bud 9 in Manhattan. Flowering long shoot stem density was highest for `Smoothee', `Jonagold', and M.26EMLA in Wooster, `Smoothee' in Wichita, and `Jonagold' and Ottawa 3 in Manhattan. There were some significant cultivar by rootstock interactions. The most-consistent interactions across locations and years were for stem cross-sectional area, stem length, stem density of flowering spurs, and flowering short shoots and bud-diameter per spur.
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Ermakova, M. V. "CREATION OF DECORATIVE FORMS OF SCOTS PINE FOR THE GREENING OF URBANIZED ENVIRONMENT." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 32, no. 3 (2022): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2022-32-3-260-266.
Full textAbstract:
The features of creating decorative forms from Scots pine trees are considered. It has been established that, as a result of mechanical damage (death of an apical bud or an apical shoot) and subsequent regeneration processes in pine trunks, two main directions of post-traumatic deformations of young pine trunks stand out - violation of monopodial branching and occurrence of multi-stemming. In the case of the death of an apical bud or apical shoot, in early spring, the growth of shoots from whorl buds is activated and their vertical reorientation occurs. After a short period of relative multi-stemming, one of the shoots from whorl buds takes the place of the central shoot. Formation of multi-stemming occurs in the case of the death of an apical shoot, mainly in late spring-summer period. There is also an increased growth of shoots from whorl buds and their vertical reorientation. All shoots formed from whorl buds retain their vertical orientation in the future with subsequent formation of several separate stems. It is shown that the processes of mechanical damage-regeneration are also reflected in the condition of trunk wood in the places of damage. In trunk areas where mechanical damage and subsequent regeneration took place, a noticeable increase in the basic density of wood is observed - by 15-20 % in case of shoot replacement and by 25-45 % in case of multi-stemming. The content of late wood also increases - by 10-30 % in case of shoot replacement and by 15-35 % in case of multi-stemming. It is recommended, to create decorative forms, to select pine trees no older than 8-10 years old, with an average growth rate in height. Decorative forms of Scots pine require annual adjustments.
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Lindsey, Laura E., Darryl D. Warncke, Kurt Steinke, and Wesley J. Everman. "Fertilizer and Population Affects Nitrogen Assimilation of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)." Weed Science 61, no. 1 (2013): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00094.1.
Full textAbstract:
Weed growth and N assimilation usually increase with N application rate. With the increasing price of N fertilizer, a better understanding N assimilation by weeds is necessary to maximize economic return. Total plant yield is generally independent of population density, except when plants are very small or at very low population density. If plant yield is independent of population density, weed N assimilation may also be independent of population density. However, the effect of weed population density on N assimilation has not been thoroughly investigated. A 2011 controlled-environment study was established in East Lansing, MI, to evaluate the effect of weed population density and N application rate on growth and N assimilation by common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed. Study factors included four weed densities (1, 2, 4, and 8 plants pot−1), three N application rates (0, 67, and 134 kg N ha−1), and two weed species (redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters). Weeds were destructively harvested 3 wk after emergence, and shoot height, biomass, total N concentration, N use efficiency, and N assimilation were measured. Redroot pigweed was taller, had greater shoot biomass, and a greater shoot N assimilation than did common lambsquarters. With similar environmental conditions, redroot pigweed is expected to be more competitive than common lambsquarters. Shoot N assimilation increased with increasing weed population density, indicating that N assimilation was not independent of population density 3 wk after emergence because weeds were small or at low population density.
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Mäkelä, Annikki, Leila Grönlund, Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto, Tuomo Kalliokoski, and Teemu Hölttä. "Current-year shoot hydraulic structure in two boreal conifers—implications of growth habit on water potential." Tree Physiology 39, no. 12 (2019): 1995–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz107.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Metabolic scaling theory allows us to link plant hydraulic structure with metabolic rates in a quantitative framework. In this theoretical framework, we considered the hydraulic structure of current-year shoots in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies, focusing on two properties unaccounted for by metabolic scaling theories: conifer needles are attached to the entire length of shoots, and the shoot as a terminal element does not display invariant properties. We measured shoot length and diameter as well as conduit diameter and density in two locations of 14 current-year non-leader shoots of pine and spruce saplings, and calculated conductivities of shoots from measured conduit properties. We evaluated scaling exponents for the hydraulic structure of shoots at the end of the water transport pathway from the data and applied the results to simulate water potential of shoots in the crown. Shoot shape was intermediate between cylindrical and paraboloid. Contrary to previous findings, we found that conduit diameter scaled with relative, not absolute, distance from the apex and absolute under-bark shoot diameter independently of species within the first-year shoots. Shoot hydraulic conductivity scaled with shoot diameter and hydraulic diameter. Larger shoots had higher hydraulic conductance. We further demonstrate by novel model calculations that ignoring foliage distribution along the hydraulic pathway overestimates water potential loss in shoots and branches and therefore overestimates related water stress effects. Scaling of hydraulic properties with shoot size enhances apical dominance and may contribute to the decline of whole-tree conductance in large trees.